WOMEN OF THE NUPÉ TRIBE IN NIGERIAThe Nupé tribe is a family belonging to the Nigerian group of Sudanese Negroes. They inhabit chiefly the town of Lokoja, in West Africa. [See underNigerian group].
WOMEN OF THE NUPÉ TRIBE IN NIGERIA
The Nupé tribe is a family belonging to the Nigerian group of Sudanese Negroes. They inhabit chiefly the town of Lokoja, in West Africa. [See underNigerian group].
THE AINUS, PROBABLY THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF JAPANThe Ainus are a declining race, now confined to a small area in the Far East. They have, as is seen in this picture, handsome features and an abundance of hair. [Seepage 312].
THE AINUS, PROBABLY THE ORIGINAL INHABITANTS OF JAPAN
The Ainus are a declining race, now confined to a small area in the Far East. They have, as is seen in this picture, handsome features and an abundance of hair. [Seepage 312].
Pueblo Indians.A semi-civilised race of North American Indians, dwelling in New Mexico and Arizona. They inhabit “pueblos,” or huge houses, often large enough to contain a whole tribe under one roof. They possessinteresting religious and social customs, much studied by anthropologists. Their chief tribes are the Zunis, Teguas, Taos, Picuris, and Tusayas. The Moquis of Arizona are closely related to them.Puelches, orPampas Indians. A strongly-built, dark-skinned race of South American Indians, who inhabit the great plains or pampas from the Saladillo to the Rio Negro in Argentina. They are expert horsemen, from whom theGauchos(q.v.) are derived.Punjabis.Natives of the Punjab, in North-West India, mostlyJatsandSikhs(q.v.) belonging to the Hindu stock of the Aryan family. An agricultural and warlike people.Puntis.SeeCHINESE.Pygmies.Dwarfish Negrito races of Central Africa, long considered to be mythical, but now well known to ethnologists. They include the Akkas and Wochuas of the Welle Basin, the Obongos of the Gaboon, the Batwas of South Congo, etc. In very early times they were known by repute to the Egyptians—on whose monuments they appear in the thirty-fourth centuryB.C.—and the Greeks. They live by the chase in the Central African forests, and use poisoned arrows. Other small races, such as the Bushmen, Lapps, Kalangs, Samangs, etc., have contributed to the fame of the Pygmies.Quas.A Sudanese Negro tribe on the Ivory Coast, belonging to theNigerian group(q.v.).Quapaws.SeeSIOUAN.Queahs.SeeLIBERIANGROUP.Quichés.A race of Central American Indians in Guatemala, rivalling the Aztecs in the possession of an ancient civilisation and a curious mythology. SeeMAYA-QUICHÉ.Quichuas.SeeINCAS.Rajputs.The predominant race of Rajputana, in Central India, belonging to the Hindu stock of the Aryan family. They are a proud and warlike aristocracy of soldiers and landowners, who rule many native states, of which Jaipur, Jodhpur and Udaipur are the most important.Ramas.SeeLENCAN.Redskins.A term given in common parlance to North American Indians, from their colour.Rejangs.A Malayan race of Sumatra, akin to theAchinese(q.v.).Rols.SeeNILITICGROUP.Romans.The most powerful and warlike, and in every sense the greatest race of ancient Europe, who acquired the dominion of the Western world, and laid the foundations of modern civilisation. The city of Rome was founded by Alban shepherds, ofLatin(q.v.) race, in the eighth centuryB.C.Oscan,Sabine,Samnite, andUmbrian(q.v.) elements were added to the original stock, and thus the great Roman character was moulded. Rome later extended her power over the whole of Italy, and then over the whole of the known world.Romance Races.SeeLATINRACES.Romansch.Natives of the Grisons in Switzerland, speaking a Romance dialect, and probably of Italic race.Roumanians, orVlachs. Natives of the modern Roumanian kingdom, the leading Balkan State, composed of the older principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, which were long subject to the Turks. The Vlachs (Wallachs, a name akin to our Welsh) are probably descended from the Latin-speaking inhabitants of the ancient Roman province of Dacia, a tribe of Thracian descent, which was subjugated by Trajan in the second century. They have preserved their language, but their blood has been mingled with that of numerous conquerors—Goths, Huns, Slovenians, Albanians, Turks, etc. The Roumanian peasantry are a hardy and thrifty race, retaining their old warlike traditions.Rucuyennes.SeeCARIBS.Russians.The chief of the Slavonic races inhabiting European Russia, and divided into Great, White, and Little Russians. The physical distinction between these races is attributed to the mixture of the primitive Russian stock respectively with Finnish, Lithuanian, and Turkish blood. The original Russians belonged to the Slavonic stock of the Aryan family, and seem to have been settled in prehistoric times between the Danube, the Elbe, and the south coast of the Baltic. Thus they must have entered Russia from the west in the early centuries of our era. There they conquered and drove out or assimilated the aborigines of Northern Mongolic (Finno-Turkish) stock, and established a number of small states, agricultural in character, which long suffered from Tartar invasion, notably that of the Golden Horde [seeKIPCHAKS], and were gradually moulded into a single kingdom, with Moscow for its capital. Modern Russia, with its vast Asiatic dependencies, is one of the greatest Empires in the world, but it is in a state of transition, and its civilisation is consequently backward. The Russian peasants are very patient, industrious, and thrifty. When well led, they are admirable soldiers. Their chief occupation is agriculture.Ruthenians.A branch of the Little Russian race, who inhabit the district of the Carpathians in Galicia and Hungary; poor, but hardy cultivators of the soil.Sabæans.SeeHIMYARITES.Sabines.An ancient Italic race, who inhabited the district between the Central Apennines—their ancestral home—and Rome. The Samnites were their descendants or near kinsmen, and the Umbrians were less closely related to them. When Rome was founded there was a strong Sabine element in its population, as indicated by the story of the Rape of the Sabine Women, and the statement that several of the early kings of Rome were of Sabine blood. The Sabines and Samnites warred against Rome for many years, but both were ultimately subdued and incorporated in the Roman State.Sac Indians.SeeALGONQUIAN.Sakais, orSamangs. An aboriginal Negrito race of the Malay Peninsula; a wild and uncivilised people, with black skins and woolly hair, often approaching the ape-like in physical development and intelligence.Sakalavas.One of the principal groups of the Malagasy tribes, inhabiting the west coast of Madagascar; of mixed Malay and negro blood, and akin to theHovas(q.v.).Salish.SeeFLATHEADS.Samangs.SeeSAKAIS.Sambos, orZambos. Half-breeds sprung from Negro and Indian parents.Samnites.SeeSABINES.Samoans.APolynesian(q.v.) race, of fine physical development, lazy and pleasure-loving, inhabiting the Samoan group of islands.Samoyedes.A Finno-Ugrian race, inhabiting the Obi basin in Siberia, once widely spread overthe extreme north of Europe and Asia. They are short and dark haired, with Mongolic features, brave and honest, live by hunting and fishing, and are still in the Stone Age.Samsams.A mixed Malayo-Siamese race, forming a large part of the population of the Malayan States of Kedah and Ligor.Santals.A negro-like aboriginal tribe of Orissa in India, agriculturists, of theKolarian family(q.v.).Saracens.A term applied in the Middle Ages to the Moslem enemies of Christendom, especially to the nomadic Arabs and Bedouins of the Syrian deserts.Saras.SeeLAKECHADGROUP.Sarakolés.SeeMANDINGAN.Sards, orSardinians. The aboriginal inhabitants of Sardinia, probably of the Western Hamitic family, akin to theIberiansorLigurians(q.v.). The modern Sardinians are descended from this race, with considerable admixtures of alien blood from the Carthaginian, Roman, Saracen, Spanish and Italian owners of the island in successive periods.Sarmatians.An ancient nomadic and warlike people, probably akin to theScythians(q.v.), who roamed over the wide plains of Eastern Europe. Fine horsemen. They were destroyed by the Goths in the fourth century, and disappeared from history.Sassaks.Natives of Lombok in the Sunda Islands, of Malayan race.Savoyards.Natives of Savoy, originally a short, round-skulled, dark race, akin to theAuvergnats(q.v.), now largely mingled with Teutonic blood.Saxons.(1) The Old Saxons originally inhabited the estuary of the Elbe and the neighbouring islands. They were a warlike race, of Low German stock, whose name is said to be derived from the “Saxes,” or heavy knives which they used in war. They were one of the most adventurous of Teutonic races, and made many piratical and colonising excursions, of which the most important was their settlement in Britain in the fifth century, where they united with theAngles(q.v.) to lay the foundation of the modern English people. (2) The Saxons who remained on the Continent gradually extended their dominion till it reached modern Saxony. Under Charlemagne the Saxon power was subordinated to that of the Franks. Saxony later became an independent duchy, which is still one of the chief States of the German Empire. The modern Saxons are less adventurous than their ancestors, very industrious, and successful in agriculture and industry, and make excellent soldiers.Scandinavians.A main stock of the Aryan family, sometimes classed as a branch of the Teutonic stock, including the Icelanders, Norwegians, Danes and Swedes, as well as the oldNorsemenandNormans(q.v.). Some ethnologists regard them as the original stock of the Aryan family. They are tall, blue-eyed, fair-haired, warlike, and good sailors and colonists.ScotsorScotch. (1) The ancient Scots were a Celtic race, belonging to the Goidelic orQ Celts(q.v.), originally settled in Ireland—the ancient Scotia—whence they made settlements in the fifth century in modern Scotland, to which they gave their name. They were gradually driven back into the Highlands by Anglo-Saxon, Norman and Danish invaders, and are now represented by theHighlanders(q.v.) or Gaels. (2) The modern Scots, or Lowland Scots, are mainly of Anglo-Saxon race, modified by Norman, Danish, and Flemish elements. They are one of the finest and most hardy and industrious races in the world, equally successful in the arts of war and peace.Scythians.An ancient nomadic and warlike race, found in the seventh centuryB.C.on the vast plains of South-eastern Europe, where they lived by cattle-breeding and raiding. They dwelt in tent-covered waggons, fought on