FIG. 56.—FLAGELLUMAND LAST PEDUNCULARJOINT OF THE ANTENNAOFArmadillidiumnasatum.
Armadillidium nasatumBudde-Lund.Plate XXII.
1885Armadillidium nasatumBudde-Lund (8), p. 51.1892Armadillidium nasatumDollfus (14), p. 10, fig. 12.1899Armadillidium nasatumNorman (misprintedPorcellidium) (49), p. 57. pl. VI., figs. 5-8.
Armadillidium nasatumhas a narrow but very prominent frontal lobe, which is almost square and curves somewhat upwards and backwards. The joints of the flagellum are approximately equal, and are together of the same length as the last peduncular joint.
The telson is as long as it is broad at the base, and tapers to a roundish point, while its sides are slightly incurved.
The outer divisions of the tail appendages are considerably longer than broad, and are more or less paddle-shaped.
It will be noticed that the slope from thorax to telson is more gentle than in the common species,Armadillidium vulgare, and the first thoracic segment is not so greatly developed. Consequently the species which we are considering does not produce a perfect sphere, and the antennæ are not hidden whenit rolls up. It is interesting to compare this species withCylisticus convexus. The surface of the body is smooth, and its colour is a delicate brownish grey with more or less distinct rows of darker markings.
BRITISH LOCALITIES:—
England: Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Bluebell Hill, Maidstone (W.M.W.); Clifton, banks of the Avon; (W.M.W. from J.T.C. 1900): Leigh Woods, Clifton; Tunbridge Wells; South Devon; (Stebbing in 49); Cheddar Cliffs, Somerset; (Norman, 49).
FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:—
Europe: France; (28): Spain; (12): Italy; (23).
Armadillidium vulgareLatreille.Plate XXIII.
1804Armadillo vulgarisLatreille (37), p. 48.1804Armadillo variegatusLatreille (37).1853Armadillo aterSchnitzler (65), p. 48.1816Armadillo maculatusRisso (56), p. 158.1818Armadillo pillularisSay (62), p. 432.1825Armadillo pustulosusDermarest (11), p. 323, pl. XLIX.1830-4Armadillidium commutatumBrandt and Ratzeburg (4), p. 81, pl. XIII., fig. 123.1833Armadillidium zenckeriBrandt (3), p. 185.1839Armadillo trivialisKoch (34), part 28, pl. XIV.1898Armadillidium vulgareSars (59), p. 189, pl. LXXXII.
FIG. 57.—FLAGELLUMAND LAST PEDUNCULARJOINT OF THE ANTENNAOFArmadillidiumvulgare.
The common pill woodlouse isArmadillidium vulgare. Its frontal lobe is not large, though it is broad, while its margin where it joins the head is rounded and slightly recurved. The proximal joint of the flagellum is somewhat the shorter and the two together, as inArmadillidium nasatum, are of about the same length as the last joint of the peduncle.
The telson has the form of a triangle with the angles truncated and is about as long as it is broad at the base. The outer divisions of the tail appendages are considerably broader than they are long.
The species can roll itself up into a very perfect sphere, and when it assumes this form its antennæ are hidden beneath the much expanded lateral plates of the first thoracic segment.
The body is smooth, shiny, and strongly arched. Its colour varies very considerably, generally it is of a slaty-grey, but yellow markings are often present to a greater or less extent. In a specimen before us (from Bluebell Hill, Maidstone) the head is of auniform dark grey, the sides of the thorax are yellow, while the back is mottled with the same colour. The abdomen, including the telson, is also yellow with the exception only of the tail appendages, which are dark grey.
BRITISH LOCALITIES:—
England: Warley; (W.M.W): Maldon; (W.M.W. from R.M.): Brightlingsea; Hanwell; Mortlake; Bluebell Hill, Maidstone; Langley; Skirmett; Pamber Forest; Kingston-on-Soar; Ipswich; (W.M.W.); Lynmouth; (W.M.W. from J.T.C.)
Scotland: (Scott, 68.)
Ireland: Ardrahan; (Norman, 50): Borris, Co. Carlow; Glandare, Terneay, Co. Cork; Courtstown, Co. Wexford; Cappagh, Co. Waterford; Castel, Co. Tipperary; (R.F.S.)
FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:—
Europe: Throughout; (23).
Asia: Damascus; (23).
Africa: Algeria; (23).
Atlantic Isles: (23).
America: North and South; (23).
Australia: Melbourne (64 quoting Budde-Lund); New Zealand; (23).
FIG. 58.—FLAGELLUMAND LAST PEDUNCULARJOINT OF THE ANTENNAOFArmadillidiumpulchellum.
