1. “I am at a loss to know why the Reports of Consuls ceased to be furnished in or about the year 1881. Consuls are supposed to keep their eyes open and to report facts regarding the people among whom they live, and it is altogether a new idea that their Reports are to be regarded as confidential documents. If they are to be so, that is simply condemning the Consuls’ Reports to perpetual barrenness and absolute inutility. Why are not consular reports to be made, and being made, why are they not to be printed? If in this respect I am personally, or anyone associated with me, is open to censure, let the facts be brought out; but do not let a particular act at a particular time be confounded with the adoption of the principle of eternal silence about the horrors that prevail in Armenia.”—Speech by the Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, in House of Commons, May 28, 1889.
1. “I am at a loss to know why the Reports of Consuls ceased to be furnished in or about the year 1881. Consuls are supposed to keep their eyes open and to report facts regarding the people among whom they live, and it is altogether a new idea that their Reports are to be regarded as confidential documents. If they are to be so, that is simply condemning the Consuls’ Reports to perpetual barrenness and absolute inutility. Why are not consular reports to be made, and being made, why are they not to be printed? If in this respect I am personally, or anyone associated with me, is open to censure, let the facts be brought out; but do not let a particular act at a particular time be confounded with the adoption of the principle of eternal silence about the horrors that prevail in Armenia.”—Speech by the Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, in House of Commons, May 28, 1889.
2.The Speaker, London, January 12, 1895.
2.The Speaker, London, January 12, 1895.
3. “A good deal of misapprehension exists with respect to the constitution of the Commission of Inquiry. It is not an international but a Turkish Commission, and, to judge by past experience, Turkish Commissions are instruments by which truth is suppressed and issues are obscured. It is satisfactory that representatives of Great Britain, France, and Russia will have the opportunity of examining theprocès-verbaux, besides being present at the sittings of the Commission; and credit is due to the British Foreign Office for having taken the initiative in securing this concession; but it must be remembered that the powers of the international representatives will be strictly limited, and that they will not be able to guarantee the security of the witnesses.”—F. S. Stevenson, M.P., “Armenia,” inThe Contemporary Review, February, 1895.
3. “A good deal of misapprehension exists with respect to the constitution of the Commission of Inquiry. It is not an international but a Turkish Commission, and, to judge by past experience, Turkish Commissions are instruments by which truth is suppressed and issues are obscured. It is satisfactory that representatives of Great Britain, France, and Russia will have the opportunity of examining theprocès-verbaux, besides being present at the sittings of the Commission; and credit is due to the British Foreign Office for having taken the initiative in securing this concession; but it must be remembered that the powers of the international representatives will be strictly limited, and that they will not be able to guarantee the security of the witnesses.”—F. S. Stevenson, M.P., “Armenia,” inThe Contemporary Review, February, 1895.
4. SeeAppendix Bon the establishment of new U. S. Consulates in Eastern Turkey. AlsoAppendix Aon American Diplomacy.
4. SeeAppendix Bon the establishment of new U. S. Consulates in Eastern Turkey. AlsoAppendix Aon American Diplomacy.
5. Brother and predecessor of the present Consul Jewett, at Sivas.
5. Brother and predecessor of the present Consul Jewett, at Sivas.
6.Encyc. Britannica, “Kurdistan.”
6.Encyc. Britannica, “Kurdistan.”
7.Encyc. Britannica, “Kurdistan.”
7.Encyc. Britannica, “Kurdistan.”
8.Armenia and the Campaign of 1877.
8.Armenia and the Campaign of 1877.
9. A piastre is a Turkish coin of about five cents, or two pence-half penny. In this region the pay of a day laborer is from two to five piastres.
9. A piastre is a Turkish coin of about five cents, or two pence-half penny. In this region the pay of a day laborer is from two to five piastres.
10. Often called Nestorian.
10. Often called Nestorian.
11. Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop,Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, vol. ii., p. 374, 375.
11. Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop,Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, vol. ii., p. 374, 375.
12.The Contemporary Review, May and June, 1891.
12.The Contemporary Review, May and June, 1891.
13.The Case for the Armenians.London: Anglo-Armenian Association.