horseback with bows and arrows, and made drinking-cups of their enemies’ skulls. Their origin is in dispute. Some regard them as a Mongolic race, which was modified by association with Aryan races, and others as an Aryan stock; their kinsmen, theSarmatians(q.v.), were almost certainly Aryans. They made several incursions into Asia, where they conquered a large tract of Northern India and established a kingdom which lasted till about the fourth century A.D. TheRajputsandJats(q.v.) are sometimes held to be their descendants.Selengese.SeeBURIATS.Seljuks.A warlike Turkish people who were settled on the Jaxartes in the eleventh century and afterwards founded a considerable empire in Western Asia. SeeTURKS.Seminoles.SeeMUSKHOGEAN.Semites.An important family of Caucasic Man, who probably originated in North Africa, from a similar stock to that of the Hamites. They are characterised by fine regular features, large aquiline noses, black eyes and hair, white skins, long skulls and square jaws. They are very intellectual, though less practical than the Aryan type; poets, prophets, and dreamers, rather than men of action. They have given the world its two greatest religions—Christianity and Islam. Their chief divisions areAssyrians,Aramæans,Canaanites,ArabsandHimyarites(q.v.). In the modern world they are best known from the ubiquitousJews(q.v.).Seneca Indians.SeeIROQUOIAN.Serbs.SeeSERVIANS.Serers.Sudanese Negroes inhabiting Senegambia in the Cape Verde district. They are the tallest of Negro races, with herculean frames, and are akin to theWolofs(q.v.)Servians, orSerbs. A race of Southern Slavonic stock, now inhabiting Servia. They were at first identical with theCroats(q.v.), and seem to have originated in the Carpathian district, whence they migrated into the Balkan peninsula in the seventh century. The Serbs then separated from the Croats, and in the twelfth century founded a powerful Servian kingdom, which was conquered by the Turks in the fifteenth. The Servians recovered their independence in 1830, under Milosh Obrenovitch. The Servians are a well-built race, proud and martial in temperament, quick-tempered and prone to deeds of violence, as their recent revolution witnessed.Shangallas.A mixed negroid race of the Abyssinian slopes. Sudanese Negroes with a Hamitic infusion.Shans.Natives of the independent Shan States, lying to the north of Siam. They are identical with the Laos, and closely related to theSiamese(q.v.). They belong to the Indo-Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family, and areprobably descended from an aboriginal race of China, which appeared on the Upper Irawadi about 2,000 years ago. They are a peaceful, pleasure-loving people, mainly agricultural, but not unwarlike. They have a sallow skin and Mongoloid features.Sharras, orEastern Mongols. A branch of the Mongol stock of the Northern Mongolic family. They are a nomad, tent-dwelling, pastoral race, who roam over the great steppes of Central Asia. They include the Khalkas, north of the Gobi Desert, the Tanguts of Northern Tibet, the Chakars, Barins, Durbans, Uruts, Naimans, and Ordos south of the Gobi. They are descended from the olderMongols(q.v.), whom they resemble in physical type.Shawnees.SeeALGONQUIAN.Shilluks.SeeNILITICGROUP.Shoshonean.A group of North American Indian tribes, all belonging to the Shoshone or Snake family, formerly occupying Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming, with neighbouring districts. They include the Shoshones or Snakes, Bannocks, Comanches, Utahs, and Mokis. With the exception of the warlike Comanches, they are a peaceful race, who have received the white invaders with friendship.Shulis.SeeNILITICGROUP.Siamese.Natives of Siam, belonging to the Indo-Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family. They are closely related to theShans(q.v.). They are of medium height, olive complexion, with slightly flattened noses, prominent lips, and black hair. They are a peaceful and indolent race, who have recently shown promise of assimilating Western civilisation. Their blood is largely mixed with Chinese and Malay. Siam is still independent, forming a buffer state between British and French possessions.Siberian.A stock of the Northern Mongolic family, including theChukchi,Koryak,Kamchadale,Gilyak, andYukaghirtribes (q.v.).Sicani, Siculi.SeeSICILIANS.Sicilians.The primitive inhabitants of Sicily were the Sicani, probably a Hamitic race allied to theLigurians(q.v.). They were followed by the Siculi, an Aryan race of Italic stock, who crossed from Italy about 1000B.C.They were civilised and modified by Phœnician, and especially Greek settlers, with later Norman and Saracen influences. Of all these elements the modern Sicilians are compounded. They are a handsome, industrious, and amiable race, but turbulent, lawless, given to blood-feuds and brigandage.Sienerehs.SeeNIGERIANGROUP.Sikhs.A powerful and warlike race of Northern India, united by a common religious faith, dating from the eighteenth century, and mainly ofJat(q.v.) descent. Under Ranjit Singh, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, they reared a formidable military power in the Punjab, which was conquered by the British in 1846–1849. The Sikhs contribute many of the best and most trustworthy troops to the Indian Army.Silurians.A dark, round-skulled, short race who inhabited South Wales and the neighbouring districts of England in Roman times. They were probably of Iberian stock, related to the ancient Picts and modern Basques.Sindis.Natives of Sind in North-West India, of Hindu descent.Singphos.A wild, daring hill-tribe of Tibetan stock bordering on the Assam valley, formerly given to raiding, but now peaceful agriculturists. The Chins of the Arakan uplands are probably an identical race; they are still predatory.Sinhalese.SeeDRAVIDIANS.Siouan.A numerous and formerly powerful group of North American Indians, inhabiting the western prairies between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains. Their chief tribe was the Sioux or Dakotas, warriors of fine physique, courage, and military skill, who long maintained a successful resistance against the white settlers. Other allied tribes were the Assinaboins, Omahas, Poncas, Kaws, Osages, Quapaws, Iowas, Otoes, Missouris, Winnebagos, Mandans, Minnetarees, Absarakas or Crows, Tutelos, and Catawbas.Sioux, orDakotas. SeeSIOUAN.Siryanians.A tribe of Ugrian Finns, dwelling on both sides of the Northern Urals, resembling theSamoyedes(q.v.), except in their white colour and fair hair, probably due to a mixture of Slavonic blood. SeeFINNO-UGRIAN.Slavonic Races,SlavsorSlavonians. A main stock of the Aryan family, occupying the greater part of Eastern Europe, and formerly extending as far west as the Elbe. Many ethnologists consider them to be the primitive Aryan stock. They are a peaceful and industrious agricultural and pastoral race, broad-skulled, with fair hair and blue eyes; though the primitive type has been much modified by intermixture of blood, especially with Mongolic races, who have imprinted a Tartar character on many Slavonic physiognomies. The Slavs are divided into Eastern (RussiansandRuthenians), Western (CzechsandSlovaks,PolesandWendsor Sorbs), and Southern (Bulgarians,Servians, andCroats,Dalmatians,Slovenians, andMontenegrins). See under these heads.Slovaks.SeeCZECHS.Slovenians.A branch of Southern Slavonic stock, inhabiting Styria, Carinthia, and adjoining districts.Solimas.SeeTEMNÉGROUP.Somalis.An Eastern Hamitic race of Somaliland in North-East Africa. They are a pastoral people, of good physique, handsome features, and light-brown colour, warlike and independent. The original Hamitic stock—closely akin to that of theGallas(q.v.)—is modified by Semitic and Negro blood. They make excellent soldiers and servants.Sonrhays.A Negro race of the Middle Niger, in whom the Sudanese stock is modified by Arab and Berber elements.Sorbs.SeeWENDS.Soyots.A tribe of Ugrian Finns, mixed with Tartar blood, in the Sayan Mountains of South Siberia. SeeFINNO-UGRIAN.Spaniards, orSpanish. The earliest known race of Spain was the HamiticIberians(q.v.), now represented by the Basques. They were modified by Celtic invasions, which gave birth to the Celt-Iberian races of Central and Western Spain, who struggled so long against the Roman arms, by which they were finally subjugated and further modified. In the fifth century theVandalsandVisigoths(q.v.) invaded Spain, and founded a Gothic monarchy, which fell before the Saracens in 711. The Visigothic refugees in the northern mountains gradually recovered the country, and the kingdoms of Leon, Navarre, Castile, and Aragon were ultimately united into a single state. The modern Spaniards are thus of mixedrace, in which the Iberian and Visigothic are the predominant elements. They are haughty, brave, and warlike, by which qualities they once owned the greatest power in Europe. But they are turbulent and lacking in political skill, so that Spain has decayed. There are now signs of a return to prosperity.Spanish Americans.White natives of Central and South American States, except Brazil.Spartans.Natives of Sparta, the greatest state of ancient Greece after Athens, of Dorian stock, eminently warlike and patriotic, but wanting in art or literature.Sudanese.Full-blooded Negroes inhabiting the Western, Central, and Eastern or Egyptian Sudan—i.e.most of Africa north of the Victoria Nyanza. They are black in colour, with woolly hair, projecting jaws, long skulls, broad, flat feet and projecting heels, and form one of the main divisions of Ethiopic Man. They are less intelligent and susceptible of civilisation than theBantus(q.v.), in whom the Negro blood is modified by Hamitic or Semitic admixtures. They are mostly of strong physique, warlike and predatory, fond of music and bright colours, with the most elementary notions of art and religion. They may be divided for convenience into several racial groups (q.v.), such asWolof,Felup,Toucouleur,Mandingan,Temné,Nigerian,Nilotic,Liberian,Lake Chad,Wadai,Welle,Nuba, andNilotic, besides theTshi,Ga,Ewe, andYorubapeoples of the Guinea district.Suevi.SeeSWABIANS.Sundanese.Natives of the Sunda Islands, of Malayan stock, closely allied toJavanese(q.v.).Susus.SeeMANDINGAN.Sutughils.SeeMAYA-QUICHÉ.Swabians.Natives of Swabia, an ancient duchy occupying the south-western part of the modern German Empire; descended from the ancient Suevi, with whom theAlemanni(q.v.) were amalgamated. A strong, large-boned, and good-humoured race of High German stock. The Alsatians are closely allied to them.Swahilis.Natives of Zanzibar and the adjoining mainland, Bantu