[1]The degeneration of the hind-limb in Whales and Sirenia forbids the use of this character as a distinctive one on the principles advocated by the selection of the above list. But it would be absurd to leave out hair.[2]"Über die Haare der Säugethiere,"Morph. Jahrb.xxi. 1894, p. 312.[3]"Bemerkungen über den Ursprung der Haare,"Anat. Anz.1893, p. 413.[4]See for this matter, p.90. Dr. Bonavia has recently advanced (Studies in Evolution, London, 1895) the somewhat fantastic view that the pigment-patches of Carnivorous and other mammals are a reminiscence of an earlier scaly condition. There is no direct evidence that the primitive mammals were scaly, nor are the Monotremata or Marsupials furnished with any more traces of such a condition than are other mammals; and they are the most lowly organised of existing Mammalia.[5]Proc. Zool. Soc.1887, p. 527.[6]"Über Marsupialrudimente bei Placentaliern,"Morph. Jahrb.xx. 1893, p. 276.[7]See Haacke, "On the Marsupial Ovum, the Mammary Pouch, etc., of the Echidna,"Proc. Roy. Soc.1885, p. 72; and "Über die Entstehung der Säugetiere,"Biol. Centralbl.viii. 1889, p. 8.[8]See Gegenbaur'sElements of Comp. Anat.Transl. by Bell, 1878, p. 421.[9]"Über die Beziehungen zwischen Mammartasche u. Marsupium,"Morph. Jahrb.xvii. 1891, p. 483.[10]Catalogue of Marsupials in British Museum, 1886.[11]Its independence from the epistropheus is emphasised in Monotremes and some Marsupials by its late fusion with that vertebra.[12]Intercentra are but rarely met with anterior to the caudal series. Mr. Parsons has, however, recorded their occurrence in the lumbar vertebrae ofAtherura.[13]Tufts College Studies, No. 6, 1900.[14]Cf. the ArmadilloPeltephilus, p. 186.[15]Gegenbaur,Vergl. Anat. Wirbelth.Leipzig, 1898, p. 404.[16]Ehler'sZool. Miscellen, i. 1894.[17]Proc. Zool. Soc.1865, p. 567.[18]Vergl. Anat. der Wirbelth.Leipzig, 1898, p. 497.[19]To this category are perhaps to be referred cartilaginous pieces occurring in the Rabbit,MusandSorex(see Fig. 29 above).[20]"On the Coracoid of the Terrestrial Vertebrates,"P.Z.S.1893, p. 585.[21]Horny matter is apt to be formed upon extremities; instances which are well known are the "claws" upon the tail of the Lion and Leopard and the KangarooOnychogale. For an account of the first seeProc. Zool. Soc.1832, p. 146.[22]Cf. Tomes,A Manual of Dental Anatomy, 5th ed. London, 1898.[23]Materials for the Study of Variation, London, 1894.[24]Morph. Jahrb.xix. 1892, p. 502.[25]It would be of the greatest interest in relation to this and many other problems to ascertain the precise meaning of the monophyodont dentition ofOrnithorhynchus.[26]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 922.[27]Mr. M. Woodward, however (P.Z.S.1893, p. 467), is disposed to think that in some Macropodidae at any rate the supposed tooth of the second set really belongs to the milk dentition, arising late between Pm_{3} and Pm_{4}.[28]See for a summary, Osborn,American Nat.Dec. 1897, p. 993.[29]e.g.the "protoloph," "metaloph," etc. (see Fig. 36, p.51), of the modern Ungulate form of tooth.[30]"On the Primitive Type of the Plexodont Molars of Mammals,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 555.[31]Jen. Zeitschr.ii. 1866, p. 365.[32]Proc. Zool. Soc.1883, p. 8.[33]Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 715.[34]Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 136.[35]Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.xxiv. 1884, p. 9.[36]S.B. Jen. Gesells.1885, p. 1.[37]Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin.viii. 1885, p. 354.[38]Phil. Trans.clxxviii. 1887, p. 463.[39]Robinson,Studies Biol. Lab. Owens Coll.ii. 1890, p. 35.[40]Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1900, p. 667.[41]Wallace,The Geographical Distribution of Animals, 1876. Heilprin,The Distribution of Animals, Internat. Scientific Series, 1887. Beddard,A Text-book of Zoogeography, Cambridge Natural Science Manuals, 1895. Lydekker,Geographical History of Mammals, Cambridge Geographical Series, 1896. W. L. and P. L. Sclater,The Geography of Mammals, Kegan Paul and Co. 1899.[42]This term is sometimes used in a wider sense; cf. vol. viii. p. 74.[43]A series of papers in thePhil. Trans.for 1888-96, of which a useful abstract by Professor Osborn was published in theAmerican Naturalist, 1898, p. 309; see alsoCambr. Nat. Hist.viii. 1901, p. 303.[44]Cf. vol. viii. p. 82.[45]It may be necessary to exclude the Whales from the comparison.[46]Dental Anatomy, 5th ed. 1898, p. 304.[47]"On the Fossil Mammalia from the Stonesfield Slate,"Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.xxxv. 1894, p. 407.[48]This groove has been found in the existingMyrmecobius, see p. 154.[49]Trans. New York Acad. Sci.xiii. 1894, p. 234.[50]Gegenbaur,Zur Kenntniss der Mammarorgane der Monotremen, Leipzig, 1886.[51]Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.xxiv. 1884, p. 124.[52]Beddard,Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb.viii. 1885, p. 354.[53]SeePhil. Trans.clxxviii. 1887, where the literature of the subject is fully cited.[54]Muscular insertions and attachments do not, however, altogether support the comparison.[55]Journ. Anat. Phys.1899, p. 309.[56]Proc. Zool. Soc.1864, p. 18.[57]Myrmecophaga aculeatawas the name given by Shaw.[58]Zaglossushas apparently priority as a name; butProechidnais better known.