Armadillidium pulchellumZencker.Plate XXIV.
1799Oniscus pulchellusZencker (78) (quoted by Koch in Panzer), part 62, pl. XXI.1833Armadillidium pulchellumBrandt (3), p. 188.1861Armadillo maculatusSill (69), p. 5.1870Armadillidium pictumPlateau (not Brandt) (55), p. 116.1898Armadillidium pulchellumSars (59), p. 191, pl. LXXXIII., fig. 4.
The smallest British species isArmadillidium pulchellum. The frontal lobe projects so as to make the head somewhat triangular. The antennæ are very short and the distal joint of the flagellum is three times the length of the other, while the two together are not as long as the last peduncular joint.
The telson is truncated at the end so that it is by no means as long as it is broad at the base, and the outer divisions of the tail appendages are in similar proportion.
The colour of the body (which is smooth) is dark brown with four important series of light patches running down the back and less marked variegations between them.
BRITISH LOCALITIES:—
England: Matlock; (T.R.R.S.) Arnside; Westmorland (Brady, 50a).
Ireland: Ballymote, (Irish Nat., May, 1901), Sligo; (Scharff).
FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:—
Europe: Vosges; Switzerland; Pyrenees; (23): Forest de Soignes; Belgium; (14).
Armadillidium depressumBrandt.Plate XXV.
1833Armadillidium depressumBrandt (3), p. 82. pl. XII., figs, 4, 5, 6, C, D.1892Armadillidium depressumDollfus (14), p. 17-18.
FIG. 59.—FLAGELLUMAND LAST PEDUNCULARJOINT OF THE ANTENNAOFArmadillidiumdepressum.
The frontal lobe inArmadillidium depressumis very prominent and much recurved. The antennæ are fairly long and while the two joints of the flagellum are nearly equal they are together not so long as the last peduncular joint.
The telson is slightly longer than it is broad at the base, and its sides are incurved. As inArmadillidium vulgareandArmadillidium pulchellumthe outer divisions of the tail appendages are broader than they are long.
The body is flatter than in the other species and bears tubercles; its colour is a slate-grey with yellowish markings. The first thoracic segment is well developed and the head appears as if almost completely imbedded in it.
BRITISH LOCALITIES:—
England: Clifton, banks of the Avon; (W.M.W. from J.T.C., 1900): Shirehampton, near Bristol; (Stebbing in 49): Clifton; (Dollfus from Miers 14).
FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION:—
Europe: France; Italy; (25): Asia Minor; (14, quoting Brandt).
Distribution of Species.There are not sufficient records at present to enable us to draw any conclusions as to the general distribution of Woodlice in the British Isles, but it is hoped that more attention will be given to these creatures, and that before long there may be other material available.
Conclusion.At the beginning it was mentioned that the present work grew out of an investigation into the fauna of Essex, and in order to show what may be expected when placesare explored in which no collecting has been done, we may briefly indicate the results which we obtained in the county in question.
It was not long before a species new to Britain—to wit,Porcellio ratzeburgii—was found (74). This discovery was mentioned by Mr. Stebbing in theVictoria County History of Essex(p. 71), and he prophesied that most of the British species then would be met with in the county. We may safely claim to have shown that his prediction was true, for we have been able to record in the preceding pages no less than sixteen other species, as will be seen from the following lists:—
WOODLICE RECORDED FROM ESSEX.
1.Ligia oceanica10.Porcellio pictus2.Ligidium hypnorum11.Porcellio dilatatus3.Trichoniscus pusillus12.Porcellio laevis4.Trichoniscus roseus13.Porcellio ratzeburgii5.Haplophthalmus danicus14.Metoponorthus pruinosus6.Oniscus asellus15.Cylisticus convexus7.Philoscia muscorum16.Armadillidium nasatum8.Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii17.Armadillidium vulgare9.Porcellio scaber
Of theseLigidium hypnorumcalls for special mention, as it had not been found in this country since Mr. Stebbing discovered it in Surrey in 1873. Several of the Porcellios andCylisticus convexushave been met with in but few places, and the same may be said ofArmadillidium nasatum.
Of the British species not as yet found in EssexTrichoniscus vividushas at present only been recorded from Ireland;Philoscia couchiiandArmadillidium depressumhave not been collected except in the extreme south west of England, whileMetoponorthus cingendushas hitherto only been noticed in Devonshire and Ireland. The other four species, with the exception ofPorcellio rathkei, which is well distributed in west Middlesex (and might have been expected to occur in Essex), are still rare. In fact, forTrichoniscoides albidusbut two British localities are known; forHaplophthalmus mengiithree (two in England and one in Ireland); whileArmadillidium pulchellumhas only been recorded from two or three places.