Negroes, with a strong infusion of Arab blood, which has made them superior in intelligence and enterprise to the average negro. They play a large part in the commerce of East Africa, and their language—Ki-Swahili—is the principal medium of communication throughout the part of Africa between the Equator and the Zambesi.Swazis.Natives of Swaziland, a native state on the south-east of the Transvaal. A cross between Zulus and other Kafirs, they are industrious and warlike.Swedes.Natives of Sweden, a branch of the Scandinavian stock. They seem to have been originally a Teutonic race, who entered Northern Sweden about 3,000 years ago, and drove out the aboriginal Lapps and Finns. The inhabitants of Southern Sweden were called Goths, and may have been the ancestors of the Teutonic Goths. In time they amalgamated with the Swedes, and formed one nation, which has been an independent kingdom through most of the Christian era. The Swedes are warlike, and successful in commerce and industry; they make good sailors, and possess a considerable literature.Swiss, orSwitzers. The prehistoric inhabitants of Switzerland were the unknown builders of the lake dwellings. At the dawn of history, in Cæsar’s time, the country was largely occupied by a Celtic race, the Helvetii. Later, Switzerland was invaded by Teutonic races of High German stock, Alemanni, Burgundians, etc. The modern Swiss are mostly descended from these races; there is also a considerable mixture of French, Italic and Romansch elements. The Swiss have always been a warlike race, who preserved the independence of their mountainous country through all ages, and in earlier times furnished excellent mercenary soldiers to foreign armies. They are now very industrious and successful in many arts and crafts, such as watchmaking, wood-carving, hotel-keeping, etc. They are a simple and handsome race, possessing in full measures the virtues of the mountaineer.Syrians.The ancient Syrians were a branch of the Aramæn stock of the Semitic family, and the modern Syrians are their descendants, with some Arab and Turkish elements added. They are tall, with white skins and dark complexions, black eyes and hair, often very handsome, and approaching the Jewish type. They are not warlike, but succeed in commerce.Tacullis.SeeATHABASCAN.Tahitians.Natives of Tahiti, of Polynesian stock; pleasure-loving and polite, but immoral and untrustworthy; now civilised but formerly noted for their cruelty.Taipings.The Chinese rebels who attacked the dynasty from 1850 to 1864.Tajiks.SeePERSIANS.Talaings.An Indo-Chinese race who preceded the Burmese in the Irawadi Delta, and founded a state of which Pegu was the capital. They were subjugated by Burmese in the eighteenth century.Talamancas.Wild hunting Indians, perfectly uncivilised, who occupy the forest-covered Atlantic slopes of Costa Rica.Tamils.Natives of Northern Ceylon and the Indian Carnatic. SeeDRAVIDAS.Taos.SeePUEBLOINDIANS.Tanguts.Nomadic Mongols of Northern Tibet. SeeSHARRAS.Tarahumaras.SeeOPATA-PIMA.Tarascans.A group of Indian tribes inhabiting the province of Michoaca in Mexico.TartarsorTatars.The modern Tartars are inhabitants of the Russian Empire, belonging to the Turki stock of the Northern Mongolic family. They are divided into various geographical subdivisions, such as the Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean (or Krim) Caucasian and Siberian Tartars. The name has no definite ethnical significance. The Tatars—a Manchu word meaning “archers” or “nomads”—were Mongol tribes who were first so named in the ninth century. They formed a large part of the hordes of Genghiz Khan [seeMONGOLS] and stood in the van of the mediæval Mongol incursions into Europe, whence they attracted an attention out of proportion to their importance. Europeans called them Tartars, confusing the name Tartar with the Greek Tartarus or Hell. SeeTURKI.Tasmanians.The extinct aborigines of Tasmania, akin to theAustralians(q.v.), but of a still lower Oceanic Negro type. They held a place at the very bottom of humanity, alike in physique, intelligence and culture, being still in the early Stone Age; savage, untamable, and degraded.Tatars.SeeTARTARS.Tats.SeePERSIANS.Tavastians.A branch of the Baltic Finns, with thick-set figures, small blue eyes, light hair, and white skins, probably the consequence of an admixture of German blood with the original Finnish stock. They inhabit central Finland.Tazis.SeeTUNGUSES.Teguas.SeePUEBLOINDIANS.Tehuelches.Another name for the giganticPatagonians(q.v.) of South America.Telugus.SeeDRAVIDIANS.Tembus,Amatembu, orTambukies. A group ofKafir(q.v.) tribes in Tembuland, to the north of the Kei River in Cape Colony. Formerly warlike and troublesome, now settled to agriculture and subjected to British rule.Temné Group.A group of Sudanese Negro tribes, inhabiting the Sierra Leone district of West Africa, including the Temnés or Timnis, Kissis, Sherbros, Gallinas, Bulloms, Solimas, Limbas, and Mendis.Tepeguanas.SeeOPATA-PIMA.Teutons.An important stock of the Aryan family, inhabiting England and the Scottish Lowlands, with the United States and British Empire, Germany, Holland, and parts of Austria and Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The Teutonic races are divided into Low German and High German divisions, to which some add, but others do not, Scandinavians.Thlinkits.A race of North American Indians inhabiting the Pacific coast from Mount St. Elias to the Simpson River, and the adjacent islands. They live chiefly by fishing and hunting.Thos.An Indo-Chinese race of Lao descent [seeSHANS], in the north of Tongking.Thracians.The ancient inhabitants of Thrace, on the west of the Black Sea. Their origin is dubious, but they are generally assumed to have belonged to the Aryan family, and been related to the Teutons and the Greeks. They were wild hill tribes, who acquired in later days a certain amount of Roman culture and spoke the Latin language. There is some probability that they were the ancestors of theVlachs or Roumanians(q.v.).Thuringians.A High German tribe inhabiting Thuringia in the fifth century, probably a branch of theSuevi(q.v.). Now merged into the modern Saxons.Tibetans, orBod-Pa. Natives of Tibet, forming the Tibetan stock of the Southern Mongolic family, and allied to the minor races ofLepchas,Baltis,Ladakhis, etc. (q.v.). The Tibetans are akin to the Burmese, with Mongolic features, broad-shouldered and muscular. They are a secluded and archaic race, with many curious customs, such as polyandry. Their religion is full of elaborate ceremonials, and the land abounds in monasteries.Tibbus.A race inhabiting the oases of the Sahara, intermediate between Berbers and Negroes; perhaps descended from the ancientGaramantes(q.v.).Timnis.SeeTEMNÉGROUP.Tinné, orTinney. SeeATHABASCAN.Tobas.A warlike and predatory race of South American Indians on the Rio Vermejo in Bolivia.Tocantins.SeeTUPI-GUARANI.Todas.An isolated group of Caucasic race inhabiting the Nilgiri Hills, and distinguished from the neighbouring Dravidian tribes by their fine physique and regular features of Caucasic type; a dying race.Togos.SeeEWE.Toltecs.The oldest ofNahuan(q.v.) races, who established a semi-civilised State in Mexico before the Aztecs.Tongans.SeePOLYNESIANS.Tongas, orAmatonga. A Kafir race of peaceful agriculturists, occupying Tongaland, to the north of Zululand.Tonkinese.A branch of theAnnamese(q.v.), skilled in agriculture and dyke-building.Toucouleurs.Sudanese Negroes of Senegambia, probably crossed with Hamitic blood; formerly dominant in the Western Sudan.Tshi Group.A group of Sudanese Negro tribes of the Guinea Coast, including the warlike Ashantis, Fantis and Adansis.Tuaregs.The predatoryBerber(q.v.) Nomads of the Sahara.Tudas.SeeDRAVIDIANS.Tumalis.SeeNUBAGROUP.Tunguses.A branch of the Mongol stock of the Northern Mongolic family, who lead a nomad existence in the mountains of East Siberia and the Amur region. They are of Mongolic physical type, with square skulls, low stature, and wiry, well-knit figures. They are distinguished by fine moral qualities, a fearless race of hunters, industrious, trustworthy, and self-reliant. Their main tribes are the Lamuts, or “sea people,” Orochs, Chapogirs, Golds, and Tazis. The modern Tunguses probably represent the primitive stock of theManchus(q.v.).Tupi-Guarani.A wide-spread family of South American Indians, in Brazil, including numerous distinct tribes, of which the Chiriguanas of Bolivia, Caribunas of the Rio Negro, Paraguay Indians, Tupinambas of the Para coast, Mundrucus of the Tapajos, Omaguas, Goajiris and Tocantins, are the most important. They are copper-coloured, thick-set and muscular, with broad features, black hair and sometimes obliquely set eyes. They are of apathetic nature, and are slow to acquire civilisation.Tupinambas.SeeTUPI-GUARANI.Turanian.An ethnological term, now abandoned, roughly corresponding to the Northern Mongolic or Ural-Altaic family.Turguts.SeeKALMUKS.Turkanas.An African Hamitic race, allied to theMasais(q.v.), and dwelling between Lake Rudolf and the Nile.Turki, orTurks. An important and wide-spread stock of the Northern Mongolic family, dwelling in Central Asia, Asia Minor, and in European Turkey. The primitive Turki stock—the Chinese Tu-kiu and ancient Turcæ—seem to have inhabited the Altai region as early as the second centuryB.C.Thence they spread far and wide, and founded many powerful and predatory, but unstable empires. TheHuns(q.v.) who followed Attila were largely of Turki stock. Their chief modern race is that of the Ottoman Turks [seeTURKS], who raised their empire on the ruins of Constantinople in 1453. Other Turki races are the Yakuts, Usbegs, Naimans Andijanis, Nogais,Tartars, Bashkirs, Kizil-Bashis, Anatolian Turks, etc. They are closely allied to theKirghiz,Kipchaks,Kara-KalpaksandTurkomans(q.v.). The Turki physical type, of Mongol origin, has been modified by intermixture with Caucasic races.Turks,Osmanlis, orOttoman Turks. The dominant inhabitants of the Turkish Empire in Europe and Asia Minor, the most powerful of Turki races. They trace their descent from the Seljuks, a confederacy of Turki tribes who were settled on the Jaxartes in the eleventh century, and there adopted Islam. They conquered Persia and established kingdoms in Syria—the great Saladin was one of their princes—and Asia Minor, or Anatolia. The true Ottoman Turks entered the service of the Seljuk rulers in the thirteenth century, being driven from Kharasan by the advance of the Mongol hordes, and under Othman and his successors they became the dominant Turk race. They reared a great military power, and soon