[59]Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 545.[60]Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxix. 1888, p. 353.[61]Proc. Roy. Soc.xlvi. 1889, p. 127. See also Stewart,Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxiii. 1892, p. 229.[62]Proc. Zool. Soc.1880, p. 649.[63]Moreover, the "corpus callosum and the anterior commissure ... in ...ErinaceusandDasypusare almost Monotreme-like."[64]See Wilson and Hill,Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxix. 1899, p. 427.[65]InDendrolagusat any rate. SeeProc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 132.[66]Anat. Anz.i. 1886, p. 338; and see Weber,ibid.ii. 1887, p. 42.[67]Works dealing exclusively with the Marsupials are: Lydekker, in Allen'sNaturalists' Library, 1894; Aflalo,Natural History of Australia, Macmillan and Co. 1896; Waterhouse,Natural History of Mammalia, i. London, 1848; Oldfield Thomas,British Museum Catalogue of Marsupialia and Monotremata, 1888.[68]"The Cerebral Commissures in the Marsupialia and Monotremata,"Journ. Anat. Phys.xxvii. 1893, p. 69.[69]When there are more than two,twoare especially developed. See Figs. 76, 77 (pp. 149, 150).[70]See for a further discussion of this subject the zoogeographical handbooks of Mr. Lydekker and myself, quoted on p.78(footnote).[71]To this may be added Mr. Thomas' observation that the family of American Opossums is "very closely allied to the Dasyuridae, from which, were it not for its isolated geographical position, it would be very doubtfully separable."[72]Except in the South American Diprotodonts.[73]Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 450.[74]Ibid.1876, p. 165.[75]Journal of the Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K.B., P.R.S., edited by Sir Joseph Hooker, London, 1896.[76]Proc. Zool. Soc.1896, p. 683.[77]Proc. Zool. Soc.1875, p. 48.[78]Proc. Zool. Soc.1852, p. 103.[79]Proc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 131.[80]Ibid.1884, p. 387.[81]Ibid.1884, p. 407.[82]Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, i. 1877, p. 34.[83]"On some Points in the Anatomy of the Koala,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1881, p. 180.[84]Thomas, "OnCaenolestes, a still existing survivor of the Epanorthidae of Ameghino, and the representative of a new family of recent Marsupials,"P.Z.S.1895, p. 870.[85]Stirling and Zietz,Mem. Roy. Soc. South Australia, i.; see also a notice inNature, January 18, 1900.[86]Quite recently (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.1898, p. 1) the carnivorous character ofThylacoleohas been reasserted by Mr. Broom.[87]Horn Scientific Expedition, pt. ii.Zoology, 1896, p. 36.[88]Leche found five, and Waterhouse stated eight to be the number.[89]Proc. Zool. Soc.1887, p. 527. See also Leche,Biol. Fören. Förhandl.1891, p. 136, and literature quoted.[90]Traces of horny pads, like those of the Duck-bill, have been asserted to exist in this animal. This is exceedingly interesting when regarded in conjunction with its multituberculate molars.[91]See for an account of this animal, Professor Stirling's Memoir inTrans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, 1891, p. 154, and Gadow,Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 361.[92]The male, according to Professor Spencer, has a rudimentary pouch.[93]Pectoral and abdominal in the ArmadilloTatusia.[94]A rather problematical Armadillo,Necrodasypus, has been recorded from French strata. It consists of a few scutes only.[95]Proc. Zool. Soc.1882, p. 358.[96]Trans. Linn. Soc.(2) vii. 1898, p. 277.[97]i.e.large olfactory lobes.[98]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 1014.[99]See for anatomy Owen,Trans. Zool. Soc.iv. 1862, p. 117, and Forbes,Proc. Zool. Soc.1882, p. 287.[100]For the skull of Edentates generally see Parker,Phil. Trans.clxxvi. 1885, pt. i. p. 121.[101]The colour fades in captivity owing to the disappearance of the algae.[102]In a letter addressed to Dr. Gray, quoted by the latter in a revision of the Sloths,Proc. Zool. Soc.1871, p. 428.[103]This name is written "Prionodos" by Gray, which might lead to a confusion with the CarnivorePrionodon.[104]For the anatomy of several forms, see Garrod,Proc. Zool. Soc.1878, p. 222, who quotes other memoirs.[105]Flower,Proc. Zool. Soc.1886, p. 419.[106]Milne-Edwards,Nouv. Arch. Mus.vii. 1871, p. 177.[107]See especially Lydekker,An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Arg.iii. 1894.[108]Dr. Moreno and Mr. A. Smith Woodward inProc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 144;Wiss. Ergeb. Schwed. Exped. Magellansländ.ii. 1899, p. 149.[109]Proc. Roy. Soc.xlvii. 1890, p. 246.[110]Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 239, and 1896, p. 296.[111]"Revision of the Manidae in the Leyden Museum,"Notes Leyd. Mus.iv. 1882, p. 193.[112]Weber,Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederl. Ost Indien, 1892. See also Römer, inJen. Zeitschr.xxxi. 1896, p. 604, and Reh,ibid.xxx. 1895, p. 137.[113]See Wortman, "The Ganodonta and their Relationship to the Edentata,"Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.ix. 1897, p. 59.[114]This creature is, however, sometimes referred to the neighbourhood of the Rodents.[115]Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.ix. 1897, p. 321.