FOOTNOTES

Boiling Out.

When the temperature of the atmosphere rises, or the weather slackens during the winter, the oil which has been frozen, but is now somewhat softened, is shovelled out of the casks andput into strong bags that will hold half a bushel or more, in order to be pressed. The oil which is now obtained from this first pressing is calledwinter strained sperm oil.

Spring Sperm Oil.What remains in the bags after the first pressing, is again heated by being put into boilers, after which it is baled into casks again, and upon cooling, it becomes more compact and solid than it was before.

During the month of April, when the temperature is about fifty degrees, the oil becomes softened; it is then put into bags, and goes through a second process of pressing similar to the first. The oil from this pressing is calledspring strained sperm oil.

Tight Pressed Oil.That which is left in the bags after the second pressing, is again melted, and put into tin pans or tubs which will hold about forty pounds each. When this liquid is thoroughly cooled, as each pressing makes what is left harder, in consequence of extracting the oil, the cakes taken from the tubs are then carried into a room heated to about ninety degrees; and as they begin to yield to the influence of this high temperature, or the remaining oil begins to soften the cakes, they are taken and shaved into very fine pieces, or ground up as in some instances, deposited in bags as hitherto, and put into the hydraulic press.

The room being at the temperature indicated above, and the bags subjected to a powerful pressure of three hundred tons or more, all the oil is extracted from them, and what is left is perfectly dry, free from any oily matter, and brittle. The oil thus obtained by this last pressing is calledtight pressed, orsummer oil.

Spermaceti.What remains after the several pressings, and the removal of all the oil, is calledstearine, orspermaceti.

Spermaceti is not confined to the head matter of the whale, as some suppose, nor does the head matter have any thing to do with the brains of the whale, as others have falsely conjectured; but spermaceti is found in the entire oil from the sperm whale.

It should be observed, however, that the spermaceti from the body oil of the whale makes harder candles than the spermaceti from the head matter; but the head oil or matter gives a greater proportion of spermaceti, and is more valuable than that from the body oil. Besides, the spermaceti from the head oil is quite different from that of the body oil; the former presents fine, bright, transparent scales, like small particles of isinglass, while the latter is more compact, something like dough. In cooling, one exhibits a sparry, crystalline structure, the other that of clay.

Head oil or matter is usually manufactured with the body oil of the whale, and mixed in proportion to one third of the former to two thirds of the latter.

Spermaceti Candles.That which remains in the bags after the hydraulic pressure is both dry and brittle. The oil, it is supposed, is wholly extracted, and nothing now remains but the spermaceti. Its color, however, is not white, but interspersed with grayish streaks, bordering on the yellow.

The spermaceti is put into large boilers adapted for the purpose, and heated to the temperature of two hundred and ten degrees. It is refined and cleared of all foreign ingredients by the application of alkali. Afterwards water is added, which, with a temperature of two hundred and forty degrees, throws off the alkali in the form of vapor. The liquid which remains is as pure and clear as the crystal water, and ready to be made into the finest spermaceti candles.

Right Whale Oil.The manufacturing of this variety of oil is of recent date, (within twenty-five years.) At first, in preparing it for sale, it was taken in its crude state and "recked off," that is, simply pumped out of the casks, and leaving the sediment behind. This kind of oil then was as cheap as milk is now.

Bleaching Oil.Crude oil is bleached in the first place by putting it into large kettles, applying alkali to it in proportion of one quart of alkali to one barrel of oil, and then heating itto a temperature of one hundred and ten degrees. This process destroys the watery acid in the oil.

Winter Strained Whale Oil.Whale oil, after bleaching, is made into winter oil by exposing it in casks to cold weather, or by artificial freezing in the summer. When frozen it is granulated, or separated into grains, or masses, like sperm oil. At a temperature when the oil begins to exhibit liquid particles, it is taken from the casks, and put into double cotton strainers. The oil which comes from this straining is calledwinter strained whale oil.

The following facts respecting winter strained whale oil may not be wholly destitute of interest. It is found that it will endure a greater degree of cold at the same temperature than winter pressed sperm oil; it will burn longer, and its specific gravity is heavier; but it will not give so brilliant a light as sperm oil.

