462 Ononis antiquorum Tall Rest-Harrow l. 463 Lupinus perennis Perennial Lupine l.b. 464 Glycine Apios Tuberous-rooted Glycine l. 465 Orobus Lathyroides Upright Bitter-Vetch c.m. 466 ——— angustifolius Narrow-leaved ditto l.b. 467 ——— niger Black-flowered ditto c.m. 468 ——— vernus Spring ditto l. 469 Lathyrus tuberosus Tuberous-rooted Lathyrus c.m. 470 ———— heterophyllus Various-leaved ditto c.m. 471 ———— pisiformis Siberian ditto c.m. 472 Vicia pisiformis Pale-flowered Vetch c.m. 473 Glycyrrhiza echinata Prickly-leaved Liquorice c.m. 474 —————- glabra Common ditto c.m. 475 Coronilla varia Purple Coronilla c.m. 476 Hedysarum canadense Canada Saintfoin c.m. 477 Galega officinalis Officinal Goat's-rue c.m. 478 ——— montana Mountain ditto l.b. 479 Phaca alpina Alpine Phaca, or Bastard-Vetch l.b. 480 Astralagus alopecuroides Foxtail Milk-Vetch l.b. 481 ————- virescens Green-flowered ditto c.m. 482 ————- galegiformis Goat's-rue-leaved ditto c.m. 483 ————- Cicer Bladder-podded ditto l.b. 484 ————- Onobrichis Purple-spiked ditto c.m. 485 Trifolium hybridum Bastard Trefoil, or Clover c.m. 486 ————- rubens Long-spiked ditto c.m. 487 ————- alpestre Oval-spiked ditto c.m. 488 ————- Lupinaster Bastard Lupine c.m. 489 Lotus maritimus Sea Bird's-foot Trefoil c.m. 490 Medicago Karstiensis Creeping-rooted Medick c.m. 491 ———— prostrata Procumbent ditto c.m.
492 Hypericum calycinum Great-flowered St. John's-wort c.m.s. 493 ————- perfoliatum Perfoliate ditto c.m.s. 494 ————- Ascyron Red-leavedditto c.m.s.
495 Scorzonera hispanica Spanish Viper's-grass c.m. 496 Sonchus sibiricus Siberian Sow-thistle c.m. 497 Prenanthes purpurea Purple Prenanthes l. 498 Hieracium amplexicaule Heart-leaved Hawkweed c.m. 499 ————- pyrenaicum Pyrenean ditto c.m. 500 Crepis pontica Roman Crepis c.m. 501 Catananche caerulea Blue Catananche c.m. 502 Serratula praealta Tall Saw-wort c.m. 503 ————- coronata Lyre-leaved ditto c.m. 504 ————- spicata Spike-flowered ditto b.l. 505 Carduus canus Hoary Thistle c.m. 506 ———- ciliatus Ciliated ditto c.m. 507 ———- tuberosus Tuberous-rooted ditto c.m. 508 ———- serratuloides Saw-wort ditto c.m. 509 Cnicus oleraceus Pale-flowered Cnicus c.m. 510 ——— ferox Prickly ditto c.m. 511 ——— centauroides Centaury ditto c.m. 512 Cynara Scolymus French Artichoke c.m. 513 Carthamus corymbosus Umbelled Carthamus l.b. 514 Carline acaulis Stemless Carline l.b.s. 515 Cacalia hastata Spear-leaved Cacalia c.m. 516 ——— suaveolens Sweet-scented ditto c.m. 517 ——— saracenica Creeping-rooted ditto c.m. 518 Eupatorium maculatum Spotted Eupatorium c.m. 519 ————— altissimum Tall ditto c.m. 520 Eupatorium trifoliatum Three-leaved Eupatorium c.m. 521 ————— perfoliatum Perfoliate ditto l.b. 522 ————— Ageratoides Nettle-leaved ditto b.l. 523 Chrysocoma linosyris German Goldy-locks c.m. 524 ————— biflora Two-flowered ditto c.m.
525 Tanacetum macrophyllum Various-leaved Tansy c.m. 526 ————- Balsamita Cost-Mary c.m. 527 Artemisia Abrotanum Common Southernwood c.m. 528 ————- santonicum Tartarian ditto or Wormseed c.m. 529 ————- pontica Roman ditto c.m. 530 ————- Dracunculus Tarragon c.m. 531 Conyza linifolia Flax-leaved Flea-bane c.m. 532 Tussilago paradoxa Downy-leaved Coltsfoot c.m. 533 ————- lobata Lobated ditto c.m. 534 ————- alba White ditto c.m. 535 Senecio luridus Dingy-coloured Groundsel c.m. 536 ———- coriaceus Thick-leaved ditto c.m. 537 Dahlia superflua Purple Dahlia c.m. 538 ——— v. rosea c.m. 539 ——— frustranea Red ditto c.m. 540 ——— v. lutea Yellow ditto c.m. 541 ——— v. violacea Violet ditto c.m. 542 Boltonia asteroides Aster-leaved Boltonia c.m. 543 Aster hyysopifolius Hyssop-leaved Aster c.m. 544 ——- dumosus Purple-flowered ditto c.m. 545 ——- ericoides Heath-leaved ditto c.m. 546 ——- multiflorus Many-flowered ditto c.m. 547 ——- linearifolus Linear-leaved ditto c.m. 548 ——- foliolosus Many-leaved ditto c.m. 549 ——- salicifolius Willow-leaved ditto c.m. 550 ——- linifolius Flax-leaved ditto c.m. 551 ——- rigidus Rough-leaved ditto c.m. 552 ——- acris Biting ditto c.m. 553 ——- umbellatus Umbel'd ditto c.m. 554 ——- novae anglicae New England ditto c.m. 555 ——- grandiflorus Great-flowered ditto c.m. 556 ——- patens Spreading ditto c.m. 557 ——- aestivus Labrador ditto c.m. 558 ——- undulatus Wave-leaved ditto c.m. 559 ——- concolor Woolly ditto c.m. 560 ——- Amellus Italian ditto c.m. 561 ——- sibiricus Siberian ditto c.m. 562 ——- flexuosus Bending-stalk'd ditto c.m. 563 ——- divaricatus Divaricated ditto c.m. 564 ——- longifolius Long-leaved ditto c.m. 565 ——- cordifolius Heart-leaved ditto c.m. 566 Aster corymbosus Purple-stalk Aster c.m. 567 ——- paniculatus Smooth-stalked panicled ditto c.m. 568 ——- puniceus Small Purple-stalked ditto c.m. 569 ——- laevis Smooth ditto c.m. 570 ——- novi belgii New-Holland ditto c.m. 571 ——- Tradescanti Tradescant's ditto c.m. 572 ——- pendulus Pendulous ditto c.m. 573 ——- diffusus Diffuse red-flowered ditto c.m. 574 ——- divergens Spreading