[419]Both Col. Feilden and Mr. Trevor-Battye found specimens in Kolguiev.
Both Col. Feilden and Mr. Trevor-Battye found specimens in Kolguiev.
[420]Neue wirbellose Thiere, Leipzig, ii. 1861, p. 11.
Neue wirbellose Thiere, Leipzig, ii. 1861, p. 11.
[421]Kew Bull. Misc. Information, No. 46, 1890.
Kew Bull. Misc. Information, No. 46, 1890.
[422]Rev. Biol. Nord France, i. 1889, p. 197.
Rev. Biol. Nord France, i. 1889, p. 197.
[423]SB. Ges. naturf. Berlin, 1893, p. 19.
SB. Ges. naturf. Berlin, 1893, p. 19.
[424]System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten, Prag, 1884.
System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten, Prag, 1884.
[425]See my text-book of Zoogeography (Cambridge, 1895) for fuller treatment.
See my text-book of Zoogeography (Cambridge, 1895) for fuller treatment.
[426]Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.(6) ix. 1892, p. 12.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.(6) ix. 1892, p. 12.
[427]Darwin,Vegetable Mould and Earthworms, p. 121.
Darwin,Vegetable Mould and Earthworms, p. 121.
[428]"An Attempt to classify Earthworms,"Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxi. 1890, p. 201.
"An Attempt to classify Earthworms,"Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxi. 1890, p. 201.
[429]Oxford, 1895.
Oxford, 1895.
[430]See especially Vejdovsky,Syst. u. Morph. Olig.Prag, 1884.
See especially Vejdovsky,Syst. u. Morph. Olig.Prag, 1884.
[431]Vejdovsky,Monographie der Enchytraeiden, Prag, 1879. Michaelsen, "Synopsis der Enchytraiden,"Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xi. 1889, p. 1.
Vejdovsky,Monographie der Enchytraeiden, Prag, 1879. Michaelsen, "Synopsis der Enchytraiden,"Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xi. 1889, p. 1.
[432]J. P. Moore, "The Anatomy ofBdellodrilus,"J. Morphol.x. 1895, p. 497.
J. P. Moore, "The Anatomy ofBdellodrilus,"J. Morphol.x. 1895, p. 497.
[433]Beddard,Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.xxxv. 1890, p. 629, and xxxvi. 1892, p. 1.
Beddard,Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.xxxv. 1890, p. 629, and xxxvi. 1892, p. 1.
[434]A. G. Bourne, "On the Naidiform Oligochaeta,"Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxii. 1891, p. 335.
A. G. Bourne, "On the Naidiform Oligochaeta,"Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxii. 1891, p. 335.
[435]F. E. Beddard,Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.xxxvi. 1892, p. 273.
F. E. Beddard,Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.xxxvi. 1892, p. 273.
[436]Vejdovsky,System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten, Prag, 1884.
Vejdovsky,System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten, Prag, 1884.
[437]"Anatomical Notes onSutroa,"Zoe.ii. 1892, p. 321.
"Anatomical Notes onSutroa,"Zoe.ii. 1892, p. 321.
[438]"Pacific Coast Oligochaeta,"Mem. California Acad. Sci.vol. ii.
"Pacific Coast Oligochaeta,"Mem. California Acad. Sci.vol. ii.
[439]Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxvi. 1894, p. 307.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxvi. 1894, p. 307.
[440]See Spencer,Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict.v. 1893, and Fletcher,P. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.1886-1888, for Australian forms; Rosa,Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, vi. 1886, x. 1890, and xii. 1892, for Oriental species, etc.
See Spencer,Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict.v. 1893, and Fletcher,P. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.1886-1888, for Australian forms; Rosa,Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, vi. 1886, x. 1890, and xii. 1892, for Oriental species, etc.
[441]See Fletcher and Spencer, already quoted, for Australian species.
See Fletcher and Spencer, already quoted, for Australian species.
[442]Eisen, "Anat. Studies onOcnerodrilus,"Proc. Calif. Acad.(2) iii. 1892, p. 228.
Eisen, "Anat. Studies onOcnerodrilus,"Proc. Calif. Acad.(2) iii. 1892, p. 228.
