AN ARAB VILLAGE ON THE BORDERS OF EGYPTLARGER IMAGEFans.A race of powerful and aggressive warriors, who intruded into Gaboon-Ogoway district about the middle of the nineteenthcentury; possibly related toAzandehorFulahs(q.v.). Cannibals, but otherwise of higher intellect and morality than the average Negro, from whom they differ in physical type.Fantis.SeeTSHI.Fellahin.The labouring peasantry of modern Egypt, industrious but not warlike, descendants of ancient Egyptians, with a mixture of Syrian and Arab blood.Felup.A group of Sudanese Negro tribes on Casamanza and Cacheo estuaries.Fertits.SeeNILITICGROUP.Fijians.Natives of Fiji, belonging to the Melanesian stock of the Oceanic Negro family. Formerly ferocious cannibals, they are now civilised.Filipinos.SeePHILIPPINES.Fingus, orAma-Fingu. Bantu Negroes of the Kafir division in South-east Africa, regarded by Zulus and Ama-Xosa as an inferior race.Finno-Ugrian.A stock of the Northern Mongolic family, including (1) Ugrian or Siberian Finns, of which the chief races areSoyots,Ostyaks,Samoyedes,Voguls,Permian Finns,Siryanians, andMagyars(q.v.); (2) European Finns, divided into: (a) Volga Finns, (b) Baltic Finns.Finns.The Finns proper are the inhabitants of Finland, between Russia and Norway. They are a Northern Mongolic race, of Finno-Ugrian stock, who are supposed to have originated beside the head waters of the Yenisei River. They entered Finland about the end of the seventh century and established themselves there, being afterwards annexed, first by Sweden and then by Russia. They are a strong, hardy race, who make excellent seamen, with round faces, fair hair and blue eyes. They are honest, highly moral and religious, and possess a remarkable ballad and folk-tale literature, of which the Kalevala is the chief example. The Baltic Finns of allied race includeEsthonians,Karelians,Lapps,LivoniansandTavastians(q.v.). The Volga Finns are another branch of the same people, whose chief tribe was the ancientBulgars(q.v.). The Mordvins and Cheremisses, still settled on the banks of the Volga in small communities, belong to the same race.FlatheadorSalish Indians. A mixed race of North American Indians, in British Columbia and Montana.Flemings, orFlemish. The inhabitants of Flanders, now divided between Belgium and Holland, descended from Belgic tribes settled there in Cæsar’s time. They are a Low German branch of the Teutonic stock. They are an industrious and honest, though phlegmatic, people, who played a great part in mediæval commerce.Formosans.Natives of Formosa, of mixed Malayan and Negrito descent. They were divided into three classes by the Chinese invaders: the Pepohwan, civilised agriculturists, under Chinese rule; Sekhwan, settled tribes who acknowledged Chinese rule; and Chinhwan, the wild savage tribes of the mountains, who waged unceasing war against the invaders. The island has now passed under Japanese dominion. The Formosans in general approximate to the Malay type, but are more sturdily built.Fox Indians.SeeALGONQUIAN.Franks.A confederation of Germanic tribes, dwelling on the Middle and Lower Rhine in the third century. They belonged to the High German branch of the Teutonic stock. In the third and fourth centuries they began to invade Gaul, where they established a Frankish kingdom under Clovis (481–511), who adopted Christianity. This later developed into the modern State of France. The Franks were a brave and stalwart race of warriors, with blue eyes and long flowing hair, well-built and large-limbed. They were a nation of democratic fighting men, who practised agriculture in the intervals of war.French.The inhabitants of modern France, a race of mixed origin. Among their ancestors are the CelticGauls, the TeutonicBelgaeandFranks, the HamiticIberians, theRomans, and the ScandinavianNormans(q.v.). They are probably the quickest-witted and most intelligent race of modern Europe. Extremely warlike and aggressive in earlier days, they are now displaying greater devotion to the arts of peace, especially agriculture. Paris has long been the chief centre of ideas in Europe.Frisians.A Teutonic race of Low German stock, living between Scheldt and Weser in Roman times, now belonging to the Netherlands.Fuegians.Natives of Tierra del Fuego in South America, savages of a very low physical and mental type.Fulahs.A warlike and predatory race of Saharan Hamites, formerly occupying small communities throughout the West and Central Sudan, who over-ran the native Hausa States about 1800–1810, and founded the empire of Sokoto.Furs.SeeNUBAGROUP.Ga.A Sudanese Negro group in Guinea, including Accras and Krobos.Gaels.SeeHIGHLANDERS.GaikasandGalekas. SeeXOSAS.Galchas.Highlanders of Hindu Kush and Turkistan, of Iranian descent.Gallegos.Natives of Galicia, in Spain, of Gothic descent.Gallas.A branch of Eastern Hamites, occupying Gallaland, south of Abyssinia. The finest people in all Africa, strongly built, of a light chocolate colour. They are distinguished for their energy and honesty. They are divided into numerous tribes, and are inveterate foes of the Somalis.Gallinas.Sudanese Negroes of Sierra Leone.Garamantes.An ancient Hamitic race inhabiting the neighbourhood of Tripoli in Roman times.Garhwalis.Tibetan natives of Garhwal, on the border of Tibet.Gascons.Natives of Gascony, of Basque descent, modified by Frank and French blood. They are notorious for their lively imagination and boasting “Gasconades.”Gauchos.A mixed race of Spanish and Indian descent, admirable horsemen, who are the chief herdsmen of Uruguay and the Argentine Republic. SeePUELCHES.Gauls.In Cæsar’s time the Gauls occupied the central part, and formed the chief race, of modern France, which, after them, was called Gaul. They probably belonged to the Brythonic division of the Celtic stock, being closely allied to the ancient Britons, as well as to the modern Welsh and Bretons, who respectively representthe remnants of the primitive Celtic population of England and France. It is possible that there was a still earlier Celtic element in France, corresponding to the Goidelic division of the Celtic stock. Mingled with the Celtic element in the Gauls were traces of the earlierIberianandLigurian aborigines(q.v.). The Gauls were blue-eyed, fair-haired and long-headed, in distinction to the older dark-eyed, black-haired, round-headed type, which is more commonly known as Celtic, but is probably characteristic of an older race. Under Roman rule the Gauls acquired a considerable degree of civilisation. They were dispossessed in the decline of the empire byFranks,BurgundiansandVisigoths(q.v.), but became in part ancestors of the modern French.Georgians.The chief race of the Southern Caucasus, a fine athletic race of pure Caucasic type, noted for the personal beauty of its individuals. The Georgians were formerly fierce and warlike, but under Russian rule have become industrious in the arts of peace. They are noted for a passionate love of music. They first appear in history in the time of Alexander the Great, when they were already settled in their mountains. The Georgian kingdom had an independent existence for about seven centuries, but suffered much from Mongolian and especially Turkish invasions. Georgia and Circassia furnished the majority of white slaves for Turkish harems. In 1801 Georgia was annexed to Russia. Other important South Caucasian races are the Imerians and the Mingrelians, who closely resemble the Georgians in physical characteristics, but have displayed less aptitude for civilisation.Gepidæ.SeeGOTHS.Getæ.An ancient race ofThracian(q.v.) descent, who settled in Wallachia in the fourth centuryB.C.They were warlike and turbulent, but were conquered by Trajan and incorporated in the Roman Empire. In later centuries they appear to have been fused with theGoths(q.v.).Germans.The Germans first appear in history as a multitude of independent and warlike tribes living amongst the dense forests which stretched in Roman times from the Rhine to the Vistula. They belonged to the Teutonic stock of the Aryan family. They were a tall and vigorous race, with long, fair hair and fierce blue eyes, who delighted in war and the chase. Their democratic social organisation has greatly influenced all Teutonic history; their love of liberty was a passion. At an early period they were divided into High and Low Germans, differing in type, according as they inhabited the central and southern portions of modern Germany or the low-lying lands towards the North Sea and the Baltic. The chief races of the former were the Goths, Franks, Burgundians, Swiss, Swabians, Austrians; of the latter, Saxons, Angles, Jutes, Frisians, Flemings, Batavi—from whom the modern English and Dutch are descended, whilst the High Germans represent the modern Germans. These are a very enterprising, thorough, and industrious race, alike in war and peace, and have thus given birth to one of the greatest Powers of the modern world.Ghilzais.SeeAFGHANS.Gilyaks.A Siberian Mongolic race of Saghalien.Gipsies.A nomadic race, which was first described as appearing in Europe in the fifteenth century, and is now found in nearly all civilised countries. At first they were believed to come from Egypt, and their name is a corruption of “Egyptians.” They have a dark, tawny skin, black hair and eyes, are small-handed and often very handsome, and live by tinkering, basket-making, fortune-telling, and other arts which can be practised on the road. Their chief characteristic is independence and love of a wandering life. Their origin is still uncertain; though their language, Romany, is known to be a corrupt dialect of Hindi, which supports the older theory that they are of Indian descent. A later and well-supported theory is that they are the descendants of the prehistoric race which introduced metal-working into Europe. On this view they must have existed in Europe from time immemorial, without being noticed in literature. The gipsy problem still awaits solution.Goajiris.SeeTUPI-GUARANI.Golden Hordes.SeeKIPCHAKS.Gonaquas.Hottentot Negro half breeds on Kafirland frontier.Goads.SeeDRAVIDAS.Goths.One of the chief Teutonic races of ancient times, who played a great part in European history from the third to the eighth century, but have left no descendants as a distinct race. They first appear in history in the third century, as a confederation of German tribes who had made a settlement in the district north of the Lower Danube. They soon split up into two distinct peoples, the East Goths or Ostrogoths, and the West Goths or Visigoths. There was a third and unimportant race of Mœsogoths, settled in Mœsia, for whom Ulfilas made his famous translation of the Scriptures. The Goths were extremely warlike and aggressive, a typical race of German warriors. The Ostrogoths remained north of the Danube, where they were subjugated for a time by the Huns of Attila. Recovering their independence, they invaded Italy, destroyed the Western Empire, and established a new kingdom under Theodoric. This was conquered by the Byzantine Narses in 552, after which the Ostrogoths disappear from history. The Visigoths, unwilling to submit to the Huns, crossed the Danube and settled in the Roman Empire, where they furnished many recruits for the army. In 395 they rebelled, and under Alaric invaded Italy and besieged Rome. Afterwards they founded kingdoms in the south of Gaul and in Spain, where the Visigoths ruled till the invasion of the Saracens, and where their blood is still found incorporated with that of the older races. A branch of the Ostrogoths which settled in the Crimea preserved its nationality and language down to the sixteenth century, or even later. The Bastarnæ, Gepidæ, and perhaps theVandals(q.v.), were branches of the Gothic race.Greeks.