invaded Europe, where they destroyed the Eastern Empire in the middle of the fifteenth century and founded the still existing Turkish Empire. The Ottoman Turks are proud, ignorant and fanatical, but honourable and upright. They make admirable soldiers, when properly led, but are surpassed in the arts of peace by their subject races, Greeks, Bulgarians, Jews, etc.Turkomans.A race of Turki nomads who inhabit the steppes east of the Caspian and south of the Oxus. They include such tribes as the Chaudors, Tekkes (Akhal and Merv), Salors, Yomuds, Goklen, and Ali-Elis. They were formerly noted for their predatory and man-stealing habits, but under Russian rule have been forced to live a more peaceful life.mTusayas.SeePUEBLOINDIANS.Tuscaroras.North American Indians. SeeIROQUOIAN.Tushis.SeeCHECHENZES.Tushilange.A branch of theBaluba(q.v.).Tutelos.SeeSIOUAN.Tyrolese.Natives of the Tyrol, the ancient Rhaetia, a mountainous district now belonging to the Austrian Empire. They are of High German Teutonic stock, and are noted for their patriotism and bravery, illustrated by their resistance under Hofer to the arms of Napoleon. They are industrious and thrifty, but backward in education, and devout Catholics.Tyrrhenes.An ancient pre-Hellenic race of Greece, found in Thrace and Etruria, who probably belonged to the Pelasgian stock of the Hamitic family, giving birth to theEtruscans(q.v.).Ugrian.A branch of theFinno-Ugrianstock (q.v.) including theSamoyedes,Voguls,Ostyaks,SoyotsandSiryaniansof Siberia, thePermian Finnsof Russia, and theMagyarsof Hungary. See under these heads.Umbquas.SeeATHABASCAN.Umbrians.An ancient Italic race, perhaps allied to theEtruscans(q.v.) or the Samnites, afterwards subjugated by Rome.Ural-Altaic.A term applied to the Northern Mongolic family of races, corresponding nearly to the older Turanian. It includes the Mongol, Turki, Finno-Ugrian, Siberian, and Koreo-Japanese stocks.Uruts.SeeSHARRAS.Utahs.SeeSHOSHONEAN.Uzbegs.Nomadic Turki race of the Oxus Basin.Vaalpens.A Negrito race of the Kalahari Desert, probably a half-breed between Bechuanas and Bushmen, formerly the serfs of the dominant Bantu races, but now freed under British rule.Vandals.A Teutonic race, settled at the dawn of the Christian era in North-east Germany between the Oder and the Vistula. Like the Goths, whom they physically resembled, they were a warlike and roving race. Early in the fifth century they invaded Gaul and formed a settlement in Spain, where Andalusia (anciently Vandalitia) preserves their name. Later, under the fierce Genseric, they crossed to Africa and over-ran Mauretania, where they established a short-lived piratical Empire. In 534 it was destroyed by a Byzantine army under Belisarius, and the Vandals thereafter disappeared as a separate race. Their name has become a by word on account of their turn for devastation.Vaudois.SeeWALDENSES.Veddahs.A primitive hunting people of Ceylon, who are sometimes classed as Dravidian, but more probably represent the still older (Negrito?) aborigines of the island. They are dwarfish, of dark complexion, with features intermediate between the Hindu and Papuan types. They rank among the rudest and least civilised of races, being equally unable to laugh, count, or cook. They are dying out.Veis, orVey. A Sudanese Negro race, of Mandingan stock, on the West Coast of Africa, who are said to be the only Negro race who have invented an alphabet.Venezuelans.White natives of Venezuela, of Spanish descent. Most of them are crossed with Indian blood.Vikings.SeeNORSEMEN.Visigoths.SeeGOTHS.Voguls.A nomadic Finno-Ugrian race who inhabit both slopes of the Urals. They closely resemble theOstyaksandSamoyedes(q.v.).mVuaregga,Vuarua,Vuarunga,Vuavinza. Bantu Negro tribes inhabiting the Congo basin and the Tanganyika district.Wachaga.A predatory Bantu race on the southern slopes of Kilimanjaro.Wadai Group.A group of Sudanese Negro tribes inhabiting Wadai and East Darfur, including Birkits, Massalits, Korungas, Mabas (mixed with Hamitic blood), and other tribes. They are mainly of pastoral habit.Waganda.A Bantu Negro race who founded the kingdom of Uganda and attained a remarkable degree of civilisation before the arrival of white men. They are very intelligent, and their skill in the industrial arts has caused them to be called the Japanese of Africa. They are also warlike, and formerly indulged in frequent plundering and slave hunting raids among the surrounding races.Wagogo.A Bantu Negro race of German East Africa.Wahehe.SeeWASAGARA.Wa-Huma.A conquering pastoral race, of Eastern Hamitic stock, who migrated from Gallaland and penetrated as far south as Unyamwezi, founding various kingdoms on the way. They are of Hamitic features, fair complexion, and tall stature; very warlike. The ruling classes of Uganda and Unyoro are of Wa-Huma origin. The Wa-Huma are a branch of theGallas(q.v.). Among their tribes are the Wajiji, Warundi, Waruanda, etc.Wajiji.SeeWA-HUMA.Waldenses, orVaudois. A heretical sect which originated in the South of France in the twelfth century, and was formed into a separate race by persecution; of French, Swiss, and Italian elements. They are now settled in Savoy.Walloons.Natives of South-eastern Belgium, of mixed Celtic and Romanic stock, probably descended from the ancientBelgae(q.v.). They are tall, bony, and of strong physique, and are very successful in industry, as shown in the great manufacturing town of Liege.Wanyamwezi.A warlike Bantu race of German East Africa, who formerly composed a powerful predatory state.Wanyoro.Natives of Unyoro, in British East Africa, of Bantu race, skilled in industrial arts, and formerly allied with Arab slave-traders.Wapisianas.SeeARAWAKS.Wapokomo.The chief Bantu race of the Tana basin, skilled boatmen and hunters, formerly under Masai domination, now acquiring civilisation under British rule.Warraus.An aboriginal Indian race of British Guiana.Warua.A powerful, warlike, and barbarous Bantu race of the Lualaba district in the Congo Free State, forming a powerful native state, and skilled in industry and rude art.Waruanda,Warundi. SeeWA-HUMA.Wasagara.A warlike and widespread Bantu people of German East Africa; fierce mountaineers, much given to marauding. The Wahehe, who claim Zulu affinities, are one of their tribes.Waswahili.SeeSWAHILIS.Wataveita.A mild and settled agricultural Bantu race inhabiting the slopes of Kilimanjaro in German East Africa.Welle Group.A group of Sudanese Negro races inhabiting the region of the Upper Welle River in Central Africa, including the cannibal Niam-Niam, or Azandeh, the Mangbattu, Nsakkara, Amadi, Ababua, and other tribes.Welsh, orCymry. The chief surviving branch of the Brythonic or P Celts, inhabiting Wales, where they preserve their ancient language and customs. They probably represent the ancient Britons who inhabited England at the time of the Anglo-Saxon immigrations. “An old and haughty nation, proud in arms.”Wends.A stock of the Western Slavonic family, settled in the north and east of Germany in the sixth century. They were gradually absorbed by the Teutonic Germans. A remnant of the Wendish race, preserving their ancient language and customs, survives in Lusatia, on the borders of Saxony and Prussia, where they are also known as Sorbs.Winnebagos.SeeSIOUAN.Wochuas.SeePYGMIES.Wolofs.Sudanese Negroes, dwelling between Lower Senegal and Gambia; very black, but with regular features, indicating a trace of Hamitic blood. Their chief branch is that of the Jolofs.Wulwas.SeeLENCAN.Xanthochroi.A suggested division of Caucasic Man, opposed to the Melanochroi, characterised by fair hair, blue eyes, and rosy complexion. It would thus include the Teutonic, Scandinavian, and Slavonic stocks of the Aryan family.Xosas, orAmaxosa. The southern stock of theKafir race(q.v.), allied to the Zulus, or northern stock. They are eminently warlike, and have an interesting system of social organisation. They are of Bantu origin, immigrants from the north, who have dispossessed the Hottentot or Bushman aborigines. They are tall, well-built, and muscular, with Negro features and complexion, and woolly hair. They are semi-nomadic cattle-breeders and hunters, but many have taken to the settled pursuits of agriculture. They were long at war with the British and Boer settlers, but are now a peaceful and contented people under British rule.Yakuts.A Mongolic race of Turki stock, inhabiting the province of Yakutsk in East Siberia. They are of middle height, with black hair, flat noses, and narrow eyes. They are laborious and enterprising, and show more aptitude for civilisation than the Buriats or Tunguses. They inhabit log “yurtas” in winter, but camp out in summer. Cattle-breeding, and to a less degree agriculture, are their chief occupations.Yankees.Natives of the New England States. In a wider sense, the northern inhabitants of the United States.Yaos.Agricultural aborigines of French Indo-China, perhaps allied to the Chinese proper.Yedinas.SeeLAKECHADGROUP.Yomuds.SeeTURKOMANS.Yorubas.A group of Sudanese Negro races inhabiting the eastern half of the Slave Coast district, and united by a common Yoruba language, though much broken up by political feuds. They are peacefully disposed, industrious, and friendly to strangers. Their main pursuit is agriculture, but they also practise many industries; they are the best architects in Africa. Their chief tribes are those of Egba, Jebu, Oworo, Ondo, Ife, and Oyo. Abeokuta, the Egba capital, owes its fame to the success with which it held out as a city of refuge against the slave-hunters of Dahomey and Ibadan.Yukaghirs.A nomadic tribe of north-east Siberia, probably identical with theTunguses(q.v.).Yumas.SeeOPATA-PIMA.Yuruks.A nomadic Turki race in the Konia vilayet of Turkey-in-Asia.Yusufzais.SeeAFGHANS.Zambos.SeeSAMBOS.Zaparos.South American Indians, on the Upper Napo in Peru.Zapotecs.Central American Indians of Oajaca in Mexico.Zendals,Zotzils. SeeMAYA-QUICHÉ.Zulus, orAmazulu. A very warlike Bantu race, allied to the Xosas and other Kafir tribes, whom they resemble in physique and organisation. Originally a small Kafir clan, the Zulus were raised to eminence at the beginning of the nineteenth century by the genius of Tchaka, a kind of Negro Napoleon, who established a severe military despotism, and dominated South Africa from the Zambesi to Cape Colony by the courage and military skill of his regiments. Tchaka’s descendants ruled Zululand proper, and waged war against Kafirs, Boers, and English, until their country was annexed by Britain in 1887. The Zulus are both physically and mentally one of the finest of African races.Zunis.SeePUEBLOINDIANS.