Spring Whale Oil.What remains after straining the first time, goes through the process of heating, cooling, and pressing, similar to spring sperm oil; and thus is obtained thespring whale oil.

That which is left after straining and pressing is calledwhale foots.

The following are a few of the uses to which whale foots are applied. In making an inferior kind of candles, in making some kinds of bar soap, and likewise used on railways and in ship yards.

Theadamantine candlesare made of spermaceti mixed with wax, in proportion of one ounce of wax to a pound of spermaceti, and subjected to powerful steam pressure. They are not only much harder than spermaceti candles, and variously colored, but they command a higher price in the market. There is a manufactory of this description in Philadelphia.

Oil soapis made from the deposit of alkali, in the process of bleaching. If, after pressing and bleaching, the oils should retain too dark a color, they are then bleached again. Somevarieties of oil are darker than others, which requires additional labor in this respect.

There is another method, and usually the ordinary one, by which oils are clarified and prepared for the market. It is termedpanning.

For this purpose, after it has been bleached, strained, or pressed, and it does not assume the right color or shade, it is pumped into large, leaded, superficial vats, or pans, located in a building near by, whose side roof is wholly of glass, like a glass house, and so arranged that both air and sun can act upon large bodies of oil in different stages of whitening.

This process not only whitens the oil, but whatever particles or thickness there may have been in the oil, not discernible before, is now all removed and deposited on the bottom of the pan. The oil taken from these pans is put into barrels or casks, and is ready for the market.

Government Test of Sperm Oil.The lighthouses upon our seaboard, and also upon the lakes, are furnished with the best quality of sperm oil.

Sperm oil has a standard weight established or recognized by the government, and according as varieties fall short or go beyond this measure, or standard, indicated by a nicely adjusted oilometer, its true weight and value are ascertained.

Winter strained sperm oil is heavier, and burns away faster than spring strained sperm oil, for the simple reason that the winter oil is freer from spermaceti than the spring strained oil.

Sperm oil is tested by authority of government, when contracts are made with the manufacturer to furnish oil for lighthouses, in the following manner: A common tin lamp of a cylindrical form is taken, and fitted with a wick which reaches to the bottom of the lamp. It is then filled with oil, and kept burning until all the oil in the lamp is burned up, and the wick so dry that not a drop of oil will fall from it.

The number of hours which a given quantity of oil will burn, is another consideration included in determining the relative quality of oil.

Mixing or Adulterating Oils.Sperm oil is the purest and best of all varieties of whale oil, and brings the highest price in the market. Sperm oil is frequently mixed in greater or less proportions with right whale oil, which is an inferior kind of oil, and labelledsperm oil. This is a fraud, and it is practised more extensively than people are aware of.

The fraud may be detected if either the right whale oil or sperm oil happens to differ in its shade or color, the one from the other. Sperm oil is lighter than right whale oil. If sperm oil is carefully put into a glass containing right whale oil, the former will not displace the latter, but remain separate; and the line of separation between the two kinds of oil, providing the color is somewhat different, may be easily detected. The smell and taste of oil, likewise, determine whether it bebogussperm oil or not.

But the surest and most certain test of all others, as to the quality of oils, is by theoilometer,K(elaiometer.) This instrument is not only authorized by government, and employed for the purpose of securing genuine sperm oil, but it is used in all oil manufactories to determine both in buying and selling the different varieties of oils.

It should be observed, however, that the mixing or adulteration of oils is never practised by the oil manufacturer. It would be fatal to his business if he should do it. There is no such article in an oil factory for sale as mixed or adulterated oils. It is either sperm or otherwise. The mixing takes place after it passes into the hands of the second, third, and it may be the fourth purchaser, or retailer. It is believed that but little genuine sperm oil reaches far back in the country, except, perhaps, for the purpose of lubrication in machinery; and even then, much of that, if tested by the proper measure, would probably be found badly mixed with an inferior quality of oil.

Since preparing the present chapter on the manufacture ofoil, the following just remarks came under our observation, selected from theNew Bedford Mercury, January 16, 1857, and are worthy of the attention of all.