[116]"Notes on some Specimens of Antlers of the Fallow Deer, etc.,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 485.[117]Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.x. 1898, p. 159.[118]Marsh,Amer. Journ. Sci.xliii. 1892, p. 447.[119]See W. D. Matthew,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.ix. 1897, p. 303.[120]Or perhaps rather to the primitive Ungulates Condylarthra. It is especially compared withPeriptychusof that group.[121]The scapula ofP. bathmodonis unknown.[122]For the structure of this genus and ofCoryphodon, see Osborn,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.x. 1898, p. 169.[123]Osborn,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.x. 1898, p. 81.[124]Gadow,A Classification of Vertebrata, Recent and Extinct, London, 1898.[125]See Osborn,American Naturalist, February 1893, p. 118.[126]It is not absolutely clear whether both or only one genus ranged into America. Different opinions have been expressed.[127]It must be remembered, however, that there is a suggestion of a prehensile character in the hand ofPhenacodus(see p.203).[128]Cope,American Naturalist, xxxi. 1897, p. 485.[129]American Nat.February 1900, p. 89.[130]It must be borne in mind that the teeth increase in complexity, those first pushed up having the fewest plates. The first has only four transverse plates.[131]Forbes,Proc. Zool. Soc.1879, p. 420.[132]See Krueg,Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xxxiii. 1881, p. 652, and Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 311.[133]So convinced are some persons of the untameable character of the African Elephant, that it has even been suggested that the animals with which Hannibal crossed the Alps were notE. africanus, but a now extinct species![134]Wild Beasts and their Ways, London, 1890.[135]SeeNatural History of the Ancients, by Rev. M. G. Watkins, London, 1896.[136]Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Acclimat.xlv. 1898, p. 41.[137]Trans. Zool. Soc.ix. 1874, p. 1.[138]See Busk inTrans. Zool. Soc.vi. 1868, p. 227.[139]There are, however, three milk forerunners of the premolars, of which one has no successor.[140]Lydekker,An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Arg.iii. 1894.[141]M. F. Woodward "On the Milk Dentition ofProcavia (Hyrax) capensis, etc,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 38.[142]"On the Species of the Hyracoidea,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 50.[143]Sir W. H. Flower,The Horse, London, 1890.[144]See Ewart,The Penicuik Experiments, Constable and Co., 1899.[145]The Horse, London, 1890.[146]Cuyer and Alix,Le Cheval, Paris, 1886.[147]Lubbock,Prehistoric Times, London, 1865.[148]J. Geikie,Prehistoric Europe, London, 1881.[149]Horses, Asses, and Zebras, London, 1895.[150]Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 540.[151]Proc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 688.[152]See Pocock,Ann. Nat. Hist.(6) xx. 1897, p. 33.[153]"Das Quagga,"Zool. Garten, 1893, p. 289.[154]Of this Horse, remains have been lately discovered (see Lönnberg,Proc. Zool. Soc.1900, p. 379) in the cave which produced the remains ofGlossotherium. A piece of skin covered with Fox-red hair, possibly spotted with paler areas, is believed to be a relic ofOnohippidium.[155]Trans. American Phil. Soc.xviii. 1896, p. 55.[156]T. leucogenysandT. ecuadorensisare probably not distinct, the latter being in realityT. terrestris, the formerT. roulini.[157]See Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1889, p. 252, and other papers there cited, for the anatomy of the Tapir.[158]Natural Science, vi. 1895, p. 161.[159]Garrod,Proc. Zool. Soc.1873, p. 92;ibid.1877, p. 707. Beddard and Treves,Trans. Zool. Soc.xii. 1887, p. 183.[160]Proc. Zool. Soc.1876, p. 443.[161]Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 329. See also Mr. Selous' paper inProc. Zool. Soc.1881, p. 275.[162]P. L. Sclater,Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 514.[163]Quite recently, however, a species,A. incisivum, preserved at Darmstadt, has been found by Professor Osborn to possess a slight rugosity upon the frontal bones, which probably indicates the presence of a rudimentary horn, and the same author is apparently inclined to place inAceratheriumthe hornedTeleoceras(see p.261).[164]Osborn,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.x. 1898, p. 51.[165]See Osborn,Mem. American Mus. Nat. Hist.vol. i. pt. iii. 1898.[166]Scott, in Gegenbaur'sFestschrift, ii. 1896, p. 351.[167]Remains of the genus have been met with in the Balkans.[168]See especially Osborn and Wortman,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vii. 1895, p. 333, and Osborn,ibid.viii. 1896, p. 157.[169]See Osborn,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vii. 1895, p. 82.[170]N. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Car.xxvii. 1885, p. 238.[171]See Bateson,Materials for the Study of Variation, London, 1894, p. 387.[172]See, however, p.196, for a discussion as to whichisthe more primitive arrangement.[173]Titanotherium(see p.266) is exceptional.[174]Bones ofHippopotamus, however, indicate the very recent occurrence of that animal in Madagascar.[175]"On the Pygmy Hippopotamus of Liberia,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1887, p. 612.[176]Tomes,Proc. Zool. Soc.1850, p. 160.