13.The Case for the Armenians.London: Anglo-Armenian Association.
14.An Appeal to the Christians of America by the Christians of Armenia.New York: Phil-Armenic Society.
14.An Appeal to the Christians of America by the Christians of Armenia.New York: Phil-Armenic Society.
15. Morfill’sRussia, p. 287. Putnam.
15. Morfill’sRussia, p. 287. Putnam.
16. Rev. H. O. Dwight,The Independent, New York, January 17, 1895.
16. Rev. H. O. Dwight,The Independent, New York, January 17, 1895.
17. At the time of the Crimean War Lord Aberdeen said:“Notwithstanding the favorable opinion entertained by many, it is difficult to believe in the improvement of the Turks. It is true that, under the pressure of the moment, benevolent decrees may be issued; but these, except under the eye of some Foreign Minister, are entirely neglected. Their whole system is radically vicious and inhuman. I do not refer to fables which may be invented at St. Petersburg or Vienna, but to numerous dispatches of Lord Stratford (de Redcliffe) himself, and of our own consuls, who describe a frightful picture of lawless oppression and cruelty.” (Sir Theodore Martin’sLife of the Prince Consort, vol. ii., p. 528.) Quoted by Canon MacColl,The Contemporary Review, January, 1895.
17. At the time of the Crimean War Lord Aberdeen said:
“Notwithstanding the favorable opinion entertained by many, it is difficult to believe in the improvement of the Turks. It is true that, under the pressure of the moment, benevolent decrees may be issued; but these, except under the eye of some Foreign Minister, are entirely neglected. Their whole system is radically vicious and inhuman. I do not refer to fables which may be invented at St. Petersburg or Vienna, but to numerous dispatches of Lord Stratford (de Redcliffe) himself, and of our own consuls, who describe a frightful picture of lawless oppression and cruelty.” (Sir Theodore Martin’sLife of the Prince Consort, vol. ii., p. 528.) Quoted by Canon MacColl,The Contemporary Review, January, 1895.
18. Judge.
18. Judge.
19. Local districts.
19. Local districts.
20. Report of Mr. Wilson,Blue-Book, Turkey, No. 8 (1881), page 57, No. 48.
20. Report of Mr. Wilson,Blue-Book, Turkey, No. 8 (1881), page 57, No. 48.
21.The Mohammedan Missionary Problem, p. 31. Jessup. Philadelphia, Presb. Pub. Soc.
21.The Mohammedan Missionary Problem, p. 31. Jessup. Philadelphia, Presb. Pub. Soc.
22.Blue-Book, Turkey, No. 6, 1881, reports of Wilson, Bennett, Chermside, Trotter, Stewart, Clayton, Everett, and Bilotti.
22.Blue-Book, Turkey, No. 6, 1881, reports of Wilson, Bennett, Chermside, Trotter, Stewart, Clayton, Everett, and Bilotti.
23.Blue-Book, Turkey, 1881, p. 242.
23.Blue-Book, Turkey, 1881, p. 242.
24. Published by John Heywood, London, 1891, pp. 82–89.
24. Published by John Heywood, London, 1891, pp. 82–89.
25. Freeman,The Turks in Europe.
25. Freeman,The Turks in Europe.
26. “Diplomatist,” “The Armenian Question” inThe New Review, January, 1895.
26. “Diplomatist,” “The Armenian Question” inThe New Review, January, 1895.
27. Pp. 158–9. London: Cassell, Petter, & Galpin.
27. Pp. 158–9. London: Cassell, Petter, & Galpin.
28. Speech in St. James’s Hall, December, 1876.
28. Speech in St. James’s Hall, December, 1876.
29.The Nineteenth Century, January, 1878.
29.The Nineteenth Century, January, 1878.
30. From a descendant of Dahir Billah, the thirty-fifth caliph of Bagdad, Sultan Selim I. “procured the cession of his claims, and obtained the right to deem himself the shadow of God upon earth. Since then the Ottoman padishah has been held to inherit the rights of Omar and Haroun, and to be the legitimate commander of the faithful, and, as such, possessed of plenary temporal and spiritual authority over the followers of Mohammed.”[31]The Persians and Moors, however, reject this claim, and at the close of the Russian War not a few of the Arab muftis declared that the caliphate had been forfeited by the inglorious defeat of the Turks, and should now return to the Arab family of Koreish.