(1) For ancient Greeks, seeHELLENES. (2) The modern Greeks are partly descendants of ancient Greeks, with a large admixture of Albanian, Wallachian and Slavonic elements. They are great in commerce, but not warlike.Griquas.A race of Hottentot-Dutch half-breeds, also known as Bastaards, in Griqualand.Guaicuris.Central American Indians of Lower California.Guanches.Aborigines of Canary Islands: so-called “White Africans,” probably of Berber Hamitic stock.Guatemalans.White natives of Guatemala, in Central America, of Spanish descent.Guatusas.Central American Indians of Costa Rica.Guebres.SeePARSEES.Gujeratis.Natives of Gujerat in Western India, Aryans of Hindu stock.Gurkas.The dominant race of Nepal, who claim a Hindu (Aryan) origin, but have probably acquired a Mongoloid tinge from inter-marriages. They are of small stature, yet eminently warlike, and supply some of the best troops to our Indian Army.Gypsies.SeeGIPSIES.Hadendowas.SeeBEJAS.Haidas.North American Indians in British Columbia.Hamites.A family of Caucasic Man, belonging to the Melanochroid or dark type, ranging in colour from white to brown, and even black; hair soft, straight or wavy; skull, medium (mesocephalic); square-jawed (orthognathous); generally of fine physical development. Divided into Eastern Hamites—e.g., Somali, and Western Hamites—e.g., Berbers and Basques. Closely related to Semites.Hau-Khoin.SeeHEREROS.Hausas.The most important Sudanese Negro race of Northern Nigeria. Keen traders, physically well developed, they make excellent soldiers, and are largely utilised for this purpose by their British rulers. The Hausa States were over-run by the HamiticFulahs(q.v.) about 1800–1810, and now form part of the Empire of Sokoto. The Hausa language is the common medium of commerce in the Central Sudan.Hawaiians.Natives of Hawaii, of brown Polynesian stock, akin to Maoris. A remarkably fine and handsome race, steadily decreasing since contact with European civilisation and diseases. Peculiarly subject to leprosy.Haytians.Natives of the negro republic of Hayti, descended from negro slaves imported by the earlier Spanish and French owners, who freed themselves at the time of the French Revolution. The Spanish portion afterwards formed the Dominican Republic in the eastern part of the island. Of mixed Bantu and Sudanese Negro descent, with a cross of white blood.Hazaras.Mountaineers of N.W. Afghanistan, a vigorous and turbulent race of Mongolo-Persian descent, often troublesome to British India.Hebrews.SeeJEWS.Hellenes.Inhabitants of ancient Greece, which they called Hellas. The Proto-Hellenes, or aborigines, were probably of Pelasgian origin, belonging to the Western Hamitic family, of whom the ancientCretansandMycenæans(q.v.) may represent the ancestral type. These were followed by the true Hellenes—Achæans or Argives—divided into three main branches—Dorians, Ionians, and Æolians. Later they were divided into many local states, such as Athens and Sparta. The modern Greeks are in part descended from the Hellenes, crossed with Albanian, Wallachian, and Turkish blood. It is to the Hellenes that we owe the first important developments of civilisation in Europe.Helveti.Ancient inhabitants of Switzerland in Cæsar’s time, probably a German tribe, from whom the modern Swiss are in part descended.Hereros, orOvaherero. Bantu Negroes inhabiting the plains of Damaraland, or German South-West Africa. The Damaras or Hau-Khoin are a cross between Hereros and the Hottentot aborigines. A pastoral nation who migrated thither about two centuries ago from the inland districts, and dispossessed the aboriginal Hottentots, now represented by the Namas of Namaqualand, with whom they are perennially at war. Recently they rose against the German authorities, and have given them much trouble. A fine, warlike race.Highlanders.The Gaelic-speaking inhabitants of Northern Scotland, a branch of the Goidelic or Q Kelts, also known as Gaels. They are descended from the ancientScots(q.v.), who originally migrated from Ireland in the fifth century. One of the finest races of the British Islands, who give them their finest soldiers.Himyarites.A branch of the Semitic family (“Red Men,” whence the Red Sea), formerly occupying Arabia Felix and Abyssinia; they form the main stock of the Abyssinian race. They included the kingdoms of the Minæans and Sabæans, the latter being identified by some with the Biblical Sheba.Hindus.A stock of the Aryan family, comprising a large proportion of the natives of India, described under the headings of Kashmiris, Punjabis, Rajputs, Marathas, Bengalis, Sindis, Gujeratis, Assamis, etc. The original Hindus entered India—hence called Hindustan—from the north-west at some prehistoric time, and soon became the predominant race in the peninsula.Hittites.A forgotten but once mighty people of Semitic race, who contested the entry of the Israelites into Canaan, and waged war with Egypt and Assyria for many centuries. Little is known about them, but they seem to have reared a mighty empire between Lebanon and the Euphrates, which endured for more than a thousand years, and was destroyed by the Assyrian Sargon II. in 717B.C.Hondurans.White natives of Honduras, of Spanish descent; few in numbers, the population being mostly of mixed blood.Hor-Soks.A primitive Mongol-Turki race of the Tibetan plateau.Hottentots, orKhoi-Khoin. The aboriginal Negro inhabitants of South Africa, which they shared with theBushmen(q.v.). Possibly the Bushmen are degraded Hottentots, or the Hottentots are a cross between the Bantus from the north and the Bushmen, who would on this view be the true aborigines. The only surviving race of pure Hottentots are the Namas of Namaqualand: the Damaras, Griquas, Gonaquas, and Koranas, are other races in which Hottentot blood is mixed with that of Bantu Negroes or of Europeans (mostly Boers). The Hottentots are a distinct branch of the Negro family, marked by extremely long heads and high cheek-bones, a brownish-yellow complexion, with other physical peculiarities exemplified in the so-called “Hottentot Venus,” and also found in the Bushmen. Their language is peculiar for its unique “clicks,” which no European can pronounce, and whichseem to stand between articulate and inarticulate speech.Hovas.The dominant Malagasy race of Madagascar, of Malay descent, mixed with Bantu Negro blood from Africa. They stand nearest to pure Malays of all Malagasy peoples. The existing French Protectorate was only established after much fighting with the warlike Hovas, who had conquered all the other native tribes.Huastec.SeeMAYA-QUICHÉ.Hungarians.SeeMAGYARS.Huns.A nomad race of the Northern Mongolic family, probably of Turki stock, who settled in the neighbourhood of the Volga and the Urals about the dawn of the Christian era. In the fourth century they conquered and dispossessed the Ostrogoths and Visigoths on the Danube. Under Attila, in the fifth century, they invaded Greece and Gaul, and pushed their arms as far as Rome, which was only saved by the diplomacy of the Pope. Their cruel fierceness in war caused their great leader to be known as the Scourge of God. Like the Mongols, they were essentially a race of horsemen, and their “deformed figures and hideous Mongolic faces” added to the terror which they inspired. After Attila’s death in 453 the Huns fell to pieces, and soon were absorbed into other nations—especially, perhaps, the Bulgars.Hunzas.SeeDARDS.Hupas.SeeATHABASCAN.Hurons, orWyandots. A North American Indian race of Iroquoian stock, formerly inhabiting the shores of Lake Huron.Hyksos.A Northern Mongolic race who invaded Egypt and established the dynasty of the Shepherd kings about 2000B.C.Ibeas.A Negro race which recently invaded the Cameroons from the East: they bring down ivory from the unexplored interior. Either Bantu, or Sudanese—perhaps connected with theAzandeh(q.v.).Iberi, orIberians. An ancient race of Western Hamites, related to the fair Berbers of Mauritania. The Basques are probably descended from them, and there is good reason for identifying them with the Picts of Scotland and the Irish aborigines.Ibo.SeeABO.Icelanders.Inhabitants of Iceland, originally Norwegians, who settled there about the end of the ninth century. A typical tall, fair-haired, blue-eyed Scandinavian race. The Icelandic Sagas form the chief part of ancient Scandinavian literature.IdumæansorEdomites. A warlike Semitic race of Canaanite stock, thought to be descended from Esau, who were conquered by the Israelites under Saul and David, and again by Judas Maccabæus in 165B.C., after which they disappear from history.Ife.SeeYORUBAS.Igorrotes.An industrious agricultural race of the Philippine Islands. Indonesians of Malay descent, with a possible Chinese or Japanese element.Illinois Indians.SeeALGONQUIAN.Illyrians.A savage piratical race of the eastern Adriatic sea-board, who were conquered by the Romans, and were the last of the Balkan peoples to be civilised. Probably the modern Albanians are descended from them, and they were among the first Aryan immigrants to Europe.Ilocanos.A Malay race of the Philippine Islands.Imerians.SeeGEORGIANS.Incas.The chief of the six Indian races, including the Quichuas and the warlike Chancas, which formerly occupied the central mountain-region of Peru. The Incas became the dominant race about 1000A.D., and built up a vast and peaceful civilisation, in which a purely socialistic government was successfully administered. This Inca Empire was destroyed by the Spanish under Pizarro in 1533, but the Inca Indians still survive as a race in Central Peru, where they are known as industrious and honest agriculturists.Indians.Native races (1) of India; (2) of North, Central, and South America.Indo-Chinese.A section of the Southern Mongolic family, inhabiting the countries between India and China.Indo-European, Indo-German.SeeARYAN.Indonesians.The light-coloured, non-Malay inhabitants of the Eastern Archipelago and South Sea Islands, who are of Caucasic type, and are mostly brown-skinnedPolynesians(q.v.). They also include the Batjans of Batjan I., the Burus, Korongui, and Suvu of the Malay Archipelago, and theMentawey Islanders(q.v.).Ingushis.SeeCHECHENZES.Innuits.SeeESKIMOS.Ionians.(1) One of the three main Hellenic races of ancient Greece. (2) Greek inhabitants of the coast districts and islands of Western Asia Minor, forming the Ionian League, who passed in the sixth centuryB.C.under the Persian sway.Iowa Indians.SeeSIOUAN.Iranians.Ancient inhabitants of the Asian plateau bounded by the Indus, the Tigris, and the Hindu Kush. A stock of the Aryan family, now includingPersians,Afghans,Baluchis,Kurds, andArmenians(q.v.).Irish.(1) The aborigines of Ireland, probablyIberians(q.v.). (2) The later Erse-speaking inhabitants of Ireland, a branch of the Goidelic or Q Celts. (3) Modern inhabitants of Ireland, mostly Celtic, but largely mixed with Teutonic elements in the north.Iroquoian.One of the families of North American Indians, including the Iroquois, or “Six Nations,” who comprised the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Senecas, Tuscaroras and Cayugas; the Hurons, or Wyandots, including the Eries, and the Cherokees. Their territory was Upper Canada, round the great lakes, New York, and the Virginian Highlands, and they played a large part in the Franco-British warfare of the eighteenth century. They are now few in numbers and confined to Indian Reservations in the U.S. and Canada.Israelites.SeeJEWS.Italians.