Pueblo Indians.A semi-civilised race of North American Indians, dwelling in New Mexico and Arizona. They inhabit “pueblos,” or huge houses, often large enough to contain a whole tribe under one roof. They possessinteresting religious and social customs, much studied by anthropologists. Their chief tribes are the Zunis, Teguas, Taos, Picuris, and Tusayas. The Moquis of Arizona are closely related to them.
Puelches, orPampas Indians. A strongly-built, dark-skinned race of South American Indians, who inhabit the great plains or pampas from the Saladillo to the Rio Negro in Argentina. They are expert horsemen, from whom theGauchos(q.v.) are derived.
Punjabis.Natives of the Punjab, in North-West India, mostlyJatsandSikhs(q.v.) belonging to the Hindu stock of the Aryan family. An agricultural and warlike people.
Puntis.SeeCHINESE.
Pygmies.Dwarfish Negrito races of Central Africa, long considered to be mythical, but now well known to ethnologists. They include the Akkas and Wochuas of the Welle Basin, the Obongos of the Gaboon, the Batwas of South Congo, etc. In very early times they were known by repute to the Egyptians—on whose monuments they appear in the thirty-fourth centuryB.C.—and the Greeks. They live by the chase in the Central African forests, and use poisoned arrows. Other small races, such as the Bushmen, Lapps, Kalangs, Samangs, etc., have contributed to the fame of the Pygmies.
Quas.A Sudanese Negro tribe on the Ivory Coast, belonging to theNigerian group(q.v.).
Quapaws.SeeSIOUAN.
Queahs.SeeLIBERIANGROUP.
Quichés.A race of Central American Indians in Guatemala, rivalling the Aztecs in the possession of an ancient civilisation and a curious mythology. SeeMAYA-QUICHÉ.
Quichuas.SeeINCAS.
Rajputs.The predominant race of Rajputana, in Central India, belonging to the Hindu stock of the Aryan family. They are a proud and warlike aristocracy of soldiers and landowners, who rule many native states, of which Jaipur, Jodhpur and Udaipur are the most important.
Ramas.SeeLENCAN.
Redskins.A term given in common parlance to North American Indians, from their colour.
Rejangs.A Malayan race of Sumatra, akin to theAchinese(q.v.).
Rols.SeeNILITICGROUP.
Romans.The most powerful and warlike, and in every sense the greatest race of ancient Europe, who acquired the dominion of the Western world, and laid the foundations of modern civilisation. The city of Rome was founded by Alban shepherds, ofLatin(q.v.) race, in the eighth centuryB.C.Oscan,Sabine,Samnite, andUmbrian(q.v.) elements were added to the original stock, and thus the great Roman character was moulded. Rome later extended her power over the whole of Italy, and then over the whole of the known world.
Romance Races.SeeLATINRACES.
Romansch.Natives of the Grisons in Switzerland, speaking a Romance dialect, and probably of Italic race.
Roumanians, orVlachs. Natives of the modern Roumanian kingdom, the leading Balkan State, composed of the older principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia, which were long subject to the Turks. The Vlachs (Wallachs, a name akin to our Welsh) are probably descended from the Latin-speaking inhabitants of the ancient Roman province of Dacia, a tribe of Thracian descent, which was subjugated by Trajan in the second century. They have preserved their language, but their blood has been mingled with that of numerous conquerors—Goths, Huns, Slovenians, Albanians, Turks, etc. The Roumanian peasantry are a hardy and thrifty race, retaining their old warlike traditions.
Rucuyennes.SeeCARIBS.
Russians.The chief of the Slavonic races inhabiting European Russia, and divided into Great, White, and Little Russians. The physical distinction between these races is attributed to the mixture of the primitive Russian stock respectively with Finnish, Lithuanian, and Turkish blood. The original Russians belonged to the Slavonic stock of the Aryan family, and seem to have been settled in prehistoric times between the Danube, the Elbe, and the south coast of the Baltic. Thus they must have entered Russia from the west in the early centuries of our era. There they conquered and drove out or assimilated the aborigines of Northern Mongolic (Finno-Turkish) stock, and established a number of small states, agricultural in character, which long suffered from Tartar invasion, notably that of the Golden Horde [seeKIPCHAKS], and were gradually moulded into a single kingdom, with Moscow for its capital. Modern Russia, with its vast Asiatic dependencies, is one of the greatest Empires in the world, but it is in a state of transition, and its civilisation is consequently backward. The Russian peasants are very patient, industrious, and thrifty. When well led, they are admirable soldiers. Their chief occupation is agriculture.
Ruthenians.A branch of the Little Russian race, who inhabit the district of the Carpathians in Galicia and Hungary; poor, but hardy cultivators of the soil.
Sabæans.SeeHIMYARITES.
Sabines.An ancient Italic race, who inhabited the district between the Central Apennines—their ancestral home—and Rome. The Samnites were their descendants or near kinsmen, and the Umbrians were less closely related to them. When Rome was founded there was a strong Sabine element in its population, as indicated by the story of the Rape of the Sabine Women, and the statement that several of the early kings of Rome were of Sabine blood. The Sabines and Samnites warred against Rome for many years, but both were ultimately subdued and incorporated in the Roman State.
Sac Indians.SeeALGONQUIAN.
Sakais, orSamangs. An aboriginal Negrito race of the Malay Peninsula; a wild and uncivilised people, with black skins and woolly hair, often approaching the ape-like in physical development and intelligence.
Sakalavas.One of the principal groups of the Malagasy tribes, inhabiting the west coast of Madagascar; of mixed Malay and negro blood, and akin to theHovas(q.v.).
Salish.SeeFLATHEADS.
Samangs.SeeSAKAIS.
Sambos, orZambos. Half-breeds sprung from Negro and Indian parents.
Samnites.SeeSABINES.
Samoans.APolynesian(q.v.) race, of fine physical development, lazy and pleasure-loving, inhabiting the Samoan group of islands.
Samoyedes.A Finno-Ugrian race, inhabiting the Obi basin in Siberia, once widely spread overthe extreme north of Europe and Asia. They are short and dark haired, with Mongolic features, brave and honest, live by hunting and fishing, and are still in the Stone Age.
Samsams.A mixed Malayo-Siamese race, forming a large part of the population of the Malayan States of Kedah and Ligor.
Santals.A negro-like aboriginal tribe of Orissa in India, agriculturists, of theKolarian family(q.v.).
Saracens.A term applied in the Middle Ages to the Moslem enemies of Christendom, especially to the nomadic Arabs and Bedouins of the Syrian deserts.
Saras.SeeLAKECHADGROUP.
Sarakolés.SeeMANDINGAN.
Sards, orSardinians. The aboriginal inhabitants of Sardinia, probably of the Western Hamitic family, akin to theIberiansorLigurians(q.v.). The modern Sardinians are descended from this race, with considerable admixtures of alien blood from the Carthaginian, Roman, Saracen, Spanish and Italian owners of the island in successive periods.
Sarmatians.An ancient nomadic and warlike people, probably akin to theScythians(q.v.), who roamed over the wide plains of Eastern Europe. Fine horsemen. They were destroyed by the Goths in the fourth century, and disappeared from history.
Sassaks.Natives of Lombok in the Sunda Islands, of Malayan race.
Savoyards.Natives of Savoy, originally a short, round-skulled, dark race, akin to theAuvergnats(q.v.), now largely mingled with Teutonic blood.
Saxons.(1) The Old Saxons originally inhabited the estuary of the Elbe and the neighbouring islands. They were a warlike race, of Low German stock, whose name is said to be derived from the “Saxes,” or heavy knives which they used in war. They were one of the most adventurous of Teutonic races, and made many piratical and colonising excursions, of which the most important was their settlement in Britain in the fifth century, where they united with theAngles(q.v.) to lay the foundation of the modern English people. (2) The Saxons who remained on the Continent gradually extended their dominion till it reached modern Saxony. Under Charlemagne the Saxon power was subordinated to that of the Franks. Saxony later became an independent duchy, which is still one of the chief States of the German Empire. The modern Saxons are less adventurous than their ancestors, very industrious, and successful in agriculture and industry, and make excellent soldiers.
Scandinavians.A main stock of the Aryan family, sometimes classed as a branch of the Teutonic stock, including the Icelanders, Norwegians, Danes and Swedes, as well as the oldNorsemenandNormans(q.v.). Some ethnologists regard them as the original stock of the Aryan family. They are tall, blue-eyed, fair-haired, warlike, and good sailors and colonists.
ScotsorScotch. (1) The ancient Scots were a Celtic race, belonging to the Goidelic orQ Celts(q.v.), originally settled in Ireland—the ancient Scotia—whence they made settlements in the fifth century in modern Scotland, to which they gave their name. They were gradually driven back into the Highlands by Anglo-Saxon, Norman and Danish invaders, and are now represented by theHighlanders(q.v.) or Gaels. (2) The modern Scots, or Lowland Scots, are mainly of Anglo-Saxon race, modified by Norman, Danish, and Flemish elements. They are one of the finest and most hardy and industrious races in the world, equally successful in the arts of war and peace.
Scythians.An ancient nomadic and warlike race, found in the seventh centuryB.C.on the vast plains of South-eastern Europe, where they lived by cattle-breeding and raiding. They dwelt in tent-covered waggons, fought on horseback with bows and arrows, and made drinking-cups of their enemies’ skulls. Their origin is in dispute. Some regard them as a Mongolic race, which was modified by association with Aryan races, and others as an Aryan stock; their kinsmen, theSarmatians(q.v.), were almost certainly Aryans. They made several incursions into Asia, where they conquered a large tract of Northern India and established a kingdom which lasted till about the fourth century A.D. TheRajputsandJats(q.v.) are sometimes held to be their descendants.
Selengese.SeeBURIATS.
Seljuks.A warlike Turkish people who were settled on the Jaxartes in the eleventh century and afterwards founded a considerable empire in Western Asia. SeeTURKS.
Seminoles.SeeMUSKHOGEAN.
