FOOTNOTES:[1]When Columbus sailed on his fourth voyage, in which he hoped to pass through what we now know as the Isthmus of Panama, and sail northwestward, he wrote to his king and queen that thus he should come as near as men could come to "the Terrestrial Paradise."[2]Norandel was the half-brother of Amadis, both of them being sons of Lisuarte, King of England.[3]Maneli was son of Cildadan, King of Ireland.[4]Quadragante was a distinguished giant, who had been conquered by Amadis, and was now his sure friend.[5]The "Spectators" 414 and 477, which urge particularly a better taste in gardening, are dated 1712; and the first volume of the "Ichnographia" (under a different name, indeed) appeared in 1715.[6]This is averred of the translation of the "Œconomics" of Xenophon, before cited in these papers, and published under Professor Bradley's name.[7]Joseph Andrews, Bk. III. Ch. 4, where Fielding, thief that he was, appropriates the story that Xenophon tells of Cyrus.[8]Works of Earl of Orford, Vol. III. p. 490.[9]Chap. IX. p. 136, Cobbett's edition.[10]It is to be remarked, however, that the Rev. Mr. Smith, (farmer of Lois-Weedon,) by the distribution of his crop, avails himself virtually of a clean fallow, every alternate year.[11]Transactions, Vol. XXX p. 140.[12]Detached Thoughts on Men and Manners:Wm. Shenstone.[13]Completing the two volumes of collected poems.[14]A taste for this had been early indicated, especially in the essays on Bunyan and Robert Dinsmore, in "Old Portraits and Modern Sketches," and in passages of "Literary Recreations." Whittier's prose, by the way, is all worth reading.[15]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État des Convulsionnaires, p. 104.[16]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 104.[17]Vains Efforts des Discernans, p. 36.[18]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 66.[19]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 67. The latter part of the quotation alludes to crucifixion and other symbolical representations, to which the convulsionists were much given.This state of ecstasy is one which has existed, probably, in occasional instances, through all past time, especially among religious enthusiasts. The writings of the ancient fathers contain constant allusions to it. St. Augustine, for example, speaks of it as a phenomenon which he has personally witnessed. Referring to persons thus impressed, he says,—"I have seen some who addressed their discourse sometimes to the persons around them, sometimes to other beings, as if they were actually present; and when they came to themselves, some could report what they had seen, others preserved no recollection of it whatever."—De Gen. ad Litter.Lib. XII. c. 13.[20]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 77.[21]Lettre de M. Colbert, du 8 Février, 1733, à Madame de Coetquen.[22]Montgéron, Tom. II.[23]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'Œuvre, etc., p. 123.[24]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc. p. 82.[25]Ibid.p. 17.[26]Ibid.p. 19.[27]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 77.[28]In proof of this opinion, Montgéron gives numerous quotations from St. Augustine, St. Thomas, St. Gregory, and various theologians and ecclesiastics of high reputation, to the effect that "it often happens that errors and defects are mixed in with holy and divine revelations, (of saints and others, in ecstasy,) either by some vice of nature, or by the deception of the Devil, in the same way that our minds often draw false conclusions from true premises."—Ibid.pp. 88-96.[29]Ibid.p. 94.[30]Ibid.p. 95.[31]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., pp. 102, 103.[32]Ibid.p. 73.[33]Vains Efforts des Discernans, pp. 39, 40.[34]Lettres de M. Poncet, Let. VII. p. 129.[35]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 76.[36]Recherche de la Vérité, p. 25.[37]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 76.[38]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 73.