(1) Ancient inhabitants of Italy, of Ligurian stock, probably Eastern Hamites, related to the Pelasgians [seeLATINSandROMANS]. (2) Modern Italians, mostly of Latin stock, crossed with Teutonic (Gothic and Lombard) blood.Italic.A stock of the Aryan family, including ancient and modern Italians (with ancient Romans), modern French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Roumanian, with Latin (Spanish and Portuguese) Americans.Jallonké.SeeMANDINGAN.Jangalis.An aboriginal Indian tribe, inhabiting the forest district north of Cuttack—the most primitive race in all India. Perhaps an earlyDravidian(q.v.) stock.Japanese.A race of the Northern Mongolian family, probably originating in Korea, whence they spread to Japan and dispossessed the Ainu aborigines, about the dawn of the Christian era. The most enterprising and civilised people in Asia, often called “the English of the Far East.” They possess a singularly high standard of honour and patriotism, which was the main factor in their recent victory over Russia, and they are eminently warlike, besides producing industrious agriculturists and enterprising traders. Of short but sturdy stature, white skin and yellow or sallowish complexion, oblique eyes, black hair.Jats.A numerous agricultural race of the Punjab in North-west India. They are probably of an Aryan stock, but ethnologists disagree as to their history, assigning them ancient Scythian invaders, the Rajputs, or the Gipsies, for ancestors.Javanese.A Malay race inhabiting Java, where they dispossessed the Negrito aborigines [seeKALANGS] in prehistoric times. The Sundanese and Madurese are allied tribes, possessing parts of the island of Java, now under Dutch rule.Jebus.SeeYORUBAS.Jews,Hebrews, orIsraelites. The most important of Semitic races, of the ancient Canaanite stock. The Israelites descended from Abraham, who came from Mesopotamia to Canaan about 2000B.C.; thence they migrated to Egypt, and returned to take possession of Palestine. Their history is familiar to all from the Bible. After the Roman capture of Jerusalem under Titus, 70A.D., the Jews—as they were now called—were dispersed through the world, but they have retained their racial characteristics in remarkable purity through long persecutions, and now play a great part in the commerce and finance of nearly all civilised countries, though they have no national unity or racial home.Jivaros.South American Indians, in Peru, on the head-waters of the Amazon.Jolofs.SeeWOLOFS.Jutes.Early inhabitants of Jutland, a Low German branch of Teutonic stock, who invaded England in the fifth century and made the first Teutonic settlement in that country, in Kent.Kabards.A Western Caucasian race, allied to theCircassians(q.v.) and presenting a high standard of physical beauty.Kabyles.SeeBERBERS.Kacharis.Natives of the Terai at the foot of the Himalayas, belonging to the Tibetan stock of the Southern Mongolic family.Kafirs, orKaffirs. Generic name of the fierce and warlike Bantu Negro races which occupied the south-eastern seaboard of South Africa when Europeans first colonised that country. They then held all the coast lands from the Gamboos to the Limpopo. The southern part (Kaffraria) belonged to the Kafirs proper, and the northern (Zululand) to the Zulus, an allied race, but usually distinguished from the Kafirs, or Ama-Xosa, whose chief tribes areGalekas,GaikasandTembus(q.v.). Throughout the greater part of the nineteenth century the English settlers were engaged in constant Kafir wars, which resulted in the gradual subjugation of both Kafirs and Zulus.Kafirs.Fair-skinned mountaineers of Kafiristan, between the Kabul River and Hindu Kush. An offshoot of the Aryan family, thought by some to be descendants in part of the Greek troops with which Alexander the Great invaded India.Kakhyens.A race of freebooters, inhabiting the northern frontiers of Burma, whence they raid the more civilised agriculturists of the plains and levy blackmail. A Southern Mongolic race of Indo-Chinese stock.Kalangs.A recently extinct Negrito race of Java, remnants of the aborigines of that island; small, black and woolly-haired, with very retreating forehead and projecting jaws. The most ape-like of human beings, and the nearest approach yet found to the “missing link” between man and ape. They belonged to the Oceanic Negro family.Kalmuks.The Western Mongol stock of the Northern Mongolic family, scattered through Central Asia, and extending into Southern Russia. Nomadic pastors, owning large flocks and herds, and living in tents on the great steppes, they include the tribes of the Chorasses, Turguts, Khoshots, and Durbats. A large horde of Kalmuks invaded Russia in 1650, and settled there for a century, but in 1771 most of them were expelled, and endured great sufferings on the march to China, so brilliantly described by De Quincy. These were mainly Khoshots and Durbats.Kamchadales.A Siberian branch of the Northern Mongolic family, inhabiting Kamchatka; a hardy race of hunters and fishers.Kanakas.A name given to South Sea Islanders, generally by sailors and traders, and especially to Polynesian labourers imported to Queensland.Kanakas, orBakanaka. Negro aborigines of Angola, probably akin to the Bushmen. Other similar tribes are the Korokas, Kulabes, Kwandes and Kwisses.Kanarese.Mongoloid aborigines of Mysore in India. SeeDRAVIDIANS.Kanembu, Kanuris.SeeLAKECHADGROUP.Kara-Kalpaks, orBlack Bonnets. A branch of the Turki stock of the Northern Mongolic family, dwelling on the south-east of the Aral Sea and in the Oxus basin. A pacific pastoral race, dominated by their warlike relatives, the nomadic Kirghiz, and now subject to Russia.Kara-Kirghiz.SeeKIRGHIZ.Karelians.An Eastern branch of Baltic Finns dwelling in the eastern parts of Finland and adjoining provinces of Russia. Probably a Slavo-Mongolic mixture in which the original Mongolic element has been largely eliminated.Karens.Inhabitants of Burma, of the Indo-Chinese branch of the Southern Mongolic family. Largely Christianised. Formerly oppressed by the Burmans, than whom they are less clever, but more industrious. Agriculturists.Karons.A Negrito race of New Guinea, of very degraded type, and addicted to cannibalism.Kargos.SeeNUBAGROUP.Kashmiris.Natives of Kashmir, belonging to the Hindu branch of the Aryan family. Of fine physique, but corrupt and untrustworthy.Kassonké.SeeMANDINGAN.Kazaks.SeeKIRGHIZ.Underwood & UnderwoodA RED INDIAN CHIEF AND HIS FAMILYLARGER IMAGEKelts, orCelts. A stock of the Aryan family which settled in France and the British Islands in prehistoric times. The Gauls and Belgæ ofCæsar’s time and the early Britons represent them. They are divided into two branches, Goidelic and Brythonic Celts, respectively known also as Q and P Celts, from a linguistic peculiarity. The former are represented in modern times by Irish, Manx, and Scottish Highlanders; the latter by Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons. The typical Celt was probably a tall, broad-headed individual, with prominent nose, high cheek-bones, light hair and eyes. The small, round-headed, dark race which is also classed as Celtic, is more probably an earlier Hamitic type, allied to theBasques(q.v.).Khulkas.A nomadic race of Eastern Mongols, occupying the Gobi desert.Khamtis.An Assamese race—Indo-Chinese stock of Southern Mongolic family—in the Brahmaputra Valley.Khasis.An Indo-Chinese hill tribe of Southern Mongolic family, in Khasi Hills of Assam.Khoi-Khoin.The name given to themselves by theHottentots(q.v.).Khoshots.SeeKALMUKS.Kickapoos.SeeALGONQUIAN.Kiowas.A North American Indian race in Oklahoma.Kipchaks.A Turki race of Northern Mongolic family, settled in eleventh century between Urals and Don. In the middle of the thirteenth century, Batu Khan, a son of Genghiz Khan, led them to conquer all Central and South Russia, where they founded the Empire of the Golden Horde. It was broken up by Tamerlane about 1390, and from its fragments arose the Khanates of Astrakhan, the Crimea, etc., now absorbed by Russia. From the Eastern Kipchaks are descended theKirghiz(q.v.), one of whose hordes is still known as Kipchak. The modern Kipchaks are nomadic, and live by stock-feeding in the steppes of western Turkestan.Kirantis.A Tibetan race of East Nepal, of Southern Mongolic family.Kirghiz.A nomadic people of Central Asia, where they occupy the vast steppes which lie to the north of Turkestan. They are descended from theKipchaks(q.v.) of the Golden Horde. They form a group of the Turki stock of the Northern Mongolic family. The Kara-Kirghiz, who inhabit the uplands between the Issik-Kul and the Kuen-Lun, are the oldest Turki nomads of whom there is any historical record, and are divided into On and Sol—right and left wings. The Kirghiz proper, who call themselves Kazaks, or “riders,” roam from Lake Balkash to the Volga, over the vast level steppes, where they dwell in skin tents and support themselves by breeding camels, horses, oxen, sheep and goats. They live in the saddle, and were formerly a warlike people, who once could put 400,000 fighting men in the field. They are divided into four hordes—Great, Middle or Kipchak, Little, and Inner. They are all now under Russian dominion.Kishis.SeeCHECHENZES.Kissis.SeeTEMNÉGROUP.Kizil-Bashis.Persianised Turkis of Afghanistan, belonging to Turki branch of Northern Mongolic family, who supply the chief commercial classes of Afghanistan.Kolajis.SeeNUBAGROUP.Kolarians.One of the three non-Aryan races to which the primitive inhabitants of India belonged, of the Indo-Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family. They entered Bengal from the north-east, and are now represented by a few scattered tribes, like the Santals, Mundas, Kurkus, and Bhils.Koranas.SeeHOTTENTOTS.Koreans.Natives of Korea, belonging to the Koreo-Japanese stock of the Northern Mongol family. They stand midway between Chinese and Japanese, the latter being probably their descendants, and are taller, with lighter complexion and more regular features, than the typical Mongol. Their civilisation is of Chinese origin. They are not warlike, but are prosperous agriculturists.Korokas.SeeKANAKAS.Korungas.SeeWADAIGROUP.Koryaks.An Arctic race of North-east Siberia, allied to theChukchis(q.v.).Krej.SeeNILITICGROUP.Krim-Tartars.SeeTARTARS.Krus, orKrooboys. Sudanese Negroes of Liberian Group. Bold and skilful boatmen, employed for that purpose all along the West African Coast.Kulabes.SeeKANAKAS.Kulfans, Kunjaras.SeeNUBAGROUP.Kurds.Native of Kurdistan, partly nomad and pastoral, partly settled and agricultural. A fierce and warlike people, they are much given to raiding, and were utilised by the Sultan to oppress the Armenians. They have settled in Kurdistan from time immemorial, and belong to the Iranian stock of the Aryan family.Kurile Islanders.SeeAINUS.Kurinis.SeeLESGHIANS.Kurkus.A broken Kolarian tribe, allied to the Santals of Central India, belonging to the Indo-Chinese branch of Southern Mongolic family.Kutchins.SeeATHABASCAN.Kwandes, Kwisses.SeeKANAKAS.Ladakhis.Natives of Ladakh in the Upper Indus Valley, belonging to the Tibetan stock of the Southern Mongolic family, conquered by Kashmir in seventeenth century.Lake Chad Group.A group of Sudanese Negro tribes, inhabiting the districts round Lake Chad, including Kanembus, Kanuris, Baghirmis (warlike slave-raiders), Mandaras, Yedinas, Logons, Mosgus, Bulalas, Saras, etc.Lampongs.Malay inhabitants of Southern Sumatra.Lamuts.SeeTUNGUSES.Landumans.Sudanese Negroes of Senegambia.Laos.SeeSHANS.Lapps.A branch of the Finno-Ugrian stock of the Northern Mongolic family, inhabiting the parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia collectively known as Lapland. They are the shortest and broadest-skulled people in Europe. Most of them are nomads, who live by their vast reindeer herds, though some have become settled and live by fishing and hunting. They are closely allied to the Baltic Finns, and like them show traces of a mixture of Caucasic blood.Lascars.A term applied to sailors of Indian and Malay seafaring races, employed on British vessels.Latins.The ancient inhabitants of Latium, the district