[443]Beddard,Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.(6) x. 1892, p. 74.
Beddard,Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.(6) x. 1892, p. 74.
[444]Beddard,P. Z. S.1885 and 1895, for Antarctic Acanthodrilids; Michaelsen, inJahrb. Hamburg. Anst.1888-95, forBenhamia.
Beddard,P. Z. S.1885 and 1895, for Antarctic Acanthodrilids; Michaelsen, inJahrb. Hamburg. Anst.1888-95, forBenhamia.
[445]For a general account of the Eudrilidae, see my Monograph of the Order Oligochaeta, Oxford, 1895.
For a general account of the Eudrilidae, see my Monograph of the Order Oligochaeta, Oxford, 1895.
[446]Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, viii. 1872, p. 5.
Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, viii. 1872, p. 5.
[447]The scattered literature of this family is due to Benham, Michaelsen, Perrier, Rosa, and others.
The scattered literature of this family is due to Benham, Michaelsen, Perrier, Rosa, and others.
[448]Rosa, "Revisione dei Lumbricidae,"Mem. Acc. Torino(2), xliii. 1893, p. 399; also the Rev. H. Friend's numerous and useful papers, and especially "A New Species of Earthworms,"Proc. Roy. Irish Ac.(3) ii. 1891-93, p. 402; and "The Earthworms of Ireland,"Irish Nat.v. 1896, p. 69, etc.
Rosa, "Revisione dei Lumbricidae,"Mem. Acc. Torino(2), xliii. 1893, p. 399; also the Rev. H. Friend's numerous and useful papers, and especially "A New Species of Earthworms,"Proc. Roy. Irish Ac.(3) ii. 1891-93, p. 402; and "The Earthworms of Ireland,"Irish Nat.v. 1896, p. 69, etc.
[449]In the tables the figures refer to the segments of the body. Opposite the name of each species are two sets of lines; the upper series indicate the segments occupied by the clitellum; the lower series those occupied by the tubercula pubertatis. The dots indicate the occasional extension of the clitellum or of the tubercula.
In the tables the figures refer to the segments of the body. Opposite the name of each species are two sets of lines; the upper series indicate the segments occupied by the clitellum; the lower series those occupied by the tubercula pubertatis. The dots indicate the occasional extension of the clitellum or of the tubercula.
[450]"Annelés," vol. iii. 1889-90, p. 477, in theSuites à Buffon.
"Annelés," vol. iii. 1889-90, p. 477, in theSuites à Buffon.
[451]See v. Kennel,Zool. Jahrb.ii. 1887, p. 37.
See v. Kennel,Zool. Jahrb.ii. 1887, p. 37.
[452]Nouvelle Monographie des Sangsues médicinales.Paris, 1857.
Nouvelle Monographie des Sangsues médicinales.Paris, 1857.
[453]Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxvi. 1886, p. 317.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxvi. 1886, p. 317.
[454]See Grube, "Annulaten" of Middendorff'sSibirische Reise, Zoology, 1851, p. 20; and Kowalevsky,Bull. Ac. St. Petersb.v. June 1896.
See Grube, "Annulaten" of Middendorff'sSibirische Reise, Zoology, 1851, p. 20; and Kowalevsky,Bull. Ac. St. Petersb.v. June 1896.
[455]See ref. on p.395.
See ref. on p.395.
[456]Asajiro Oka,Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.lviii. 1894, p. 79.
Asajiro Oka,Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.lviii. 1894, p. 79.
[457]See Bürger, quoted on p.403.
See Bürger, quoted on p.403.
[458]Loc. cit.
Loc. cit.
[459]Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxiv. 1884, p. 419; see alsoibid.xxxiv. 1893, p. 545, which is mainly a criticism of Bolsius' additions to the very considerable literature upon the Leech nephridium.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxiv. 1884, p. 419; see alsoibid.xxxiv. 1893, p. 545, which is mainly a criticism of Bolsius' additions to the very considerable literature upon the Leech nephridium.
[460]"Spermatophores as a Means of Hypodermic Impregnation,"J. Morphol.iv. 1891, p. 361.