[39]Philosophy of Mysterious Agents, Human and Mundane, by E. C. Rogers, Boston, 1853, p. 321, and elsewhere. He argues, "that, in as far as persons become 'mediums,' they are mere automatons," surrendering all mental control, and resigning their manhood.[40]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., pp. 34, 35.[41]Hume'sEssays, Vol. II. sect. 10.[42]Diderot'sPensées Philosophiques. The original edition appeared in 1746, published in Paris.[43]Dom La Taste'sLettres Théologiques, Tom. II. p. 878.[44]Montgéron expressly tells us, that, in the case of Marguerite Catherine Turpin, her limbs were drawn, by means of strong bands, "with such, extreme violence that the bones of her knees and thighs cracked with a loud noise."—Tom. III. p. 553.[45]Montgéron supplies evidence that the expressionclubs, here used, is not misapplied. He furnishes quotations from a petition addressed to the Parliament of Paris by the mother of the girl Turpin, praying for a legal investigation of her daughter's case by the attorney-general, and offering to furnish him with the names, station in life, and addresses of the witnesses to the wonderful cure, in this case, of a monstrous deformity that was almost congenital; in which petition it is stated,—"Little by little the force with which she was struck was augmented, and at last the blows were given with billets of oak-wood, one end of which was reduced in diameter so as to form a handle, while the other end, with which the strokes were dealt, was from seven to eight inches in circumference, so that these billets were in fact small clubs." (Montgéron, Tom. III. p. 552.) This would give from eight to nine inches, English measure, or nearly three inches in diameter, and ofoak![46]Dissertation Théologique sur les Convulsions, pp. 70, 71.[47]De la Folie, Tom. II. p. 373.[48]Tympany is defined by Johnson, "A kind of obstructed flatulence that swells the body like a drum."[49]The Epidemics of the Middle Ages, pp. 89-91. The same work supplies other points of analogy between this epidemic and that of St. Médard; for example: "Where the disease was completely developed, the attack commenced with epileptic convulsions."—p. 88.[50]Traité du Somnambulisme, pp. 384, 385.[51]Dictionnaire des Sciences Médicales, Art.Convulsions.[52]De la Folie, considérée, sous la Point de Vue Pathologique, Philosophique, Historique, et Judiciaire, par le Dr. Calmeil, Paris, 1845, Tom. II. pp. 386, 387.[53]See, in Calmeil's work cited above, the Chapter entitledThéomanie Extato-Convulsive parmi les Jansenistes, Tom. II. pp. 313-400.[54]Du Surnaturel en Général, Tom. II. pp. 94, 95.[55]I translate literally the words of the original: "avec des convulsionnaires en gomme élastique," p. 90.[56]Du Surnaturel en Général, Tom. II. pp. 90, 91.[57]See note in De Gasparin's "Experiments in Table-Moving."[58]Montgéron, Tom. III. p. 703.[59]Montgéron, Tom. III. pp. 712, 713.[60]Carpenter'sPrinciples of Human Physiology, p. 647.[61]Carpenter'sPrinciples of Human Physiology, p. 561. The story, incredible if it appear, is indorsed by Carpenter as vouched for by Mr. Richard Smith, late Senior Surgeon of the Bristol Infirmary, under whose care the sufferer had been. The case resulted, after a fortnight, in death.[62]Such will be found throughout Hecquet's "Le Naturalisme des Convulsions dans les Maladies," Paris, 1733. Dr. Philippe Hecquet, born in 1661, acquired great reputation in Paris as a physician, being elected in 1712 President of the Faculty of Medicine in that city. He is the author of numerous works on medical subjects. In his "Naturalisme des Convulsions," published at the very time when the St.-Médard excitement was at the highest, he admits the main facts, but denies their miraculous character.[63]"The eye, contrary to the usual notions, is a very insensible part of the body, unless affected with inflammation; for, though the mucous membrane which covers its surface, and which is prolonged from the skin, is acutely sensible to tactile impressions, the interior is by no means so, as is well known to those who have operated much on this organ."—Carpenter'sPrinciples of Human Physiology, p. 682.[64]Hume'sEssays, Vol. II. p. 133.