of Central Italy which lay between the Tiber and the Liris, and included the Roman Campagna. They absorbed the earlier allied races of Oscans, Sabines, Samnites andUmbrians, and formed a league of thirty cities, which warred for some generations with Rome and then fell under the Roman dominion. Rome itself was originally a Latin city. The ancient population of Italy was divided into three grades: Roman citizens—not necessarily residents in Rome—Latins, and Italians. The Latins are a branch of the Italic stock of the Aryan family.LatinorRomance Races. A name often given to the modern races which speak a Romance language derived from Latin, and belong in whole or part to the Italic stock of the Aryan family. They include Italians, French (including Provençals), Spaniards, Portuguese, and Roumanians.Latin Americans.The white inhabitants of South America, of Spanish or Portuguese descent, and speaking these languages.Lazes.SeeGEORGIANS.Lencan.A group of semi-civilised Central American Indian tribes, including Chontals, Ramas, Payas, Wulwas, and Guatusas.Lepchas.Natives of Sikkim and Bhutan, belonging to the Tibetan stock of the Southern Mongolic family.Lesghians.A branch of the Eastern stock of the Caucasian family, inhabiting the Eastern Caucasus. Wild mountain tribes, who long offered an unavailing resistance to the Russian arms under Shamyl (1859). Their chief tribes are the Avars (the most cultivated and powerful), Andis, Dargos, Didis and Kurinis.Lettic.A stock of the Aryan family, including Letts, Lithuanians and the extinct Pruczi, Borussians, or Old Prussians, from whom modern Prussia takes its name. The Letts and Lithuanians in the fifteenth century formed a united people, inhabiting the south-west of Russia, from Courland to Odessa. Afterwards they passed under Polish and then Russian dominion. They are now mostly peasant agriculturists. They are fair and well-built, with fine features and blue eyes.Letts.SeeLETTIC.Liberian Group.Sudanese Negro tribes, inhabiting the Grain Coast of West Africa. The Krus orKrooboys(q.v.), Queahs and Bassas are their chief tribes.Liberians.Natives of the negro republic of Liberia on the Guinea Coast, partly descended from freed slaves of all races, but mainly belonging to the Liberian group.Libyans.An ancient fair-haired and light-skinned race of Northern Africa, akin to the modern Berbers, belonging to the western stock of the Hamitic family. They are depicted on Egyptian monuments of fifteenth centuryB.C.Ligures, orLigurians. An ancient race of the western stock of the Hamitic family, probably the aborigines of North-West Italy round Genoa, to whom the Siculi, Sards and Corsicans were apparently akin.Limbas.SeeTEMNÉGROUP.Lithuanians.SeeLETTIC.Livonians.A branch of Baltic Finns, belonging to the Finno-Ugrian stock of the Northern Mongolic family; a dwindled remnant now inhabits the Baltic provinces of Russia.Logons.SeeLAKECHADGROUP.Lolos.A fair-complexioned aboriginal race on the frontiers of China and Tibet, belonging to the Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family.Lombards.A race of Teutonic stock, formerly settled in the district of the Lower Elbe, who invaded Italy in 568, and there founded a powerful Lombard kingdom under Alboin and his successors. The Lombards were at first fierce warriors and little more; but they soon fell under the influence of Italian civilisation, and were merged into the Italian race when Charlemagne destroyed their independence in 774. Their name and some traces of their racial character still remain in Lombardy, between the Alps and the Po.Luchuans.Natives of the Luchu or Liu-Kin Archipelago, between Japan and Formosa, resembling the Japanese, but with differences which are attributed to a cross of the aboriginal Ainu blood. They belong to the Koreo-Japanese stock of the Northern Mongolic family.Lushais.A warlike race of Tibetan stock inhabiting the Lushai Hills on the confines of Assam, Bengal and Burma.Mabas.SeeWADAIGROUP.Macedonians.A warlike people of ancient Greece, who attained their greatest power under Alexander the Great. They were not true Hellenes, but a race of wild mountain tribes probably of Hamitic origin. Modern Macedonia is peopled by an extremely mixed race of Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, etc., among whom some descendants of the ancient Macedonians may no doubt be found.Macusis.SeeCARIBS.Madis.SeeNILITICGROUP.Madurese.A Malay race inhabiting Java, and allied to theJavanese(q.v.).Magars.A Tibetan tribe of Western Nepal.Magwangwaras.A fierce predatory race of Bantu Negroes, occupying the head-waters of the Rovuma River in East Central Africa.Magyars.A warlike and now highly civilised race belonging to the Finno-Ugrian stock of the Northern Mongolic family. They first appeared in Europe about a thousand years ago, being probablyScythian(q.v.) immigrants from the Caspian district. They conquered the Roman provinces of Pannonia and Dacia, and there founded the Kingdom of Hungary in the year 1000. They are still the dominant race in Hungary, which now forms part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and preserve their Finno-Ugrian speech. They are a chivalrous and highly intelligent race, whose Mongolic descent is no longer perceptible in their white skins and regular, often handsome features. Probably this is due to frequent crossing of blood with German, Slav and Roumanian neighbours.Mahrattas.SeeMARATHIS.Makololos.A warlike branch of the Basuto race of Bantu Negroes who, in 1835, moved north and conquered the Barotses, only to be reduced by them to vassalage about 1864.Makuas.A savage cannibal race of Bantu Negroes, living north of the Zambesi in Portuguese East Africa.Malagasy.A Malayo-African people of mixed blood, inhabiting Madagascar. TheHovas(q.v.) are the dominant tribe.Malays.The dominant native race of Malaysia, the chief stock of the Oceanic Mongolic family. They are of a distinctly Mongolic physical type, of low stature and yellowish colour, with high cheek-bones, black lank hair and broad skulls. They may be divided into threeraces: the Orang-Benua, or men of the soil, the indigenous Malay tribes at a low stage of culture; the Orang-Laut, or men of the sea, who live by fishing and piracy; and the Orang-Malayu, or civilised Malays proper. They inhabit the southern provinces of Sumatra, the native states of the Malay Peninsula (Kelantan, etc.), the British Straits Settlements (Johor, Perak, Selangor, etc.), parts of Borneo, Ternate, Tidor and the Banda Islands, and many islands of the Malay Archipelago. They have wandered as far as Madagascar, where theMalagasy(q.v.) are Malays crossed with Negro blood. They were formerly warlike and much given to piracy, but are now the chief trading race of South-eastern Asia. Their origin is dubious, but Sumatra is generally regarded as their original home. Of kindred blood are many so-called Proto-Malay races, such as theAchinese,Javanese,Sundanese,Dyaks, etc. (q.v.).Malayalim.SeeDRAVIDIANS.Manchus.The dominant native race of Manchuria, who conquered China in the seventeenth century and founded the existing Chinese dynasty. They are of the Mongol stock of the Northern Mongolic family. They first appear in history in the thirteenth century, when a number of nomad Manchu tribes were formed into a single people. They probably originated in Siberia, where theTunguses(q.v.) represent their primitive stock.Mandans.SeeSIOUAN.Mandaras.SeeLAKECHADGROUP.Mandingans.The chief race of Sudanese Negroes in the Western Sudan, with numerous branches between the Upper Niger and the coast, including Mandé or Mandingoes, Bambaras, Jallonkés, Kassonkés, Masinas, Sarakolés, Solimas, Susus, etc. Timbuctoo was formerly the capital of the Mandingan empire, before it fell under Berber domination. A large proportion of American Negroes are descended from slaves of Mandingan origin.Mangbattu.Sudanese negroes of Welle group, noted for their pronounced cannibalism.Mangkassara.Malay natives of Macassar, in Celebes, under Dutch rule.Manipuris.Natives of Manipur, between Burma and Assam, mostly wild hillmen of mixed Burmese and Hindu blood, but classed with the Indo-Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family.Man-Tses.Inhabitants of the mountain districts of Sze-chuen in China, akin toLolos(q.v.).mManxorManxmen. Inhabitants of the Isle of Man, belonging to the Celtic stock of the Aryan family, and the Goidelic or Q Celt branch of it. There is a strong Scandinavian element in their blood, from the numerous invasions of the old Norse pirates. Their customs are also strongly marked by the Scandinavian element.Manyuemas.Warlike Bantu Negroes of the Upper Congo, long allied with the Arab slave-traders.Maoris.The aborigines of New Zealand, belonging to the tall brown race ofPolynesians(q.v.), a branch of the Indonesian family. A brave, generous and warlike people, who are said to have reached New Zealand from the Pacific islands about a thousand years ago, they are one of the few native races which promise to assimilate western civilisation with success.Marathis, orMahrattas. A numerous Indian race of mixed origin, probably of aboriginal (Dravidian) blood in the main, with a Hindu element. They inhabit West and Central India, where they became the dominant power under Sivaji in the seventeenth century. The English had long and bloody contests with these wild and warlike mountaineers, who founded several great native states, some of which (Gwalior and Indore) survive to this day.Maronites.A sturdy, warlike Christian race of mountaineers in the Lebanon, belonging to the Syrian branch of the Aramæan stock of the Semitic family. Implacable foes of the Druses, with whom they are constantly at war.Marquesans.SeePOLYNESIANS.Masais.A branch of the Eastern Hamites, settled in British East Africa on the Tana River. A finely-built race, whom only their chocolate colour and frizzy hair prevent from passing for Europeans. Extremely warlike and intelligent, they are confirmed raiders and cattle lifters.Mashonas.Natives of Mashonaland, in South-eastern Rhodesia, formerly the half-fabulous empire of the Monomotapa, and the home of a forgotten civilisation, to which the ruins of Zimbabye and other similar relics bear witness. The Mashonas are Bantu Negroes, a peaceful, industrious people, who were subjugated about 1838 by the Matabeles under Umsilikatzi, and are now under British rule.Massachusett Indians.SeeALGONQUIAN.Massalits.SeeWADAIGROUP.Matabeles.A branch of the Zulu race of Bantu Negroes, which was expelled from Zululand in 1838, and conquered the Mashonas, in modern Rhodesia, under Umsilikatzi. Like the Zulus, they were proud and fearless warriors, who were only subjugated with difficulty by the English in 1893, and revolted unsuccessfully in 1896.Matacoans.A South American Indian race on the Vermejo River in Argentine.Mauri.SeeMOORS.Maviti.Bantu Negroes of the Upper Shiré in British South Central Africa, of Zulu stock, who came as conquerors from the south.Maya-Quiché.A group of Central American Indian races, mostly in Yucatan and Guatemala. It includes the Mayas of Yucatan, Zendals and Zotzils of Chiapas, Quichés, Chols, Pokomans, and Zutugils of Guatemala, Huastecs and Totonacs of Vera Cruz. Like the Aztecs, the Mayas possessed an ancient civilisation and system of picture writing.Maypuris.SeeARAWAKS.
AN ARAB VILLAGE ON THE BORDERS OF EGYPTLARGER IMAGE
AN ARAB VILLAGE ON THE BORDERS OF EGYPT
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Fans.A race of powerful and aggressive warriors, who intruded into Gaboon-Ogoway district about the middle of the nineteenthcentury; possibly related toAzandehorFulahs(q.v.). Cannibals, but otherwise of higher intellect and morality than the average Negro, from whom they differ in physical type.