downy-leaved ditto c.m. 575 ——- tardiflorus Spear-leaved ditto c.m. 576 ——- spectabilis Showy ditto c.m. 577 ——- mutabilis Variable ditto c.m. 578 ——- macrophyllus Broad-leaved-white ditto c.m. 579 ——- fragilis Brittle ditto c.m. 580 ——- junceus Slender-stalked ditto c.m. 581 ——- elegans Elegant ditto c.m. 582 ——- glaberrimus Smooth ditto c.m. 583 ——- lucidus Shining ditto c.m. 584 ——- sessiliflorus Sessil-flowered ditto c.m. 585 ——- altissimus Tallest ditto c.m. 586 Solidago viminea Twiggy Golden Rod c.m. 587 ———— mexicana Mexican ditto c.m. 588 ———— sempervirens Narrow-leaved Evergreen do. c.m. 589 ———— elliptica Oval-leaved ditto c.m. 590 ———— stricta Willow-leaved ditto c.m. 591 ———— latifolia Broad-leaved ditto c.m. 592 ———— laevigata Fleshy-leaved ditto c.m. 593 ———— caesia Maryland ditto c.m. 594 ———— lateriflora Red-stalked ditto c.m. 595 ———— altissima Tall ditto c.m. 596 ———— arguta Sharp Notched ditto c.m. 597 ———— canadensis Canadian ditto c.m. 598 ———— procera Great ditto c.m. 599 ———— reflexa Reflexed ditto c.m. 600 ———— lanceolata Grass-leaved ditto c.m. 601 ———— serotina Upright ditto c.m. 602 ———— nemoralis Woolly-stalked ditto c.m. 603 ———— bicolor Two-cloured ditto c.m. 604 ———— aspera Rough-leaved ditto c.m. 605 ———— flexicaulis Crooked-stalked ditto c.m. 606 ———— ambigua Angular-stalked ditto c.m. 607 ———— rigida Hard-leaved ditto c.m. 608 Cineraria sibirica Heart-leaved Cineraria c.m. 609 Inula squarrosa Net-leaved Inula c.m. 610 ——- salicina Willow-leaved ditto l.b. 611 ——- ensifolia Sword-leaved ditto c.m. 612 Helenium autumnale Smooth Helenium c.m. 613 Chrysanthemum corymbosum Large White Chrysanthemum c.m. 614 Chrysanthemum indicum Purple Indian Chrysanthemum c.m. 615 ——————- millefoliatum Tansy-leaved ditto c.m. 616 ——————- v. ——- a Quilled White. 617 ——————- v. ——- b Double White. 618 ——————- v. ——- c Bright Yellow. 619 ——————- v. ——- d Straw-coloured 620 ——————- v. ——- e Quilled Straw-coloured. 621 ——————- v. ——- f Purple Quilled. 622 ——————- v. ——- g Lilac-coloured. 623 ——————- v. ——- h Spanish brown. 624 ——————- v. ——- i Copper-coloured. 625 ——————- v. ——- j Quilled Lilac. 626 Achillea alpina Alpine Millefoil or Maudlin c.m. 627 ———— cristata Slender-branched ditto c.m. 628 ———— serrata Saw'd-leaved ditto c.m. 629 ———— impatiens Impatient ditto c.m. 630 ———— santolina Lavender-Cotton-leaved ditto c.m. 631 ———— tanacetifolia Tansy-leaved ditto c.m. 632 ———— nobilis Showy ditto c.m. 633 ———— abrotanifolia Southernwood-leaved ditto c.m. 634 Buphthalmum grandiflorum Great-flowered Ox-eye l. 635 —————- salicifolium Willow-leaved ditto l.
636 Helianthus multiflorus Perennial Sun-flower c.m. 637 ————— tuberosus Jerusalem Artichoke c.m. 638 ————— divaricatus Rough-leaved Sun-flower c.m. 639 ————— decapetalus Ten-petal'd ditto c.m. 640 ————— altissimus Tall ditto c.m. 641 ————— giganteus Gigantic ditto c.m. 642 Rudbeckia laciniata Broad-jagged-leaved Rudbeckia c.m. 643 ————- digitata Narrow-jagged-leaved do. c.m. 644 ————- fulgida Bright purple do. l.b. 645 ————- purpurea Common purple do. l.b. 646 Coreopsis verticillata Whorl-leaved Coreopsis c.m. 647 ————- tripteris Three leaved ditto c.m. 648 ————- aurea Hemp-leaved ditto c.m. 649 Coreopsis procera Tall Coreopsis c.m. 650 ————- alternifolia Alternate-leaved ditto c.m. 651 ————- auriculata Ear-leaved ditto c.m. 652 ————- minima Least ditto l.b. 653 Centaurea Cenaureum Great Centaury c.m. 654 ————- alpina Alpine ditto l.b. 655 ————- montana Mountain ditto c.m. 656 ————- sempervirens Evergreen ditto c.m. 657 ————- sibirica Siberian ditto c.m. 658 ————- phrygia Austrian ditto c.m. 659 Centaurea glastifolia Woad-leaved Centaury l.b. 661 ————- rhapontica Swiss ditto l.b. 662 ————- sonchifolia Sow-thistle-leaved ditto l.b. 663 ————- aurea Great Yellow ditto l.b.
664 Silphium scabrum Rough-leaved Silphium c.m. 665 ———— terebinthinum Broad-leaved ditto c.m. 666 ———— perfoliatum Perfoliate ditto c.m. 667 ———— connatum Round-stalked ditto c.m. 668 ———— Asteriscus Hairy-stalked ditto c.m. 669 ———— trifoliatum Three-leaved ditto c.m.
670 Echinops Ritro Small Globe Thistle c.m. 671 ———— sphaerocephalus Great ditto c.m.
672 Lobelia Cardinalis Scarlet Cardinal flower l. 673 ———- siphylitica Blue ditto l.
674 Sisyrinchium striatum Striated Sisyrinchium l.
675 Arum Dracunculus Long-sheathed Arum c.m. 676 —— venosum Varied ditto c.m.
677 Parthenium integrifolium Intire-leaved Parthenium c.m. 678 Urtica nivea Snowy Nettle c.m.
669 Smilax herbacea Herbaceous Smilax b.l.s.
680 Datisca cannabina Bastard Hemp c.m.
681 Napaea laevis Smooth Napaea l.b. 682 ——- scabra Rough ditto c.m.
683 Veratrum album White Hellebore l.b.s. 684 ———— nigrum Dark-flowered Veratrum l.b.s.
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These are cultivated by sowing their seeds, in the months of March or April, in the places where they are to remain and flower during the summer months.