[1]When Columbus sailed on his fourth voyage, in which he hoped to pass through what we now know as the Isthmus of Panama, and sail northwestward, he wrote to his king and queen that thus he should come as near as men could come to "the Terrestrial Paradise."
[1]When Columbus sailed on his fourth voyage, in which he hoped to pass through what we now know as the Isthmus of Panama, and sail northwestward, he wrote to his king and queen that thus he should come as near as men could come to "the Terrestrial Paradise."
[2]Norandel was the half-brother of Amadis, both of them being sons of Lisuarte, King of England.
[2]Norandel was the half-brother of Amadis, both of them being sons of Lisuarte, King of England.
[3]Maneli was son of Cildadan, King of Ireland.
[3]Maneli was son of Cildadan, King of Ireland.
[4]Quadragante was a distinguished giant, who had been conquered by Amadis, and was now his sure friend.
[4]Quadragante was a distinguished giant, who had been conquered by Amadis, and was now his sure friend.
[5]The "Spectators" 414 and 477, which urge particularly a better taste in gardening, are dated 1712; and the first volume of the "Ichnographia" (under a different name, indeed) appeared in 1715.
[5]The "Spectators" 414 and 477, which urge particularly a better taste in gardening, are dated 1712; and the first volume of the "Ichnographia" (under a different name, indeed) appeared in 1715.
[6]This is averred of the translation of the "Œconomics" of Xenophon, before cited in these papers, and published under Professor Bradley's name.
[6]This is averred of the translation of the "Œconomics" of Xenophon, before cited in these papers, and published under Professor Bradley's name.
[7]Joseph Andrews, Bk. III. Ch. 4, where Fielding, thief that he was, appropriates the story that Xenophon tells of Cyrus.
[7]Joseph Andrews, Bk. III. Ch. 4, where Fielding, thief that he was, appropriates the story that Xenophon tells of Cyrus.
[8]Works of Earl of Orford, Vol. III. p. 490.
[8]Works of Earl of Orford, Vol. III. p. 490.
[9]Chap. IX. p. 136, Cobbett's edition.
[9]Chap. IX. p. 136, Cobbett's edition.
[10]It is to be remarked, however, that the Rev. Mr. Smith, (farmer of Lois-Weedon,) by the distribution of his crop, avails himself virtually of a clean fallow, every alternate year.
[10]It is to be remarked, however, that the Rev. Mr. Smith, (farmer of Lois-Weedon,) by the distribution of his crop, avails himself virtually of a clean fallow, every alternate year.
[11]Transactions, Vol. XXX p. 140.
[11]Transactions, Vol. XXX p. 140.
[12]Detached Thoughts on Men and Manners:Wm. Shenstone.
[12]Detached Thoughts on Men and Manners:Wm. Shenstone.
[13]Completing the two volumes of collected poems.
[13]Completing the two volumes of collected poems.
[14]A taste for this had been early indicated, especially in the essays on Bunyan and Robert Dinsmore, in "Old Portraits and Modern Sketches," and in passages of "Literary Recreations." Whittier's prose, by the way, is all worth reading.
[14]A taste for this had been early indicated, especially in the essays on Bunyan and Robert Dinsmore, in "Old Portraits and Modern Sketches," and in passages of "Literary Recreations." Whittier's prose, by the way, is all worth reading.
[15]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État des Convulsionnaires, p. 104.
[15]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État des Convulsionnaires, p. 104.
[16]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 104.
[16]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 104.
[17]Vains Efforts des Discernans, p. 36.
[17]Vains Efforts des Discernans, p. 36.
[18]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 66.
[18]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 66.
[19]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 67. The latter part of the quotation alludes to crucifixion and other symbolical representations, to which the convulsionists were much given.This state of ecstasy is one which has existed, probably, in occasional instances, through all past time, especially among religious enthusiasts. The writings of the ancient fathers contain constant allusions to it. St. Augustine, for example, speaks of it as a phenomenon which he has personally witnessed. Referring to persons thus impressed, he says,—"I have seen some who addressed their discourse sometimes to the persons around them, sometimes to other beings, as if they were actually present; and when they came to themselves, some could report what they had seen, others preserved no recollection of it whatever."—De Gen. ad Litter.Lib. XII. c. 13.