"Spermatophores as a Means of Hypodermic Impregnation,"J. Morphol.iv. 1891, p. 361.
[461]Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.lviii. 1894, p. 440; andZool. Jahrb. Anat.iv. 1891, p. 697.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.lviii. 1894, p. 440; andZool. Jahrb. Anat.iv. 1891, p. 697.
[462]"Annelés," vol. iii. 1889-90, p. 493, in theSuites à Buffon.
"Annelés," vol. iii. 1889-90, p. 493, in theSuites à Buffon.
[463]Whitman quotes with regretful approval (Proc. Americ. Acad.xx. 1884-85, p. 76) Sir J. Dalyell's remark, "It does not appear that the history of the leech has advanced in proportion to the number ofliteratiwho have rendered it the subject of discussion," and adds on his own account the following severe indictment of his predecessors: "As a considerable share of the work done in this direction is purely systematic, it is somewhat surprising that not a single description of any Hirudo has been given with sufficient accuracy and completeness for a close comparison of even its more important external characters with those of other species."
Whitman quotes with regretful approval (Proc. Americ. Acad.xx. 1884-85, p. 76) Sir J. Dalyell's remark, "It does not appear that the history of the leech has advanced in proportion to the number ofliteratiwho have rendered it the subject of discussion," and adds on his own account the following severe indictment of his predecessors: "As a considerable share of the work done in this direction is purely systematic, it is somewhat surprising that not a single description of any Hirudo has been given with sufficient accuracy and completeness for a close comparison of even its more important external characters with those of other species."
[464]"Hirudinées de l'Italie," etc.,Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, vol. ix. 1894, No. 192. See also Apathy, "Süsswasser-Hirudineen,"Zool. Jahrb. Syst.iii. 1888, p. 725.
"Hirudinées de l'Italie," etc.,Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, vol. ix. 1894, No. 192. See also Apathy, "Süsswasser-Hirudineen,"Zool. Jahrb. Syst.iii. 1888, p. 725.
[465]Zeitschr. f. die gesammt. Naturwiss.vi. 1872, p. 422.
Zeitschr. f. die gesammt. Naturwiss.vi. 1872, p. 422.
[466]But Pennant in hisBritish Zoologyhas referred to a leech which is even larger. Upon the huge Basking shark (Selache) the fishermen sometimes observe a leech, which invariably drops off when the fish is brought to the surface, "of a reddish colour and about 2 feet in length"; this may be aPontobdella.
But Pennant in hisBritish Zoologyhas referred to a leech which is even larger. Upon the huge Basking shark (Selache) the fishermen sometimes observe a leech, which invariably drops off when the fish is brought to the surface, "of a reddish colour and about 2 feet in length"; this may be aPontobdella.
[467]Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.(6) xii. 1893, p. 75.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.(6) xii. 1893, p. 75.
[468]Memorie sulla Storia e Notomia degli Animali senza Vertebre, 1823.
Memorie sulla Storia e Notomia degli Animali senza Vertebre, 1823.
[469]Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, vol. iii. 1816, p. 76.
Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, vol. iii. 1816, p. 76.
[470]Le Règne Animal, 2nd ed. 1830.
Le Règne Animal, 2nd ed. 1830.
[471]γέφῦρα= a bridge,Ann. Sci. Nat.(3), vol. vii. 1847, p. 340.
γέφῦρα= a bridge,Ann. Sci. Nat.(3), vol. vii. 1847, p. 340.
[472]Fischer,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, Bd. xiii. 1895, p. 1.
Fischer,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, Bd. xiii. 1895, p. 1.
[473]Cuénot,Arch. Zool. exp.(2) ix. 1891, p. 593.
Cuénot,Arch. Zool. exp.(2) ix. 1891, p. 593.
[474]Bull. Mus. Harvard, vol. xxi. 1891, p. 143.
Bull. Mus. Harvard, vol. xxi. 1891, p. 143.
[475]Shipley,Quart. J. Micr. Sci.vol. xxxi. 1890, p. 1.
Shipley,Quart. J. Micr. Sci.vol. xxxi. 1890, p. 1.