[177]There is, however, some doubt about the first premolars.[178]Dr. Garson has investigated its anatomy,Proc. Zool. Soc.1883, p. 413, and states that its differences fromSusare "unimportant and few."[179]"On the Species ofPotamochoerus,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1897, p. 359.[180]Marsh,Amer. Journ. Sci.xlvii. 1894, p. 407.[181]Osborn,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vii. 1895, p. 102.[182]Marsh,Amer. Journ. Sci.xlviii. 1894, p. 262.[183]For the structure ofTragulus, see Milne-Edwards,Ann. Sci. Nat.(5) ii. 1864, p. 49.[184]Marsh,Amer. Journ. Sci.1897, p. 165.[185]This is the winter dress. In the summer both camels lose their long rough hair.[186]See Wortman,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.x. 1898, p. 93.[187]"Osteology ofPoebrotherium,"Journ. Morph.v. 1891, p. 1.[188]UnlessProtoceras(see p.284) was furnished with horns.[189]Sir Victor Brooke, "On the Classification of the Cervidae,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1878, p. 883.[190]It has been occasionally recorded in an Axis Deer, and in another species,Cariacus superciliaris.[191]It is not every one that admits so many genera. I follow Sir Victor Brooke.[192]Garrod, "On the Chinese Deer namedLophotragus michianusby Mr. Swinhoe,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1876, p. 757.[193]Proc. Zool. Soc.1877, p. 789.[194]Proc. Zool. Soc.1882, p. 636.[195]Sir W. Flower "On the Structure and Affinities of the Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus),"Proc. Zool. Soc.1875, p. 159; Garrod,loc. cit.1877, p. 287; and F. Jeffrey Bell,Proc. Zool. Soc.1876, p. 182.[196]For the viscera, see Garrod,Proc. Zool. Soc.1877, p. 5, etc.; andibid.p. 289, etc.[197]Proc. Zool. Soc.1897, p. 273.[198]Wild Beasts and their Ways, 1890, p. 151.[199]See also Sclater,Proc. Zool. Soc., 1901, ii. p. 3.[200]Forsyth Major.Proc. Zool. Soc.1891, p. 315.[201]"On the Shedding of the Horns in the Prongbuck," see Bartlett,Proc. Zool. Soc.1865, p. 718; Canfield,ibid.1866, p. 105; Murie,ibid.1870, p. 334; and Forbes,ibid.1880, p. 540.[202]The distinction between the two families has been called "fanciful." It may be admitted that it is not great.[203]The Book of Antelopes, London, Porter, 1894-1900.[204]They are straight in the young.[205]W. L. Sclater,The Fauna of South Africa, Mammals, i.1900.[206]Taurotragus oryxhas unfortunately been discovered to be the correct name for the Eland.[207]A. D. Bartlett, "On some Hybrid Bovine Animals bred in the Society's Gardens,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 399.[208]SeeProc. Zool. Soc.1890, p. 592.[209]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p 64.[210]Proc. Zool. Soc.1900, p. 142.[211]The nameTrigonolesteshas to be substituted forPantolestes.[212]Trans. American Phil. Soc.xviii. 1896, p. 125.[213]For complete osteology see Wortman,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vii. 1895, p. 145.[214]InHalicore; probably also inManatus. See Turner,Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb.xxxv. 1889, p. 641.[215]Kükenthal has discovered a thick coating of rudimentary hairs in the foetus of the Manatee, thus showing that it is the descendant of an animal furry like a Seal.[216]"On the Manatee," inTrans. Zool. Soc.vol. viii. 1872, p. 127.[217]Hartlaub, "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Manatus-Arten,"Zool. Jahrb.1886, p. 1.[218]Beddard, "Notes upon the Anatomy of a Manatee (Manatus inunguis),"Proc. Zool. Soc.1897, p. 47.[219]See Kükenthal in Semon's "Zoolog. Forschungen,"Denkschr. Jen.1897; Langkavel, "Der Dugong,"Zool. Garten, 1896, p. 337.[220]Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 77.[221]See van Beneden and Gervais,Ostéographie des Cétacés; and for a more general account Beddard,A Book of Whales, London, Murray, 1900.[222]Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen an Walthiere, Jena, 1889-93.[223]"And at his gills draws in, and at his trunk spouts out, a sea," wrote Milton, and think many others.[224]These have been recorded by Professor Howes in the Porpoise.[225]For details and literature see Jungklaus;Jen. Zeitschr. xxxii. 1898, p. 1.[226]InProc. Zool. Soc.1886, p. 243.[227]Perrin, "Notes on the Anatomy ofB. rostrata,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1870, p. 805.[228]von Haast, "Notes on a Skeleton ofBalaenoptera australis,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1883, p. 592.[229]Ostéographie des Cétacés, Paris, 1880, p. 130.[230]Marine Mammals of the North-West Coast of North America, 1874.[231]Cf. Scammon,loc. cit.[232]The name that has priority seems to beglacialis.[233]Proc. Zool. Soc.1881, p. 969.[234]Actes Linn. Soc. Bordeaux, 1881.[235]For osteology see Hector,Trans. New Zeal. Inst.vii. 1876, p. 251; and Beddard,Trans. Zool. Soc.xv. 1901, p. 87.[236]Journ. de l'Anat.xxvi. 1890, p. 270.[237]The Cruise of the Cachalot, London, 1900.[238]See Pouchet, "Contribution a l'histoire du spermaceti,"Bergens Museums Aarbog for 1893, No. I.[239]Yule,Travels of Marco Polo, ii. London, 1874, p. 231.[240]See Flower,Trans. Zool. Soc.viii. 1872, p. 203.[241]Bihang Svensk. Akad. Handl.viii. 1883.[242]Flower,Trans. Zool. Soc.x. 1878, p. 415; and H. O. Forbes,Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 216.[243]Trans. Zool. Soc.xii. 1889, p. 241.[244]Ann. Sci. Nat.(7), xiii. 1892, p. 259.