In other counties quite as satisfactory results were obtained as in Essex—a systematic search in Buckinghamshire brought tolight at Eton three species which at the time had not been recorded from the British Isles, while in Middlesex, no less than a dozen species were found at Hanwell.
Since part of this contribution was printed our attention has been drawn to some notes by the Rev. Canon Norman and Professor G. S. Brady (50a). These bear out the remarks which have already been made, for among the species found by Professor Brady in the north of England wereTrichoniscoides albidus,Haplophthalmus mengii,Porcellio rathkei, andArmadillidium pulchellum. In one of Canon Norman's previous papers (50—1903) he claims to have added the second species to the British list, and in the notes in question a similar claim is made with regard to the first and third. It should, however, be pointed out that all three of them were found in Buckinghamshire in 1899 by Mr. Webb, and that they were exhibited at the Nature Study Exhibition held in London in August, 1902. A specimen ofArmadillidium pulchellumfrom Matlock was sent to us by the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing in January, 1904, and was found, we understand, some considerable time previously.
It only remains for us to express our hearty thanks to the numerous friends and correspondents who have given us their ready help. The names of these have been printed in the text, but we would like to mention more particularly Dr. Calman, of the British Museum (Natural History), Monsieur Adrian Dollfus, Mr. Roland Matthams, the Rev. Canon Norman, Dr. Scharff, the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, and Miss Willmott.
FOOTNOTES:
[1]"The Non-Marine Molluscs of Essex," by Wilfred Mark Webb;Essex Naturalist, Vol. x. (1897), pp. 27-48 and 65-81.[2]The numbers in brackets refer to papers mentioned in the Bibliography at the end.[3]It should be pointed out that the methylated spirit now sold in the shops contains mineral naphtha and goes milky on the addition of water. Permission can be obtained from Somerset House to buy what is still called "ordinary methylated spirit," but at present five gallons has to be purchased at one time.
[1]"The Non-Marine Molluscs of Essex," by Wilfred Mark Webb;Essex Naturalist, Vol. x. (1897), pp. 27-48 and 65-81.
[2]The numbers in brackets refer to papers mentioned in the Bibliography at the end.
[3]It should be pointed out that the methylated spirit now sold in the shops contains mineral naphtha and goes milky on the addition of water. Permission can be obtained from Somerset House to buy what is still called "ordinary methylated spirit," but at present five gallons has to be purchased at one time.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Explanation of the initials given in the text:—
B.M.—Specimens in the British Museum (Natural History).C.S.—Charles Sillem.J.T.C.—John Thomas Carrington.T.R.R.S.—The Rev. Thomas R. R. Stebbing.J.A.M.—James A. Murie.W.M.W.—Wilfred Mark Webb.R.M.—Roland Matthams.R.W.—R. Welch.R.F.S.—R. F. Scharff.
(1) BATE, C. SPENCE, and WESTWOOD, J.C.:A history of the British Sessile-eyed Crustacea, London, 1868.(2) BOSC, L. A. G.:Manuel de l'histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, Vol. II. Paris, 1830.(3) BRANDT, J. F.: "Conspectus Monographiae Crustaceorum Oniscodorum Latreillei,"Bull. Soc. Nat., Moscow.Vol. VI. (1833), pp. 171-193.(4) BRANDT, J. F., and RATZEBURG, J. T. C.:Medizinische Zoologie.Vol. II., Berlin, 1830-1834.(5) BRUNTZ, L.: "Contribution à l'Etude de l'Excretion chez les Arthropodes."Archives de Biologie.Vol. XXII. (Nov., 1903), pp. 215-422, pls. I.-VIII.(6) BUDDE-LUND, G.: "Danmarks Isopode Landkrebsdyr,"Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift.Part 3, vol. VII. (1870, pp. 217-245).(7) BUDDE-LUND, G.:Prospectus generum specierumque Crustaceorum Isopodum terrestrium.Copenhagen, 1879.(8) BUDDE-LUND, G.:Crustacea Isopoda Terrestria.Hauniae, 1885.(9) CUVIER, G.: "Memoires sur les Cloportes terrestres."Journ. d'hist. nat.Vol. II. 1792.(10) DE GEER, C.:Memoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes.Vol. VII., Stockholm, 1778.(11) DESMAREST, A.G.:Considérations générales sur la classe des Crustacés.Paris, 1825.(12) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de l'Espagne."Ann. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat.Vol. XXI. (1892), pp. 161-190.