1 Alyssum sweet Alyssum halimifolium 2 Alkekengi Physalis Alkakengi 3 Arctotus annual Arctotus anthemoides 4 Argemone or Devil's Fig Argemone mexicana 5 Asphodel annual Anthericum anuum 6 Aster China quilled 7 ——- red Aster chinensis 8 ——- white Aster chinensis 9 ——- purple Aster chinensis 10 —— superb Aster chinensis 11 —— Bonnet Aster chinensis 12 —— striped Aster chinensis 13 Balm Moldavian Dracocephalon moldavicum 14 —— white Dracocephalon moldavicum 15 —— hoary Dracocephalon moldavicum 16 Belvidera Chenopodium Scoparium 17 Bladder Ketmia Hibiscus trionum 18 Candytuft purple Iberis umbellata 19 ————- white Iberis umbellata 20 ————- Normandy Iberis umbellata 21 Caterpillar Scorpiurus vermiculata 22 Catchfly pendulous Silene pendula 23 ———— Lobel's Armeria 24 Cyanus major Centaurea Crupina 25 ——— minor Centaurea Cyanus 26 Clary purple topped Salvia Hormium 27 ——- Red ditto Salvia Hormium 28 Chrysamthemum white-quill'd Chrysamthemum coronarium 29 —————- yellow ditto Chrysamthemum tricolor 30 Hawkweed red Crepis rubra 31 ———— yellow Crepis barbata 32 Hedgehogs Medicago polymorpha, v. intertexta 33 Honeywort great Cerinthe major 34 ————- small Cerinthe minor 35 Indian Corn Zea mays 36 Jacobaea Senecio elegans 37 Larkspur Tall Rocket Delphinium Ajacis 38 ———— Dwarf Rocket Delphinium Ajacis 39 ———— Rose Larkspur Delphinium Ajacis 40 ———— Branching ditto Delphinium Ajacis 41 Lavatera Red Lavatera trimestris 42 ———— white Lavatera trimestris 43 Lobel's Catchfly red Silene armeria 44 ———————— white Silene armeria 45 Love-lies-bleeding Amaranthus caudatus 46 Lupine yellow Lupinus luteus 47 ——— straw-coloured Lupinus luteus 48 ——— large blue Lupinus hirsutus 49 ——— small ditto Lupinus varius 50 ——— rose Lupinus pilosus 51 ——— blue Dutch Lupinus var 52 ——— white Lupinus albus 53 Mallow-curled Malva crispa 54 Marigold French Tagetes patula 55 ———— African Tagetes erecta 56 ———— small cape Calendula pluvialis 57 ———— great Cape Calendula hybrida 58 ———— starry Calendula stellata 59 Mignionette Reseda odorata 60 Nasturtium great Tropaeolum majus 61 ————— small Tropaeolum minus 62 Nettle Roman Urtica pilulifera 63 Nigella Roman Nigella Romana 64 ———- Spanish Nigella Hispanica 65 ———- small Nigella sativa 66 Nolana Trailing Noalan prostrata 67 Noli-me-Tangere Impatiens Noli-me-Tangere 68 Oenothera purple Oenothera purpurea 69 Pea sweet purple Lathyrus odoratus 70 ————- scarlet Lathyrus odoratus 71 ————- white Lathyrus odoratus 72 ————- black Lathyrus odoratus 73 ————- striped Lathyrus odoratus 74 ————- painted lady Lathyrus odoratus 75 Pea jointed-podded Lathyrus articulatus 76 —- Anson's Lathyrus magellanicus 77 —- Painted Lady Crown Lathyrus sativus 78 —- Tangier scarlet Lathyrus tingitanus 79 —- purple Lathyrus tingitanus 80 —- red-winged Lotus tetragonolobus 81 —- yellow ditto Lotus tetragonolobus 82 Persicaria red Polygonum orientale 83 ————— white Polygonum orientale 84 Poppy carnation Papaver somniferum 85 ——- dwarf Rhoeas 86 Quaking-grass Briza maxima 87 Saltwort Rose Salsola rosacea 88 Scabious starry Scabiosa stellata 89 Snails Medicago scutella 90 Soapwort Saponaria Vaccaria 91 Stock purple 10-week Cheiranthus annuus 92 ——- scarlet 10-week Cheiranthus annuus 93 ——- white 10-week Cheiranthus annuus 94 ——- white Prussian Cheiranthus annuus 95 ——- purple ditto Cheiranthus annuus 96 Stock Virginian white Cheiranthus maritimus 97 ———————- red Cheiranthus annuus 98 Stramonium purple Datula Tatula 99 ————— white Datula stramonium 100 Spinage strawberry Blitum virgatum 101 Sunflower tall Helianthus annuus 102 ————- dwarf Helianthus annuus 103 ————- double Helianthus annuus 104 Sultan sweet purple Centaurea moschata 105 ——— white Centaurea moschata 106 ——— yellow Centaurea suaveolens 107 Toadflax three-leaved Antirrhinium triphyllum 108 Trefoil crimson Trifolium incarnatum 109 Venus's Looking-glass Campanula speculum 110 ——-Navelwort Cynoglossum linifolium 111 Xeranthemum yellow shining Xeranthemum lucidum 112 —————- white Xeranthemum annuum 113 —————- purple double Xeranthemum annuum 114 Zinnia yellow Zinnia pauciflora 115 ——— red Zinnia multiflora 116 ——— elegant Zinnia elegans 117 ——— violet-coloured Zinnia tenniflora 118 ——— whorl-leaved Zinnia verticillata
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Biennial Flowers, i.e. such as do not bloom the same year they are raised from seeds.
These should be sown in the month of May or June, and let remain in the place till the month of September, when they should be planted into beds, and in the following spring placed out where they are to flower.
1 Canterbury Bells Campanula media 2 Iron-coloured Foxglove Digitalis ferruginea 3 Hollyoak Alcea rosa 4 Honesty Lunaria rediviva 5 Stocks red Brompton Cheiranthus incanus 6 ——— white ditto Cheiranthus incanus 7 ——— purple ditto Cheiranthus incanus 8 ——— Queen Cheiranthus incanus 9 ——— Twickenham Cheiranthus incanus 10 Wallflower Cheiranthus fruticulosus
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Such as are usually sown in hot-beds in the months of February or March, and grown in the stove or green-house after the removal of the plants in the summer months, for which purpose they are very ornamental.
1 Amaranthus three-coloured Amaranthus tricolor 2 ————— two-coloured ————— bicolor 3 ————— globe white Gomphrena globosa 4 ————— purple Gomphrena globosa 5 Balsam Impatiens Balsamita 6 ——— scarlet Impatiens coccinea 7 Striped double white 8 Browallia blue Browallia elata 9 ————- white Browallia elata 10 Cacalia scarlet Cacalia coccinea 11 Capsicum large red Capsicum annuum 12 ———— yellow Capsicum annuum 13 ———— small red horn Capsicum annuum 14 ———— yellow ditto Capsicum annuum 15 ———— cherry Capsicum annuum 16 ———— Cayenne Capsicum annuum 17 Calceolaria wing-leaved Calceolaria pinnata 18 Convolvulus large-flowered Convolvulus major 19 —————- minor —————- tricolor 20 Cockscomb dwarf Celosia cristata 21 ————- tall Celosia cristata 22 ————- branching Celosia cristata 23 ————- buff or yellow Celosia cristata 24 Egg plant white Solanum Melongena 25 ————- purple Solanum Melongena 26 Impomaea Scarlet Impomaea coccinea 27 ———- wing-leaved ———- Quamoclit 28 Ice plant Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 29 Love apple Solanum Lycopersicum 30 Sensitive plant Mimosa pudica 31 Stramonium double purple Datura Metel 32 ————— Double white ——— v. flore albo
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The following list comprises a number of plants of great beauty and interest; but, being in general too small for the open borders, are only to be preserved either in pots; planted in rock-work, or in such other places where they are not overgrown by plants of larger size. There are many others of a similar kind that we grow in gardens, but which, being difficult to keep, we have thought fit not to insert; as persons who try to cultivate such in the open ground have in general the mortification to find that they do not compensate for the care and trouble necessary for preserving them.