"We embrace the present opportunity to offer some remarks and suggestions in the matter of the adulteration of sperm oil, which has been carried on to such an extent as to form one of the causes, we may safely say, for the decline of the article in price. Like every other commodity, it is liable to be counterfeited; and we know, after it has passed out of the hands of importers and manufacturers, adulteration has been practised to a wide extent. This is an evil beyond the control of our merchants, however much they may deprecate its influence upon the trade. To say that a system of adulteration is practised here, is a charge which cannot be substantiated by facts; and to suppose that the manufacturer would knowingly injure or damage his own business, is too absurd to require refutation.... We believe it would be a wise and judicious policy to establish agencies in different sections of the country, with agents of known honesty and integrity, for the wholesale and retail of the article; and that each barrel and cask bear the name of the manufacturer as a guaranty of its purity.

"Consumers, especially those who buy for machinery purposes, would then know where to make their purchases, and have the assurance of 'value received.'"

FOOTNOTESAMaster of the shipSouth Seaman, of New Bedford.BMaster of the shipWilliam Wirt, of New Bedford.CFirst officer of the shipGeneral Pike, of New Bedford.DFirst officer of the shipWilliam Henry, of Fairhaven.ESee the Report of the New Bedford Port Society for 1857.FChambers.GMacy's History of Nantucket.HChristian Review, vol. xii.IAverage, eight feet; longest, fourteen feet.JThe author is indebted to Charles J. Barney, Esq., foreman of Dr. Daniel Fisher's oil factory, in Edgartown, one of the largest, if not the largest in the country, for the principal facts respecting the manufacture of oil.KHarris.

AMaster of the shipSouth Seaman, of New Bedford.

BMaster of the shipWilliam Wirt, of New Bedford.

CFirst officer of the shipGeneral Pike, of New Bedford.

DFirst officer of the shipWilliam Henry, of Fairhaven.

ESee the Report of the New Bedford Port Society for 1857.

FChambers.

GMacy's History of Nantucket.

HChristian Review, vol. xii.

IAverage, eight feet; longest, fourteen feet.

JThe author is indebted to Charles J. Barney, Esq., foreman of Dr. Daniel Fisher's oil factory, in Edgartown, one of the largest, if not the largest in the country, for the principal facts respecting the manufacture of oil.

KHarris.

SOME OFWENTWORTH & CO.'SPUBLICATIONS.LIFE AMONG THE FLOWERS.BY LAURA GREENWOOD.This whole work forms a delightful Gift Book for any and all seasons of the year, particularly when God's choice and beautiful ornaments adorn our land, and fill the air with their fragrance.The writers of our own country are well represented, and in the language of another, "whoever 'Laura Greenwood' may be, she has the taste and skill of an accomplished editor."As such, "we cheerfully recommend the 'Life among the Flowers' to every man, woman, and child who has a taste for the good and beautiful." The work is printed in bold, clear type, on the first quality of paper, and bound in a superior manner. 12mo., 247 pages.HAPPY HOURS AT HAZEL NOOK.BY HARRIET FARLEY.This work contains twelve exquisite tales, related by a family circle, containing wisdom for the old, amusement for the young, and thoughts for the middle-aged. Embellished with fourteen superb illustrations by the best artists in America; and to make thisthegift book of the season, we have colored the engravings in the beautiful and natural style introduced with such unprecedented success in our historical works. Bound in elegant muslin, 12mo., full gilt or plain.LOVE EACH OTHER,OR STRIVE TO BE GOOD.STORIES DESIGNED TO ADVANCE THE YOUNG IN VIRTUE & MORALITY.BY MRS. LIVINGSTON.This book, as its title imports, is designed for the instruction of Youth, and we cannot recommend a more welcome present than this for the young folks. The book is extensively illustrated, and elegantly bound. Price only 25 cents.

BY LAURA GREENWOOD.

This whole work forms a delightful Gift Book for any and all seasons of the year, particularly when God's choice and beautiful ornaments adorn our land, and fill the air with their fragrance.

The writers of our own country are well represented, and in the language of another, "whoever 'Laura Greenwood' may be, she has the taste and skill of an accomplished editor."