[19]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 67. The latter part of the quotation alludes to crucifixion and other symbolical representations, to which the convulsionists were much given.
This state of ecstasy is one which has existed, probably, in occasional instances, through all past time, especially among religious enthusiasts. The writings of the ancient fathers contain constant allusions to it. St. Augustine, for example, speaks of it as a phenomenon which he has personally witnessed. Referring to persons thus impressed, he says,—"I have seen some who addressed their discourse sometimes to the persons around them, sometimes to other beings, as if they were actually present; and when they came to themselves, some could report what they had seen, others preserved no recollection of it whatever."—De Gen. ad Litter.Lib. XII. c. 13.
[20]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 77.
[20]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 77.
[21]Lettre de M. Colbert, du 8 Février, 1733, à Madame de Coetquen.
[21]Lettre de M. Colbert, du 8 Février, 1733, à Madame de Coetquen.
[22]Montgéron, Tom. II.
[22]Montgéron, Tom. II.
[23]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'Œuvre, etc., p. 123.
[23]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'Œuvre, etc., p. 123.
[24]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc. p. 82.
[24]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc. p. 82.
[25]Ibid.p. 17.
[25]Ibid.p. 17.
[26]Ibid.p. 19.
[26]Ibid.p. 19.
[27]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 77.
[27]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 77.
[28]In proof of this opinion, Montgéron gives numerous quotations from St. Augustine, St. Thomas, St. Gregory, and various theologians and ecclesiastics of high reputation, to the effect that "it often happens that errors and defects are mixed in with holy and divine revelations, (of saints and others, in ecstasy,) either by some vice of nature, or by the deception of the Devil, in the same way that our minds often draw false conclusions from true premises."—Ibid.pp. 88-96.
[28]In proof of this opinion, Montgéron gives numerous quotations from St. Augustine, St. Thomas, St. Gregory, and various theologians and ecclesiastics of high reputation, to the effect that "it often happens that errors and defects are mixed in with holy and divine revelations, (of saints and others, in ecstasy,) either by some vice of nature, or by the deception of the Devil, in the same way that our minds often draw false conclusions from true premises."—Ibid.pp. 88-96.
[29]Ibid.p. 94.
[29]Ibid.p. 94.
[30]Ibid.p. 95.
[30]Ibid.p. 95.
[31]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., pp. 102, 103.
[31]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., pp. 102, 103.
[32]Ibid.p. 73.
[32]Ibid.p. 73.
[33]Vains Efforts des Discernans, pp. 39, 40.
[33]Vains Efforts des Discernans, pp. 39, 40.
[34]Lettres de M. Poncet, Let. VII. p. 129.
[34]Lettres de M. Poncet, Let. VII. p. 129.
[35]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 76.
[35]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 76.
[36]Recherche de la Vérité, p. 25.
[36]Recherche de la Vérité, p. 25.
[37]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 76.
[37]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 76.
[38]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 73.
[38]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., p. 73.
[39]Philosophy of Mysterious Agents, Human and Mundane, by E. C. Rogers, Boston, 1853, p. 321, and elsewhere. He argues, "that, in as far as persons become 'mediums,' they are mere automatons," surrendering all mental control, and resigning their manhood.
[39]Philosophy of Mysterious Agents, Human and Mundane, by E. C. Rogers, Boston, 1853, p. 321, and elsewhere. He argues, "that, in as far as persons become 'mediums,' they are mere automatons," surrendering all mental control, and resigning their manhood.
[40]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., pp. 34, 35.
[40]Montgéron, Tom. II.Idée de l'État, etc., pp. 34, 35.
[41]Hume'sEssays, Vol. II. sect. 10.