30. From a descendant of Dahir Billah, the thirty-fifth caliph of Bagdad, Sultan Selim I. “procured the cession of his claims, and obtained the right to deem himself the shadow of God upon earth. Since then the Ottoman padishah has been held to inherit the rights of Omar and Haroun, and to be the legitimate commander of the faithful, and, as such, possessed of plenary temporal and spiritual authority over the followers of Mohammed.”[31]The Persians and Moors, however, reject this claim, and at the close of the Russian War not a few of the Arab muftis declared that the caliphate had been forfeited by the inglorious defeat of the Turks, and should now return to the Arab family of Koreish.
31. Freeman,The Saracens, p. 158. Quoted by Jessup,The Mohammedan Missionary Problem, p. 21. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1879.
31. Freeman,The Saracens, p. 158. Quoted by Jessup,The Mohammedan Missionary Problem, p. 21. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1879.
32. Hughes,Notes on Muhammadanism, pp. 209, 210.
32. Hughes,Notes on Muhammadanism, pp. 209, 210.
33. Hughes,Notes on Muhammadanism, p. 10.
33. Hughes,Notes on Muhammadanism, p. 10.
34. Parts of this chapter are taken from an article, “Notes on the Armenian Massacre,” inThe Independent, New York, January 31, 1895, by a high authority, who is compelled to sign himself “A Student of Modern History.”
34. Parts of this chapter are taken from an article, “Notes on the Armenian Massacre,” inThe Independent, New York, January 31, 1895, by a high authority, who is compelled to sign himself “A Student of Modern History.”
35. Latham,Russian and Turk, p. 417. London: W. H. Allen, 1878.
35. Latham,Russian and Turk, p. 417. London: W. H. Allen, 1878.
36. Layard’sNineveh.
36. Layard’sNineveh.
37. Colonel Churchill,Druzes and Maronites, p. 219. London: Quaritch, 1862.
37. Colonel Churchill,Druzes and Maronites, p. 219. London: Quaritch, 1862.
38. Eugene Schuyler and Correspondent MacGahan, quoted inThe Independent, January 10, 1895.
38. Eugene Schuyler and Correspondent MacGahan, quoted inThe Independent, January 10, 1895.
39. Chapter I. of this book.
39. Chapter I. of this book.
40. M. Gaston Deschamps: “En Turquie—L’Ile de Chio,”Revue des Deux Mondes, p. 167, January 1, 1893.
40. M. Gaston Deschamps: “En Turquie—L’Ile de Chio,”Revue des Deux Mondes, p. 167, January 1, 1893.
41. Layard’sNineveh, pp. 24–201.
41. Layard’sNineveh, pp. 24–201.
42. Article by Mr. Savage,The Independent, January 10, 1894.
42. Article by Mr. Savage,The Independent, January 10, 1894.
43. U. S. Consul Stillman’sThe Cretan Insurrection of 1866–7–8. Henry Holt & Co., 1874.
43. U. S. Consul Stillman’sThe Cretan Insurrection of 1866–7–8. Henry Holt & Co., 1874.
44. C. B. Norman,Armenia and the Campaign of 1877, pp. 293–298. London: Cassell, Petter, & Galpin, 1879.
44. C. B. Norman,Armenia and the Campaign of 1877, pp. 293–298. London: Cassell, Petter, & Galpin, 1879.
45.The Independent, January 17, 1895.
45.The Independent, January 17, 1895.
46.Ibid., January 31, 1895.
46.Ibid., January 31, 1895.
47.The Eastern Question.
47.The Eastern Question.
48.New Reviewfor January, 1895.
48.New Reviewfor January, 1895.
49. These extracts are fromBlue-Book, Turkey, No. 8 (1881), pp. 57–110, as quoted by the high authority, M. Rolin-Jaequemyns, in hisArmenia, the Armenians, and the Treaties, pp. 74–76. London: John Heywood, 1891.