As such, "we cheerfully recommend the 'Life among the Flowers' to every man, woman, and child who has a taste for the good and beautiful." The work is printed in bold, clear type, on the first quality of paper, and bound in a superior manner. 12mo., 247 pages.

BY HARRIET FARLEY.

This work contains twelve exquisite tales, related by a family circle, containing wisdom for the old, amusement for the young, and thoughts for the middle-aged. Embellished with fourteen superb illustrations by the best artists in America; and to make thisthegift book of the season, we have colored the engravings in the beautiful and natural style introduced with such unprecedented success in our historical works. Bound in elegant muslin, 12mo., full gilt or plain.

STORIES DESIGNED TO ADVANCE THE YOUNG IN VIRTUE & MORALITY.

BY MRS. LIVINGSTON.

This book, as its title imports, is designed for the instruction of Youth, and we cannot recommend a more welcome present than this for the young folks. The book is extensively illustrated, and elegantly bound. Price only 25 cents.

ANGEL WHISPERS,OR THE ECHO OF SPIRIT VOICES.BY REV. D. C. EDDY."The public have long felt the need of some specific book, which treats upon specific cases of affliction, to put into the hands of those whose friends have been taken from them by death. The present work is therefore gathered from a number of addresses made on funeral occasions, taking away the pulpit style, and interspersing them with appeals to the heart and conscience of the reader."THE CHRISTIAN COUNSELLOR,OR JEWELS FOR THE HOUSEHOLD.This is a work of condensed thought and striking anecdote—a work of sound maxims and truthful apothegms. It will impress on the mind a thousand valuable suggestions, and teach your children a thousand lessons of truth. Such a book is a casket of Jewels for your household. The work contains 448 octavo pages, handsomely illustrated with 40 appropriate engravings, printed with new type on fine paper.Agents can have constant employment by circulating this important work.FLEETWOOD'SLIFE OF OUR LORD AND SAVIORJESUS CHRIST.Containing a full and accurate History from his taking upon himself our Nature to his Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension, together with the Lives, Transactions, and Sufferings of his Holy Evangelists, Apostles, and other primitive Martyrs. To which is added a complete History of the Jews.The work is in large royal octavo form, superbly bound in extra gilt imitation Turkey Red Morocco binding, containing 660 pages, with numerous Steel Engravings, and a frontispiece of the Infant Jesus disputing with the doctors.This work is sold only by subscription, for which exclusive right of territory in all cases will be given. Five hundred agents wanted.hand pointingPlease address the Publishers,WENTWORTH & CO., 86 Washington Street, Boston.

BY REV. D. C. EDDY.

"The public have long felt the need of some specific book, which treats upon specific cases of affliction, to put into the hands of those whose friends have been taken from them by death. The present work is therefore gathered from a number of addresses made on funeral occasions, taking away the pulpit style, and interspersing them with appeals to the heart and conscience of the reader."

This is a work of condensed thought and striking anecdote—a work of sound maxims and truthful apothegms. It will impress on the mind a thousand valuable suggestions, and teach your children a thousand lessons of truth. Such a book is a casket of Jewels for your household. The work contains 448 octavo pages, handsomely illustrated with 40 appropriate engravings, printed with new type on fine paper.

Agents can have constant employment by circulating this important work.

Containing a full and accurate History from his taking upon himself our Nature to his Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension, together with the Lives, Transactions, and Sufferings of his Holy Evangelists, Apostles, and other primitive Martyrs. To which is added a complete History of the Jews.

The work is in large royal octavo form, superbly bound in extra gilt imitation Turkey Red Morocco binding, containing 660 pages, with numerous Steel Engravings, and a frontispiece of the Infant Jesus disputing with the doctors.

This work is sold only by subscription, for which exclusive right of territory in all cases will be given. Five hundred agents wanted.

hand pointingPlease address the Publishers,

WENTWORTH & CO., 86 Washington Street, Boston.