(13) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des Isopodes terrestres dans la region des Basses-Pyrenees."Assoc. Francaise pour l'avancement des Sciences. Rep. Congress de Pau., 1892.(14) DOLLFUS, A.: "Le Genre Armadillidium."Feu. des Jeunes Naturalistes, Ser. 3. May 1892.(15) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de l'Espagne." Premier supplement,Ann. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat.Vol. XXII. (1893), pp. 47-51.(16) DOLLFUS, A.: "Isopodes Terrestres in 'Voyage de M. Ch. Allmand aux Iles Canaries.'"Mem. Soc. Zool. de France.Vol. VI. (1893), p. 46.(17) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des Armadilliens en Europe."Compte-Rendu troisieme Congres. Internal. de Zool.Leyden, Sept. 1895 (1896), pp. 356-358.(18) DOLLFUS, A.: "Les Isopodes terrestres du Nord de l'Afrique du Cap. Blanc a Tripoli."Mem. Soc. Zool. Trans.Vol. IX. (1896), pp. 523-553.(19) DOLLFUS, A.:Crustacés Isopodes de la Sicile.1896.(20) DOLLFUS, A.: "On West Indian Isopod Crustaceans."Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.1896, pp. 388-400.(21) DOLLFUS, A.: "Tableau Iconographique desPhilosciad'Europe."Feu. des Jeun. Natural.Ser. 3, 1897, pp. 70-73 and 91-95.(22) DOLLFUS, A.: "Land Isopods der Balkan region."Wissenschaft Mittheilung aus Bosnien und der Hercegovina.Vol. IV. (1896).(23) DOLLFUS, A.: "Les Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres à grande dispersion,"Feu des Jeun. Natural.Ser. 3 (Oct. 1897).(24) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des Isopodes Terrestres dans l'Afrique Septentrional du Senegal à Obock."Proc. Inter. Congres. Zool.Cambridge, 1898, pp. 249-259.(25) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue des Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres de France."Feu. des Jeun. Natural.Ser. 3 (October 1899).(26) FABRICIUS, J.C.:Entomologia systematica.Vol. II., Hauniae, 1793.(27) FABRICIUS, J. C.: Supplement to the last, 1798.(28) FERNIE, Dr.:Animal Simples, 1899.(29) FITCH, Asa.:Noxious Insects of New York.Albany, 1856.(30) GUERIN, F.E.: "SurPorcellio Poeyi."Ann. Sci. Soc. Entom. de France.Vol. VI. (Paris, 1837, in Bull. ent., page 6).(31) HELLER, C.:Reise der Novara; Crustacea.1865.(32) KINAHAN, J.R.: "Analysis of certain genera of terrestrial Isopoda."Nat. Hist. Rev.Vol. IV. (1857).(33) KINAHAN, J.R.: "On the generaPhiloscia,IteaandPhilougria."Nat. Hist. Rev.Vol. V. 1858.(34) KOCH, C.L.:Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden and Arachniden.Regensburg, 1835-1844.Koch's descriptions and figures were published inDeutschlands Crustaceenand appeared also in Panzer'sFaunæ Insectorum Germanicæcontinued by Herrich-Schäffer (which see). The number of the parts of the latter which correspond to those of the former are placed in square brackets after them in the list here given. Part 6 (1836) [139]; Part 22 (1838) [162]; Part 28 (1839) [178]; Part 34 (1840) [180]; Part 36 (1844) [186]. Some of the dates quoted will be found to differ from those usually given (in Budde-Lund (8, p. 7) for instance), and printed on the parts of the copy in the Zoological Society's Library. Our authority for this change is Mr. C. D. Sherborne, who bases his dates upon reviews which he has discovered.(35) KOCH, C. L.:System der Myriapoden mit den Verzeichnissen und Berichtigungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden.Regensburg, 1847.(36) LAMARCK, J. B.:Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertébres.Vol. V., 1818.(37) LATREILLE, P. A.:Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés et des Insectes.Vol. VII., Paris, 1804.(38) LEACH, W. E.: "Tabular view of the external characters of four classes of animals, which Linné arranged under Insectes."Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.Vol. XI., 1815.(39) LEREBOULLET, A.: "Memoire sur les Crustacés de la famille des Cloportides qui habitent les environs de Strasbourg."Mem. Soc. Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg.Vol. IV., 1853, pp. 130, pl. X.(40) LEUCKART, R.:Verzeichnisz der zur Fauna Helgolands gehörenden wirbellosen Seethiere.Braunsweig, 1847.(41) LINNÉ, C.:Fauna Suecica.First edition, Holmiæ, 1746.(42) LINNÉ, C.:Fauna Suecica.Second edition, Holmiæ, 1761.(43) LINNÉ, C.:Systema Naturae, ed. 12, 1767.(44) MIERS, E. J.: "Catalogue of New Zealand Crustacea."Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4., Vol. XVII., 1876.(45) MIERS, E. J.: "On a collection of Crustacea (Decapoda and Isopoda), chiefly from South America."Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 653-678.(46) MILNE-EDWARDS, H.:Histoire naturelle des Crustacés.Vol. III. Paris, 1840.(47) NICHOLSON and LYDDEKER:Manual of Palæontology, 1889, Vol. II., p. 559.(48) NORMAN, A. M.: "Note on the discovery ofLigidium agile, Persoon (Zia saundersiiStebbing)."Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.Ser. 4, Vol. XI., p. 419.(49) NORMAN, A. M.: "British Land Isopoda."Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 7), Vol. III. (1899), pp. 71-78, pl. VI.(50) NORMAN, A. M.: Continuation of the last. Vol. XI., 1903, pp. 309-372.(50a) NORMAN, A.M.: and BRADY C.S.: "British Land Isopoda." Second SupplementAnn. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 7), Vol. XIV. (1904), pp. 449-450.(51) PANZER, G. W. F.:Faunæ Insectorum Germanicæ initia, oder Deutschlands Insecten.Parts 1-110, Nurnberg, 1793-1813. (See Koch.)(52) PANZER, G. W. F.: Continuation by Herrich-Schäffer, Parts 111-190, 1829-1844. (See Koch.)(53) PARFITT, E.: "The Fauna of Devon." Sessile-Eyed Crustacea.Trans. Devon Assoc. Sci., Sept. 1873.(54) PERSOON: No paper upon Woodlice by this author is known, but he is quoted in Panzer'sDeutschlands Insecten(51), which see.(55) PLATEAU, F.: "Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres."Bull. Acad. Roy. de Belgique, Ser. 2., Vol. XXIX., No. 2 (1870), p. 112.(56) RISSO, A.:Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés des environs de Nice.Paris, 1816.(57) ROBERTSON, D.: "Catalogue of the Amphipoda and Isopoda of the Firth of Clyde."Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, Vol. II. (1888), pp. 9-99.(58) ROULE, LOUIS: "Etudes sur le Development de Crustacés."Ann. Sci. Nat., Vol. XVIII. (1895), pp. 1-156, pls. I.-X.(59) SARS, G. O.:An account of the Crustacea of Norway.Vol. II., 1896-1899.(60) SAUSSURE, H. de: "Diagnoses de quelques crustacés nouveaux des Antilles et du Mexique."Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (Ser. 2), Vol. IX. (1857), pp. 304-308.(61) SAVIGNY, J. C., and AUDOUIN, V.:Description de l'Egypte.Vol. XXII., 1827.(62) SAY, T.: "An account of the Crustacea of the United States."J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. I., pt. II., 1818.(63) SCHARFF, R. F.: "The Irish Woodlice."Irish Naturalist, Vol. III., 1894, pp. 4-7 and 25-29, pl. II.(64) SCHARFF, R. F.: "The Woodlice of Co. Carlow."Irish Naturalist, 1895, p. 319.(65) SCHNITZLER, H. J.:De Oniscineis agri Bonnensis.(Thesis.), Cologne, 1853.(66) SCHOBL, J.: "Typhloniscus, eine neue blinde Gattung der Crustacea Isopoda."Sitzungsberichte der math. naturw. Acad. Wiss. Wien.Vol. XL. (1860), pp. 279-330.(67) SCOPOLI, J. A.:Entomologia Carniolica.Vindibonæ, 1763.(68) SCOTT, T.: "The Land and Freshwater Crustacea of the District around Edinburgh."Proc. R. Phys. S. Edin., Vol. XI. (1890-91), p. 75.(68a) SCOTT, T.:British Association Hand Book on the Natural History of Glasgow.1901;Isopoda, pp. 335 and 336.(69) SILL, VICTOR: "Beitrag zur Kentniss der Crustaceen, Arachniden and Myriapoden Siebenburgens."Verhandl. u. Mittheil. des Siebenburghischen Ver. für Naturwiss. zu Hermannstadt, Vol. XII. (1861), p. 1-11.(70) STEBBING, T. R. R.: "On a Crustacean of the Genus Zia."Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4., Vol. XI. (1873).(71) STEBBING, T. R. R.:The Victoria County History of Essex(1903); Crustacea, pp. 27-28.(71a) STEBBING, T. R. R.:The Victoria County History of Buckinghamshire(1905); Crustacea.(72) VEJDOVSKYF: "Zur Morphologie der Antennen und Schalendruse der Crustaceen."Zeit. Wiss. Zool., Vol. LXIX., p. 378.(73) VERHOEF, K. W.: "Ueber Palæarktische Isopoden."Zool. Anz., Vol. XXIV.(74) WEBB, WILFRED MARK: "The occurrence in Essex of a species of Woodlouse (Isopoda) new to Britain (Porcellio ratzeburgii, Brandt)."Essex Naturalist, Vol. XI. (1899), p. 127.(75) WEBB, WILFRED MARK: "Notes on Woodlice" (Including extracts from a paper read before the North London Natural History Society by James B. Casserley).Science Gossip, Vol. VI., New Series (1900), pp. 295-296.(76) WEBER, MAX.: "Uber einige neue Isopoden der Niederlandischen Fauna."Tijdschr der Niederland Dierk veren, Vol. V. (1881), pp. 167-196, pl. V.(77) ZADDACH, E. G.:Synopses crustaceorum Prussicorum prodromus Regiomonti, 1844.(78) ZENKER, C. D.: No paper upon woodlice by this author is known, but he is quoted in Panzer'sDeutschlands Insecten(51), which see.(79) ZITTEL, K. A. von:Textbook of Palæontology. English Translation 1900, p. 668.
(1) BATE, C. SPENCE, and WESTWOOD, J.C.:A history of the British Sessile-eyed Crustacea, London, 1868.
(2) BOSC, L. A. G.:Manuel de l'histoire Naturelle des Crustacés, Vol. II. Paris, 1830.
(3) BRANDT, J. F.: "Conspectus Monographiae Crustaceorum Oniscodorum Latreillei,"Bull. Soc. Nat., Moscow.Vol. VI. (1833), pp. 171-193.
(4) BRANDT, J. F., and RATZEBURG, J. T. C.:Medizinische Zoologie.Vol. II., Berlin, 1830-1834.
(5) BRUNTZ, L.: "Contribution à l'Etude de l'Excretion chez les Arthropodes."Archives de Biologie.Vol. XXII. (Nov., 1903), pp. 215-422, pls. I.-VIII.
(6) BUDDE-LUND, G.: "Danmarks Isopode Landkrebsdyr,"Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift.Part 3, vol. VII. (1870, pp. 217-245).
(7) BUDDE-LUND, G.:Prospectus generum specierumque Crustaceorum Isopodum terrestrium.Copenhagen, 1879.
(8) BUDDE-LUND, G.:Crustacea Isopoda Terrestria.Hauniae, 1885.
(9) CUVIER, G.: "Memoires sur les Cloportes terrestres."Journ. d'hist. nat.Vol. II. 1792.
(10) DE GEER, C.:Memoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes.Vol. VII., Stockholm, 1778.
(11) DESMAREST, A.G.:Considérations générales sur la classe des Crustacés.Paris, 1825.
(12) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de l'Espagne."Ann. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat.Vol. XXI. (1892), pp. 161-190.
(13) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des Isopodes terrestres dans la region des Basses-Pyrenees."Assoc. Francaise pour l'avancement des Sciences. Rep. Congress de Pau., 1892.
(14) DOLLFUS, A.: "Le Genre Armadillidium."Feu. des Jeunes Naturalistes, Ser. 3. May 1892.
(15) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue raisonné des Isopodes terrestres de l'Espagne." Premier supplement,Ann. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat.Vol. XXII. (1893), pp. 47-51.
(16) DOLLFUS, A.: "Isopodes Terrestres in 'Voyage de M. Ch. Allmand aux Iles Canaries.'"Mem. Soc. Zool. de France.Vol. VI. (1893), p. 46.
(17) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des Armadilliens en Europe."Compte-Rendu troisieme Congres. Internal. de Zool.Leyden, Sept. 1895 (1896), pp. 356-358.
(18) DOLLFUS, A.: "Les Isopodes terrestres du Nord de l'Afrique du Cap. Blanc a Tripoli."Mem. Soc. Zool. Trans.Vol. IX. (1896), pp. 523-553.
(19) DOLLFUS, A.:Crustacés Isopodes de la Sicile.1896.
(20) DOLLFUS, A.: "On West Indian Isopod Crustaceans."Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.1896, pp. 388-400.
(21) DOLLFUS, A.: "Tableau Iconographique desPhilosciad'Europe."Feu. des Jeun. Natural.Ser. 3, 1897, pp. 70-73 and 91-95.
(22) DOLLFUS, A.: "Land Isopods der Balkan region."Wissenschaft Mittheilung aus Bosnien und der Hercegovina.Vol. IV. (1896).
(23) DOLLFUS, A.: "Les Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres à grande dispersion,"Feu des Jeun. Natural.Ser. 3 (Oct. 1897).
(24) DOLLFUS, A.: "Sur la Distribution Geographique des Isopodes Terrestres dans l'Afrique Septentrional du Senegal à Obock."Proc. Inter. Congres. Zool.Cambridge, 1898, pp. 249-259.
(25) DOLLFUS, A.: "Catalogue des Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres de France."Feu. des Jeun. Natural.Ser. 3 (October 1899).
(26) FABRICIUS, J.C.:Entomologia systematica.Vol. II., Hauniae, 1793.
(27) FABRICIUS, J. C.: Supplement to the last, 1798.
(28) FERNIE, Dr.:Animal Simples, 1899.
(29) FITCH, Asa.:Noxious Insects of New York.Albany, 1856.
(30) GUERIN, F.E.: "SurPorcellio Poeyi."Ann. Sci. Soc. Entom. de France.Vol. VI. (Paris, 1837, in Bull. ent., page 6).
(31) HELLER, C.:Reise der Novara; Crustacea.1865.
(32) KINAHAN, J.R.: "Analysis of certain genera of terrestrial Isopoda."Nat. Hist. Rev.Vol. IV. (1857).
(33) KINAHAN, J.R.: "On the generaPhiloscia,IteaandPhilougria."Nat. Hist. Rev.Vol. V. 1858.
(34) KOCH, C.L.:Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden and Arachniden.Regensburg, 1835-1844.Koch's descriptions and figures were published inDeutschlands Crustaceenand appeared also in Panzer'sFaunæ Insectorum Germanicæcontinued by Herrich-Schäffer (which see). The number of the parts of the latter which correspond to those of the former are placed in square brackets after them in the list here given. Part 6 (1836) [139]; Part 22 (1838) [162]; Part 28 (1839) [178]; Part 34 (1840) [180]; Part 36 (1844) [186]. Some of the dates quoted will be found to differ from those usually given (in Budde-Lund (8, p. 7) for instance), and printed on the parts of the copy in the Zoological Society's Library. Our authority for this change is Mr. C. D. Sherborne, who bases his dates upon reviews which he has discovered.
(35) KOCH, C. L.:System der Myriapoden mit den Verzeichnissen und Berichtigungen zu Deutschlands Crustaceen, Myriapoden und Arachniden.Regensburg, 1847.
(36) LAMARCK, J. B.:Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertébres.Vol. V., 1818.
(37) LATREILLE, P. A.:Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés et des Insectes.Vol. VII., Paris, 1804.
(38) LEACH, W. E.: "Tabular view of the external characters of four classes of animals, which Linné arranged under Insectes."Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.Vol. XI., 1815.
(39) LEREBOULLET, A.: "Memoire sur les Crustacés de la famille des Cloportides qui habitent les environs de Strasbourg."Mem. Soc. Mus. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg.Vol. IV., 1853, pp. 130, pl. X.
(40) LEUCKART, R.:Verzeichnisz der zur Fauna Helgolands gehörenden wirbellosen Seethiere.Braunsweig, 1847.
(41) LINNÉ, C.:Fauna Suecica.First edition, Holmiæ, 1746.
(42) LINNÉ, C.:Fauna Suecica.Second edition, Holmiæ, 1761.
(43) LINNÉ, C.:Systema Naturae, ed. 12, 1767.
(44) MIERS, E. J.: "Catalogue of New Zealand Crustacea."Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 4., Vol. XVII., 1876.
(45) MIERS, E. J.: "On a collection of Crustacea (Decapoda and Isopoda), chiefly from South America."Proc. Zool. Soc., 1877, p. 653-678.
(46) MILNE-EDWARDS, H.:Histoire naturelle des Crustacés.Vol. III. Paris, 1840.
(47) NICHOLSON and LYDDEKER:Manual of Palæontology, 1889, Vol. II., p. 559.
(48) NORMAN, A. M.: "Note on the discovery ofLigidium agile, Persoon (Zia saundersiiStebbing)."Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.Ser. 4, Vol. XI., p. 419.
(49) NORMAN, A. M.: "British Land Isopoda."Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 7), Vol. III. (1899), pp. 71-78, pl. VI.
(50) NORMAN, A. M.: Continuation of the last. Vol. XI., 1903, pp. 309-372.
(50a) NORMAN, A.M.: and BRADY C.S.: "British Land Isopoda." Second SupplementAnn. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 7), Vol. XIV. (1904), pp. 449-450.
(51) PANZER, G. W. F.:Faunæ Insectorum Germanicæ initia, oder Deutschlands Insecten.Parts 1-110, Nurnberg, 1793-1813. (See Koch.)