49. These extracts are fromBlue-Book, Turkey, No. 8 (1881), pp. 57–110, as quoted by the high authority, M. Rolin-Jaequemyns, in hisArmenia, the Armenians, and the Treaties, pp. 74–76. London: John Heywood, 1891.
50. TheHakim, who is a member of the religious body ofUlemas, presides over the lower court (Bidayet), which is to be found in everycaza(hundred), and also over theSandjakor district court.
50. TheHakim, who is a member of the religious body ofUlemas, presides over the lower court (Bidayet), which is to be found in everycaza(hundred), and also over theSandjakor district court.
51.The Turks in Europe.
51.The Turks in Europe.
52.The London Times, Weekly Edition Jan. 14, 1895.
52.The London Times, Weekly Edition Jan. 14, 1895.
53. Reprinted fromThe Christian Register, Boston, Dec. 1, 1894.
53. Reprinted fromThe Christian Register, Boston, Dec. 1, 1894.
54. And yet England by the Cyprus Convention pledged all her resources tokeep the door open, and the repetition thus made possible has occurred. Author.
54. And yet England by the Cyprus Convention pledged all her resources tokeep the door open, and the repetition thus made possible has occurred. Author.
55. “Kurdistan abounds in antiquities of the most varied and interesting character.... It may indeed be asserted that there is no region of the East at the present day which deserves a more careful scrutiny and promises a richer harvest to the antiquarian explorer than the lands inhabited by the Kurds from Erzeroum to Kirmanshahan.”—Major-General H. C. Rawlinson,Encyc. Britannica, article on “Kurdistan.”
55. “Kurdistan abounds in antiquities of the most varied and interesting character.... It may indeed be asserted that there is no region of the East at the present day which deserves a more careful scrutiny and promises a richer harvest to the antiquarian explorer than the lands inhabited by the Kurds from Erzeroum to Kirmanshahan.”—Major-General H. C. Rawlinson,Encyc. Britannica, article on “Kurdistan.”
56. Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop,Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, 2 vols. New York: Putnam’s, 1891. London: John Murray.
56. Mrs. Isabella Bird Bishop,Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, 2 vols. New York: Putnam’s, 1891. London: John Murray.
57. Gen. x., 2, 3.
57. Gen. x., 2, 3.
58. Moses of Khorene,History, Bk. i., chap. 12.
58. Moses of Khorene,History, Bk. i., chap. 12.
59. Gen. viii., 4.
59. Gen. viii., 4.
60. Heb. Ararat, 2 Kings xix., 37; Isa. xxxvii., 38.
60. Heb. Ararat, 2 Kings xix., 37; Isa. xxxvii., 38.
61. Ezek. xxvii., 14; also xxxviii., 6.
61. Ezek. xxvii., 14; also xxxviii., 6.
62. Jer. li., 27–29; also l., 9, 41, 42.
62. Jer. li., 27–29; also l., 9, 41, 42.
63. Christian Lassen,Die altpersischen Keil-Inschriften von Persepolis, Bonn, 1836, pp. 86, 87.
63. Christian Lassen,Die altpersischen Keil-Inschriften von Persepolis, Bonn, 1836, pp. 86, 87.
64.History, Bk. iii., chap. 93.
64.History, Bk. iii., chap. 93.
65.Anabasis, Bk. iv.
65.Anabasis, Bk. iv.
66.Annales, Bk. ii., ch. 56.
66.Annales, Bk. ii., ch. 56.