1 Ancistrum lucidum Shining Ancistrum b.l. 2 ————- laevigatum Smooth ditto b.l. 3 ————- latebrosum Hairy ditto b.l. 4 Veronica aphylla Naked-stalked Speedwell b.l. 5 ———— bellidoides Daisy-leaved ditto b.l.
6 Trichonema Bulbocodium Crocus-leaved Trichonema b.l.
7 Asperula crassifolia Thick-leaved Woodroofe b.l. 8 Houstonia caerulea Blue Houstonia l. 9 Mitchella repens Creeping Mitchella l. 10 Plantago alpina Alpine Plantain l. 11 ———— subulata Awl-leaved ditto l. 12 Cornus canadensis Herbaceous Dog-wood b. 13 Alchemilla pentaphylla Five-leaved Lady's Mantle b.l. 14 ————— argentata Silvery-leaved ditto b.l.
15 Cynoglossum Omphaloides Blue Venus's Navelwort b.l. 16 Aretia vitaliana Primrose aretia l. 17 Androsace villosa Hairy Androsace l. 18 Primula cortusoides Bear's-ear Primrose b.l. 19 ——— villosa Hairy Primula b.l. 20 ——— nivea Snowy ditto b.l. 21 ——— marginata Margined ditto b.l. 22 ——— Auricula Common Yellow Auricula b.l. 23 ——— lonigfolia Long-leaved ditto b.l. 24 ——— helvetica Swiss ditto b.l. 25 Primula integrifolia Entire-leaved Auricula b.l. 26 Cortusa Mathioli Siberian Bear's-ear Sanicle b. 27 Soldanella alpina Alpine Soldanella b.l. 28 Dodecatheon Meadia American Cowslip b.l. 29 Cyclamen Coum Round-leaved Cyclamen l. 30 ———— hederaefolium Ivy-leaved ditto l. 31 Lysimachia dubia Purple Loosestrife l. 32 Phlox pilosa Hairy Lychnidea l. 33 ——- ovata Oval-leaved ditto l. 34 ——- suffruticosa Shrubby ditto l. 35 ——- stolonifera Creeping ditto l. 36 ——- subulata Awl-leaved ditto l. 37 ——- setacea Bristly ditto l. 38 Convulvulus lineatus Dwarf Bindweed l. 39 Campanulla pulla Dark-flowered Bell-flower b.l. 40 ————— carpatica Carpasian ditto b.l. 41 ————— pumila Purple-dwarf ditto b.l. 42 ————— v. alba White-dwarf ditto b.l. 43 ————— nitida Shining-leaved ditto b.l. 44 ————— barbata Bearded ditto b.l. 45 ————— azurea Azure-coloured ditto b.l. 46 Phyteuma hemisphaerica Small Rampion b.l. 47 Verbascum Myconi Borage-leaved Mullein l.
48 Gentiana acaulis Gentianella l. 49 ———— asclepiadea Swallow-wort Gentian l. 50 Bupleurum petraeum Rock Thorough-wax l.
51 Telephium Imperati True Orphine l.
52 Statice cordata Heart-leaved Thrift l. 53 ———- flexuosa Zigzag ditto l. 54 Linum flavum Yellow Flax l. 55 ——- austriacum Austrian ditto l.
56 Convallaria bifolia Two-leaved Lilly of the Valley l.b.
57 Trillium cernuum Drooping-flowered Trillium b. 58 ———— sessile Sessile-flowered ditto b. 59 Helonias bullata Spear-leaved Helonias b. 60 ———— asphodeloides Grass-leaved ditto b.
61 Rhexia mariana Hairy Rexia b. 62 Oenothera rosea Rose-flowered Tree Primrose l.b. 63 ————- pumila Dwarf Yellow ditto l.b. 64 Epilobium cordifolium Heart-leaved Willow-herb b.l.
65 Moehringia muscosa Mossy Moehringia l.
66 Saxifraga Cotyledon Pyramidal Saxifrage l. 67 ————- Aizoon Margined ditto c.m. 68 ————- ligulata Strap-leaved ditto c.m. 69 ————- rosularis Rose-leaved ditto c.m. 70 ————- mutata House-leek ditto c.m. 71 ————- Androsace Blunt-leaved ditto c.m. 72 ————- caesia Gray ditto c.m. 73 ————- pilosa Hairy ditto c.m. 74 ————- sarmentosa Creping ditto c.m. 75 ————- cuneifolia Wedge-leaved ditto c.m. 76 ————- aspera Rough-leaved ditto c.m. 77 ————- rotundifolia Round-leaved ditto c.m. 78 ————- ajugaefolia Ground Pine-leaved ditto c.m. 79 ————- sibirica Siberian Pine-leaved ditto c.m. 80 ————- adscendens Ascending Saxifrage c.m. 81 ————- viscosa Clammy ditto c.m. 82 Tiarella cordifolia Heart-leaved Tiarella c.m. 83 Mitella diphylla Two-leaved Mitella c.m. 84 Gypsophila repens Creeping Gypsophila l.b. 85 ————— prostrata Trailing ditto l.b. 86 Saponaria acymoides Basil-leaved Soap-wort l. 87 ———— superbus Feathered ditto l. 88 ———— pungens Pungent ditto l. 89 ———— alpinus Alpine ditto l. 90 ———— capitatus Headed-flowered ditto l. 91 ———— glaucus Glaucous ditto l. 92 ———— virgineus Maiden ditto l.
93 Silene anemoena Siberian Catchfly l. 94 ——— alpestris Mountain ditto l. 95 ——— rupestris Rock ditto l. 96 ——— saxifraga Saxifrage ditto l. 97 ——— vallesia Downy ditto l. 98 Stellaria scapigera Naked-stalk'd Stitch-wort l. 99 Arenaria tetraquetra Square Sand-wort l. 100 ———- balearica Small ditto l. 101 ———- saxatilis Rock ditto l. 102 ———- striata Striated ditto l. 103 ———- grandiflora Great-flowered ditto l. 104 ———- liniflora Flax-flowered ditto l.
105 Sedum Aizoon Yellow Stonecrop c.m. 106 ——- Anacampseros Evergreen Orpine c.m. 107 ——- hybridum Bastard Sedum c.m. 108 ——- populifolium Poplar-leaved ditto c.m. 109 ——- virens Green ditto c.m. 110 ——- glaucum Glaucous ditto c.m. 111 ——- deficiens Round-leaved ditto c.m. 112 ——- hispanicum Spanish ditto l. 113 Lychnis quadridentata Small-flowering Lychnis l.b.
114 Asarum canadense Canadian Asarabaca l.b.
115 Sempervivum globiferum Globular House-leek l. 116 —————- arachnoideum Cobweb ditto l. 117 —————- hirtum Hairy ditto l. 118 —————- montanum Mountain ditto l. 119 —————- cuspidatum Prickly-leaved ditto l. 120 —————- sediforme Stone-crop-leaved ditto l.
121 Rubus arcticus Dwarf Bramble l.b. 122 Potentilla sericea Silky Cinquefoil l.b. 123 ————— multifida Multifid ditto l. 124 ————— bifurca Bifid ditto l. 125 ————— tridentata Trifid-leaved ditto l. 126 Geum potentilloides Cinquefoil Avens l. 127 —— reptans Creeping ditto l.