Semites.An important family of Caucasic Man, who probably originated in North Africa, from a similar stock to that of the Hamites. They are characterised by fine regular features, large aquiline noses, black eyes and hair, white skins, long skulls and square jaws. They are very intellectual, though less practical than the Aryan type; poets, prophets, and dreamers, rather than men of action. They have given the world its two greatest religions—Christianity and Islam. Their chief divisions areAssyrians,Aramæans,Canaanites,ArabsandHimyarites(q.v.). In the modern world they are best known from the ubiquitousJews(q.v.).
Seneca Indians.SeeIROQUOIAN.
Serbs.SeeSERVIANS.
Serers.Sudanese Negroes inhabiting Senegambia in the Cape Verde district. They are the tallest of Negro races, with herculean frames, and are akin to theWolofs(q.v.)
Servians, orSerbs. A race of Southern Slavonic stock, now inhabiting Servia. They were at first identical with theCroats(q.v.), and seem to have originated in the Carpathian district, whence they migrated into the Balkan peninsula in the seventh century. The Serbs then separated from the Croats, and in the twelfth century founded a powerful Servian kingdom, which was conquered by the Turks in the fifteenth. The Servians recovered their independence in 1830, under Milosh Obrenovitch. The Servians are a well-built race, proud and martial in temperament, quick-tempered and prone to deeds of violence, as their recent revolution witnessed.
Shangallas.A mixed negroid race of the Abyssinian slopes. Sudanese Negroes with a Hamitic infusion.
Shans.Natives of the independent Shan States, lying to the north of Siam. They are identical with the Laos, and closely related to theSiamese(q.v.). They belong to the Indo-Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family, and areprobably descended from an aboriginal race of China, which appeared on the Upper Irawadi about 2,000 years ago. They are a peaceful, pleasure-loving people, mainly agricultural, but not unwarlike. They have a sallow skin and Mongoloid features.
Sharras, orEastern Mongols. A branch of the Mongol stock of the Northern Mongolic family. They are a nomad, tent-dwelling, pastoral race, who roam over the great steppes of Central Asia. They include the Khalkas, north of the Gobi Desert, the Tanguts of Northern Tibet, the Chakars, Barins, Durbans, Uruts, Naimans, and Ordos south of the Gobi. They are descended from the olderMongols(q.v.), whom they resemble in physical type.
Shawnees.SeeALGONQUIAN.
Shilluks.SeeNILITICGROUP.
Shoshonean.A group of North American Indian tribes, all belonging to the Shoshone or Snake family, formerly occupying Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming, with neighbouring districts. They include the Shoshones or Snakes, Bannocks, Comanches, Utahs, and Mokis. With the exception of the warlike Comanches, they are a peaceful race, who have received the white invaders with friendship.
Shulis.SeeNILITICGROUP.
Siamese.Natives of Siam, belonging to the Indo-Chinese stock of the Southern Mongolic family. They are closely related to theShans(q.v.). They are of medium height, olive complexion, with slightly flattened noses, prominent lips, and black hair. They are a peaceful and indolent race, who have recently shown promise of assimilating Western civilisation. Their blood is largely mixed with Chinese and Malay. Siam is still independent, forming a buffer state between British and French possessions.
Siberian.A stock of the Northern Mongolic family, including theChukchi,Koryak,Kamchadale,Gilyak, andYukaghirtribes (q.v.).
Sicani, Siculi.SeeSICILIANS.
Sicilians.The primitive inhabitants of Sicily were the Sicani, probably a Hamitic race allied to theLigurians(q.v.). They were followed by the Siculi, an Aryan race of Italic stock, who crossed from Italy about 1000B.C.They were civilised and modified by Phœnician, and especially Greek settlers, with later Norman and Saracen influences. Of all these elements the modern Sicilians are compounded. They are a handsome, industrious, and amiable race, but turbulent, lawless, given to blood-feuds and brigandage.
Sienerehs.SeeNIGERIANGROUP.
Sikhs.A powerful and warlike race of Northern India, united by a common religious faith, dating from the eighteenth century, and mainly ofJat(q.v.) descent. Under Ranjit Singh, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, they reared a formidable military power in the Punjab, which was conquered by the British in 1846–1849. The Sikhs contribute many of the best and most trustworthy troops to the Indian Army.
Silurians.A dark, round-skulled, short race who inhabited South Wales and the neighbouring districts of England in Roman times. They were probably of Iberian stock, related to the ancient Picts and modern Basques.
Sindis.Natives of Sind in North-West India, of Hindu descent.
Singphos.A wild, daring hill-tribe of Tibetan stock bordering on the Assam valley, formerly given to raiding, but now peaceful agriculturists. The Chins of the Arakan uplands are probably an identical race; they are still predatory.
Sinhalese.SeeDRAVIDIANS.
Siouan.A numerous and formerly powerful group of North American Indians, inhabiting the western prairies between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains. Their chief tribe was the Sioux or Dakotas, warriors of fine physique, courage, and military skill, who long maintained a successful resistance against the white settlers. Other allied tribes were the Assinaboins, Omahas, Poncas, Kaws, Osages, Quapaws, Iowas, Otoes, Missouris, Winnebagos, Mandans, Minnetarees, Absarakas or Crows, Tutelos, and Catawbas.
Sioux, orDakotas. SeeSIOUAN.
Siryanians.A tribe of Ugrian Finns, dwelling on both sides of the Northern Urals, resembling theSamoyedes(q.v.), except in their white colour and fair hair, probably due to a mixture of Slavonic blood. SeeFINNO-UGRIAN.
Slavonic Races,SlavsorSlavonians. A main stock of the Aryan family, occupying the greater part of Eastern Europe, and formerly extending as far west as the Elbe. Many ethnologists consider them to be the primitive Aryan stock. They are a peaceful and industrious agricultural and pastoral race, broad-skulled, with fair hair and blue eyes; though the primitive type has been much modified by intermixture of blood, especially with Mongolic races, who have imprinted a Tartar character on many Slavonic physiognomies. The Slavs are divided into Eastern (RussiansandRuthenians), Western (CzechsandSlovaks,PolesandWendsor Sorbs), and Southern (Bulgarians,Servians, andCroats,Dalmatians,Slovenians, andMontenegrins). See under these heads.
Slovaks.SeeCZECHS.
Slovenians.A branch of Southern Slavonic stock, inhabiting Styria, Carinthia, and adjoining districts.
Solimas.SeeTEMNÉGROUP.
Somalis.An Eastern Hamitic race of Somaliland in North-East Africa. They are a pastoral people, of good physique, handsome features, and light-brown colour, warlike and independent. The original Hamitic stock—closely akin to that of theGallas(q.v.)—is modified by Semitic and Negro blood. They make excellent soldiers and servants.
Sonrhays.A Negro race of the Middle Niger, in whom the Sudanese stock is modified by Arab and Berber elements.
Sorbs.SeeWENDS.
Soyots.A tribe of Ugrian Finns, mixed with Tartar blood, in the Sayan Mountains of South Siberia. SeeFINNO-UGRIAN.
Spaniards, orSpanish. The earliest known race of Spain was the HamiticIberians(q.v.), now represented by the Basques. They were modified by Celtic invasions, which gave birth to the Celt-Iberian races of Central and Western Spain, who struggled so long against the Roman arms, by which they were finally subjugated and further modified. In the fifth century theVandalsandVisigoths(q.v.) invaded Spain, and founded a Gothic monarchy, which fell before the Saracens in 711. The Visigothic refugees in the northern mountains gradually recovered the country, and the kingdoms of Leon, Navarre, Castile, and Aragon were ultimately united into a single state. The modern Spaniards are thus of mixedrace, in which the Iberian and Visigothic are the predominant elements. They are haughty, brave, and warlike, by which qualities they once owned the greatest power in Europe. But they are turbulent and lacking in political skill, so that Spain has decayed. There are now signs of a return to prosperity.
Spanish Americans.White natives of Central and South American States, except Brazil.
Spartans.Natives of Sparta, the greatest state of ancient Greece after Athens, of Dorian stock, eminently warlike and patriotic, but wanting in art or literature.
Sudanese.Full-blooded Negroes inhabiting the Western, Central, and Eastern or Egyptian Sudan—i.e.most of Africa north of the Victoria Nyanza. They are black in colour, with woolly hair, projecting jaws, long skulls, broad, flat feet and projecting heels, and form one of the main divisions of Ethiopic Man. They are less intelligent and susceptible of civilisation than theBantus(q.v.), in whom the Negro blood is modified by Hamitic or Semitic admixtures. They are mostly of strong physique, warlike and predatory, fond of music and bright colours, with the most elementary notions of art and religion. They may be divided for convenience into several racial groups (q.v.), such asWolof,Felup,Toucouleur,Mandingan,Temné,Nigerian,Nilotic,Liberian,Lake Chad,Wadai,Welle,Nuba, andNilotic, besides theTshi,Ga,Ewe, andYorubapeoples of the Guinea district.
Suevi.SeeSWABIANS.
Sundanese.Natives of the Sunda Islands, of Malayan stock, closely allied toJavanese(q.v.).
Susus.SeeMANDINGAN.
Sutughils.SeeMAYA-QUICHÉ.
Swabians.Natives of Swabia, an ancient duchy occupying the south-western part of the modern German Empire; descended from the ancient Suevi, with whom theAlemanni(q.v.) were amalgamated. A strong, large-boned, and good-humoured race of High German stock. The Alsatians are closely allied to them.
Swahilis.Natives of Zanzibar and the adjoining mainland, Bantu Negroes, with a strong infusion of Arab blood, which has made them superior in intelligence and enterprise to the average negro. They play a large part in the commerce of East Africa, and their language—Ki-Swahili—is the principal medium of communication throughout the part of Africa between the Equator and the Zambesi.
Swazis.Natives of Swaziland, a native state on the south-east of the Transvaal. A cross between Zulus and other Kafirs, they are industrious and warlike.
Swedes.Natives of Sweden, a branch of the Scandinavian stock. They seem to have been originally a Teutonic race, who entered Northern Sweden about 3,000 years ago, and drove out the aboriginal Lapps and Finns. The inhabitants of Southern Sweden were called Goths, and may have been the ancestors of the Teutonic Goths. In time they amalgamated with the Swedes, and formed one nation, which has been an independent kingdom through most of the Christian era. The Swedes are warlike, and successful in commerce and industry; they make good sailors, and possess a considerable literature.