DAUGHTERS OF THE CROSS,OR WOMAN'S MISSION.BY DANIEL C. EDDY.Theobjectof this work is to give a series of brief memoirs of the lives of the most prominent females in the Christian cause, who deserve more honor than the fallen warrior or the titled senator—such as Harriet Newell, Ann H. Judson, Elizabeth Hervey, Harriet B. Stewart, Sarah L. Smith, Eleanor Macomber, Sarah D. Comstock, Henrietta Shuck, Sarah B. Judson, Annie P. James, Mary E. Van Lennep.THE YOUNG MAN'S FRIEND.BY DANIEL C. EDDY.This work has passed through fifty editions, and has had a very extensive sale. It has received universal commendation from the press, as may be seen by the followingnotices:—"The writer has elevated views of life and duty, good taste, and that stir and energy of style which takes hold of the sympathies of young men."—New York Evangelist."The work reflects credit on its author, and is rightly named."—Watchman and Reflector."The style of the book is vigorous, and its lessons well studied."—Zion's Herald."An earnest word from an earnest man."—Concord Democrat."The author is one who has well read the human heart, who is well versed in the temptations of the young, and who has a lively sympathy for the class whom he seeks to benefit."—Independent.THE OASIS,OR GOLDEN LEAVES OF FRIENDSHIP.BY M. J. PERCIVAL.This book commends itself to the consideration of those who do themselves the pleasure of falling in with the customs and usages of the times in exchanging presentations, felicitations, and congratulations.This work is well printed in large, bold, clear type, on first quality paper, and bound in rich muslin, full gilt, at an exceedingly low price. 12mo., 272 pages.THE CLOVEN FOOT.This is a book of 400 pages, designed to expose the Roman Catholic conspiracy against the government of the United States. By a Protestant Clergyman.The talent and research displayed on every page of this work, together with theStartling Factswhich it relates, will place it far in advance of the many hasty productions with which the press has teemed for the last six months. 1000 Native American Agents wanted to sell this work.

BY DANIEL C. EDDY.

Theobjectof this work is to give a series of brief memoirs of the lives of the most prominent females in the Christian cause, who deserve more honor than the fallen warrior or the titled senator—such as Harriet Newell, Ann H. Judson, Elizabeth Hervey, Harriet B. Stewart, Sarah L. Smith, Eleanor Macomber, Sarah D. Comstock, Henrietta Shuck, Sarah B. Judson, Annie P. James, Mary E. Van Lennep.

BY DANIEL C. EDDY.

This work has passed through fifty editions, and has had a very extensive sale. It has received universal commendation from the press, as may be seen by the followingnotices:—

"The writer has elevated views of life and duty, good taste, and that stir and energy of style which takes hold of the sympathies of young men."—New York Evangelist."The work reflects credit on its author, and is rightly named."—Watchman and Reflector."The style of the book is vigorous, and its lessons well studied."—Zion's Herald."An earnest word from an earnest man."—Concord Democrat."The author is one who has well read the human heart, who is well versed in the temptations of the young, and who has a lively sympathy for the class whom he seeks to benefit."—Independent.

"The writer has elevated views of life and duty, good taste, and that stir and energy of style which takes hold of the sympathies of young men."—New York Evangelist.

"The work reflects credit on its author, and is rightly named."—Watchman and Reflector.

"The style of the book is vigorous, and its lessons well studied."—Zion's Herald.

"An earnest word from an earnest man."—Concord Democrat.

"The author is one who has well read the human heart, who is well versed in the temptations of the young, and who has a lively sympathy for the class whom he seeks to benefit."—Independent.

BY M. J. PERCIVAL.

This book commends itself to the consideration of those who do themselves the pleasure of falling in with the customs and usages of the times in exchanging presentations, felicitations, and congratulations.

This work is well printed in large, bold, clear type, on first quality paper, and bound in rich muslin, full gilt, at an exceedingly low price. 12mo., 272 pages.

This is a book of 400 pages, designed to expose the Roman Catholic conspiracy against the government of the United States. By a Protestant Clergyman.

The talent and research displayed on every page of this work, together with theStartling Factswhich it relates, will place it far in advance of the many hasty productions with which the press has teemed for the last six months. 1000 Native American Agents wanted to sell this work.