[476]Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ.vol. iv. 1887-90, p. 389.
Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ.vol. iv. 1887-90, p. 389.
[477]Conn,Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ.vol. iii. 1884-87, p. 351.
Conn,Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ.vol. iii. 1884-87, p. 351.
[478]Arb. Instit. Wien, Bd. v. 1884, p. 61.
Arb. Instit. Wien, Bd. v. 1884, p. 61.
[479]Shipley,Quart. J. Micr. Sci.vol. xxxii. 1891, p. 111.
Shipley,Quart. J. Micr. Sci.vol. xxxii. 1891, p. 111.
[480]Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin.xviii. 1892, p. 17.
Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin.xviii. 1892, p. 17.
[481]Selenka,Die Sipunculiden. Semper'sReisen im Archipel d. Philippinen, vol. iv. 1883.
Selenka,Die Sipunculiden. Semper'sReisen im Archipel d. Philippinen, vol. iv. 1883.
[482]Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ.vol. iv. 1887-90, p. 389.
Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ.vol. iv. 1887-90, p. 389.
[483]Selenka,Challenger Reports, vol. xiii. 1885.
Selenka,Challenger Reports, vol. xiii. 1885.
[484]Ann. Sci. nat.(7) vol. xx. 1895, p. 1.
Ann. Sci. nat.(7) vol. xx. 1895, p. 1.
[485]Zool. Anz.ix. 1886, p. 574.
Zool. Anz.ix. 1886, p. 574.
[486]This is not true of all species.
This is not true of all species.
[487]Acta Ac. German, Halle, xli. Part II. No. 1, 1879.
Acta Ac. German, Halle, xli. Part II. No. 1, 1879.
[488]Recueil Zool. Suisse, iii. 1886, p. 313.
Recueil Zool. Suisse, iii. 1886, p. 313.
[489]Videp.335.
Videp.335.
[490]P. Phys. Soc. Edinb.vol. i. 1856, p. 165; andEdinb. New Phil. Journ.vol. iv. (n.s.) 1856, p. 313;Ann. Sci. Nat.4th ser. vol. xi. 1859, p. 150; and F. D. Dyster,Tr. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xxii. 1859, p. 251.
P. Phys. Soc. Edinb.vol. i. 1856, p. 165; andEdinb. New Phil. Journ.vol. iv. (n.s.) 1856, p. 313;Ann. Sci. Nat.4th ser. vol. xi. 1859, p. 150; and F. D. Dyster,Tr. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xxii. 1859, p. 251.
[491]Ann. Sci. Nat.4th ser. vol. x. 1858, p. 11.
Ann. Sci. Nat.4th ser. vol. x. 1858, p. 11.
[492]"Beiträge zur Anatomie der Phoronis,"Inaug. Dissert. Prag.1889, andZeitschr. wiss. Zool.vol. li. 1891, p. 480.
"Beiträge zur Anatomie der Phoronis,"Inaug. Dissert. Prag.1889, andZeitschr. wiss. Zool.vol. li. 1891, p. 480.
[493]P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1st ser. vol. vii. 1883, p. 606; and 2nd ser. vol. vii. 1893, p. 340.
P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1st ser. vol. vii. 1883, p. 606; and 2nd ser. vol. vii. 1893, p. 340.
[494]Quart. J. Micr. Sci.vol. xxx. 1890, p. 125.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci.vol. xxx. 1890, p. 125.
[495]Challenger Reports, vol. xxvii. 1888; andProc. Roy. Soc. Edinb.vol. xi. 1882, p. 211.
Challenger Reports, vol. xxvii. 1888; andProc. Roy. Soc. Edinb.vol. xi. 1882, p. 211.
[496]Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. xxxiv. 1883, p. 371.
Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. xxxiv. 1883, p. 371.
[497]Zapiski Acad. St. Petersb.vol. xi. No. 1, 1867 (Russian). Abstract inArch. Naturg.Jahrg. xxxiii. 1867, Bd. ii. p. 235.
Zapiski Acad. St. Petersb.vol. xi. No. 1, 1867 (Russian). Abstract inArch. Naturg.Jahrg. xxxiii. 1867, Bd. ii. p. 235.