Swiss, orSwitzers. The prehistoric inhabitants of Switzerland were the unknown builders of the lake dwellings. At the dawn of history, in Cæsar’s time, the country was largely occupied by a Celtic race, the Helvetii. Later, Switzerland was invaded by Teutonic races of High German stock, Alemanni, Burgundians, etc. The modern Swiss are mostly descended from these races; there is also a considerable mixture of French, Italic and Romansch elements. The Swiss have always been a warlike race, who preserved the independence of their mountainous country through all ages, and in earlier times furnished excellent mercenary soldiers to foreign armies. They are now very industrious and successful in many arts and crafts, such as watchmaking, wood-carving, hotel-keeping, etc. They are a simple and handsome race, possessing in full measures the virtues of the mountaineer.
Syrians.The ancient Syrians were a branch of the Aramæn stock of the Semitic family, and the modern Syrians are their descendants, with some Arab and Turkish elements added. They are tall, with white skins and dark complexions, black eyes and hair, often very handsome, and approaching the Jewish type. They are not warlike, but succeed in commerce.
Tacullis.SeeATHABASCAN.
Tahitians.Natives of Tahiti, of Polynesian stock; pleasure-loving and polite, but immoral and untrustworthy; now civilised but formerly noted for their cruelty.
Taipings.The Chinese rebels who attacked the dynasty from 1850 to 1864.
Tajiks.SeePERSIANS.
Talaings.An Indo-Chinese race who preceded the Burmese in the Irawadi Delta, and founded a state of which Pegu was the capital. They were subjugated by Burmese in the eighteenth century.
Talamancas.Wild hunting Indians, perfectly uncivilised, who occupy the forest-covered Atlantic slopes of Costa Rica.
Tamils.Natives of Northern Ceylon and the Indian Carnatic. SeeDRAVIDAS.
Taos.SeePUEBLOINDIANS.
Tanguts.Nomadic Mongols of Northern Tibet. SeeSHARRAS.
Tarahumaras.SeeOPATA-PIMA.
Tarascans.A group of Indian tribes inhabiting the province of Michoaca in Mexico.
TartarsorTatars.The modern Tartars are inhabitants of the Russian Empire, belonging to the Turki stock of the Northern Mongolic family. They are divided into various geographical subdivisions, such as the Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimean (or Krim) Caucasian and Siberian Tartars. The name has no definite ethnical significance. The Tatars—a Manchu word meaning “archers” or “nomads”—were Mongol tribes who were first so named in the ninth century. They formed a large part of the hordes of Genghiz Khan [seeMONGOLS] and stood in the van of the mediæval Mongol incursions into Europe, whence they attracted an attention out of proportion to their importance. Europeans called them Tartars, confusing the name Tartar with the Greek Tartarus or Hell. SeeTURKI.
Tasmanians.The extinct aborigines of Tasmania, akin to theAustralians(q.v.), but of a still lower Oceanic Negro type. They held a place at the very bottom of humanity, alike in physique, intelligence and culture, being still in the early Stone Age; savage, untamable, and degraded.
Tatars.SeeTARTARS.
Tats.SeePERSIANS.
Tavastians.A branch of the Baltic Finns, with thick-set figures, small blue eyes, light hair, and white skins, probably the consequence of an admixture of German blood with the original Finnish stock. They inhabit central Finland.
Tazis.SeeTUNGUSES.
Teguas.SeePUEBLOINDIANS.
Tehuelches.Another name for the giganticPatagonians(q.v.) of South America.
Telugus.SeeDRAVIDIANS.
Tembus,Amatembu, orTambukies. A group ofKafir(q.v.) tribes in Tembuland, to the north of the Kei River in Cape Colony. Formerly warlike and troublesome, now settled to agriculture and subjected to British rule.
Temné Group.A group of Sudanese Negro tribes, inhabiting the Sierra Leone district of West Africa, including the Temnés or Timnis, Kissis, Sherbros, Gallinas, Bulloms, Solimas, Limbas, and Mendis.
Tepeguanas.SeeOPATA-PIMA.
Teutons.An important stock of the Aryan family, inhabiting England and the Scottish Lowlands, with the United States and British Empire, Germany, Holland, and parts of Austria and Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The Teutonic races are divided into Low German and High German divisions, to which some add, but others do not, Scandinavians.
Thlinkits.A race of North American Indians inhabiting the Pacific coast from Mount St. Elias to the Simpson River, and the adjacent islands. They live chiefly by fishing and hunting.
Thos.An Indo-Chinese race of Lao descent [seeSHANS], in the north of Tongking.
Thracians.The ancient inhabitants of Thrace, on the west of the Black Sea. Their origin is dubious, but they are generally assumed to have belonged to the Aryan family, and been related to the Teutons and the Greeks. They were wild hill tribes, who acquired in later days a certain amount of Roman culture and spoke the Latin language. There is some probability that they were the ancestors of theVlachs or Roumanians(q.v.).
Thuringians.A High German tribe inhabiting Thuringia in the fifth century, probably a branch of theSuevi(q.v.). Now merged into the modern Saxons.
Tibetans, orBod-Pa. Natives of Tibet, forming the Tibetan stock of the Southern Mongolic family, and allied to the minor races ofLepchas,Baltis,Ladakhis, etc. (q.v.). The Tibetans are akin to the Burmese, with Mongolic features, broad-shouldered and muscular. They are a secluded and archaic race, with many curious customs, such as polyandry. Their religion is full of elaborate ceremonials, and the land abounds in monasteries.
Tibbus.A race inhabiting the oases of the Sahara, intermediate between Berbers and Negroes; perhaps descended from the ancientGaramantes(q.v.).
Timnis.SeeTEMNÉGROUP.
Tinné, orTinney. SeeATHABASCAN.
Tobas.A warlike and predatory race of South American Indians on the Rio Vermejo in Bolivia.
Tocantins.SeeTUPI-GUARANI.
Todas.An isolated group of Caucasic race inhabiting the Nilgiri Hills, and distinguished from the neighbouring Dravidian tribes by their fine physique and regular features of Caucasic type; a dying race.
Togos.SeeEWE.
Toltecs.The oldest ofNahuan(q.v.) races, who established a semi-civilised State in Mexico before the Aztecs.
Tongans.SeePOLYNESIANS.
Tongas, orAmatonga. A Kafir race of peaceful agriculturists, occupying Tongaland, to the north of Zululand.
Tonkinese.A branch of theAnnamese(q.v.), skilled in agriculture and dyke-building.
Toucouleurs.Sudanese Negroes of Senegambia, probably crossed with Hamitic blood; formerly dominant in the Western Sudan.
Tshi Group.A group of Sudanese Negro tribes of the Guinea Coast, including the warlike Ashantis, Fantis and Adansis.
Tuaregs.The predatoryBerber(q.v.) Nomads of the Sahara.
Tudas.SeeDRAVIDIANS.
Tumalis.SeeNUBAGROUP.
Tunguses.A branch of the Mongol stock of the Northern Mongolic family, who lead a nomad existence in the mountains of East Siberia and the Amur region. They are of Mongolic physical type, with square skulls, low stature, and wiry, well-knit figures. They are distinguished by fine moral qualities, a fearless race of hunters, industrious, trustworthy, and self-reliant. Their main tribes are the Lamuts, or “sea people,” Orochs, Chapogirs, Golds, and Tazis. The modern Tunguses probably represent the primitive stock of theManchus(q.v.).
Tupi-Guarani.A wide-spread family of South American Indians, in Brazil, including numerous distinct tribes, of which the Chiriguanas of Bolivia, Caribunas of the Rio Negro, Paraguay Indians, Tupinambas of the Para coast, Mundrucus of the Tapajos, Omaguas, Goajiris and Tocantins, are the most important. They are copper-coloured, thick-set and muscular, with broad features, black hair and sometimes obliquely set eyes. They are of apathetic nature, and are slow to acquire civilisation.
Tupinambas.SeeTUPI-GUARANI.
Turanian.An ethnological term, now abandoned, roughly corresponding to the Northern Mongolic or Ural-Altaic family.
Turguts.SeeKALMUKS.
Turkanas.An African Hamitic race, allied to theMasais(q.v.), and dwelling between Lake Rudolf and the Nile.
Turki, orTurks. An important and wide-spread stock of the Northern Mongolic family, dwelling in Central Asia, Asia Minor, and in European Turkey. The primitive Turki stock—the Chinese Tu-kiu and ancient Turcæ—seem to have inhabited the Altai region as early as the second centuryB.C.Thence they spread far and wide, and founded many powerful and predatory, but unstable empires. TheHuns(q.v.) who followed Attila were largely of Turki stock. Their chief modern race is that of the Ottoman Turks [seeTURKS], who raised their empire on the ruins of Constantinople in 1453. Other Turki races are the Yakuts, Usbegs, Naimans Andijanis, Nogais,Tartars, Bashkirs, Kizil-Bashis, Anatolian Turks, etc. They are closely allied to theKirghiz,Kipchaks,Kara-KalpaksandTurkomans(q.v.). The Turki physical type, of Mongol origin, has been modified by intermixture with Caucasic races.
Turks,Osmanlis, orOttoman Turks. The dominant inhabitants of the Turkish Empire in Europe and Asia Minor, the most powerful of Turki races. They trace their descent from the Seljuks, a confederacy of Turki tribes who were settled on the Jaxartes in the eleventh century, and there adopted Islam. They conquered Persia and established kingdoms in Syria—the great Saladin was one of their princes—and Asia Minor, or Anatolia. The true Ottoman Turks entered the service of the Seljuk rulers in the thirteenth century, being driven from Kharasan by the advance of the Mongol hordes, and under Othman and his successors they became the dominant Turk race. They reared a great military power, and soon invaded Europe, where they destroyed the Eastern Empire in the middle of the fifteenth century and founded the still existing Turkish Empire. The Ottoman Turks are proud, ignorant and fanatical, but honourable and upright. They make admirable soldiers, when properly led, but are surpassed in the arts of peace by their subject races, Greeks, Bulgarians, Jews, etc.
Turkomans.A race of Turki nomads who inhabit the steppes east of the Caspian and south of the Oxus. They include such tribes as the Chaudors, Tekkes (Akhal and Merv), Salors, Yomuds, Goklen, and Ali-Elis. They were formerly noted for their predatory and man-stealing habits, but under Russian rule have been forced to live a more peaceful life.m
Tusayas.SeePUEBLOINDIANS.