[245]Proc. Zool. Soc.1882, pp. 722, 726.[246]Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.No. 36, 1889, p. 7.[247]See an essay on the hunting of this Whale, by S. H. C. Müller, inFish and Fisheries, Edinburgh (Blackwood), 1883.[248]Grampus being a contraction ofgrand poissonis an obvious name to apply to any Whale.[249]SeeActes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1881; and for another figure, also coloured, Flower, inTrans. Zool. Soc.xi. 1880, pl. i.[250]Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.No. 36, 1889.[251]Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Theil, vi. 1892, p. 442.[252]Anatomical Researches Yunnan Exp.1878, p. 417.[253]Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc.vi. 1867, p. 106; and Burmeister,Proc. Zool. Soc.1867, p. 484.[254]Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 558.[255]Thompson,Studies Mus. Dundee, i. 1890; andC. R. Congrès de Zoologie, 1889, p. 225.[256]Lydekker,Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 560.[257]For a general account of the osteology, see Flower,Proc. Zool. Soc.1869, p. 4; and for muscular anatomy, Windle and Parsons,Proc. Zool. Soc.1897, p. 370, and 1898, p. 152.[258]See St. G. Mivart "On the Aeluroidea,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1882, p. 135: andThe Cat, London, J. Murray, 1881.[259]"On the Pupils of the Felidae,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 481.[260]"Observations ... on the Seal's Eye,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 719.[261]It is noteworthy that in the Tiger some of the stripes have pale centres and are thus like spots pulled out, while there are also small black spots.[262]Natural Science, vi. 1895, p. 89.[263]For an account of this and of other mammals which occur in Central America, see Alston in Messrs. Godman and Salvin'sBiologia Centrali-Americana, 1879-1882.[264]But Mr. Belt says that the "Tigre" never attacks man unless it be provoked.[265]See E. Hamilton,The Wild Cat of Europe, London, Porter, 1896; and M. G. Watkins,Gleanings from the Natural History of the Ancients, London, Elliot Stock, 1896.[266]The retractility is most marked in the Linsangs.[267]Beddard inProc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 430.[268]Where it has probably been introduced.[269]Proc. Zool. Soc.1873, p. 196.[270]Flower,Proc. Zool. Soc.1872, p. 683.[271]See also vol. viii. p. 591.[272]The original name wasRhinogale.[273]That it is an abnormality has been recently stated.[274]For the anatomy of Hyaenas see Morrison Watson inProc. Zool. Soc.1877, p. 369; 1878, p. 416; and 1879, p. 79.[275]Flower,Proc. Zool. Soc.1869, p. 457.[276]For a general account of the Canidae see Mivart,A Monograph of the Canidae, London, 1890.[277]Flower,Proc. Zool. Soc.1879, p. 766.[278]Proc. Zool. Soc.1880, p. 70.[279]The relationship between the Canidae and the Procyonidae must not be lost sight of in considering this point of external likeness.[280]Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.xii. 1900, p. 109.[281]Proc. Zool. Soc.1890, p. 98.[282]Temminck, its original describer, placed it in the genusHyaena.[283]See Garrod,Proc. Zool. Soc.1878, p. 373.[284]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 533.[285]See Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1900, p. 661, for anatomy.[286]Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1898, p. 129.[287]It is a curious fact that a native name for the creature is "Pottos" (cf. of coursePotto); and indeed the generic namePotosseems to have the priority overCercoleptes.[288]"Narica" is generally written, after Linnaeus. But this was, according to Mr. Alston, probably an error fornasica.[289]Proc. Zool. Soc.1870, p. 752.[290]See Wortman,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vi. 1894, p. 229.[291]As a small point of likeness between this Mustelid and the Procyonidae may be mentioned the colours of the face.M. anakumais particularly Raccoon-like.[292]SeeTrans. Zool. Soc.ii. 1841, p. 201.[293]Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 306.[294]I found fifteen.[295]Ann. Nat. Hist.(6) xiii. 1893, p. 522.[296]See Matschie,SB. Ges. Naturf. Berlin, 1895, p. 171.[297]Proc. Zool. Soc.1879, p. 305.[298]Lydekker, "Note on the Structure and Habits of the Sea-Otter (Latax lutris),"Proc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 421; andibid.1896, p. 235.[299]See an article by Mr. Lydekker inKnowledge, April 1898, from which many of the above facts have been taken.[300]"Preliminary Notes on the Characters and Synonymy of the different Species of Otter,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1889, p. 190.[301]Even apparently in the same species.[302]The number of premolars is reduced in the Polar Bear.[303]"The Blue Bear of Thibet," etc.,Proc. Zool. Soc.1897, p. 412.[304]Nouv. Arch. Mus.vii. 1872,Bull.p. 92; andRecherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des Mammifères, 1868-1874, p. 321. This genus has quite recently (Lankester,Trans. Linn. Soc.viii. 1901, p. 163) been definitely referred to the Procyonidae.[305]For the genera of Pinnipedia see Mivart,Proc. Zool. Soc.1885, p. 484.[306]Murie,Trans. Zool. Soc.viii. 1874, p. 501.[307]Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vi. 1894, p. 129.[308]P.456below.[309]See especially Allen,North American Pinnipedes, 1880.[310]Murie,Trans. Zool. Soc.vii. 1894, p. 411.[311]Cf. the Dugong, p.336.[312]Kükenthal,Jen. Zeitschr.xxviii. 1894, p. 76.[313]Cunningham, "Sexual Dimorphism in the Animal Kingdom," London, 1900; see also Flower,Proc. Zool. Soc.1881, p. 145.[314]Journ. Ac. Sci. Philadelphia, ix. 1886, p. 175.[315]See especially Tullberg, "Ueber das System der Nagethiere,"Act. Ak. Upsala, 1899; and Alston,Proc. Zool. Soc.1875, p. 61; and for nomenclature, Thomas,Proc. Zool. Soc.1896, p. 1012; and Palmer,Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington; xi. 1897, p. 241.[316]Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 252.[317]Phil. Trans.1850, pt. ii. p. 529.[318]Seen, however, inChaetomys.[319]See Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 596, and Gervais,Journ. Zool.i. 1872, p. 450.[320]"Observations sur le genreAnomalurus,"Nouv. Arch. Mus.(2), vi. 1883, p. 277.[321]"On the Habits of the Flying Squirrels of the genusAnomalurus,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 243.[322]W. E. de Winton, "On a New Genus and Species of Rodents," etc.,Proc. Zool. Soc.1898, p. 450. Apparently just at the time of the publication of this paper Matschie described the same animal asZenkerella.[323]Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 179.[324]Flower and Lydekker.[325]Thomas,J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, lvii. 1888, p. 256.[326]E. T. Newton,Trans. Zool. Soc.xiii. 1892, p.165.[327]Proc. Zool. Soc.1896, p. 1016.[328]Reuvens, "Die Myoxidae oder Schläfer," Leyden, 1890, allows but one genus,Myoxus, the other genera adopted here being termed subgenera.[329]To which a sixth, the "Yellow-necked Mouse,"Mus flavicollis, may perhaps be added.[330]For anatomy see Windle,Proc. Zool. Soc.1887, p. 53.[331]Proc. Zool. Soc.1889, p. 247.[332]Trans. Zool. Soc.xiv. 1898, p. 377.[333]Nouv. Arch. Mus.iii. 1867, p. 81.[334]Popular Natural History of Animals, London, 1898.[335]Proc. Zool. Soc.1863, p. 95.[336]See O. Thomas, "On some Mammals from Central Peru,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 333.[337]"Notes on the Rodent genusHeterocephalus,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1885, p. 845.[338]Proc. Zool. Soc.1885, p. 611.[339]Proc. Zool. Soc.1890, p. 610.[340]Parsons,Proc. Zool. Soc.1898, p. 858.[341]Very probably this form should be rather, as it is by Thomas, referred to the neighbourhood ofPectinator, which would clear up the geographical anomaly.[342]Notes Leyd. Mus.1891, p. 105.[343]Günther,Proc. Zool. Soc.1879, p. 144.[344]Proc. Zool. Soc.1873, p. 786.[345]Loc. cit.(on p.458), p. 123.[346]Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 520.[347]See Dobson,Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 233.[348]Peters,Trans. Zool. Soc.vii. 1871, p. 397.[349]"Field Notes on the Mammals of Uruguay,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 297.[350]Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1891, p. 236.[351]These are stated by Tullberg to be absent. I have found them, but they are very small bones, not more than half an inch long.[352]There is a faint development of these ridges, but behind the palatine foramina inDasyprocta aguti.[353]Proc. Zool. Soc.1885, p. 161.[354]Or absent?[355]In the Guiana Forest, London, 1894.[356]MB. Ak. Berlin, 1873, p. 551.[357]An account of the three genera is to be found inTrans. Zool. Soc.i, 1833, p. 35, by Mr. E. T. Bennett.[358]Hudson, "On the Habits of the Vizcacha,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1872, p. 822.[359]Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, pp. 251, 680.[360]Nat. Science, vi. 1895, p. 94.[361]See Parsons.Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 675.[362]Günther,Proc. Zool. Soc.1876, p. 739, and 1889, p. 75; and Cederblom,Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Abth.xi. 1897-98, p. 497.[363]Proc. Zool. Soc.1881, p. 624.[364]Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, x. 1896, p. 169.[365]See especially Dobson,A Monograph of the Insectivora, London, 1886-90.[366]Even in the Otter-likePotamogalethe upper jaw, though broad and flat, projects considerably beyond the lower.[367]"Bemerkungen über die Genealogie der Erinaceen." InFestschrift f. Liljeborg, 1896. See also Anderson,Trans. Zool. Soc.viii. 1874, p. 453.[368]Dobson, "Notes on the Anatomy of the Erinaceidae,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1881, p. 389.[369]SeeNatural Science, xiii. 1898, p. 156.[370]Manuel d'Hist. Nat.French trans. by Artaud, 1803.[371]"Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of the Tupaia of Burmah,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1879, p. 301.[372]Proc. Zool. Soc.1848, p. 23.[373]I quote Woodward,Proc. Zool. Soc.1896, for this dentition. The fourth molar of the lower jaw is not always present. It comes late, and onlyoldanimals possess it.[374]Mivart inProc. Zool. Soc.1871, p. 58.[375]Thomas,Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 500.[376]Allman states the canines to be absent. I follow Flower and Lydekker.[377]See Allman inTrans. Zool. Soc.vi. 1869, p. 1.[378]The generic name ofChalcochloriswas proposed by Dr. Mivart for these.[379]See Peters,Reise nach Mosambique, 1852, for external characters and anatomy.[380]"Mammals collected by Dr. Emin Pasha," inProc. Zool. Soc.1890, p. 446.