[498]Caldwell,loc. cit.Foettinger,Arch. Biol.vol. iii. 1882, p. 679; Gegenbaur,Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.vol. v. 1854, p. 345; Krohn,Arch. Anat.Jahrgang 1858, p. 289; Metschnikoff,Nachricht. k. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, No. 12, 1869, p. 227, andZeitschr. wiss. Zool.vol. xxi. 1871, p. 233; J. Müller,Arch. Anat.Jahrgang 1846, p. 101; Schneider,Monatsber. Ak. wiss. Berlin, 1861, p. 934, andArch. Anat.Jahrgang 1862, p. 47; Wagener,Arch. Anat.Jahrgang 1847, p. 202; Wilson,Amer. Natural.vol. xiv. 1880.
Caldwell,loc. cit.Foettinger,Arch. Biol.vol. iii. 1882, p. 679; Gegenbaur,Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.vol. v. 1854, p. 345; Krohn,Arch. Anat.Jahrgang 1858, p. 289; Metschnikoff,Nachricht. k. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, No. 12, 1869, p. 227, andZeitschr. wiss. Zool.vol. xxi. 1871, p. 233; J. Müller,Arch. Anat.Jahrgang 1846, p. 101; Schneider,Monatsber. Ak. wiss. Berlin, 1861, p. 934, andArch. Anat.Jahrgang 1862, p. 47; Wagener,Arch. Anat.Jahrgang 1847, p. 202; Wilson,Amer. Natural.vol. xiv. 1880.
[499]Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb.vol. xxi. 1896, p. 59; andZool. Anz.xix. 1896, p. 266.
Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb.vol. xxi. 1896, p. 59; andZool. Anz.xix. 1896, p. 266.
[500]The account given in the following pages has been deliberately restricted, for the most part, to British species. Our own fauna contains an assemblage of Polyzoa which is so representative that it has seemed better to do some justice to the British forms than to attempt to cover the whole ground in the limited number of pages devoted to this group. Those who desire to make a wider study of the subject should refer, for marine forms, to Busk'sCatalogue of MarinePolyzoa in the Collection of the British Museum, Parts I.-III. 1852, 1854, 1875; to theChallengerReports on Polyzoa, Parts 30 (1884), 50 (1886), and 79 (1888); for references and lists of species, to Vine'sReport on Recent Marine Polyzoa, Cheilostomata and Cyclostomata(Report, 55th meeting Brit. Ass. Aberdeen, 1885, pp. 481-680); [and to Nickles and Bassler,Synopsis Amer. Foss. Bryozoa incl. Bibliography(Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 173, 1900)]. References to the literature of the fresh-water forms will be found below, in Chap. XVIII.
The account given in the following pages has been deliberately restricted, for the most part, to British species. Our own fauna contains an assemblage of Polyzoa which is so representative that it has seemed better to do some justice to the British forms than to attempt to cover the whole ground in the limited number of pages devoted to this group. Those who desire to make a wider study of the subject should refer, for marine forms, to Busk'sCatalogue of MarinePolyzoa in the Collection of the British Museum, Parts I.-III. 1852, 1854, 1875; to theChallengerReports on Polyzoa, Parts 30 (1884), 50 (1886), and 79 (1888); for references and lists of species, to Vine'sReport on Recent Marine Polyzoa, Cheilostomata and Cyclostomata(Report, 55th meeting Brit. Ass. Aberdeen, 1885, pp. 481-680); [and to Nickles and Bassler,Synopsis Amer. Foss. Bryozoa incl. Bibliography(Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 173, 1900)]. References to the literature of the fresh-water forms will be found below, in Chap. XVIII.
[501]Hooker, quoted by Landsborough,Hist. Brit. Zoophytes, 1852, p. 346.
Hooker, quoted by Landsborough,Hist. Brit. Zoophytes, 1852, p. 346.
[502]Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, ii. 1848, p. 15.
Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, ii. 1848, p. 15.
[503]Arch. Zool. Exp.2 sér. x. 1892.
Arch. Zool. Exp.2 sér. x. 1892.