Fantis.SeeTSHI.
Fellahin.The labouring peasantry of modern Egypt, industrious but not warlike, descendants of ancient Egyptians, with a mixture of Syrian and Arab blood.
Felup.A group of Sudanese Negro tribes on Casamanza and Cacheo estuaries.
Fertits.SeeNILITICGROUP.
Fijians.Natives of Fiji, belonging to the Melanesian stock of the Oceanic Negro family. Formerly ferocious cannibals, they are now civilised.
Filipinos.SeePHILIPPINES.
Fingus, orAma-Fingu. Bantu Negroes of the Kafir division in South-east Africa, regarded by Zulus and Ama-Xosa as an inferior race.
Finno-Ugrian.A stock of the Northern Mongolic family, including (1) Ugrian or Siberian Finns, of which the chief races areSoyots,Ostyaks,Samoyedes,Voguls,Permian Finns,Siryanians, andMagyars(q.v.); (2) European Finns, divided into: (a) Volga Finns, (b) Baltic Finns.
Finns.The Finns proper are the inhabitants of Finland, between Russia and Norway. They are a Northern Mongolic race, of Finno-Ugrian stock, who are supposed to have originated beside the head waters of the Yenisei River. They entered Finland about the end of the seventh century and established themselves there, being afterwards annexed, first by Sweden and then by Russia. They are a strong, hardy race, who make excellent seamen, with round faces, fair hair and blue eyes. They are honest, highly moral and religious, and possess a remarkable ballad and folk-tale literature, of which the Kalevala is the chief example. The Baltic Finns of allied race includeEsthonians,Karelians,Lapps,LivoniansandTavastians(q.v.). The Volga Finns are another branch of the same people, whose chief tribe was the ancientBulgars(q.v.). The Mordvins and Cheremisses, still settled on the banks of the Volga in small communities, belong to the same race.
FlatheadorSalish Indians. A mixed race of North American Indians, in British Columbia and Montana.
Flemings, orFlemish. The inhabitants of Flanders, now divided between Belgium and Holland, descended from Belgic tribes settled there in Cæsar’s time. They are a Low German branch of the Teutonic stock. They are an industrious and honest, though phlegmatic, people, who played a great part in mediæval commerce.
Formosans.Natives of Formosa, of mixed Malayan and Negrito descent. They were divided into three classes by the Chinese invaders: the Pepohwan, civilised agriculturists, under Chinese rule; Sekhwan, settled tribes who acknowledged Chinese rule; and Chinhwan, the wild savage tribes of the mountains, who waged unceasing war against the invaders. The island has now passed under Japanese dominion. The Formosans in general approximate to the Malay type, but are more sturdily built.
Fox Indians.SeeALGONQUIAN.
Franks.A confederation of Germanic tribes, dwelling on the Middle and Lower Rhine in the third century. They belonged to the High German branch of the Teutonic stock. In the third and fourth centuries they began to invade Gaul, where they established a Frankish kingdom under Clovis (481–511), who adopted Christianity. This later developed into the modern State of France. The Franks were a brave and stalwart race of warriors, with blue eyes and long flowing hair, well-built and large-limbed. They were a nation of democratic fighting men, who practised agriculture in the intervals of war.
French.The inhabitants of modern France, a race of mixed origin. Among their ancestors are the CelticGauls, the TeutonicBelgaeandFranks, the HamiticIberians, theRomans, and the ScandinavianNormans(q.v.). They are probably the quickest-witted and most intelligent race of modern Europe. Extremely warlike and aggressive in earlier days, they are now displaying greater devotion to the arts of peace, especially agriculture. Paris has long been the chief centre of ideas in Europe.
Frisians.A Teutonic race of Low German stock, living between Scheldt and Weser in Roman times, now belonging to the Netherlands.
Fuegians.Natives of Tierra del Fuego in South America, savages of a very low physical and mental type.
Fulahs.A warlike and predatory race of Saharan Hamites, formerly occupying small communities throughout the West and Central Sudan, who over-ran the native Hausa States about 1800–1810, and founded the empire of Sokoto.
Furs.SeeNUBAGROUP.
Ga.A Sudanese Negro group in Guinea, including Accras and Krobos.
Gaels.SeeHIGHLANDERS.
GaikasandGalekas. SeeXOSAS.
Galchas.Highlanders of Hindu Kush and Turkistan, of Iranian descent.
Gallegos.Natives of Galicia, in Spain, of Gothic descent.
Gallas.A branch of Eastern Hamites, occupying Gallaland, south of Abyssinia. The finest people in all Africa, strongly built, of a light chocolate colour. They are distinguished for their energy and honesty. They are divided into numerous tribes, and are inveterate foes of the Somalis.
Gallinas.Sudanese Negroes of Sierra Leone.
Garamantes.An ancient Hamitic race inhabiting the neighbourhood of Tripoli in Roman times.
Garhwalis.Tibetan natives of Garhwal, on the border of Tibet.
Gascons.Natives of Gascony, of Basque descent, modified by Frank and French blood. They are notorious for their lively imagination and boasting “Gasconades.”
Gauchos.A mixed race of Spanish and Indian descent, admirable horsemen, who are the chief herdsmen of Uruguay and the Argentine Republic. SeePUELCHES.
Gauls.In Cæsar’s time the Gauls occupied the central part, and formed the chief race, of modern France, which, after them, was called Gaul. They probably belonged to the Brythonic division of the Celtic stock, being closely allied to the ancient Britons, as well as to the modern Welsh and Bretons, who respectively representthe remnants of the primitive Celtic population of England and France. It is possible that there was a still earlier Celtic element in France, corresponding to the Goidelic division of the Celtic stock. Mingled with the Celtic element in the Gauls were traces of the earlierIberianandLigurian aborigines(q.v.). The Gauls were blue-eyed, fair-haired and long-headed, in distinction to the older dark-eyed, black-haired, round-headed type, which is more commonly known as Celtic, but is probably characteristic of an older race. Under Roman rule the Gauls acquired a considerable degree of civilisation. They were dispossessed in the decline of the empire byFranks,BurgundiansandVisigoths(q.v.), but became in part ancestors of the modern French.
Georgians.The chief race of the Southern Caucasus, a fine athletic race of pure Caucasic type, noted for the personal beauty of its individuals. The Georgians were formerly fierce and warlike, but under Russian rule have become industrious in the arts of peace. They are noted for a passionate love of music. They first appear in history in the time of Alexander the Great, when they were already settled in their mountains. The Georgian kingdom had an independent existence for about seven centuries, but suffered much from Mongolian and especially Turkish invasions. Georgia and Circassia furnished the majority of white slaves for Turkish harems. In 1801 Georgia was annexed to Russia. Other important South Caucasian races are the Imerians and the Mingrelians, who closely resemble the Georgians in physical characteristics, but have displayed less aptitude for civilisation.
Gepidæ.SeeGOTHS.
Getæ.An ancient race ofThracian(q.v.) descent, who settled in Wallachia in the fourth centuryB.C.They were warlike and turbulent, but were conquered by Trajan and incorporated in the Roman Empire. In later centuries they appear to have been fused with theGoths(q.v.).
Germans.The Germans first appear in history as a multitude of independent and warlike tribes living amongst the dense forests which stretched in Roman times from the Rhine to the Vistula. They belonged to the Teutonic stock of the Aryan family. They were a tall and vigorous race, with long, fair hair and fierce blue eyes, who delighted in war and the chase. Their democratic social organisation has greatly influenced all Teutonic history; their love of liberty was a passion. At an early period they were divided into High and Low Germans, differing in type, according as they inhabited the central and southern portions of modern Germany or the low-lying lands towards the North Sea and the Baltic. The chief races of the former were the Goths, Franks, Burgundians, Swiss, Swabians, Austrians; of the latter, Saxons, Angles, Jutes, Frisians, Flemings, Batavi—from whom the modern English and Dutch are descended, whilst the High Germans represent the modern Germans. These are a very enterprising, thorough, and industrious race, alike in war and peace, and have thus given birth to one of the greatest Powers of the modern world.
Ghilzais.SeeAFGHANS.
Gilyaks.A Siberian Mongolic race of Saghalien.
Gipsies.A nomadic race, which was first described as appearing in Europe in the fifteenth century, and is now found in nearly all civilised countries. At first they were believed to come from Egypt, and their name is a corruption of “Egyptians.” They have a dark, tawny skin, black hair and eyes, are small-handed and often very handsome, and live by tinkering, basket-making, fortune-telling, and other arts which can be practised on the road. Their chief characteristic is independence and love of a wandering life. Their origin is still uncertain; though their language, Romany, is known to be a corrupt dialect of Hindi, which supports the older theory that they are of Indian descent. A later and well-supported theory is that they are the descendants of the prehistoric race which introduced metal-working into Europe. On this view they must have existed in Europe from time immemorial, without being noticed in literature. The gipsy problem still awaits solution.
Goajiris.SeeTUPI-GUARANI.
Golden Hordes.SeeKIPCHAKS.
Gonaquas.Hottentot Negro half breeds on Kafirland frontier.
Goads.SeeDRAVIDAS.
Goths.One of the chief Teutonic races of ancient times, who played a great part in European history from the third to the eighth century, but have left no descendants as a distinct race. They first appear in history in the third century, as a confederation of German tribes who had made a settlement in the district north of the Lower Danube. They soon split up into two distinct peoples, the East Goths or Ostrogoths, and the West Goths or Visigoths. There was a third and unimportant race of Mœsogoths, settled in Mœsia, for whom Ulfilas made his famous translation of the Scriptures. The Goths were extremely warlike and aggressive, a typical race of German warriors. The Ostrogoths remained north of the Danube, where they were subjugated for a time by the Huns of Attila. Recovering their independence, they invaded Italy, destroyed the Western Empire, and established a new kingdom under Theodoric. This was conquered by the Byzantine Narses in 552, after which the Ostrogoths disappear from history. The Visigoths, unwilling to submit to the Huns, crossed the Danube and settled in the Roman Empire, where they furnished many recruits for the army. In 395 they rebelled, and under Alaric invaded Italy and besieged Rome. Afterwards they founded kingdoms in the south of Gaul and in Spain, where the Visigoths ruled till the invasion of the Saracens, and where their blood is still found incorporated with that of the older races. A branch of the Ostrogoths which settled in the Crimea preserved its nationality and language down to the sixteenth century, or even later. The Bastarnæ, Gepidæ, and perhaps theVandals(q.v.), were branches of the Gothic race.
Greeks.(1) For ancient Greeks, seeHELLENES. (2) The modern Greeks are partly descendants of ancient Greeks, with a large admixture of Albanian, Wallachian and Slavonic elements. They are great in commerce, but not warlike.
Griquas.A race of Hottentot-Dutch half-breeds, also known as Bastaards, in Griqualand.
Guaicuris.Central American Indians of Lower California.
Guanches.Aborigines of Canary Islands: so-called “White Africans,” probably of Berber Hamitic stock.
Guatemalans.White natives of Guatemala, in Central America, of Spanish descent.
Guatusas.Central American Indians of Costa Rica.
Guebres.SeePARSEES.
Gujeratis.Natives of Gujerat in Western India, Aryans of Hindu stock.