[381]Ritsema Bos,Biol. Centralbl.xviii. 1898, p. 63.[382]"A Synopsis of the Genera of the Family Soricidae,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1890, p. 49.[383]Leche, "Über Galeopithecus,"K. Svensk. Ak. Handl.1886.[384]See Dobson,Ann. Nat. Hist.(5) xiv. 1884, p. 153.[385]Dobson,Proc. Zool. Soc.1875, p. 370.[386]Ibid.p. 381.[387]Dobson,Proc. Zool. Soc.1875, p. 546.[388]Ibid.1876, p. 701.[389]For a general account of the Primates, see Forbes inAllen's Naturalists' Library, London, 1894.[390]See Dr. Mivart's papers inProc. Zool. Soc.1864,-65,-66,-67,and-73for osteology and teeth.[391]Murie and Mivart,Trans. Zool. Soc.vii. 1869, p. 1.[392]Trans. Zool. Soc.v. 1863, p. 103.[393]Hist. Nat. de Madagascar, Mamm.1875.[394]Proc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 142.[395]Trans. Zool. Soc.v. 1863, p. 33.[396]Verh. Ak. Amsterdam, xxvii. 1890, Art. 2.[397]"On some Points in the Structure ofHapalemur griseus"Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 301.[398]Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1900, p. 661.[399]On the Arm Glands of the Lemurs,Proc. Zool. Soc.1887, p. 369.[400]So at least the formula has been given; but it is very possible that the supposed second incisor is really, judging from the other Lemurs, a canine.[401]The Malagasy, however, must be vague in definition, or their interpreters not well grounded in the rudiments of the language; for Sonnerat states that Indri signifies "homme des bois."[402]Syn.Microrhynchus.[403]Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 391, and 1891, p. 449; and Jentink,Notes Leyd. Mus.1885, p. 33.[404]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 554.[405]Royal Natural History, London, 1894, p. 211.[406]SeeNovitates Zoologicae, vol. i. 1894, p. 2.[407]Proc. Zool. Soc.1900, p. 321.[408]"On the Angwantibo,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1864, p. 314.[409]Verh. Ak. Amsterdam, xxvii. 1890.[410]Proc. Zool. Soc.1882, p. 639; see also Rev. G. A. Shaw,Proc. Zool. Soc.1883, p. 44, 2nd Art.[411]For a survey of the position ofTarsius, see Earle,Amer. Naturalist, xxxi. 1897, p. 569; andNat. Science, x. 1897, p. 309.[412]See Schlosser,Beiträge Pal. Osterr. Hung.1888; also Osborn and Earle,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vii. 1895, p. 16.[413]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 987.[414]Phil. Trans.clxxxv. B, 1894, p. 15.[415]It seems to be possible that this great Lemur was extant so lately as 1658, when a creature possibly answering to it was described by de Flacourt.[416]"Notes onCallithrix gigot,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 6.[417]Forbes,Proc. Zool. Soc.1880, p. 639.[418]"On a new African Monkey of the genusCercopithecus, with a List of the known Species,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 243; see also p.441.[419]Proc. Zool. Soc.1879, p. 451.[420]See the books quoted on p.576(footnote).[421]It is not so ranked by everybody.[422]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 296.[423]For accounts of the habits of the Gorilla, compiled from various sources, see Hartmann's "Anthropoid Apes,"International Scient. Ser.London, 1885; H. O. Forbes, "Monkeys," in Allen'sNaturalists' Series, London, 1894; and Huxley, "Man's Place in Nature," vol. vii. ofCollected Essays, London, 1894.[424]"Man's Place in Nature," vol. vii. ofCollected Essays, London, 1894.[425]Hartmann's "Anthropoid Apes," inInternational Sci. Ser.London, 1885.[426]Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.Paris, ii. 1866.[427]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 296.[428]See also Duckworth,Proc. Zool. Soc.1898, p. 989.[429]For the structure of this Ape see Beddard,Trans. Zool. Soc.xiii. 1893, p. 177; and for experiments on her intelligence, Romanes,Proc. Zool. Soc.1889, p. 316.[430]For the external appearance of the Orang see Hermes,Zeitschr. f. Ethn.1876, a paper which has coloured plates.[431]Pithecanthropus erectus. Eine menschenähnliche Uebergangsform aus Java, Batavia, 1894. See also Ernst Haeckel,The Last Link(with notes by H. Gadow), London, 1898; Manouvrier,Amer. Journ. Sci.1897, p. 213 (extracts); and Klaatsch,Zoolog. Centralbl.vi. 1899, p. 217.[432]See especially Wiedersheim,The Structure of Man, transl. by Howes, London, 1895.[433]Cunningham, "Cunningham Memoirs," No. II.Royal Irish Acad.1886.
[1]The degeneration of the hind-limb in Whales and Sirenia forbids the use of this character as a distinctive one on the principles advocated by the selection of the above list. But it would be absurd to leave out hair.
[2]"Über die Haare der Säugethiere,"Morph. Jahrb.xxi. 1894, p. 312.
[3]"Bemerkungen über den Ursprung der Haare,"Anat. Anz.1893, p. 413.
[4]See for this matter, p.90. Dr. Bonavia has recently advanced (Studies in Evolution, London, 1895) the somewhat fantastic view that the pigment-patches of Carnivorous and other mammals are a reminiscence of an earlier scaly condition. There is no direct evidence that the primitive mammals were scaly, nor are the Monotremata or Marsupials furnished with any more traces of such a condition than are other mammals; and they are the most lowly organised of existing Mammalia.
[5]Proc. Zool. Soc.1887, p. 527.
[6]"Über Marsupialrudimente bei Placentaliern,"Morph. Jahrb.xx. 1893, p. 276.