[504]Kraepelin,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. ix. p. 19;κάμπτειν, to bend;δέρμα, skin.
Kraepelin,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. ix. p. 19;κάμπτειν, to bend;δέρμα, skin.
[505]Parts of the ectocyst of some calcareous forms are covered by an external investment of cells, which give rise to secondary thickenings, ridges, and other growths.
Parts of the ectocyst of some calcareous forms are covered by an external investment of cells, which give rise to secondary thickenings, ridges, and other growths.
[506]From theQuart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxiii. 1892.
From theQuart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxiii. 1892.
[507]Ibid.p. 123.
Ibid.p. 123.
[508]Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxiii. 1892, p. 147. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory, and the results may not be perfectly normal with regard to the time occupied.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxiii. 1892, p. 147. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory, and the results may not be perfectly normal with regard to the time occupied.
[509]See also Joliet,Arch. Zool. Exp.vi. 1877, p. 202, and explanation of plate viii. for another series of observations.
See also Joliet,Arch. Zool. Exp.vi. 1877, p. 202, and explanation of plate viii. for another series of observations.
[510]See especially G. J. Allman,Monograph of the Fresh-water Polyzoa, Ray Society, 1856, p. 41; and H. Nitsche,Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xxi. 1871, p. 479.
See especially G. J. Allman,Monograph of the Fresh-water Polyzoa, Ray Society, 1856, p. 41; and H. Nitsche,Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xxi. 1871, p. 479.
[511]Ray Society, 4to, 1856.
Ray Society, 4to, 1856.
[512]Zoological Researches and Illustrations, v. "On Polyzoa." Cork, 1830.
Zoological Researches and Illustrations, v. "On Polyzoa." Cork, 1830.
[513]"Symbolae Physicae," 1831, andAbh. Ak. Berlin, 1832, i. p. 377, etc.
"Symbolae Physicae," 1831, andAbh. Ak. Berlin, 1832, i. p. 377, etc.
[514]T. cit.p. 92.
T. cit.p. 92.
[515]Vol. i. 1880, Introduction, p. cxxxi.
Vol. i. 1880, Introduction, p. cxxxi.
[516]Élémens de Zoologie, 2nd ed.Animaux sans Vertèbres, 1843, pp. 238, 312. Prof. A. Milne-Edwards has kindly written to me, informing me that he believes this to have been the first occasion on which the term was thus used.
Élémens de Zoologie, 2nd ed.Animaux sans Vertèbres, 1843, pp. 238, 312. Prof. A. Milne-Edwards has kindly written to me, informing me that he believes this to have been the first occasion on which the term was thus used.
[517]Phil. Trans.vol. cxliii, 1853, p. 62.
Phil. Trans.vol. cxliii, 1853, p. 62.
[518]Nitsche,Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xx. 1870, p. 34.
Nitsche,Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xx. 1870, p. 34.
[519]πρωκτός, anus;ἐντός, within;ἐκτός, without.
πρωκτός, anus;ἐντός, within;ἐκτός, without.
[520]λοφός, crest or tuft.
λοφός, crest or tuft.
[521]γυμνός, naked;λαιμός, throat.
γυμνός, naked;λαιμός, throat.
[522]φυλάσσω, I guard.
φυλάσσω, I guard.
[523]κύκλος, circle;στόμα, mouth.
κύκλος, circle;στόμα, mouth.
[524]χεῖλος, lip.
χεῖλος, lip.
[525]κτείς,κτενός, comb.
κτείς,κτενός, comb.
[526]Miss E. C. Jelly,Synonymic Cat. Recent Marine Bryozoa, London, 1889.
Miss E. C. Jelly,Synonymic Cat. Recent Marine Bryozoa, London, 1889.
[527]Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xxi. 1871, p. 421.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xxi. 1871, p. 421.
[528]Fischer,Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, ii. 1866, p. 293.
Fischer,Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, ii. 1866, p. 293.
[529]Ehlers,Abh. Ges. Göttingen, xxi. 1876, p. 3, and Joyeux-Laffuie, (asDelagia)Arch. Zool. Exp.2 sér. vi. 1888, p. 135.
Ehlers,Abh. Ges. Göttingen, xxi. 1876, p. 3, and Joyeux-Laffuie, (asDelagia)Arch. Zool. Exp.2 sér. vi. 1888, p. 135.
[530]Busk, "Challenger" Reports, Parts 30 and 50.
Busk, "Challenger" Reports, Parts 30 and 50.
[531]Hincks,Brit. Marine Polyzoa, Introduction, p. cxxxv.
Hincks,Brit. Marine Polyzoa, Introduction, p. cxxxv.
[532]Hincks,Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. 558.
Hincks,Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. 558.
[533]See Hincks,Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. lxiv.; and Busk,Cat. of Marine Polyzoa in the British Museum, part ii. 1854, p. 103.
See Hincks,Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. lxiv.; and Busk,Cat. of Marine Polyzoa in the British Museum, part ii. 1854, p. 103.
[534]J. Linn. Soc.xv. 1881, p. 359.
J. Linn. Soc.xv. 1881, p. 359.
[535]"Challenger" Report, part xxx. 1884, pl. ix.
"Challenger" Report, part xxx. 1884, pl. ix.
[536]Hincks,Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. 58.
Hincks,Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. 58.
[537]Brit. Mus. Cat.part ii. 1854, p. 106; Hincks,t. cit.p. 181 n.
Brit. Mus. Cat.part ii. 1854, p. 106; Hincks,t. cit.p. 181 n.
[538]p.475.
p.475.
[539]BarentsiaHincks (=AscopodariaBusk) differs fromPedicellinain that each stem has a muscular swelling at its base. The genus is represented by two British species,B. gracilisSars andB. nodosaLomas.
BarentsiaHincks (=AscopodariaBusk) differs fromPedicellinain that each stem has a muscular swelling at its base. The genus is represented by two British species,B. gracilisSars andB. nodosaLomas.
[540]Arch. Zool. Exp.2 sér. ix. 1891, p. 91.
Arch. Zool. Exp.2 sér. ix. 1891, p. 91.
[541]For structure, see Davenport,Bull. Mus. Harvard, xxiv. 1893, p. 1.
For structure, see Davenport,Bull. Mus. Harvard, xxiv. 1893, p. 1.
[542]λοξός, oblique;σῶμα, body.
λοξός, oblique;σῶμα, body.
[543]Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxvii. 1887, pl. xxi. Fig. 10.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxvii. 1887, pl. xxi. Fig. 10.
[544]For a recent account of the Entoprocta, see Ehlers, "Zur Kenntniss d. Pedicellineen,"Abh. Ges. Göttingen, xxxvi. 1890, No. iii.[An important account of the structure of marine Ectoprocta is given by Calvet, "Contribution à l'Histoire Naturelle des Bryozoaires Ectoproctes Marins,"Trav. Inst. Zool. Montpellier, N.S., Mém. No. 8, 1900.]
For a recent account of the Entoprocta, see Ehlers, "Zur Kenntniss d. Pedicellineen,"Abh. Ges. Göttingen, xxxvi. 1890, No. iii.
[An important account of the structure of marine Ectoprocta is given by Calvet, "Contribution à l'Histoire Naturelle des Bryozoaires Ectoproctes Marins,"Trav. Inst. Zool. Montpellier, N.S., Mém. No. 8, 1900.]
[545]Kraepelin, K., "Die deutschen Süsswasser-Bryozoen."—Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 95.
Kraepelin, K., "Die deutschen Süsswasser-Bryozoen."—Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 95.
[546]Jullien,Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x. 1885, p. 92.
Jullien,Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x. 1885, p. 92.
[547]Hincks,Brit. Marine Polyzoa, i. p. 132.
Hincks,Brit. Marine Polyzoa, i. p. 132.
[548]T. cit., p. 167.
T. cit., p. 167.
[549]Quoted by Kraepelin,t. cit., p. 83.
Quoted by Kraepelin,t. cit., p. 83.
[550]Kraepelin,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 65.
Kraepelin,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 65.
[551]Zool. Anz., xvi. 1893 (1894), p. 385.
Zool. Anz., xvi. 1893 (1894), p. 385.