67. Tozer,The Church and the Eastern Empire, pp. 22, 86.
67. Tozer,The Church and the Eastern Empire, pp. 22, 86.
68. Krikor “Loosavoritch,” from which title the Armenian Gregorian church calls itself Loosavortchagan.
68. Krikor “Loosavoritch,” from which title the Armenian Gregorian church calls itself Loosavortchagan.
69. Mrs. Bishop,Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, vol. ii., p. 336.
69. Mrs. Bishop,Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, vol. ii., p. 336.
70. By far the largest part of foreign missionary work in Turkey has always been in the hands of Americans, although, of course, they neither claim nor have any monopoly in this respect. As a matter of fact there are many other large and successful missionary, benevolent, and educational enterprises conducted in that land by other foreign societies as well as individuals. The various Roman Catholic orders are strongly established in many parts, and are generally of French connections and introduce that language in their work as the Americans do English. The following is a partial list of other societies at work in Turkey: The British and Foreign Bible Society, the Church Missionary Society, the Bible Lands Missions Aid Society, the British Syrian Mission Schools and Bible Work, the Church of Scotland Mission to the Jews, the Society of Friends (both English and American), the Irish Presbyterian Mission, the Reformed Presbyterian Mission, and the German Deaconesses. In addition to all these agencies, there are many private and local schools and institutions that are doing excellent work, but of which only this general mention can here be made.The statistics of Robert College, Constantinople, are not included in these tables, as that institution, though a child of American Missions, is independent of them.
70. By far the largest part of foreign missionary work in Turkey has always been in the hands of Americans, although, of course, they neither claim nor have any monopoly in this respect. As a matter of fact there are many other large and successful missionary, benevolent, and educational enterprises conducted in that land by other foreign societies as well as individuals. The various Roman Catholic orders are strongly established in many parts, and are generally of French connections and introduce that language in their work as the Americans do English. The following is a partial list of other societies at work in Turkey: The British and Foreign Bible Society, the Church Missionary Society, the Bible Lands Missions Aid Society, the British Syrian Mission Schools and Bible Work, the Church of Scotland Mission to the Jews, the Society of Friends (both English and American), the Irish Presbyterian Mission, the Reformed Presbyterian Mission, and the German Deaconesses. In addition to all these agencies, there are many private and local schools and institutions that are doing excellent work, but of which only this general mention can here be made.
The statistics of Robert College, Constantinople, are not included in these tables, as that institution, though a child of American Missions, is independent of them.
71. “The creation of churches, strict in their discipline, and protesting against the mass of superstitions which smother all spiritual life in the National Armenian Church, is undoubtedly having a very salutary effect far beyond the limited membership, and is tending to force reform upon an ancient church which contains within herself the elements of resurrection.”—Mrs. Bishop,Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, vol. ii., p. 336.
71. “The creation of churches, strict in their discipline, and protesting against the mass of superstitions which smother all spiritual life in the National Armenian Church, is undoubtedly having a very salutary effect far beyond the limited membership, and is tending to force reform upon an ancient church which contains within herself the elements of resurrection.”—Mrs. Bishop,Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan, vol. ii., p. 336.
72. Unhappily there are some who can see nothing but bigotry and mistakes in what the missionaries have done. Such characters are to be found among all races, as the following extract shows:“It might be thought that here, [Missilonghi] on the spot where he [Byron] breathed his last, malignity would have held her accursed tongue; but it was not so. He had committed the fault, unpardonable in the eyes of political opponents, of attaching himself to one of the great parties that then divided Greece; and though he had given her all that man could give, in his own dying words, ‘his time, his means, his health, and, lastly, his life,’ the Greeks spoke of him with all the rancour and bitterness of party spirit. Even death had not won oblivion for his political offences; and I heard those who saw him die in her cause affirm that Byron was no friend to Greece.”—Stephens,Greece, Turkey, Russia, and Poland, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1839.
72. Unhappily there are some who can see nothing but bigotry and mistakes in what the missionaries have done. Such characters are to be found among all races, as the following extract shows:
“It might be thought that here, [Missilonghi] on the spot where he [Byron] breathed his last, malignity would have held her accursed tongue; but it was not so. He had committed the fault, unpardonable in the eyes of political opponents, of attaching himself to one of the great parties that then divided Greece; and though he had given her all that man could give, in his own dying words, ‘his time, his means, his health, and, lastly, his life,’ the Greeks spoke of him with all the rancour and bitterness of party spirit. Even death had not won oblivion for his political offences; and I heard those who saw him die in her cause affirm that Byron was no friend to Greece.”—Stephens,Greece, Turkey, Russia, and Poland, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1839.
73. This is an exact copy of the official documents as published by the State Department, capitalization included.
73. This is an exact copy of the official documents as published by the State Department, capitalization included.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTESSilently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES