[1] SeeAppendix.
325. Q.Has Buddhism any right to be considered a scientific religion, or may it be classified as a "revealed" one?
A. Most emphatically it is not a revealed religion. The Buddha did not so preach, nor is it so understood. On the contrary, he gave it out as the statement of eternal truths, which his predecessors had taught like himself.
326. Q.Repeat again the name of the Sutta, in which the Buddha tells us not to believe in an alleged revelation without testing it by one's reason and experience?
A. The Kālāma Sutta, of the Anguthara Nikāya.
327. Q.Do Buddhists accept the theory that everything has been formed out of nothing by a Creator?
A. The Buddha taught that two things are causeless,viz., Ākāsha, and Nirvāna. Everything has come ont of Ākāsha, in obedience to a law of motion inherent in it, and, after a certain existence, passes away. Nothing ever came out of nothing. We do not believe in miracles; hence we deny creation, and cannot conceive of a creation of something out of nothing. Nothing organic is eternal. Everything is in a state of constant flux, and undergoing change and reformation, keeping up the continuity according to the law of evolution.
328. Q.Is Buddhism opposed to education, and to the study of science?
A. Quite the contrary: in theSigālowāda Suttain a discourse preached by the Buddha, He specified as one of the duties of a teacher that he should give his pupils "instruction in science and lore". The Buddha's higher teachings are for the enlightened, the wise, and the thoughtful.
329. Q.Can you show any further endorsement of Buddhism by science?
A. The Buddha's doctrine teaches that there were many progenitors of the human race; also that there is a principle of differentiation among men; certain individuals have a greater capacity for the rapid attainment of Wisdom and arrival at Nirvāna than others.
330. Q.Any other?
A. Buddhism supports the teaching of the indestructibility of force.
331. Q.Should Buddhism be called a chart of science or a code of morals?
A. Properly speaking, a pure moral philosophy, a system of ethics and transcendental metaphysics. It is so eminently practical that the Buddha kept silent when Malunka asked about the origin of things.
332. Q.Why did he do that?
A. Because he thought that our chief aim should be to see things as they exist around us and try to make them better, not to waste time in intellectual speculations.
333. Q.What do Buddhists say is the reason for the occasional birth of very good and wise children of bad parents, and that of very bad ones of good parents?
A. It is because of the respective Karmas of children and parents; each may have deserved that such unusual relationships should be formed in the present birth.
334. Q.Is anything said about the body of the Buddha giving out a bright light?
A. Yes, there was a divine radiance sent forth from within by the power of his holiness.
335. Q.What is it called in Pālī?
A. Buddharansi, the Buddha rays.
336. Q.How many colours could be seen in it?
A. Six, linked in pairs.
337. Q.Their names?
A. Nīla, Pita, Lohita, Avadata, Mangastā, Prabhasvra.
338. Q.Did other persons emit such shining light?
A. Yes, all Arhats did and, in fact, the light shines stronger and brighter in proportion to the spiritual development of the person.
339. Q.Where do we see these colours represented?
A. In all vihāras where there are painted images of the Buddha. They are also seen in the stripes of the Buddhist Flag, first made in Ceylon but now widely adopted throughout Buddhist countries.
340. Q.In which discourse does the Buddha himself speak of this shining about him?
A. In theMahā-Parinibbana Suttā, Ānanda his favourite disciple, noticing the great splendour which came from his Master's body, the Buddha said that on two occasions this extraordinary shining occurs, (a) just after a Tathāgatā gains the supreme insight, and (b) on the night when he passes finally away.
341. Q.Where do we read of this great brightness being emitted from the body of another Buddha?
A. In the story of Sumedha and Dipānkāra Buddha, found in theNidānakathāof theJātakabook, or story of the reincarnations of the Bodhisattva Siddhārtha Gautama.
342. Q.How is it described?
A. As a halo of a fathom's depth.
343. Q.What do the Hindus call it?
A.Tejas; its extended radiance they call Prākāsha.
344. Q.What do Europeans call it now?
A. The human aura.
345. Q.What great scientist has proved the existence of this aura by carefully conducted experiments?
A. The Baron Von Reichenbach. His experiments are fully described in hisResearches, published in 1844-5. Dr. Baraduc, of Paris, has, quite recently, photographed this light.
346. Q.Is this bright aura a miracle or a natural phenomenon?
A. Natural. It has been proved that not only all human beings but animals, trees, plants and even stones have it.
347. Q.What peculiarity has it in the case of a Buddha or an Arhat?
A. It is immensely brighter and more extended than in cases of other beings and objects. It is the evidence of their superior development in the power ofIddhī. The light has been seen coming from dāgobas in Ceylon where relics of the Buddha are said to be enshrined.
348. Q.Do people of other religions besides Buddhism and Hindūism also believe in this light?
A. Yes, in all pictures of Christian artists this light is represented as shining about the bodies of their holy personages. The same belief is found to have existed in other religions.
349. Q.What historical incident supports the modern theory of hypnotic suggestion?
A. That of Chullapanthaka, as told in the Pālī Commentary on theDhammapada, etc.
350. Q.Give me the facts.
A. He was a bhikkhu who became an Arhat. On that very day the Buddha sent a messenger to call him. When the man reached the Vihāra, he saw three hundred bhikkhus in one group, each exactly like the others in every respect. On his asking which was Chullapanthaka, every one of the three hundred figures replied: "I am Chullapanthaka."
351. Q.What did the messenger do?
A. In his confusion he returned and reported to the Buddha.
352. Q.What did the Buddha then tell him?
A. To return to the vihāra and, if the same thing happened, to catch by the arm thefirstfigure who said he was Chullapanthaka and lead him to him. The Buddha knew that the new Arhat would make this display of his acquired power to impress illusionary pictures of himself upon the messenger.
353. Q.What is this power of illusion called in Pālī?
A.Manomaya Iddhī.
354. Q.Were the illusionary copies of the Arhat's person material? Were they composed of substance and could they have been felt and handled by the messenger?
A. No; they were pictures impressed by his thought and trained will-power upon the messenger's mind.
355. Q.To what would you compare them?
A. To a man's reflection in a mirror, being exactly like him yet without solidity.
356. Q.To make such an illusion on the messenger's mind, what was necessary?
A. That Chullapanthaka should clearly conceive in his own mind his exact appearance, and then impress that, with as many duplicates or repetitions as he chose, upon the sensitive brain of the messenger.
357. Q.What is this process now called?
A. Hypnotic suggestion.
358. Q.Could any third party have also seen these illusionary figures?
A. That would depend on the will of the Arhat or hypnotiser.
359. Q.What do you mean?
A. Supposing that fifty or five hundred persons were there, instead of one, the Arhat could will that the illusion should be seen by all alike; or, if he chose, he could will that the messenger should be the only one to see them.
360. Q.Is this branch of science well known in our day?
A. Very well known; it is familiar to all students of mesmerism and hypnotism.
361. Q.In what does our modern scientific belief support the theory of Karma, as taught in Buddhism?
A. Modern scientists teach that every generation of men is heir to the consequences of the virtues and the vices of the preceding generation, not in the mass, as such, but in every individual case. Every one of us, according to Buddhism, gets a birth which represents the causes generated by him in an antecedent birth. This is the idea of Karma.
362. Q.What say the Vāsettha Sutta about the causation in Nature?
A. It says: "The world exists by cause; all things exist by cause, all beings are bound by cause."
363. Q.Does Buddhism teach the unchangeableness of the visible universe; our earth, the sun, the moon, the stars, the mineral, vegetable, animal and human kingdoms?
A. No. It teaches that all are constantly changing, and all must disappear in course of time.
364. Q.Never to reappear?
A. Not so: the principle of evolution, guided by Karma, individual and collective, will evolve another universe with its contents, as our universe was evolved out of the Ākāsha.
365. Q.Does Buddhism admit that man has in his nature any latent powers for the production of phenomena commonly called "miracles"?
A. Yes; but they are natural, not supernatural. They may be developed by a certain system which is laid down in our sacred books, the Visuddhi Mārga for instance.
366. Q.What is this branch of science called?
A. The Pālī name is Iddhi-vidhanānā.
367. Q.How many kinds are there?
A. Two:Bāhira,i.e., one in which the phenomena-working power may be temporarily obtained by ascetic practices and also by resort to drugs, the recitation ofmantras(charms), or other extraneous aids; andSasaniks, that in which the power in question is acquired by interior self-development, and covers all and more than the phenomena ofLaukika Iddhī.
368. Q.What class of men enjoy these powers?
A. They gradually develop in one which pursues a certain course of ascetic practice calledDhyāna.
369. Q. Can this Iddhi power be lost?[1]
A. TheBāhiracan be lost, but theSasanikanever, when once acquired.Lokottaraknowledge once obtained is never lost, and it is by this knowledgeonlythat the absolute condition of Nirvāna is known by the Arhat. And this knowledge can be got by following the noble life of the Eightfold Path.
370. Q.Had Buddha the Lokottara Iddhī?
A. Yes, in perfection.
371. Q.And his disciples also had it?
A. Yes, some but not all equally; the capacity for acquiring these occult powers varies with the individual.
372. Q.Give examples?
A. Of all the disciples of the Buddha, Mogallāna was possessed of the most extraordinary powers for making phenomena, while Ānanda could develop none during the twenty-five years in which he was the personal and intimate disciple of the Buddha himself. Later he did, as the Buddha had foretold he would.
373. Q.Does a man acquire these powers suddenly or gradually?
A. Normally, they gradually develop themselves as the disciple progressively gains control over his lower nature in a series of births.[2]
374. Q.Does Buddhism pretend that the miracle of raising those who are dead is possible?
A. No. The Buddha teaches the contrary, in that beautiful story of Kisā Gotami and the mustard-seed. But when a person only seems to be dead but is not actually so, resuscitation is possible.
375. Q.Give me an idea of these successive stages of the Lokottara development in Iddhī?
A. There are six degrees attainable by Arhats; what is higher than them is to be reached only by a Buddha.
376. Q.Describe the six stages or degrees?
A. We may divide them into two groups, of three each. The first to include (1) Progressive retrospection,viz., a gradually acquired power to look backward in time towards the origin of things; (2) Progressive foresight, or power of prophecy; (3) Gradual extinction of desires and attachments to material things.
377. Q.What would the second group include?
A. The same faculties, but inimitably developed. Thus, the full Arhat possesses perfect retrospection, perfect foresight, and has absolutely extinguished the last trace of desire and selfish attractions.
378. Q.What are the four means for obtaining Iddhī?
A. The will, its exertion, mental development, and discrimination between right and wrong.
379. Q.Our Scriptures relate hundreds of instances of phenomena produced by Arhats: what did you say was the name of this faculty or power?
A.Iddhī vidha. One possessing this can, by manipulating the forces of Nature, produce any wonderful phenomenon,i.e., make any scientific experiment he chooses.
380. Q.Did the Buddha encourage displays of phenomena?
A. No; he expressly discouraged them as tending to create confusion in the minds of those who were not acquainted with the principles involved. They also tempt their possessors to show them merely to gratify idle curiosity and their own vanity. Moreover, similar phenomena can be shown by magicians and sorcerers learned in theLaukika, or the baser form ofIddhīscience. All false pretensions to supernatural attainment by monks are among the unpardonable sins (Tevijja Sutta).
381. Q.You spoke of a "deva" having appeared to the Prince Siddhārtha under a variety of forms; what do Buddhists believe respecting races of elemental invisible beings having relations with mankind?
A. They believe that there are such beings who inhabit worlds or spheres of their own. The Buddhist doctrine is that, by interior self-development and conquest over his baser nature, the Arhat becomes superior to even the most formidable of the devas, and may subject and control the lower orders.
382. Q.How many kinds of devas are there?
A. Three:Kāmāvācharā(those who are still under the domination of the passions);Rūpāvācharā(a higher class, which still retain an individual form):Arāpāvācharā(the highest in degree of purification, who are devoid of material forms).
383. Q.Should we fear any of them?
A. He who is pure and compassionate in heart and of a courageous mind need fear nothing: no man, god,brahmarakkhas, demon or deva, can injure him, but some have power to torment the impure, as well as those who invite their approach.
[1] Sumangala Sthavīra explains to me that those transcendent powers are permanently possessed only by one who has subdued all the passions (Klesa), in other words, an Arhat. The powers may be developed by a bad man and used for doing evil things, but their activity is but brief, the rebellious passions again dominate the sorcerer, and he becomes at last their victim.
[2] When the powers suddenly show themselves, the inference is that the individual had developed himself in the next anterior birth. We do not believe in eccentric breaks in natural law.
The following text of the fourteen items of belief which have been accepted as fundamental principles in both the Southern and Northern sections of Buddhism, by authoritative committees to whom they were submitted by me personally, have so much historical importance that they are added to the present edition of THE BUDDHIST CATECHISM as an Appendix. It has very recently been reported to me by H. E. Prince Ouchtomsky, the learned Russian Orientalist, that having had the document translated to them, the Chief Lamas of the great Mongolian Buddhist monasteries declared to him that they accept every one of the propositions as drafted, with the one exception that the date of the Buddha is by them believed to have been some thousands of years earlier than the one given by me. This surprising fact had not hitherto come to my knowledge. Can it be that the Mongolian Sangha confuse the real epoch of Sākya Muni with that of his alleged next predecessor? Be this as it may, it is a most encouraging fact that the whole Buddhistic world may now be said to have united to the extent at least of these Fourteen Propositions.
H. S. O.
I Buddhists are taught to show the same tolerance, forbearance, and brotherly love to all men, without distinction; and an unswerving kindness towards the members of the animal kingdom.
II The universe was evolved, not created; and its functions according to law, not according to the caprice of any God.
III The truths upon which Buddhism is founded are natural. They have, we believe, been taught in successive kalpas, or world-periods, by certain illuminated beings called BUDDHAS, the name BUDDHA meaning "Enlightened".
IV The fourth Teacher in the present kalpa was Sākya Muni, or Gautama Buddha, who was born in a Royal family in India about 2,500 years ago. He is an historical personage and his name was Siddhārtha Gautama.
V Sākya Muni taught that ignorance produces desire, unsatisfied desire is the cause of rebirth, and rebirth, the cause of sorrow. To get rid of sorrow, therefore, it is necessary to escape rebirth; to escape rebirth, it is necessary to extinguish desire; and to extinguish desire, it is necessary to destroy ignorance.
VI Ignorance fosters the belief that rebirth is a necessary thing. When ignorance is destroyed the worthlessness of every such rebirth, considered as an end in itself, is perceived, as well as the paramount need of adopting a course of life by which the necessity for such repeated rebirths can be abolished. Ignorance also begets the illusive and illogical idea that there is only one existence for man, and the other illusion that this one life is followed by states of unchangeable pleasure or torment.
VII The dispersion of all this ignorance can be attained by the persevering practice of an all-embracing altruism in conduct, development of intelligence, wisdom in thought, and destruction of desire for the lower personal pleasures.
VIII The desire to live being the cause of rebirth, when that is extinguished rebirths cease and the perfected individual attains by meditation that highest state of peace calledNirvāna.
IX Sākya Muni taught that ignorance can be dispelled and sorrow removed by the knowledge of the four Noble Truths,viz.:
1. The miseries of existence;
2. The cause productive of misery, which is the desire ever renewed of satisfying oneself without being able ever to secure that end;
3. The destruction of that desire, or the estranging of oneself from it;
4. The means of obtaining this destruction of desire. The means which he pointed out is called the Noble Eightfold Path,viz.: Right Belief; Right Thought; Right Speech; Right Action; Right Means of Livelihood; Right Exertion; Right Remembrance; Right Meditation.
X Right Meditation leads to spiritual enlightenment, or the development of that Buddha-like faculty which is latent in every man.
XI The essence of Buddhism, as summed up by the Tathāgathā (Buddha) himself, as:
To cease from all sin,To get virtue,To purify the heart.
XII The universe is subject to a natural causation known as "Karma". The merits and demerits of a being in past existences determine his condition in the present one. Each man, therefore, has prepared the causes of the effects which he now experiences.
XIII The obstacles to the attainment of good karma may be removed by the observance of the following precepts, which are embraced in the moral code of Buddhism,viz.: (1) Kill not; (2) Steal not; (3) Indulge in no forbidden sexual pleasure; (4) Lie not; (5) Take no intoxication or stupefying drug or liquor. Five other precepts which need not be here enumerated should be observed by those who would attain, more quickly than the average layman, the release from misery and rebirth.
XIV Buddhism discourages superstitious credulity. Gautama Buddha taught it to be the duty of a parent to have his child educated in science and literature. He also taught that no one should believe what is spoken by any sage, written in any book, or affirmed by tradition, unless it accord with reason.
Drafted as a common platform upon which all Buddhists can agree.