[41]Hume'sEssays, Vol. II. sect. 10.
[42]Diderot'sPensées Philosophiques. The original edition appeared in 1746, published in Paris.
[42]Diderot'sPensées Philosophiques. The original edition appeared in 1746, published in Paris.
[43]Dom La Taste'sLettres Théologiques, Tom. II. p. 878.
[43]Dom La Taste'sLettres Théologiques, Tom. II. p. 878.
[44]Montgéron expressly tells us, that, in the case of Marguerite Catherine Turpin, her limbs were drawn, by means of strong bands, "with such, extreme violence that the bones of her knees and thighs cracked with a loud noise."—Tom. III. p. 553.
[44]Montgéron expressly tells us, that, in the case of Marguerite Catherine Turpin, her limbs were drawn, by means of strong bands, "with such, extreme violence that the bones of her knees and thighs cracked with a loud noise."—Tom. III. p. 553.
[45]Montgéron supplies evidence that the expressionclubs, here used, is not misapplied. He furnishes quotations from a petition addressed to the Parliament of Paris by the mother of the girl Turpin, praying for a legal investigation of her daughter's case by the attorney-general, and offering to furnish him with the names, station in life, and addresses of the witnesses to the wonderful cure, in this case, of a monstrous deformity that was almost congenital; in which petition it is stated,—"Little by little the force with which she was struck was augmented, and at last the blows were given with billets of oak-wood, one end of which was reduced in diameter so as to form a handle, while the other end, with which the strokes were dealt, was from seven to eight inches in circumference, so that these billets were in fact small clubs." (Montgéron, Tom. III. p. 552.) This would give from eight to nine inches, English measure, or nearly three inches in diameter, and ofoak!
[45]Montgéron supplies evidence that the expressionclubs, here used, is not misapplied. He furnishes quotations from a petition addressed to the Parliament of Paris by the mother of the girl Turpin, praying for a legal investigation of her daughter's case by the attorney-general, and offering to furnish him with the names, station in life, and addresses of the witnesses to the wonderful cure, in this case, of a monstrous deformity that was almost congenital; in which petition it is stated,—"Little by little the force with which she was struck was augmented, and at last the blows were given with billets of oak-wood, one end of which was reduced in diameter so as to form a handle, while the other end, with which the strokes were dealt, was from seven to eight inches in circumference, so that these billets were in fact small clubs." (Montgéron, Tom. III. p. 552.) This would give from eight to nine inches, English measure, or nearly three inches in diameter, and ofoak!
[46]Dissertation Théologique sur les Convulsions, pp. 70, 71.
[46]Dissertation Théologique sur les Convulsions, pp. 70, 71.
[47]De la Folie, Tom. II. p. 373.
[47]De la Folie, Tom. II. p. 373.
[48]Tympany is defined by Johnson, "A kind of obstructed flatulence that swells the body like a drum."
[48]Tympany is defined by Johnson, "A kind of obstructed flatulence that swells the body like a drum."
[49]The Epidemics of the Middle Ages, pp. 89-91. The same work supplies other points of analogy between this epidemic and that of St. Médard; for example: "Where the disease was completely developed, the attack commenced with epileptic convulsions."—p. 88.
[49]The Epidemics of the Middle Ages, pp. 89-91. The same work supplies other points of analogy between this epidemic and that of St. Médard; for example: "Where the disease was completely developed, the attack commenced with epileptic convulsions."—p. 88.
[50]Traité du Somnambulisme, pp. 384, 385.
[50]Traité du Somnambulisme, pp. 384, 385.
[51]Dictionnaire des Sciences Médicales, Art.Convulsions.
[51]Dictionnaire des Sciences Médicales, Art.Convulsions.
[52]De la Folie, considérée, sous la Point de Vue Pathologique, Philosophique, Historique, et Judiciaire, par le Dr. Calmeil, Paris, 1845, Tom. II. pp. 386, 387.