128 Sanguinaria canadensis Canada Puccoon l.b. 129 Papaver nudicaule Naked-stalked Poppy l. 130 Cistus grandiflorus Great-flowered Cistus l.
131 Anemone Hepatica Common Liverwort c.m. 132 ———- hortensis Star Anemone l.b. 133 ———- dichotoma Forked ditto l.b. 134 Adonis vernalis Spring Adonis Flower c.m. 135 Ranunculus amplexicaulus Plaintain-leaved Crow-foot l.b. 136 ————— alpestris Alpine ditto l.b. 137 ————— glacialis Two-flowered ditto l.b. 138 Isopyrum thalictroides Thalictrum-leaved Isopyrum c.m.
139 Teucrium multiflorum Many-flowered Germander c.m. 140 ———— pyrenaicum Pyrenean ditto c.m. 141 Dracocephalum denticulatum Tooth-leaved Dragon's-head c.m. 142 ——————- austriacum Austrian ditto b.l. 143 ——————- grandiflorum Great-flowered ditto l. 144 Scutellaria alpina Alpine Skull-cap l. 145 —————- grandiflora Large-flowered ditto l. 146 Prunella laciniata Cut-leaved Self-heal c.m. 147 ———— grandiflora Large-flowered ditto c.m. 148 ———— hyssopifolia Hyssop-leaved ditto c.m. 149 ———— latifolia Broad-leaved ditto c.m.
150 Erinus alpinus Alpine Erinus l.b.
151 Draba aizoides Hairy-leaved Willow-grass l.b. 152 Lepidium alpinum Mountain Pepper-wort l.b. 153 Iberis saxatilis Rock Candy-tuft l.b. 154 Alyssum montanum Mountain Mad-wort l. 155 ———- utriculatum Bladder-podded ditto l. 156 ———- deltoideum Purple-flowered ditto l. 157 ———- campestre Small yellow ditto l.
158 Cardamine asarifolia Heart-leaved Lady's Smock l. 159 ————- bellidifolia Daisy-leaved ditto l. 160 ————- trifolia Three-leaved ditto l.b. 161 Cheiranthus alpinus Alpine Stock l. 162 Arabis alpina Alpine Wall-Cress l. 163 ——- lucida Shining-leaved ditto l. 164 ——- bellidifolia Daisy-leaved ditto l. 165 ——- sibirica Siberian ditto l.b.
166 Erodium Reichardi Dwarf Erodium c.m.
167 Fumaria cucullaria Naked-stalked Fumitory l. 168 ———- nobilis Great-flowered ditto l. 169 Fumaria cava Hollow-rooted Fumitory l. 170 ———- solida Solid-rooted ditto l. 171 ———- spectabilis Scarlet ditto l.
172 Hedysarum obscorum Creeping-rooted Hedysarum l.b. 173 Astragalus pilosus Hairy Milk-Vetch l. 174 ————— falcatus Sickle-podded ditto l. 175 ————— uliginosus Marsh ditto l. 176 ————— monspessulanus Montpelier ditto l. 177 ————— exscapus Stalkless ditto l. 178 ————— campestris Field ditto l.
179 Leontodon aureum Golden Dandelion l.
180 Artemisia glacialis Creeping Wormwood c.m. 181 Gnaphalium plantagineum Plaintain-leaved Everlasting l. 182 Erigeron philadelphicum Philadelphia Erigeron l. 183 ———— purpureum Purple ditto l.b.
184 Lobelia minuta Least Cardinal Flower 185 Viola palmata Palmated Violet b. 186 ——- cucullata Hollow-leaved ditto l. 187 ——- canadensis Canadian ditto l.b. 188 ——- striata Striated ditto l.b. 189 ——- pubescens Downy ditto l.b. 190 ——- biflora Two-flowered ditto l.b. 191 ——- grandiflora Great-flowered ditto l.b. 192 ——- calcarata Alpine ditto l.b. 193 ——- cornuta Pyrenean ditto l.b. 194 ——- obliqua Oblique-leaved ditto l.b. 195 Tussilago alpina Alpine Colt's-foot c.m. 196 Senecio abrotanifolia Southernwood-leaved Grounsel c.m. 197 Aster alpinus Alpine Star-wort l.b. 198 Doronicum bellidiastrum Daisy-leaved Leopard's-Bane l.b. 199 Bellis lusitania Portugal Daisy l.b. 200 Bellium minutum Bastard Daisy l.b. 201 Anthemis Pyrethrum Pellitory of Spain l.b. 202 Achillea tomentosa Woolly Milfoil l.b. 203 ———— Clavannae Silvery-leaved ditto l.b.
204 Cypripedium album White Ladies-Slipper b.
205 Sisyrinchum anceps Small Sisyrinchum c.m. 206 Arum tenuifolium Fine-leaved Arum c.m.
207 Polypodium marginale Margin-flowered Polypody b.l. 208 ————— auriculatum Eared ditto b.l. 209 Onoclea sensibilis Sensitive Fern b. 210 Equisetum filiforme Fine Horse-tail l.
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1. ALISMA Plantago. I cannot pass over this beautiful aquatic without giving it a place amongst the ornamental plants with which our country abounds. In pieces of water this is of considerable interest both as to flowers and foliage, and no place of the kind should ever be destitute of such a beauty. It is of easy culture; the plant taken from its place of growth and sunk into the water with a stone to keep it in its place, is a ready and easy mode of planting it, and there is no fear when once introduced but it will succeed.
2. ANDROMEDA polifolia. This is a beautiful little shrub, and grown in gardens for the sake of its flowers; it is also an evergreen. This plant will not succeed unless it is planted in bog earth,—for a description of which see page 152 of this volume.
3. AQUILEGIA vulgaris. COLUMBINE.—We have scarcely a plant affording more beauty or greater variety than this. It is commonly, when found wild, of a blue colour, but when the seeds are sown in the garden a variety of tints is produced. It is a perennial, but easily raised from seed, which should be sown in the spring.
4. ANTHEMIS maritima. A double-flowering variety of this plant used to be common in the gardens near London, but is now scarce: it is very beautiful, and constantly in bloom during summer. It is propagated by planting the roots in the spring and autumn.
5. ANTIRRHINUM linaria, v. Peloria.—I cannot pass over this singular and beautiful flower without notice. There is a fine figure of it in the Flora Londinensis: it is very ornamental, and the structure of the bloom is truly interesting. It is easily propagated by planting the roots in the spring months, but it is not common.
6. ANTIRRHINUM majus. SNAPDRAGON.—This is also a plant deserving the attention of the lover of flowers: it is capable of culture into many very beautiful and interesting varieties.
7. BELLIS perennis. DAISY.—This plant affords us many very beautiful varieties for the flower garden. The large Red Daisy and all the other fine kinds are only this plant improved by culture.
8. BUTOMIS umbellatus. This is an aquatic, and well adapted to ornament pieces of water. Its beautiful flowers in the summer months are inferior to scarcely any plants growing in such places, and its foliage will form protection for any birds, &c., which are usually kept in such places. It is easily propagated by planting it in such places.