H. S. OLCOTT, P.T.S.
Respectfully submitted for the approval of the High Priests of the nations which we severally represent, in the Buddhist Conference held at Adyar, Madras, on the 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th of January, 1891 (A.B. 2434).
Japan . . . . . ( Kozen Gunaratana( Chiezo TokuzawaBurmah . . . . . U. Hmoay Tha AungCeylon . . . . . Dhammapala Hevavitarana.The Maghs ofChittagong . . . Krshna Chandra Chowdry, byhis appointed Proxy, MaungTha Dwe.
Approved on behalf of the Buddhists of Burmah, this 3rd day of February, 1891 (A. B. 2434):
Tha-tha-na-baing Saydawgyi; Aung Myi Shwebōn Sayadaw; Me-ga-waddy Sayadaw; Hmat-Khaya Sayadaw; Hti-lin Sayadaw; Myadaung Sayadaw; Hla-Htwe Sayadaw; and sixteen others.
Approved on behalf of the Buddhists of Ceylon this 25th day of February, 1891 (A.B. 2434); Mahannwara upawsatha puspārāma vihārādhipati Hippola Dhamma Rakkhita Sobhitābhidhāna Mahā Nāyaka Sthavirayan wahanse wamha.
(Hippola Dhamma Rakkhita Sabhitābhidhana, High Priest of the Malwatta Vihare at Kandy).
(Sd.) HIPPOLA.
Mahanuwara Asgiri vihārādhipati Yatawattē Chandajottyābhidhana Mahā Nāyaka Sthavirayan wahanse wamha—(Yatawattē Chandajottyābhidhana, High Priest of Asgiri Tihare at Kandy).
(Sd.) YATAWATTE
Hikkaduwe Srī Sumangala Sripādasthāne saha Kolamba palate pradhāna Nāyaka Sthavirayo (Hikkaduwe Srī Sumangala, High Priest of Adam's Peak and the District of Colombo).
(Sd.) H. SUMANGALA
Maligawe Prāchina Pustakālāyadhyakshaka Surīyagoda Sonuttara Sthavirayo (Suriyagoda Sonuttara, Librarian of the Oriental Library at the Temple of the Tooth Relic at Kandy).
(Sd.) S. SONUTTARA
Sugata Sāsanadhaja Vinayā chāriya Dhammalankārābhidhāna Nāyaka Sthavira.
(Sd.) W. DHAMMALANKARA
Pawara neruttika chariya Mahā Vibhavi Subhuti of Waskaduwa.
(Sd.) W. SUBHUTI
Accepted as included within the body of Northern Buddhism.
Shaku Genyu (Shingon Shu)Fukuda Nichiyo (Nichiren " )Sanada Seyko (Zen " )Ito Quan Shyu ( " " )Takehana Hakuyo (Jodo " )Kono Rioshin (Ji-Shu " )Kiro Ki-ko (Jodo Seizan " )Harutani Shinsho (Tendai " )Manabe Shun-myo (Shingon " )
Accepted for the Buddhists of Chittagong.
Nagawa Parvata VihāarādhipatiGuna Megu Wini-Lankara,Harbing, Chittagong, Bengal.
The Buddhist Catechism has been compiled from personal studies in Ceylon, and in part from the following works:
Vinaya Texts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Davids and Oldenberg.Buddhist Literature in China. . . . . . Beal.Catena of Buddhist Scriptures. . . . . Do.Buddhaghosa's Parables. . . . . . . . . Rogers.Buddhist Birth Stories. . . . . . . . . Fausboll and Davids.Legend of Gautama. . . . . . . . . . . Bigandet.Chinese Buddhism. . . . . . . . . . . . Edkins.Kalpa Sutra and Nava Patva. . . . . . . Stevenson.Buddha and Early Buddhism. . . . . . . Lillie.Sutta Nipāta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sir Coomara Swami.Nāgananda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Broyd.Kusa Jataka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Steele.Buddhism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rhys-Davids.Dhammapada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fausboll and Max Müller.Romantic History of Buddha. . . . . . . Beal.Udānavarga. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rockhill.Twelve Japanese Buddhist Sects. . . . . B. Nanjio.The Gospel of Buddha. . . . . . . . . . Paul Carus.The Dharma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Do.Ancient India. . . . . . . . . . . . . R. C. Dutt.The "Sacred Books of the East" Series. Max Müller's Edition.Encyclopædia Britannica