[552]Hyatt,Proc. Essex Institute(U.S.A.) (reprint from vols. iv., v. 1866-1868), p. 9.
Hyatt,Proc. Essex Institute(U.S.A.) (reprint from vols. iv., v. 1866-1868), p. 9.
[553]Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, ii. 1848, p. 93.
Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, ii. 1848, p. 93.
[554]Trembley,Mém. Hist. Polypes, 1744; iii.Mém., p. 217. The same processes are described by Baker,Employment for the Microscope, new ed. 1785, p. 311.
Trembley,Mém. Hist. Polypes, 1744; iii.Mém., p. 217. The same processes are described by Baker,Employment for the Microscope, new ed. 1785, p. 311.
[555]Oka,J. Coll. Japan, iv. 1891, p. 90.
Oka,J. Coll. Japan, iv. 1891, p. 90.
[556]Hyatt,t. cit.p. 99.
Hyatt,t. cit.p. 99.
[557]Verworn,Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xlvi. 1888, p. 119.
Verworn,Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xlvi. 1888, p. 119.
[558]Dalyell,t. cit.p. 94.
Dalyell,t. cit.p. 94.
[559]Kraepelin,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 141.
Kraepelin,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 141.
[560]Phil. Trans.1837, p. 396.
Phil. Trans.1837, p. 396.
[561]Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xxi. 1871, p. 426.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xxi. 1871, p. 426.
[562]J. Coll. Japan, iv. 1891, p. 113.
J. Coll. Japan, iv. 1891, p. 113.
[563]Zool. Anz.xii. 1889, p. 508. This paper contains references to M. Jullien's writings on the mechanism of protrusion.
Zool. Anz.xii. 1889, p. 508. This paper contains references to M. Jullien's writings on the mechanism of protrusion.
[564][SeeP. Cambridge Soc.vol. xi. Part 1, 1901.]
[SeeP. Cambridge Soc.vol. xi. Part 1, 1901.]
[565]Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xlvi. 1888, p. 124.
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xlvi. 1888, p. 124.
[566]Kraepelin,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 47; Braem,Bibl. Zool.(Bd. ii.) Heft 6, 1890, pp. 66 f.
Kraepelin,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 47; Braem,Bibl. Zool.(Bd. ii.) Heft 6, 1890, pp. 66 f.
[567]Cf. Kraepelin,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, pp. 154 f.
Cf. Kraepelin,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, pp. 154 f.
[568]T. cit.p. 83.
T. cit.p. 83.
[569]Joliet,Arch. Zool. Exp.vi. 1877, p. 262.
Joliet,Arch. Zool. Exp.vi. 1877, p. 262.
[570]Kraepelin,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 22.
Kraepelin,Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 22.
[571]Harmer,Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxiv. 1893, p. 211.
Harmer,Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxiv. 1893, p. 211.
[572]Arch. Zool. Exp.2 sér. x. 1892, p. 557.
Arch. Zool. Exp.2 sér. x. 1892, p. 557.
[573]Phil. Trans.1837, p. 408.
Phil. Trans.1837, p. 408.
[574]Brit. Marine Polyzoa, Introduction, pp. lxxxvi, xc.
Brit. Marine Polyzoa, Introduction, pp. lxxxvi, xc.
[575]Arch. Zool. Exp.vi. 1877, p. 261.
Arch. Zool. Exp.vi. 1877, p. 261.
[576]Recherches sur l'Embryologie des Bryozoaires, 4to Lille, 1877.
Recherches sur l'Embryologie des Bryozoaires, 4to Lille, 1877.
[577]Prouho,loc.cit.
Prouho,loc.cit.
[578]Arch. Zool. Exp.2 ser. v. 1887, p. 446.
Arch. Zool. Exp.2 ser. v. 1887, p. 446.
[579]Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxiv. 1893, p. 199; xxxix. part i. 1896, p. 71.
Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxiv. 1893, p. 199; xxxix. part i. 1896, p. 71.
[580]Jullien,Mém. Soc. Zool. France, iii. 1890, p. 381.
Jullien,Mém. Soc. Zool. France, iii. 1890, p. 381.