[52]De la Folie, considérée, sous la Point de Vue Pathologique, Philosophique, Historique, et Judiciaire, par le Dr. Calmeil, Paris, 1845, Tom. II. pp. 386, 387.
[53]See, in Calmeil's work cited above, the Chapter entitledThéomanie Extato-Convulsive parmi les Jansenistes, Tom. II. pp. 313-400.
[53]See, in Calmeil's work cited above, the Chapter entitledThéomanie Extato-Convulsive parmi les Jansenistes, Tom. II. pp. 313-400.
[54]Du Surnaturel en Général, Tom. II. pp. 94, 95.
[54]Du Surnaturel en Général, Tom. II. pp. 94, 95.
[55]I translate literally the words of the original: "avec des convulsionnaires en gomme élastique," p. 90.
[55]I translate literally the words of the original: "avec des convulsionnaires en gomme élastique," p. 90.
[56]Du Surnaturel en Général, Tom. II. pp. 90, 91.
[56]Du Surnaturel en Général, Tom. II. pp. 90, 91.
[57]See note in De Gasparin's "Experiments in Table-Moving."
[57]See note in De Gasparin's "Experiments in Table-Moving."
[58]Montgéron, Tom. III. p. 703.
[58]Montgéron, Tom. III. p. 703.
[59]Montgéron, Tom. III. pp. 712, 713.
[59]Montgéron, Tom. III. pp. 712, 713.
[60]Carpenter'sPrinciples of Human Physiology, p. 647.
[60]Carpenter'sPrinciples of Human Physiology, p. 647.
[61]Carpenter'sPrinciples of Human Physiology, p. 561. The story, incredible if it appear, is indorsed by Carpenter as vouched for by Mr. Richard Smith, late Senior Surgeon of the Bristol Infirmary, under whose care the sufferer had been. The case resulted, after a fortnight, in death.
[61]Carpenter'sPrinciples of Human Physiology, p. 561. The story, incredible if it appear, is indorsed by Carpenter as vouched for by Mr. Richard Smith, late Senior Surgeon of the Bristol Infirmary, under whose care the sufferer had been. The case resulted, after a fortnight, in death.
[62]Such will be found throughout Hecquet's "Le Naturalisme des Convulsions dans les Maladies," Paris, 1733. Dr. Philippe Hecquet, born in 1661, acquired great reputation in Paris as a physician, being elected in 1712 President of the Faculty of Medicine in that city. He is the author of numerous works on medical subjects. In his "Naturalisme des Convulsions," published at the very time when the St.-Médard excitement was at the highest, he admits the main facts, but denies their miraculous character.
[62]Such will be found throughout Hecquet's "Le Naturalisme des Convulsions dans les Maladies," Paris, 1733. Dr. Philippe Hecquet, born in 1661, acquired great reputation in Paris as a physician, being elected in 1712 President of the Faculty of Medicine in that city. He is the author of numerous works on medical subjects. In his "Naturalisme des Convulsions," published at the very time when the St.-Médard excitement was at the highest, he admits the main facts, but denies their miraculous character.
[63]"The eye, contrary to the usual notions, is a very insensible part of the body, unless affected with inflammation; for, though the mucous membrane which covers its surface, and which is prolonged from the skin, is acutely sensible to tactile impressions, the interior is by no means so, as is well known to those who have operated much on this organ."—Carpenter'sPrinciples of Human Physiology, p. 682.
[63]"The eye, contrary to the usual notions, is a very insensible part of the body, unless affected with inflammation; for, though the mucous membrane which covers its surface, and which is prolonged from the skin, is acutely sensible to tactile impressions, the interior is by no means so, as is well known to those who have operated much on this organ."—Carpenter'sPrinciples of Human Physiology, p. 682.
[64]Hume'sEssays, Vol. II. p. 133.
[64]Hume'sEssays, Vol. II. p. 133.