(52) PANZER, G. W. F.: Continuation by Herrich-Schäffer, Parts 111-190, 1829-1844. (See Koch.)
(53) PARFITT, E.: "The Fauna of Devon." Sessile-Eyed Crustacea.Trans. Devon Assoc. Sci., Sept. 1873.
(54) PERSOON: No paper upon Woodlice by this author is known, but he is quoted in Panzer'sDeutschlands Insecten(51), which see.
(55) PLATEAU, F.: "Crustacés Isopodes Terrestres."Bull. Acad. Roy. de Belgique, Ser. 2., Vol. XXIX., No. 2 (1870), p. 112.
(56) RISSO, A.:Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés des environs de Nice.Paris, 1816.
(57) ROBERTSON, D.: "Catalogue of the Amphipoda and Isopoda of the Firth of Clyde."Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow, Vol. II. (1888), pp. 9-99.
(58) ROULE, LOUIS: "Etudes sur le Development de Crustacés."Ann. Sci. Nat., Vol. XVIII. (1895), pp. 1-156, pls. I.-X.
(59) SARS, G. O.:An account of the Crustacea of Norway.Vol. II., 1896-1899.
(60) SAUSSURE, H. de: "Diagnoses de quelques crustacés nouveaux des Antilles et du Mexique."Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (Ser. 2), Vol. IX. (1857), pp. 304-308.
(61) SAVIGNY, J. C., and AUDOUIN, V.:Description de l'Egypte.Vol. XXII., 1827.
(62) SAY, T.: "An account of the Crustacea of the United States."J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Vol. I., pt. II., 1818.
(63) SCHARFF, R. F.: "The Irish Woodlice."Irish Naturalist, Vol. III., 1894, pp. 4-7 and 25-29, pl. II.
(64) SCHARFF, R. F.: "The Woodlice of Co. Carlow."Irish Naturalist, 1895, p. 319.
(65) SCHNITZLER, H. J.:De Oniscineis agri Bonnensis.(Thesis.), Cologne, 1853.
(66) SCHOBL, J.: "Typhloniscus, eine neue blinde Gattung der Crustacea Isopoda."Sitzungsberichte der math. naturw. Acad. Wiss. Wien.Vol. XL. (1860), pp. 279-330.
(67) SCOPOLI, J. A.:Entomologia Carniolica.Vindibonæ, 1763.
(68) SCOTT, T.: "The Land and Freshwater Crustacea of the District around Edinburgh."Proc. R. Phys. S. Edin., Vol. XI. (1890-91), p. 75.
(68a) SCOTT, T.:British Association Hand Book on the Natural History of Glasgow.1901;Isopoda, pp. 335 and 336.
(69) SILL, VICTOR: "Beitrag zur Kentniss der Crustaceen, Arachniden and Myriapoden Siebenburgens."Verhandl. u. Mittheil. des Siebenburghischen Ver. für Naturwiss. zu Hermannstadt, Vol. XII. (1861), p. 1-11.
(70) STEBBING, T. R. R.: "On a Crustacean of the Genus Zia."Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 4., Vol. XI. (1873).
(71) STEBBING, T. R. R.:The Victoria County History of Essex(1903); Crustacea, pp. 27-28.
(71a) STEBBING, T. R. R.:The Victoria County History of Buckinghamshire(1905); Crustacea.
(72) VEJDOVSKYF: "Zur Morphologie der Antennen und Schalendruse der Crustaceen."Zeit. Wiss. Zool., Vol. LXIX., p. 378.
(73) VERHOEF, K. W.: "Ueber Palæarktische Isopoden."Zool. Anz., Vol. XXIV.
(74) WEBB, WILFRED MARK: "The occurrence in Essex of a species of Woodlouse (Isopoda) new to Britain (Porcellio ratzeburgii, Brandt)."Essex Naturalist, Vol. XI. (1899), p. 127.
(75) WEBB, WILFRED MARK: "Notes on Woodlice" (Including extracts from a paper read before the North London Natural History Society by James B. Casserley).Science Gossip, Vol. VI., New Series (1900), pp. 295-296.
(76) WEBER, MAX.: "Uber einige neue Isopoden der Niederlandischen Fauna."Tijdschr der Niederland Dierk veren, Vol. V. (1881), pp. 167-196, pl. V.
(77) ZADDACH, E. G.:Synopses crustaceorum Prussicorum prodromus Regiomonti, 1844.
(78) ZENKER, C. D.: No paper upon woodlice by this author is known, but he is quoted in Panzer'sDeutschlands Insecten(51), which see.
(79) ZITTEL, K. A. von:Textbook of Palæontology. English Translation 1900, p. 668.
INDEX.
LIST OF PLATES.