9. CALTHA palustris. MARSH MARIGOLD.—This fine yellow flower is also made double by culture, and finds a place in the flower garden.
10. CHEIRANTHUS fruticulosus. WALLFLOWER.—Is a plant possessing great beauty, and very interesting on account of its fine scent. We have this plant also improved by culture, making many fine double varieties. It is a biennial, and easily raised from seeds, which should be sown in June. The double varieties are cultivated by cuttings of the branches.
11. CYPRIPEDIUM Calceolus. LADIES SLIPPER.—A flower of the most uncommon beauty, but is now become scarce; it is a native of the woods near Skipton in Yorkshire, but has been so much sought for by the lovers of plants as to become almost extinct. It is difficult to propagate; but when the plants have been for some years growing, will admit of being parted, so that it may be increased in that way: it will not bear to be often removed, and should be left to grow in the same place for several years without being disturbed. It succeeds best in bog earth or rotten leaves.
12. DELPHINIUM Ajacis. LARKSPUR.—This is also an annual flower, affording a pleasing variety in the flower garden in the summer months. For it culture, see p. 188.
13. DIANTHUS Caryophyllus. THE CARNATION.—All our fine varieties of the carnation are the produce of this plant.
The common single variety produces seed in great abundance, but the improved double varieties are sparing in produce: the fine kinds of this flower are reared by layers put down about the month of July; they may also be propagated by cuttings, but the other is the most eligible and certain mode.
14. EPILOBIUM angustifolium. A plant of singular ornament. There is also a white variety of this found in gardens.
15. ERICA vulgaris. There is now in cultivation in the gardens a double-flowering variety of this plant, which is highly interesting and of singular beauty. It grows readily in bog earth, and is raised by layers.
16. ERICA Daboeica. IRISH HEATH.—A plant of singular beauty and of easy culture; and being of small growth and almost constantly in bloom, has also obtained a place in the shrubbery.
17. FRITILLARIA Meleagris. A very ornamental bulbous plant, of which the Dutch gardeners have many improved varieties, varying in the colour and size of the blossoms: these are usually imported in August, and should be immediately planted, as the bulbs will not keep long when out of ground, unless they are covered with sand.
18. GALANTHUS nivalis. SNOWDROP.—The first of the productions of Flora which reminds us of the return of spring after the dark and dreary days of winter. This plant is also made double by cultivation, but is not handsomer than the common wild one. The best time for planting the bulbs of Snowdrops is in the month of September.
19. GENTIANA verna. VERNAL GENTIAN.—A delightful little plant of the finest blue colour the Flora exhibits in all her glory: its scent is also delightful: it is somewhat scarce and difficult to procure; but if more generally known, few gardens would be destitute of such a treasure. It is of tolerably easy culture, and grows well in loam: it is small, and is best kept in a pot.
20. GENTIANA Pneumonanthe. MARSH GENTIAN.—Is also a beautiful plant, and grows well in any moist place. From its beautiful blue flowers it is well adapted to the flower garden; it delights in bog earth.
21. GERANIUM phaeum. BLACK-FLOWERED GERANIUM.—This is a perennial, and makes a fine ornamental plant for the shrubbery: it will grow in any soil and situation.
22. GLAUCUM Phoeniceum. PURPLE HORN POPPY.—An annual flower of singular beauty, and deserving a place in the flower garden.
23. GNAPHALIUM margaritaceum. AMERICAN CUDWEED.—This plant affords beautiful white flowers, which drying and keeping their colour, it is worth attention on that account, as it affords a pleasing variety with the different Xeranthema, and others of the like class in winter.
24. HIERACUM aurantiacum. GRIM-THE-COLLIER.—This is an old inhabitant of our gardens, and affords a pleasing variety.
25. HOTTONIA palustris. WATER VIOLET.—This is a plant of singular beauty in spring; it is an aquatic, and makes a fine appearance in our ponds in the time of its bloom.
26. IBERIS amara. CANDYTUFT.—An annual flower of considerable beauty and interest. We have several varieties of this sold in the seed-shops.
27. IMPATIENS NOLI ME TANGERE.—A very curious flower which is grown as an annual. The construction of the seed-vessel causing the seeds to be discharged with an elastic force is a pleasing phaenomenon.
28. LATHYRUS sylvestris.—EVERLASTING PEA.—This is also a great ornament, and frequently found in gardens; it grows very readily from seeds sown in the spring of the year.
29. LEUCOJUM aestivum. SUMMER SNOW FLAKE.—This is a very noxious plant in the meadows where it grows wild. I have seen it in the neighbourhood of Wooking in Surrey quite overpower the grass with its herbage in the spring, and no kind of that animal that we know of will eat it.
It is however considered an ornamental plant, and is often found in our flower gardens. It is of easy culture: the roots may be planted in any of the autumn or winter months.
30. MALVA moschata. MUSK MALLOW.—This makes a fine appearance when in bloom, for which purpose it is often propagated in gardens: its scent, which is strong of vegetable musk, is also very pleasant.
31. MELLITIS mellyssophyllum. MELLITIS grandiflora. BASTARD BALM.—Both these plants are very beautiful, and are deserving a place in the flower garden: they are of easy culture, and will grow well under the shade of trees, a property that will always recommend them to the notice of the curious.
32. MENYANTHES Nymphoides. ROUND-LEAVED BOG BEAN.—This is a beautiful aquatic, and claims a place in all ornamental pieces of water.
33. NARCISSUS poeticus. NARCISSUS Pseudo Narcissus.—These are much cultivated in gardens for the sake of the flowers. The florists have by culture made several varieties, as Double blossoms which are great ornaments. The season for planting the bulbs of Narcissus of all kinds is the month of October: they will grow well in any soil, and thrive best under the shade of trees.
34. NUPHAR minima is also beautiful, but it is not common. It will form an ornament for pieces of water.
35. NYMPHAEA alba. NYMPHAEA lutea.—These are aquatics, and scarcely any plant is more deserving of our attention. The fine appearance of the foliage floating on the surface, which is interspersed with beautiful flowers, will render any piece of water very interesting: it should also be observed that gold-fish are found to thrive best when they have the advantage of the shade of these plants. It is difficult in deep water to make them take root, being liable to float on the surface, in which state they will not succeed. But if the plants are placed in some strong clay or loam tied down in wicker baskets and then placed in the water, there is no fear of their success: they should be placed where the water is sufficiently deep to inundate the roots two feet or a little more.
36. OPHRYS apifera. BEE ORCHIS.—There are few plants that are more generally admired than all the Orchideae for their singular beauty and uncommon structure. The one in question so very much resembles the humble-bee in appearance, that I have known persons mistake this flower for the animal. It is unfortunate for the amateurs of gardening that most plants of this tribe are difficult of propagation, and are not of easy culture. I have sometimes succeeded with this and other species, by the following method:—to take up the roots from their native places of growth as early as they can be found, and then procure some chalk and sift it through a fine sieve, and also some good tenacious loam; mix both in equal quantities in water; a large garden-pot should then be filled with some rubble of chalk, about one third deep, and then the above compost over it, placing the roots in the centre, at the usual depth they grew before. As the water drains away, the loam and chalk will become fixed closely round the bulbs, and they will remain alive and grow. By this method I have cultivated these plants for some years together.