HISTORY OFDEMOCRACY IN THE UNITED STATES.By the Author of "The Republic of the United States," &c.This important work is now in press, the first volume of which will be issued early in the year of 1856.Letters in respect to the character and objects of this work have been received from the late Judge Woodbury, Hon. George M. Dallas, Hon. James Buchanan, Hon. William L. Marcy, Hon. Robert J. Walker, Hon. Samuel Houston, Hon. Isaac Toucey, Hon. Jefferson Davis, Hon. Thomas H. Seymour, Hon. R. J. Ingersoll, Hon. Edmund Burke, Hon. B. F. Hallett, Hon. Lewis Cass, Hon. Thomas W. Dorr, etc.A NEW PICTORIALHISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.BY JOHN FROST.We hesitate not to say that this is the best Pictorial History of the United States to be found in the wide world.This work is copiously illustrated with over 600 engravings from original designs, containing over 1000 pages, printed on the first quality of paper, with bold, clear type, and bound in leather binding, with spring back and heavy sides, in the most durable manner.The book should be in the hands of every family in the United States, especially of our adopted citizens, from the shores of the Pacific, on the West, to that of the extreme Atlantic, on the East. No man or woman who wishes to become acquainted with our institutions,—Character, Rise, Progress, and Commerce of our adopted country,—will fail to procure a copy of this work of intrinsic merit.Five hundred active men wanted to circulate this work through the country.PIONEER HEROES OF THE NEW WORLD,Comprising the Lives of the most famous Discoverers, Explorers, and Conquerors of North and South America; an Account of the Foundation of Colonies and the Settlement of States and Provinces; the History of the Sufferings and Privations of the Early Settlers, and their Wars with the Native Inhabitants; a Description of the most important Expeditions of Survey; and a View of the gradual Extension of Discovery and Civilization in the Western Hemisphere.BY HENRY HOWARD BROWNELL, A. M.Our hearts are closely linked to the stirring deeds of our pioneer fathers, and in this volume is found the most reliable and graphic account of their unexampled achievements and thrilling adventures ever written.

By the Author of "The Republic of the United States," &c.

This important work is now in press, the first volume of which will be issued early in the year of 1856.

Letters in respect to the character and objects of this work have been received from the late Judge Woodbury, Hon. George M. Dallas, Hon. James Buchanan, Hon. William L. Marcy, Hon. Robert J. Walker, Hon. Samuel Houston, Hon. Isaac Toucey, Hon. Jefferson Davis, Hon. Thomas H. Seymour, Hon. R. J. Ingersoll, Hon. Edmund Burke, Hon. B. F. Hallett, Hon. Lewis Cass, Hon. Thomas W. Dorr, etc.

BY JOHN FROST.

We hesitate not to say that this is the best Pictorial History of the United States to be found in the wide world.

This work is copiously illustrated with over 600 engravings from original designs, containing over 1000 pages, printed on the first quality of paper, with bold, clear type, and bound in leather binding, with spring back and heavy sides, in the most durable manner.

The book should be in the hands of every family in the United States, especially of our adopted citizens, from the shores of the Pacific, on the West, to that of the extreme Atlantic, on the East. No man or woman who wishes to become acquainted with our institutions,—Character, Rise, Progress, and Commerce of our adopted country,—will fail to procure a copy of this work of intrinsic merit.

Five hundred active men wanted to circulate this work through the country.

Comprising the Lives of the most famous Discoverers, Explorers, and Conquerors of North and South America; an Account of the Foundation of Colonies and the Settlement of States and Provinces; the History of the Sufferings and Privations of the Early Settlers, and their Wars with the Native Inhabitants; a Description of the most important Expeditions of Survey; and a View of the gradual Extension of Discovery and Civilization in the Western Hemisphere.

BY HENRY HOWARD BROWNELL, A. M.

Our hearts are closely linked to the stirring deeds of our pioneer fathers, and in this volume is found the most reliable and graphic account of their unexampled achievements and thrilling adventures ever written.

Transcriber's NotesPunctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained and are not individually noted here.Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.Page10: The list of Illustrations is incomplete.Page227: "beneath his feet" was misprinted as "beneath hi feet" (with extra space where the "s" belongs); corrected here.

Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained and are not individually noted here.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Page10: The list of Illustrations is incomplete.

Page227: "beneath his feet" was misprinted as "beneath hi feet" (with extra space where the "s" belongs); corrected here.

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