Tuscaroras.North American Indians. SeeIROQUOIAN.
Tushis.SeeCHECHENZES.
Tushilange.A branch of theBaluba(q.v.).
Tutelos.SeeSIOUAN.
Tyrolese.Natives of the Tyrol, the ancient Rhaetia, a mountainous district now belonging to the Austrian Empire. They are of High German Teutonic stock, and are noted for their patriotism and bravery, illustrated by their resistance under Hofer to the arms of Napoleon. They are industrious and thrifty, but backward in education, and devout Catholics.
Tyrrhenes.An ancient pre-Hellenic race of Greece, found in Thrace and Etruria, who probably belonged to the Pelasgian stock of the Hamitic family, giving birth to theEtruscans(q.v.).
Ugrian.A branch of theFinno-Ugrianstock (q.v.) including theSamoyedes,Voguls,Ostyaks,SoyotsandSiryaniansof Siberia, thePermian Finnsof Russia, and theMagyarsof Hungary. See under these heads.
Umbquas.SeeATHABASCAN.
Umbrians.An ancient Italic race, perhaps allied to theEtruscans(q.v.) or the Samnites, afterwards subjugated by Rome.
Ural-Altaic.A term applied to the Northern Mongolic family of races, corresponding nearly to the older Turanian. It includes the Mongol, Turki, Finno-Ugrian, Siberian, and Koreo-Japanese stocks.
Uruts.SeeSHARRAS.
Utahs.SeeSHOSHONEAN.
Uzbegs.Nomadic Turki race of the Oxus Basin.
Vaalpens.A Negrito race of the Kalahari Desert, probably a half-breed between Bechuanas and Bushmen, formerly the serfs of the dominant Bantu races, but now freed under British rule.
Vandals.A Teutonic race, settled at the dawn of the Christian era in North-east Germany between the Oder and the Vistula. Like the Goths, whom they physically resembled, they were a warlike and roving race. Early in the fifth century they invaded Gaul and formed a settlement in Spain, where Andalusia (anciently Vandalitia) preserves their name. Later, under the fierce Genseric, they crossed to Africa and over-ran Mauretania, where they established a short-lived piratical Empire. In 534 it was destroyed by a Byzantine army under Belisarius, and the Vandals thereafter disappeared as a separate race. Their name has become a by word on account of their turn for devastation.
Vaudois.SeeWALDENSES.
Veddahs.A primitive hunting people of Ceylon, who are sometimes classed as Dravidian, but more probably represent the still older (Negrito?) aborigines of the island. They are dwarfish, of dark complexion, with features intermediate between the Hindu and Papuan types. They rank among the rudest and least civilised of races, being equally unable to laugh, count, or cook. They are dying out.
Veis, orVey. A Sudanese Negro race, of Mandingan stock, on the West Coast of Africa, who are said to be the only Negro race who have invented an alphabet.
Venezuelans.White natives of Venezuela, of Spanish descent. Most of them are crossed with Indian blood.
Vikings.SeeNORSEMEN.
Visigoths.SeeGOTHS.
Voguls.A nomadic Finno-Ugrian race who inhabit both slopes of the Urals. They closely resemble theOstyaksandSamoyedes(q.v.).m
Vuaregga,Vuarua,Vuarunga,Vuavinza. Bantu Negro tribes inhabiting the Congo basin and the Tanganyika district.
Wachaga.A predatory Bantu race on the southern slopes of Kilimanjaro.
Wadai Group.A group of Sudanese Negro tribes inhabiting Wadai and East Darfur, including Birkits, Massalits, Korungas, Mabas (mixed with Hamitic blood), and other tribes. They are mainly of pastoral habit.
Waganda.A Bantu Negro race who founded the kingdom of Uganda and attained a remarkable degree of civilisation before the arrival of white men. They are very intelligent, and their skill in the industrial arts has caused them to be called the Japanese of Africa. They are also warlike, and formerly indulged in frequent plundering and slave hunting raids among the surrounding races.
Wagogo.A Bantu Negro race of German East Africa.
Wahehe.SeeWASAGARA.
Wa-Huma.A conquering pastoral race, of Eastern Hamitic stock, who migrated from Gallaland and penetrated as far south as Unyamwezi, founding various kingdoms on the way. They are of Hamitic features, fair complexion, and tall stature; very warlike. The ruling classes of Uganda and Unyoro are of Wa-Huma origin. The Wa-Huma are a branch of theGallas(q.v.). Among their tribes are the Wajiji, Warundi, Waruanda, etc.
Wajiji.SeeWA-HUMA.
Waldenses, orVaudois. A heretical sect which originated in the South of France in the twelfth century, and was formed into a separate race by persecution; of French, Swiss, and Italian elements. They are now settled in Savoy.
Walloons.Natives of South-eastern Belgium, of mixed Celtic and Romanic stock, probably descended from the ancientBelgae(q.v.). They are tall, bony, and of strong physique, and are very successful in industry, as shown in the great manufacturing town of Liege.
Wanyamwezi.A warlike Bantu race of German East Africa, who formerly composed a powerful predatory state.
Wanyoro.Natives of Unyoro, in British East Africa, of Bantu race, skilled in industrial arts, and formerly allied with Arab slave-traders.
Wapisianas.SeeARAWAKS.
Wapokomo.The chief Bantu race of the Tana basin, skilled boatmen and hunters, formerly under Masai domination, now acquiring civilisation under British rule.
Warraus.An aboriginal Indian race of British Guiana.
Warua.A powerful, warlike, and barbarous Bantu race of the Lualaba district in the Congo Free State, forming a powerful native state, and skilled in industry and rude art.
Waruanda,Warundi. SeeWA-HUMA.
Wasagara.A warlike and widespread Bantu people of German East Africa; fierce mountaineers, much given to marauding. The Wahehe, who claim Zulu affinities, are one of their tribes.
Waswahili.SeeSWAHILIS.
Wataveita.A mild and settled agricultural Bantu race inhabiting the slopes of Kilimanjaro in German East Africa.
Welle Group.A group of Sudanese Negro races inhabiting the region of the Upper Welle River in Central Africa, including the cannibal Niam-Niam, or Azandeh, the Mangbattu, Nsakkara, Amadi, Ababua, and other tribes.
Welsh, orCymry. The chief surviving branch of the Brythonic or P Celts, inhabiting Wales, where they preserve their ancient language and customs. They probably represent the ancient Britons who inhabited England at the time of the Anglo-Saxon immigrations. “An old and haughty nation, proud in arms.”
Wends.A stock of the Western Slavonic family, settled in the north and east of Germany in the sixth century. They were gradually absorbed by the Teutonic Germans. A remnant of the Wendish race, preserving their ancient language and customs, survives in Lusatia, on the borders of Saxony and Prussia, where they are also known as Sorbs.
Winnebagos.SeeSIOUAN.
Wochuas.SeePYGMIES.
Wolofs.Sudanese Negroes, dwelling between Lower Senegal and Gambia; very black, but with regular features, indicating a trace of Hamitic blood. Their chief branch is that of the Jolofs.
Wulwas.SeeLENCAN.
Xanthochroi.A suggested division of Caucasic Man, opposed to the Melanochroi, characterised by fair hair, blue eyes, and rosy complexion. It would thus include the Teutonic, Scandinavian, and Slavonic stocks of the Aryan family.
Xosas, orAmaxosa. The southern stock of theKafir race(q.v.), allied to the Zulus, or northern stock. They are eminently warlike, and have an interesting system of social organisation. They are of Bantu origin, immigrants from the north, who have dispossessed the Hottentot or Bushman aborigines. They are tall, well-built, and muscular, with Negro features and complexion, and woolly hair. They are semi-nomadic cattle-breeders and hunters, but many have taken to the settled pursuits of agriculture. They were long at war with the British and Boer settlers, but are now a peaceful and contented people under British rule.
Yakuts.A Mongolic race of Turki stock, inhabiting the province of Yakutsk in East Siberia. They are of middle height, with black hair, flat noses, and narrow eyes. They are laborious and enterprising, and show more aptitude for civilisation than the Buriats or Tunguses. They inhabit log “yurtas” in winter, but camp out in summer. Cattle-breeding, and to a less degree agriculture, are their chief occupations.
Yankees.Natives of the New England States. In a wider sense, the northern inhabitants of the United States.
Yaos.Agricultural aborigines of French Indo-China, perhaps allied to the Chinese proper.
Yedinas.SeeLAKECHADGROUP.
Yomuds.SeeTURKOMANS.
Yorubas.A group of Sudanese Negro races inhabiting the eastern half of the Slave Coast district, and united by a common Yoruba language, though much broken up by political feuds. They are peacefully disposed, industrious, and friendly to strangers. Their main pursuit is agriculture, but they also practise many industries; they are the best architects in Africa. Their chief tribes are those of Egba, Jebu, Oworo, Ondo, Ife, and Oyo. Abeokuta, the Egba capital, owes its fame to the success with which it held out as a city of refuge against the slave-hunters of Dahomey and Ibadan.
Yukaghirs.A nomadic tribe of north-east Siberia, probably identical with theTunguses(q.v.).
Yumas.SeeOPATA-PIMA.
Yuruks.A nomadic Turki race in the Konia vilayet of Turkey-in-Asia.
Yusufzais.SeeAFGHANS.
Zambos.SeeSAMBOS.
Zaparos.South American Indians, on the Upper Napo in Peru.
Zapotecs.Central American Indians of Oajaca in Mexico.
Zendals,Zotzils. SeeMAYA-QUICHÉ.
Zulus, orAmazulu. A very warlike Bantu race, allied to the Xosas and other Kafir tribes, whom they resemble in physique and organisation. Originally a small Kafir clan, the Zulus were raised to eminence at the beginning of the nineteenth century by the genius of Tchaka, a kind of Negro Napoleon, who established a severe military despotism, and dominated South Africa from the Zambesi to Cape Colony by the courage and military skill of his regiments. Tchaka’s descendants ruled Zululand proper, and waged war against Kafirs, Boers, and English, until their country was annexed by Britain in 1887. The Zulus are both physically and mentally one of the finest of African races.
Zunis.SeePUEBLOINDIANS.