In this way all those kinds growing in chalk may be made to grow; but such as the Orchis moryo, maculata, and pyramidalis, may be grown in loam alone, planted in pots in the common way. Care should be taken that the pots in which they are planted are protected from wet and frost in the winter season.
37. ORNITHOGALUM latifolium and umbellatum are also ornamental, and are often cultivated for their beautiful flower. The season for planting the bulbs is about the month of September.
38. PAPAVER somniferum. GREATER POPPY. PAPAVER Rhoeas. CARNATION POPPY. —These are made by culture into numerous varieties, and are very beautiful; but the aroma, which is pregnant with opium, renders too many of them unpleasant for the garden.
39. POLEMONIUM coeruleum. GREEK VALERIAN, or JACOB'S LADDER.—Is also a beautiful perennial, and claims the notice of the gardener. Its variety, with white flowers, is also ornamental. It is raised from seeds, which are sold in plenty in our seed-shops.
40. PRIMULA officinalis. COWSLIP. PRIMULA vulgaris. PRIMROSE. PRIMULA elatior. OXLIP. PRIMULA farinose. BIRD'S EYE.—All well known ornaments of numerous varieties, double and single. The third species is the parent of the celebrated Polyanthus. The last is also an interesting little plant with a purple flower. It grows best in bog earth.
41. ROSA rubiginosa. SWEET BRIAR.—This lovely and highly extolled shrub has long claimed a place in our gardens. We have several varieties with double flowers, which are highly prized by the amateurs of gardening.
42. SAXIFRAGA umbrosa. LONDON PRIDE.—-A beautiful little plant for forming edgings to the flower garden, or for decorating rock-work.
43. SAXIFRAGA oppositifolia. PURPLE SAXIFRAGE.—Perhaps we have few flowers early in the spring that deserve more attention than this. It blooms in the months of February and March, and in that dreary season, in company with the Snow-drop, Crocus, and Hepaticas, will form a most delightful group of Flora's rich production. The Saxifrage is a native of high mountains, and it can only be propagated by being continually exposed to the open and bleakest part of the garden: it succeeds best in pots. It should be parted every spring, and a small piece about the size of a shilling planted in the centre of a small pot, and it will fill the surface by the autumn. The soil bestsuited to it is loam.
44. SEDUM acre. STONE CROP. SEDUM rupestre. ROCK GINGER.—All the species of Sedums are very ornamental plants, and are useful for covering rocks or walls, where they will generally grow with little trouble. The easiest mode of propagating and getting them to grow on such places is first to make the place fit for their reception, by putting thereon a little loam made with a paste of cow-dung; then chopping the plants in small pieces, and strowing them on the place: if this is done in the spring, the places will be well covered in a short time.
45. STATICE Armeria. THRIFT.—This plant is valuable for making edgings to the flower garden. It should be parted, and planted for this purpose either in the months of August and September, or April and May.
46. STIPA pinnata. FEATHER GRASS.—We have few plants of more interest than this; its beautiful feathery bloom is but little inferior to the plumage of the celebrated Bird of Paradise. It is frequently worn in the head-dress of ladies.
47. SWERTIA perennis. MARSH SWERTIA.—This is a beautiful little plant, and worth the attention of all persons who are fond of flowers that will grow in boggy land. It is a perennial, and of easy culture.
48. TROLLIUS europaeus. GLOBE FLOWER.—This is also a fine plant: when cultivated in a moist soil its beautiful yellow flowers afford a pleasing accompaniment to the flower border and parterre in the spring of the year. It is easily raised by parting its roots.
49. TULIPA sylvestris.—This beautiful flower is also an inhabitant of our flower-gardens; it is called the Sweet-scented Florentine Tulip. It has a delightful scent when in bloom, and is highly worthy the attention of amateurs of flower gardens. It should be planted in September, and will grow in almost any soil or situation.
50. TYPHA latifolia. TYPHA angustifolia. TYPHA minor.—These are all very fine aquatics, and worth a place in all pieces of water; the foliage forms a fine shelter for water-fowl.
51. VIOLA tricolor. HEART'S-EASE.—Is an annual of singular beauty, and forms many pleasing and interesting varieties.
52. VIOLA odorata must not be passed over among our favourite native flowers. This is of all other plants in its kind the most interesting. It forms also several varieties; as Double purple, Double white, and the Neapolitan violet. The latter one is double, of a beautiful light blue colour, and flowers early; it is rather tender, and requires the protection of a hot-bed frame during winter. It is best cultivated in pots.
53. VINCA minor. LESSER PERIWINKLE.—This is also a beautiful little evergreen, of which the gardeners have several varieties in cultivation; some with double flowers, others with white and red-coloured corols, which form a pleasing diversity in summer.
54. VINCA major. GREAT PERIWINKLE.-I know of no plant of more beauty, when it is properly managed, than this. It is an evergreen of the most pleasing hue, and will cover any low fences or brick-work in a short space of time. The flowers, which are purple, form a pleasing variety in the spring months.
* * * * *
53. BETA vulgaris. I have noticed this plant before, both as to its culinary uses and for feeding cattle: but having received a communication from a friend of mine who resides in the interior of Russia, relative to his establishment for extracting sugar from this root, I cannot omit relating it here, as it appears to be an interesting part of agricultural oeconomy.
"I have here two extensive fabrics for the purpose of making sugar from the Red Beet, and we find that it yields us that useful article in great abundance; i. e. from every quarter of the root (eight bushels Winchester measure) I obtain ten pounds weight of good brown sugar; and this when refined produces us four pounds of the finest clarified lump sugar, and the molasses yield good brandy on distillation. This is not all; for while we are now working the article the cows are stall-fed on the refuse from the vats after mashing; and those animals give us milk in abundance, and the butter we are making is equal to any that is made in the summer, when those animals are foraging our best meads."— Dashkoff, in the government of Orel, 1500 miles from St. Petersburgh, Jan 7, 1816.
The above account, which is so extremely flattering, may no doubt lead persons to imagine that the culture of the beet for the same purpose in this country might be found to answer: and as it is our aim in this little work to give the best information on these subjects without prejudice, I shall beg leave to make use of the following observation, which is not my own, but one that was made on this subject by a Russian gentleman, whom I have long had the honour of enumerating among my best friends; and who is not less distinguished for his application both to the arts and oeconomy, than he is for his professional duties, and his readiness at all times to communicate information for the general good.
"The land where the Beet is grown is of an excellent quality, very deep and fertile, and such as will grow any crop for a series of years without manure. Such soils are seldom found in this country but what may be cultivated to more advantage. In such land, and such alone, will this vegetable imbibe a large quantity of the saccharine fluid; for it would be in vain to look for it in such Beet roots as have been grown on poor land made rich by dint of manure.
"It may also be a circumstance worth remarking, that although the sugar thus obtained is very good for common use, it by no means answers the purpose of the confectioner, as it is not fit for preserving; and for this purpose the cane sugar alone is used; so that although great merit may attach to the industry of a person who in times of scarcity can produce such an useful article as sugar from a vegetable so easily grown, yet when cane sugar can be imported at a moderate rate, it will always supersede the use of the other."