Gurkas.The dominant race of Nepal, who claim a Hindu (Aryan) origin, but have probably acquired a Mongoloid tinge from inter-marriages. They are of small stature, yet eminently warlike, and supply some of the best troops to our Indian Army.
Gypsies.SeeGIPSIES.
Hadendowas.SeeBEJAS.
Haidas.North American Indians in British Columbia.
Hamites.A family of Caucasic Man, belonging to the Melanochroid or dark type, ranging in colour from white to brown, and even black; hair soft, straight or wavy; skull, medium (mesocephalic); square-jawed (orthognathous); generally of fine physical development. Divided into Eastern Hamites—e.g., Somali, and Western Hamites—e.g., Berbers and Basques. Closely related to Semites.
Hau-Khoin.SeeHEREROS.
Hausas.The most important Sudanese Negro race of Northern Nigeria. Keen traders, physically well developed, they make excellent soldiers, and are largely utilised for this purpose by their British rulers. The Hausa States were over-run by the HamiticFulahs(q.v.) about 1800–1810, and now form part of the Empire of Sokoto. The Hausa language is the common medium of commerce in the Central Sudan.
Hawaiians.Natives of Hawaii, of brown Polynesian stock, akin to Maoris. A remarkably fine and handsome race, steadily decreasing since contact with European civilisation and diseases. Peculiarly subject to leprosy.
Haytians.Natives of the negro republic of Hayti, descended from negro slaves imported by the earlier Spanish and French owners, who freed themselves at the time of the French Revolution. The Spanish portion afterwards formed the Dominican Republic in the eastern part of the island. Of mixed Bantu and Sudanese Negro descent, with a cross of white blood.
Hazaras.Mountaineers of N.W. Afghanistan, a vigorous and turbulent race of Mongolo-Persian descent, often troublesome to British India.
Hebrews.SeeJEWS.
Hellenes.Inhabitants of ancient Greece, which they called Hellas. The Proto-Hellenes, or aborigines, were probably of Pelasgian origin, belonging to the Western Hamitic family, of whom the ancientCretansandMycenæans(q.v.) may represent the ancestral type. These were followed by the true Hellenes—Achæans or Argives—divided into three main branches—Dorians, Ionians, and Æolians. Later they were divided into many local states, such as Athens and Sparta. The modern Greeks are in part descended from the Hellenes, crossed with Albanian, Wallachian, and Turkish blood. It is to the Hellenes that we owe the first important developments of civilisation in Europe.
Helveti.Ancient inhabitants of Switzerland in Cæsar’s time, probably a German tribe, from whom the modern Swiss are in part descended.
Hereros, orOvaherero. Bantu Negroes inhabiting the plains of Damaraland, or German South-West Africa. The Damaras or Hau-Khoin are a cross between Hereros and the Hottentot aborigines. A pastoral nation who migrated thither about two centuries ago from the inland districts, and dispossessed the aboriginal Hottentots, now represented by the Namas of Namaqualand, with whom they are perennially at war. Recently they rose against the German authorities, and have given them much trouble. A fine, warlike race.
Highlanders.The Gaelic-speaking inhabitants of Northern Scotland, a branch of the Goidelic or Q Kelts, also known as Gaels. They are descended from the ancientScots(q.v.), who originally migrated from Ireland in the fifth century. One of the finest races of the British Islands, who give them their finest soldiers.
Himyarites.A branch of the Semitic family (“Red Men,” whence the Red Sea), formerly occupying Arabia Felix and Abyssinia; they form the main stock of the Abyssinian race. They included the kingdoms of the Minæans and Sabæans, the latter being identified by some with the Biblical Sheba.
Hindus.A stock of the Aryan family, comprising a large proportion of the natives of India, described under the headings of Kashmiris, Punjabis, Rajputs, Marathas, Bengalis, Sindis, Gujeratis, Assamis, etc. The original Hindus entered India—hence called Hindustan—from the north-west at some prehistoric time, and soon became the predominant race in the peninsula.
Hittites.A forgotten but once mighty people of Semitic race, who contested the entry of the Israelites into Canaan, and waged war with Egypt and Assyria for many centuries. Little is known about them, but they seem to have reared a mighty empire between Lebanon and the Euphrates, which endured for more than a thousand years, and was destroyed by the Assyrian Sargon II. in 717B.C.
Hondurans.White natives of Honduras, of Spanish descent; few in numbers, the population being mostly of mixed blood.
Hor-Soks.A primitive Mongol-Turki race of the Tibetan plateau.
Hottentots, orKhoi-Khoin. The aboriginal Negro inhabitants of South Africa, which they shared with theBushmen(q.v.). Possibly the Bushmen are degraded Hottentots, or the Hottentots are a cross between the Bantus from the north and the Bushmen, who would on this view be the true aborigines. The only surviving race of pure Hottentots are the Namas of Namaqualand: the Damaras, Griquas, Gonaquas, and Koranas, are other races in which Hottentot blood is mixed with that of Bantu Negroes or of Europeans (mostly Boers). The Hottentots are a distinct branch of the Negro family, marked by extremely long heads and high cheek-bones, a brownish-yellow complexion, with other physical peculiarities exemplified in the so-called “Hottentot Venus,” and also found in the Bushmen. Their language is peculiar for its unique “clicks,” which no European can pronounce, and whichseem to stand between articulate and inarticulate speech.
Hovas.The dominant Malagasy race of Madagascar, of Malay descent, mixed with Bantu Negro blood from Africa. They stand nearest to pure Malays of all Malagasy peoples. The existing French Protectorate was only established after much fighting with the warlike Hovas, who had conquered all the other native tribes.
Huastec.SeeMAYA-QUICHÉ.
Hungarians.SeeMAGYARS.
Huns.A nomad race of the Northern Mongolic family, probably of Turki stock, who settled in the neighbourhood of the Volga and the Urals about the dawn of the Christian era. In the fourth century they conquered and dispossessed the Ostrogoths and Visigoths on the Danube. Under Attila, in the fifth century, they invaded Greece and Gaul, and pushed their arms as far as Rome, which was only saved by the diplomacy of the Pope. Their cruel fierceness in war caused their great leader to be known as the Scourge of God. Like the Mongols, they were essentially a race of horsemen, and their “deformed figures and hideous Mongolic faces” added to the terror which they inspired. After Attila’s death in 453 the Huns fell to pieces, and soon were absorbed into other nations—especially, perhaps, the Bulgars.
Hunzas.SeeDARDS.
Hupas.SeeATHABASCAN.
Hurons, orWyandots. A North American Indian race of Iroquoian stock, formerly inhabiting the shores of Lake Huron.
Hyksos.A Northern Mongolic race who invaded Egypt and established the dynasty of the Shepherd kings about 2000B.C.
Ibeas.A Negro race which recently invaded the Cameroons from the East: they bring down ivory from the unexplored interior. Either Bantu, or Sudanese—perhaps connected with theAzandeh(q.v.).
Iberi, orIberians. An ancient race of Western Hamites, related to the fair Berbers of Mauritania. The Basques are probably descended from them, and there is good reason for identifying them with the Picts of Scotland and the Irish aborigines.
Ibo.SeeABO.
Icelanders.Inhabitants of Iceland, originally Norwegians, who settled there about the end of the ninth century. A typical tall, fair-haired, blue-eyed Scandinavian race. The Icelandic Sagas form the chief part of ancient Scandinavian literature.
IdumæansorEdomites. A warlike Semitic race of Canaanite stock, thought to be descended from Esau, who were conquered by the Israelites under Saul and David, and again by Judas Maccabæus in 165B.C., after which they disappear from history.
Ife.SeeYORUBAS.
Igorrotes.An industrious agricultural race of the Philippine Islands. Indonesians of Malay descent, with a possible Chinese or Japanese element.
Illinois Indians.SeeALGONQUIAN.
Illyrians.A savage piratical race of the eastern Adriatic sea-board, who were conquered by the Romans, and were the last of the Balkan peoples to be civilised. Probably the modern Albanians are descended from them, and they were among the first Aryan immigrants to Europe.
Ilocanos.A Malay race of the Philippine Islands.
Imerians.SeeGEORGIANS.
Incas.The chief of the six Indian races, including the Quichuas and the warlike Chancas, which formerly occupied the central mountain-region of Peru. The Incas became the dominant race about 1000A.D., and built up a vast and peaceful civilisation, in which a purely socialistic government was successfully administered. This Inca Empire was destroyed by the Spanish under Pizarro in 1533, but the Inca Indians still survive as a race in Central Peru, where they are known as industrious and honest agriculturists.
Indians.Native races (1) of India; (2) of North, Central, and South America.
Indo-Chinese.A section of the Southern Mongolic family, inhabiting the countries between India and China.
Indo-European, Indo-German.SeeARYAN.
Indonesians.The light-coloured, non-Malay inhabitants of the Eastern Archipelago and South Sea Islands, who are of Caucasic type, and are mostly brown-skinnedPolynesians(q.v.). They also include the Batjans of Batjan I., the Burus, Korongui, and Suvu of the Malay Archipelago, and theMentawey Islanders(q.v.).
Ingushis.SeeCHECHENZES.
Innuits.SeeESKIMOS.
Ionians.(1) One of the three main Hellenic races of ancient Greece. (2) Greek inhabitants of the coast districts and islands of Western Asia Minor, forming the Ionian League, who passed in the sixth centuryB.C.under the Persian sway.
Iowa Indians.SeeSIOUAN.
Iranians.Ancient inhabitants of the Asian plateau bounded by the Indus, the Tigris, and the Hindu Kush. A stock of the Aryan family, now includingPersians,Afghans,Baluchis,Kurds, andArmenians(q.v.).
Irish.(1) The aborigines of Ireland, probablyIberians(q.v.). (2) The later Erse-speaking inhabitants of Ireland, a branch of the Goidelic or Q Celts. (3) Modern inhabitants of Ireland, mostly Celtic, but largely mixed with Teutonic elements in the north.
Iroquoian.One of the families of North American Indians, including the Iroquois, or “Six Nations,” who comprised the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Senecas, Tuscaroras and Cayugas; the Hurons, or Wyandots, including the Eries, and the Cherokees. Their territory was Upper Canada, round the great lakes, New York, and the Virginian Highlands, and they played a large part in the Franco-British warfare of the eighteenth century. They are now few in numbers and confined to Indian Reservations in the U.S. and Canada.
Israelites.SeeJEWS.
Italians.(1) Ancient inhabitants of Italy, of Ligurian stock, probably Eastern Hamites, related to the Pelasgians [seeLATINSandROMANS]. (2) Modern Italians, mostly of Latin stock, crossed with Teutonic (Gothic and Lombard) blood.
Italic.A stock of the Aryan family, including ancient and modern Italians (with ancient Romans), modern French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Roumanian, with Latin (Spanish and Portuguese) Americans.
Jallonké.SeeMANDINGAN.
Jangalis.An aboriginal Indian tribe, inhabiting the forest district north of Cuttack—the most primitive race in all India. Perhaps an earlyDravidian(q.v.) stock.
Japanese.A race of the Northern Mongolian family, probably originating in Korea, whence they spread to Japan and dispossessed the Ainu aborigines, about the dawn of the Christian era. The most enterprising and civilised people in Asia, often called “the English of the Far East.” They possess a singularly high standard of honour and patriotism, which was the main factor in their recent victory over Russia, and they are eminently warlike, besides producing industrious agriculturists and enterprising traders. Of short but sturdy stature, white skin and yellow or sallowish complexion, oblique eyes, black hair.
Jats.A numerous agricultural race of the Punjab in North-west India. They are probably of an Aryan stock, but ethnologists disagree as to their history, assigning them ancient Scythian invaders, the Rajputs, or the Gipsies, for ancestors.
Javanese.A Malay race inhabiting Java, where they dispossessed the Negrito aborigines [seeKALANGS] in prehistoric times. The Sundanese and Madurese are allied tribes, possessing parts of the island of Java, now under Dutch rule.
Jebus.SeeYORUBAS.
Jews,Hebrews, orIsraelites. The most important of Semitic races, of the ancient Canaanite stock. The Israelites descended from Abraham, who came from Mesopotamia to Canaan about 2000B.C.; thence they migrated to Egypt, and returned to take possession of Palestine. Their history is familiar to all from the Bible. After the Roman capture of Jerusalem under Titus, 70A.D., the Jews—as they were now called—were dispersed through the world, but they have retained their racial characteristics in remarkable purity through long persecutions, and now play a great part in the commerce and finance of nearly all civilised countries, though they have no national unity or racial home.
Jivaros.South American Indians, in Peru, on the head-waters of the Amazon.
Jolofs.SeeWOLOFS.
Jutes.Early inhabitants of Jutland, a Low German branch of Teutonic stock, who invaded England in the fifth century and made the first Teutonic settlement in that country, in Kent.
Kabards.A Western Caucasian race, allied to theCircassians(q.v.) and presenting a high standard of physical beauty.
Kabyles.SeeBERBERS.
Kacharis.Natives of the Terai at the foot of the Himalayas, belonging to the Tibetan stock of the Southern Mongolic family.
Kafirs, orKaffirs. Generic name of the fierce and warlike Bantu Negro races which occupied the south-eastern seaboard of South Africa when Europeans first colonised that country. They then held all the coast lands from the Gamboos to the Limpopo. The southern part (Kaffraria) belonged to the Kafirs proper, and the northern (Zululand) to the Zulus, an allied race, but usually distinguished from the Kafirs, or Ama-Xosa, whose chief tribes areGalekas,GaikasandTembus(q.v.). Throughout the greater part of the nineteenth century the English settlers were engaged in constant Kafir wars, which resulted in the gradual subjugation of both Kafirs and Zulus.
Kafirs.Fair-skinned mountaineers of Kafiristan, between the Kabul River and Hindu Kush. An offshoot of the Aryan family, thought by some to be descendants in part of the Greek troops with which Alexander the Great invaded India.
Kakhyens.A race of freebooters, inhabiting the northern frontiers of Burma, whence they raid the more civilised agriculturists of the plains and levy blackmail. A Southern Mongolic race of Indo-Chinese stock.
Kalangs.A recently extinct Negrito race of Java, remnants of the aborigines of that island; small, black and woolly-haired, with very retreating forehead and projecting jaws. The most ape-like of human beings, and the nearest approach yet found to the “missing link” between man and ape. They belonged to the Oceanic Negro family.
Kalmuks.The Western Mongol stock of the Northern Mongolic family, scattered through Central Asia, and extending into Southern Russia. Nomadic pastors, owning large flocks and herds, and living in tents on the great steppes, they include the tribes of the Chorasses, Turguts, Khoshots, and Durbats. A large horde of Kalmuks invaded Russia in 1650, and settled there for a century, but in 1771 most of them were expelled, and endured great sufferings on the march to China, so brilliantly described by De Quincy. These were mainly Khoshots and Durbats.
Kamchadales.A Siberian branch of the Northern Mongolic family, inhabiting Kamchatka; a hardy race of hunters and fishers.
Kanakas.A name given to South Sea Islanders, generally by sailors and traders, and especially to Polynesian labourers imported to Queensland.
Kanakas, orBakanaka. Negro aborigines of Angola, probably akin to the Bushmen. Other similar tribes are the Korokas, Kulabes, Kwandes and Kwisses.
Kanarese.Mongoloid aborigines of Mysore in India. SeeDRAVIDIANS.
Kanembu, Kanuris.SeeLAKECHADGROUP.
Kara-Kalpaks, orBlack Bonnets. A branch of the Turki stock of the Northern Mongolic family, dwelling on the south-east of the Aral Sea and in the Oxus basin. A pacific pastoral race, dominated by their warlike relatives, the nomadic Kirghiz, and now subject to Russia.
Kara-Kirghiz.SeeKIRGHIZ.
Karelians.An Eastern branch of Baltic Finns dwelling in the eastern parts of Finland and adjoining provinces of Russia. Probably a Slavo-Mongolic mixture in which the original Mongolic element has been largely eliminated.
Karens.Inhabitants of Burma, of the Indo-Chinese branch of the Southern Mongolic family. Largely Christianised. Formerly oppressed by the Burmans, than whom they are less clever, but more industrious. Agriculturists.
Karons.A Negrito race of New Guinea, of very degraded type, and addicted to cannibalism.
Kargos.SeeNUBAGROUP.
Kashmiris.Natives of Kashmir, belonging to the Hindu branch of the Aryan family. Of fine physique, but corrupt and untrustworthy.
Kassonké.SeeMANDINGAN.
Kazaks.SeeKIRGHIZ.
Underwood & UnderwoodA RED INDIAN CHIEF AND HIS FAMILYLARGER IMAGE
Underwood & Underwood
A RED INDIAN CHIEF AND HIS FAMILY
LARGER IMAGE
Kelts, orCelts. A stock of the Aryan family which settled in France and the British Islands in prehistoric times. The Gauls and Belgæ ofCæsar’s time and the early Britons represent them. They are divided into two branches, Goidelic and Brythonic Celts, respectively known also as Q and P Celts, from a linguistic peculiarity. The former are represented in modern times by Irish, Manx, and Scottish Highlanders; the latter by Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons. The typical Celt was probably a tall, broad-headed individual, with prominent nose, high cheek-bones, light hair and eyes. The small, round-headed, dark race which is also classed as Celtic, is more probably an earlier Hamitic type, allied to theBasques(q.v.).
Khulkas.A nomadic race of Eastern Mongols, occupying the Gobi desert.
Khamtis.An Assamese race—Indo-Chinese stock of Southern Mongolic family—in the Brahmaputra Valley.
Khasis.An Indo-Chinese hill tribe of Southern Mongolic family, in Khasi Hills of Assam.
Khoi-Khoin.The name given to themselves by theHottentots(q.v.).
Khoshots.SeeKALMUKS.
Kickapoos.SeeALGONQUIAN.
Kiowas.A North American Indian race in Oklahoma.
Kipchaks.A Turki race of Northern Mongolic family, settled in eleventh century between Urals and Don. In the middle of the thirteenth century, Batu Khan, a son of Genghiz Khan, led them to conquer all Central and South Russia, where they founded the Empire of the Golden Horde. It was broken up by Tamerlane about 1390, and from its fragments arose the Khanates of Astrakhan, the Crimea, etc., now absorbed by Russia. From the Eastern Kipchaks are descended theKirghiz(q.v.), one of whose hordes is still known as Kipchak. The modern Kipchaks are nomadic, and live by stock-feeding in the steppes of western Turkestan.
Kirantis.A Tibetan race of East Nepal, of Southern Mongolic family.
Kirghiz.A nomadic people of Central Asia, where they occupy the vast steppes which lie to the north of Turkestan. They are descended from theKipchaks(q.v.) of the Golden Horde. They form a group of the Turki stock of the Northern Mongolic family. The Kara-Kirghiz, who inhabit the uplands between the Issik-Kul and the Kuen-Lun, are the oldest Turki nomads of whom there is any historical record, and are divided into On and Sol—right and left wings. The Kirghiz proper, who call themselves Kazaks, or “riders,” roam from Lake Balkash to the Volga, over the vast level steppes, where they dwell in skin tents and support themselves by breeding camels, horses, oxen, sheep and goats. They live in the saddle, and were formerly a warlike people, who once could put 400,000 fighting men in the field. They are divided into four hordes—Great, Middle or Kipchak, Little, and Inner. They are all now under Russian dominion.
Kishis.SeeCHECHENZES.
Kissis.SeeTEMNÉGROUP.
Kizil-Bashis.Persianised Turkis of Afghanistan, belonging to Turki branch of Northern Mongolic family, who supply the chief commercial classes of Afghanistan.
Kolajis.SeeNUBAGROUP.
Kolarians.One of the three non-Aryan races to which the primitive inhabitants of India belonged, of the Indo-Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family. They entered Bengal from the north-east, and are now represented by a few scattered tribes, like the Santals, Mundas, Kurkus, and Bhils.
Koranas.SeeHOTTENTOTS.
Koreans.Natives of Korea, belonging to the Koreo-Japanese stock of the Northern Mongol family. They stand midway between Chinese and Japanese, the latter being probably their descendants, and are taller, with lighter complexion and more regular features, than the typical Mongol. Their civilisation is of Chinese origin. They are not warlike, but are prosperous agriculturists.
Korokas.SeeKANAKAS.
Korungas.SeeWADAIGROUP.
Koryaks.An Arctic race of North-east Siberia, allied to theChukchis(q.v.).
Krej.SeeNILITICGROUP.
Krim-Tartars.SeeTARTARS.
Krus, orKrooboys. Sudanese Negroes of Liberian Group. Bold and skilful boatmen, employed for that purpose all along the West African Coast.
Kulabes.SeeKANAKAS.
Kulfans, Kunjaras.SeeNUBAGROUP.
Kurds.Native of Kurdistan, partly nomad and pastoral, partly settled and agricultural. A fierce and warlike people, they are much given to raiding, and were utilised by the Sultan to oppress the Armenians. They have settled in Kurdistan from time immemorial, and belong to the Iranian stock of the Aryan family.
Kurile Islanders.SeeAINUS.
Kurinis.SeeLESGHIANS.
Kurkus.A broken Kolarian tribe, allied to the Santals of Central India, belonging to the Indo-Chinese branch of Southern Mongolic family.
Kutchins.SeeATHABASCAN.
Kwandes, Kwisses.SeeKANAKAS.
Ladakhis.Natives of Ladakh in the Upper Indus Valley, belonging to the Tibetan stock of the Southern Mongolic family, conquered by Kashmir in seventeenth century.
Lake Chad Group.A group of Sudanese Negro tribes, inhabiting the districts round Lake Chad, including Kanembus, Kanuris, Baghirmis (warlike slave-raiders), Mandaras, Yedinas, Logons, Mosgus, Bulalas, Saras, etc.
Lampongs.Malay inhabitants of Southern Sumatra.
Lamuts.SeeTUNGUSES.
Landumans.Sudanese Negroes of Senegambia.
Laos.SeeSHANS.
Lapps.A branch of the Finno-Ugrian stock of the Northern Mongolic family, inhabiting the parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia collectively known as Lapland. They are the shortest and broadest-skulled people in Europe. Most of them are nomads, who live by their vast reindeer herds, though some have become settled and live by fishing and hunting. They are closely allied to the Baltic Finns, and like them show traces of a mixture of Caucasic blood.
Lascars.A term applied to sailors of Indian and Malay seafaring races, employed on British vessels.
Latins.The ancient inhabitants of Latium, the district of Central Italy which lay between the Tiber and the Liris, and included the Roman Campagna. They absorbed the earlier allied races of Oscans, Sabines, Samnites andUmbrians, and formed a league of thirty cities, which warred for some generations with Rome and then fell under the Roman dominion. Rome itself was originally a Latin city. The ancient population of Italy was divided into three grades: Roman citizens—not necessarily residents in Rome—Latins, and Italians. The Latins are a branch of the Italic stock of the Aryan family.
LatinorRomance Races. A name often given to the modern races which speak a Romance language derived from Latin, and belong in whole or part to the Italic stock of the Aryan family. They include Italians, French (including Provençals), Spaniards, Portuguese, and Roumanians.
Latin Americans.The white inhabitants of South America, of Spanish or Portuguese descent, and speaking these languages.
Lazes.SeeGEORGIANS.
Lencan.A group of semi-civilised Central American Indian tribes, including Chontals, Ramas, Payas, Wulwas, and Guatusas.
Lepchas.Natives of Sikkim and Bhutan, belonging to the Tibetan stock of the Southern Mongolic family.
Lesghians.A branch of the Eastern stock of the Caucasian family, inhabiting the Eastern Caucasus. Wild mountain tribes, who long offered an unavailing resistance to the Russian arms under Shamyl (1859). Their chief tribes are the Avars (the most cultivated and powerful), Andis, Dargos, Didis and Kurinis.
Lettic.A stock of the Aryan family, including Letts, Lithuanians and the extinct Pruczi, Borussians, or Old Prussians, from whom modern Prussia takes its name. The Letts and Lithuanians in the fifteenth century formed a united people, inhabiting the south-west of Russia, from Courland to Odessa. Afterwards they passed under Polish and then Russian dominion. They are now mostly peasant agriculturists. They are fair and well-built, with fine features and blue eyes.
Letts.SeeLETTIC.
Liberian Group.Sudanese Negro tribes, inhabiting the Grain Coast of West Africa. The Krus orKrooboys(q.v.), Queahs and Bassas are their chief tribes.
Liberians.Natives of the negro republic of Liberia on the Guinea Coast, partly descended from freed slaves of all races, but mainly belonging to the Liberian group.
Libyans.An ancient fair-haired and light-skinned race of Northern Africa, akin to the modern Berbers, belonging to the western stock of the Hamitic family. They are depicted on Egyptian monuments of fifteenth centuryB.C.
Ligures, orLigurians. An ancient race of the western stock of the Hamitic family, probably the aborigines of North-West Italy round Genoa, to whom the Siculi, Sards and Corsicans were apparently akin.
Limbas.SeeTEMNÉGROUP.
Lithuanians.SeeLETTIC.
Livonians.A branch of Baltic Finns, belonging to the Finno-Ugrian stock of the Northern Mongolic family; a dwindled remnant now inhabits the Baltic provinces of Russia.
Logons.SeeLAKECHADGROUP.
Lolos.A fair-complexioned aboriginal race on the frontiers of China and Tibet, belonging to the Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family.
Lombards.A race of Teutonic stock, formerly settled in the district of the Lower Elbe, who invaded Italy in 568, and there founded a powerful Lombard kingdom under Alboin and his successors. The Lombards were at first fierce warriors and little more; but they soon fell under the influence of Italian civilisation, and were merged into the Italian race when Charlemagne destroyed their independence in 774. Their name and some traces of their racial character still remain in Lombardy, between the Alps and the Po.
Luchuans.Natives of the Luchu or Liu-Kin Archipelago, between Japan and Formosa, resembling the Japanese, but with differences which are attributed to a cross of the aboriginal Ainu blood. They belong to the Koreo-Japanese stock of the Northern Mongolic family.
Lushais.A warlike race of Tibetan stock inhabiting the Lushai Hills on the confines of Assam, Bengal and Burma.
Mabas.SeeWADAIGROUP.
Macedonians.A warlike people of ancient Greece, who attained their greatest power under Alexander the Great. They were not true Hellenes, but a race of wild mountain tribes probably of Hamitic origin. Modern Macedonia is peopled by an extremely mixed race of Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, etc., among whom some descendants of the ancient Macedonians may no doubt be found.
Macusis.SeeCARIBS.
Madis.SeeNILITICGROUP.
Madurese.A Malay race inhabiting Java, and allied to theJavanese(q.v.).
Magars.A Tibetan tribe of Western Nepal.
Magwangwaras.A fierce predatory race of Bantu Negroes, occupying the head-waters of the Rovuma River in East Central Africa.
Magyars.A warlike and now highly civilised race belonging to the Finno-Ugrian stock of the Northern Mongolic family. They first appeared in Europe about a thousand years ago, being probablyScythian(q.v.) immigrants from the Caspian district. They conquered the Roman provinces of Pannonia and Dacia, and there founded the Kingdom of Hungary in the year 1000. They are still the dominant race in Hungary, which now forms part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and preserve their Finno-Ugrian speech. They are a chivalrous and highly intelligent race, whose Mongolic descent is no longer perceptible in their white skins and regular, often handsome features. Probably this is due to frequent crossing of blood with German, Slav and Roumanian neighbours.
Mahrattas.SeeMARATHIS.
Makololos.A warlike branch of the Basuto race of Bantu Negroes who, in 1835, moved north and conquered the Barotses, only to be reduced by them to vassalage about 1864.
Makuas.A savage cannibal race of Bantu Negroes, living north of the Zambesi in Portuguese East Africa.
Malagasy.A Malayo-African people of mixed blood, inhabiting Madagascar. TheHovas(q.v.) are the dominant tribe.
Malays.The dominant native race of Malaysia, the chief stock of the Oceanic Mongolic family. They are of a distinctly Mongolic physical type, of low stature and yellowish colour, with high cheek-bones, black lank hair and broad skulls. They may be divided into threeraces: the Orang-Benua, or men of the soil, the indigenous Malay tribes at a low stage of culture; the Orang-Laut, or men of the sea, who live by fishing and piracy; and the Orang-Malayu, or civilised Malays proper. They inhabit the southern provinces of Sumatra, the native states of the Malay Peninsula (Kelantan, etc.), the British Straits Settlements (Johor, Perak, Selangor, etc.), parts of Borneo, Ternate, Tidor and the Banda Islands, and many islands of the Malay Archipelago. They have wandered as far as Madagascar, where theMalagasy(q.v.) are Malays crossed with Negro blood. They were formerly warlike and much given to piracy, but are now the chief trading race of South-eastern Asia. Their origin is dubious, but Sumatra is generally regarded as their original home. Of kindred blood are many so-called Proto-Malay races, such as theAchinese,Javanese,Sundanese,Dyaks, etc. (q.v.).
Malayalim.SeeDRAVIDIANS.
Manchus.The dominant native race of Manchuria, who conquered China in the seventeenth century and founded the existing Chinese dynasty. They are of the Mongol stock of the Northern Mongolic family. They first appear in history in the thirteenth century, when a number of nomad Manchu tribes were formed into a single people. They probably originated in Siberia, where theTunguses(q.v.) represent their primitive stock.
Mandans.SeeSIOUAN.
Mandaras.SeeLAKECHADGROUP.
Mandingans.The chief race of Sudanese Negroes in the Western Sudan, with numerous branches between the Upper Niger and the coast, including Mandé or Mandingoes, Bambaras, Jallonkés, Kassonkés, Masinas, Sarakolés, Solimas, Susus, etc. Timbuctoo was formerly the capital of the Mandingan empire, before it fell under Berber domination. A large proportion of American Negroes are descended from slaves of Mandingan origin.
Mangbattu.Sudanese negroes of Welle group, noted for their pronounced cannibalism.
Mangkassara.Malay natives of Macassar, in Celebes, under Dutch rule.
Manipuris.Natives of Manipur, between Burma and Assam, mostly wild hillmen of mixed Burmese and Hindu blood, but classed with the Indo-Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family.
Man-Tses.Inhabitants of the mountain districts of Sze-chuen in China, akin toLolos(q.v.).m
ManxorManxmen. Inhabitants of the Isle of Man, belonging to the Celtic stock of the Aryan family, and the Goidelic or Q Celt branch of it. There is a strong Scandinavian element in their blood, from the numerous invasions of the old Norse pirates. Their customs are also strongly marked by the Scandinavian element.
Manyuemas.Warlike Bantu Negroes of the Upper Congo, long allied with the Arab slave-traders.
Maoris.The aborigines of New Zealand, belonging to the tall brown race ofPolynesians(q.v.), a branch of the Indonesian family. A brave, generous and warlike people, who are said to have reached New Zealand from the Pacific islands about a thousand years ago, they are one of the few native races which promise to assimilate western civilisation with success.
Marathis, orMahrattas. A numerous Indian race of mixed origin, probably of aboriginal (Dravidian) blood in the main, with a Hindu element. They inhabit West and Central India, where they became the dominant power under Sivaji in the seventeenth century. The English had long and bloody contests with these wild and warlike mountaineers, who founded several great native states, some of which (Gwalior and Indore) survive to this day.
Maronites.A sturdy, warlike Christian race of mountaineers in the Lebanon, belonging to the Syrian branch of the Aramæan stock of the Semitic family. Implacable foes of the Druses, with whom they are constantly at war.
Marquesans.SeePOLYNESIANS.
Masais.A branch of the Eastern Hamites, settled in British East Africa on the Tana River. A finely-built race, whom only their chocolate colour and frizzy hair prevent from passing for Europeans. Extremely warlike and intelligent, they are confirmed raiders and cattle lifters.
Mashonas.Natives of Mashonaland, in South-eastern Rhodesia, formerly the half-fabulous empire of the Monomotapa, and the home of a forgotten civilisation, to which the ruins of Zimbabye and other similar relics bear witness. The Mashonas are Bantu Negroes, a peaceful, industrious people, who were subjugated about 1838 by the Matabeles under Umsilikatzi, and are now under British rule.
Massachusett Indians.SeeALGONQUIAN.
Massalits.SeeWADAIGROUP.
Matabeles.A branch of the Zulu race of Bantu Negroes, which was expelled from Zululand in 1838, and conquered the Mashonas, in modern Rhodesia, under Umsilikatzi. Like the Zulus, they were proud and fearless warriors, who were only subjugated with difficulty by the English in 1893, and revolted unsuccessfully in 1896.
Matacoans.A South American Indian race on the Vermejo River in Argentine.
Mauri.SeeMOORS.
Maviti.Bantu Negroes of the Upper Shiré in British South Central Africa, of Zulu stock, who came as conquerors from the south.
Maya-Quiché.A group of Central American Indian races, mostly in Yucatan and Guatemala. It includes the Mayas of Yucatan, Zendals and Zotzils of Chiapas, Quichés, Chols, Pokomans, and Zutugils of Guatemala, Huastecs and Totonacs of Vera Cruz. Like the Aztecs, the Mayas possessed an ancient civilisation and system of picture writing.
Maypuris.SeeARAWAKS.