56. PYRUS malus. THE APPLE.—This useful fruit, now growing so much to decay in this country, which was once so celebrated for its produce, is grown in great perfection in all the northern provinces of France; and she supplied the London markets with apples this season, for which she was paid upwards of 50,000 l.; and can most likely offer us good cyder on moderate terms.
The French people, ever alive to improvement and invention, having discovered a mode of extracting sugar in considerable quantity from this fruit, I shall transcribe the particulars of it.
On the Preparation of Liquid Sugar from Apples or Pears. By M. DUBUC. (Ann. de Chim. vol. lxviii.)—"Several establishments have been made in the South of France for making sugar from grapes; it is therefore desired to communicate the same advantage to the North of France, as apples and pears will produce sugar whose taste is equally agreeable as that of grapes, and equally cheap.
"Eight quarts of the full ripe juice of the Orange Apples was boiled for a quarter of an hour, and forty grammes of powdered chalk added to it, and the boiling continued for ten minutes longer. The liquor was strained twice through flannel, and afterwards reduced by boiling to one half of its former bulk, and the operation finished by a slow heat until a thick pellicle rose on the surface, and a quart of the syrup weighed two pounds. By this method two pounds one ounce of liquid sugar was obtained, very agreeable in flavour, and which sweetened water very well, and even milk, without curdling it.
"Eight quarts of the juice of apples called Doux levesque, yielded by the same process two pounds twelve ounces of liquid sugar.
"Eight quarts of the juice of the sour apples called Blanc mollet, yielded two pounds ten ounces of good sugar.
"Eight quarts of the juice of the watery apples called Girard, yielded two pounds and a half.
"Twenty-five chilogrammes, or fifty-pounds of the above four apples, yielded nearly fourty-two pounds of juice; which took three ounces of chalk and the white of six eggs, and produced more than six pounds of excellent liquid sugar.
"In order to do without the white of eggs, twenty pounds of the juice of the above apples were saturated with eleven drachms of chalk, and repeatedly strained through flannel, but it was still thick and disagreeable to the taste; twelve drachms of charcoal powder were then added, and the whole boiled for about ten minutes, and then strained through flannel; it was then clear, but higher-coloured than usual; however, it produced very good sugar. Six quarts of apple-juice were also treated with seven drachms of chalk, and one ounce of baker's small-coal previously washed until it no longer coloured the water, with the same effect.
"Eight quarts of apple juice, of several different kinds and in different stages of ripeness, of which one-third was still sour, were saturated with twelve drachms of chalk, and clarified with the whites of six eggs; some malate of lime was deposited in small crystals towards the end, and separated by passing the syrup very hot through the flannel. Very near two pounds of sugar were obtained.
"Ten pounds of bruised apples, similar to the last, were left to macerate for twenty-four hours, and four quarts of the juice were treated with five drachms of chalk and the white of an egg: it yielded one pound six ounces of liquid sugar; so that the maceration had been of service.
"Twenty-four pounds of the pear called Pillage, yielded nine quarts of juice, which required eighteen drachms of chalk and the whites of two eggs, and yielded about twenty-four ounces of sugar, which was less agreeable to the taste than that of ripe apples.
"Six quarts of juice from one part of the above pears, and two of ripe apples, (orange and girard,) treated with eight drachms of chalk and the whites of two eggs, yielded twenty-six ounces of very fine-tasted sugar, superior to the preceding.
"Six quarts of juice, of an equal quantity of apples and pears, treated with ten drachms of chalk and thirteen of prepared charcoal, deposited some malate of lime, and yielded a sugar rather darker than the preceding, but very well tasted.
"Cadet de Vaux says, that apple juice does not curdle milk, and that a small quantity of chalk added to it destroys some part of the saccharine principle. But eight quarts of juice from ripe apples called orange, which was evidently acid, as it curdled milk and reddened infusion of turnsole and that of violet, were treated with four drachms of chalk and the white of an egg: it yielded twenty-two ounces of syrup, between thirty-two and thirty-three degrees of the hydrometer, which did not curdle milk. Another eight quarts of the same juice evaporated to three-fourths of its volume, and strained, yielded twenty-three ounces of clear syrup, which curdled milk, and was browner than that of the neutralized juice, and approached towards treacle in smell and taste. Perhaps the apple called Jean-hure, used by Mr. Cadet, possesses the valuable properties of furnishing good sugar by mere evaporation. It is necessary to observe, that unless the fire is slackened towards the end the syrup goes brown, and acquires the taste and smell of burnt sugar.
"A hundred weight of apples yield about eighty-four pounds of juice, which produce nearly twelve pounds of liquid sugar. Supposing, therefore, the average price of apples to be one franc twenty cents (tenpence) the hundred-weight, and the charge amounts to forty cents (four-pence), good sugar may be prepared for three or four sols (two- pence) per pound [Footnote: A gramme, fifteen grains English.-A drachm, one-eighth of an ounce.]. The only extra apparatus necessary is a couple of copper evaporating pans."—Retrospect, vol. vi. p. 14.
The distressed state of our orchards in the Cider counties has lately much engaged the attention of all persons who are accustomed to travel through them; and no one can possibly view the miserable condition of the trees, without being forcibly struck with their bad appearance: the principal case of which, I am sorry to say, has arisen from mismanagement [Footnote: Vide Observations on Orchards, lately published by the author of this work.]; and it certainly does in a great measure tarnish the laurels of our boasted agriculturists, when we find such great quantities of this useful fruit produced in France, that very country which we have been taught to believe so greatly behind us in the general oeconomy of life.
57. SPERGULA arvensis.—This plant has been recommended as a crop for feeding cattle, and is stated to be cultivated for that purpose in some parts of Germany and Flanders: but I believe we have many other plants better calculated for the purpose here.
58. VIOLA odorata.—This is a very useful plant in medicine, affording a syrup which has long been used in the practice. It is however discarded from the London Pharmacopoeia.
59. URTICA canadensis. CANADIAN HEMP NETTLE.—During the late war, when, from unfortunate circumstances and misunderstandings amongst the potentates of Europe, the commercial intercourse was checked, great speculations were made among the people to discover substitutes for such articles as were of certain demand; and one of the principal was of course the article Hemp, which, although it can be partially cultivated in this country, is a plant of that nature that we should find the article at a most enormous price were we dependent on our own supply alone. The great growth that supplies all the markets in the world is Russia, where land is not only cheap, but of better quality than here; but with which country we were once unhappily deprived of the advantage of trade. This caused persons to seek for substitutes: and I once saw one that was made from bean-stalks, not to be despised; but it is probable that none has reached so high in perfection as that produced from the plant above named. A person has grown and manufactured this article in Canada, and has exhibited some samples in London, which it is said have obtained the sanction of government, and that the same person is now engaged in growing in North America a considerable quantity of this article. As this, therefore, is a subject of great interest to us as a maritime nation, I shall insert the following account that is given of this plant. I am, however, quite unacquainted with its culture or manufacture, and cannot pledge myself for the accuracy of the detail.
"PERENNIAL HEMP. Cultivation.—Affects wet mellow land, but may be cultivated with advantage on upland black mould or loam, if moist and of middling good quality. Manure will assist the produce. It may be planted from the beginning of October to the latter end of March, in drills about fifteen inches asunder and nine inches distance in the drills.