[7]See Haacke, "On the Marsupial Ovum, the Mammary Pouch, etc., of the Echidna,"Proc. Roy. Soc.1885, p. 72; and "Über die Entstehung der Säugetiere,"Biol. Centralbl.viii. 1889, p. 8.
[8]See Gegenbaur'sElements of Comp. Anat.Transl. by Bell, 1878, p. 421.
[9]"Über die Beziehungen zwischen Mammartasche u. Marsupium,"Morph. Jahrb.xvii. 1891, p. 483.
[10]Catalogue of Marsupials in British Museum, 1886.
[11]Its independence from the epistropheus is emphasised in Monotremes and some Marsupials by its late fusion with that vertebra.
[12]Intercentra are but rarely met with anterior to the caudal series. Mr. Parsons has, however, recorded their occurrence in the lumbar vertebrae ofAtherura.
[13]Tufts College Studies, No. 6, 1900.
[14]Cf. the ArmadilloPeltephilus, p. 186.
[15]Gegenbaur,Vergl. Anat. Wirbelth.Leipzig, 1898, p. 404.
[16]Ehler'sZool. Miscellen, i. 1894.
[17]Proc. Zool. Soc.1865, p. 567.
[18]Vergl. Anat. der Wirbelth.Leipzig, 1898, p. 497.
[19]To this category are perhaps to be referred cartilaginous pieces occurring in the Rabbit,MusandSorex(see Fig. 29 above).
[20]"On the Coracoid of the Terrestrial Vertebrates,"P.Z.S.1893, p. 585.
[21]Horny matter is apt to be formed upon extremities; instances which are well known are the "claws" upon the tail of the Lion and Leopard and the KangarooOnychogale. For an account of the first seeProc. Zool. Soc.1832, p. 146.
[22]Cf. Tomes,A Manual of Dental Anatomy, 5th ed. London, 1898.
[23]Materials for the Study of Variation, London, 1894.
[24]Morph. Jahrb.xix. 1892, p. 502.
[25]It would be of the greatest interest in relation to this and many other problems to ascertain the precise meaning of the monophyodont dentition ofOrnithorhynchus.
[26]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 922.
[27]Mr. M. Woodward, however (P.Z.S.1893, p. 467), is disposed to think that in some Macropodidae at any rate the supposed tooth of the second set really belongs to the milk dentition, arising late between Pm_{3} and Pm_{4}.
[28]See for a summary, Osborn,American Nat.Dec. 1897, p. 993.
[29]e.g.the "protoloph," "metaloph," etc. (see Fig. 36, p.51), of the modern Ungulate form of tooth.
[30]"On the Primitive Type of the Plexodont Molars of Mammals,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 555.
[31]Jen. Zeitschr.ii. 1866, p. 365.
[32]Proc. Zool. Soc.1883, p. 8.
[33]Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 715.
[34]Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 136.
[35]Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.xxiv. 1884, p. 9.
[36]S.B. Jen. Gesells.1885, p. 1.
[37]Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin.viii. 1885, p. 354.
[38]Phil. Trans.clxxviii. 1887, p. 463.
[39]Robinson,Studies Biol. Lab. Owens Coll.ii. 1890, p. 35.
[40]Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1900, p. 667.
[41]Wallace,The Geographical Distribution of Animals, 1876. Heilprin,The Distribution of Animals, Internat. Scientific Series, 1887. Beddard,A Text-book of Zoogeography, Cambridge Natural Science Manuals, 1895. Lydekker,Geographical History of Mammals, Cambridge Geographical Series, 1896. W. L. and P. L. Sclater,The Geography of Mammals, Kegan Paul and Co. 1899.
[42]This term is sometimes used in a wider sense; cf. vol. viii. p. 74.
[43]A series of papers in thePhil. Trans.for 1888-96, of which a useful abstract by Professor Osborn was published in theAmerican Naturalist, 1898, p. 309; see alsoCambr. Nat. Hist.viii. 1901, p. 303.
[44]Cf. vol. viii. p. 82.
[45]It may be necessary to exclude the Whales from the comparison.
[46]Dental Anatomy, 5th ed. 1898, p. 304.
[47]"On the Fossil Mammalia from the Stonesfield Slate,"Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.xxxv. 1894, p. 407.
[48]This groove has been found in the existingMyrmecobius, see p. 154.
[49]Trans. New York Acad. Sci.xiii. 1894, p. 234.
[50]Gegenbaur,Zur Kenntniss der Mammarorgane der Monotremen, Leipzig, 1886.
[51]Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.xxiv. 1884, p. 124.
[52]Beddard,Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb.viii. 1885, p. 354.
[53]SeePhil. Trans.clxxviii. 1887, where the literature of the subject is fully cited.
[54]Muscular insertions and attachments do not, however, altogether support the comparison.
[55]Journ. Anat. Phys.1899, p. 309.
[56]Proc. Zool. Soc.1864, p. 18.
[57]Myrmecophaga aculeatawas the name given by Shaw.
[58]Zaglossushas apparently priority as a name; butProechidnais better known.
[59]Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 545.
[60]Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxix. 1888, p. 353.
[61]Proc. Roy. Soc.xlvi. 1889, p. 127. See also Stewart,Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxiii. 1892, p. 229.
[62]Proc. Zool. Soc.1880, p. 649.
[63]Moreover, the "corpus callosum and the anterior commissure ... in ...ErinaceusandDasypusare almost Monotreme-like."
[64]See Wilson and Hill,Quart. J. Micr. Sci.xxxix. 1899, p. 427.
[65]InDendrolagusat any rate. SeeProc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 132.
[66]Anat. Anz.i. 1886, p. 338; and see Weber,ibid.ii. 1887, p. 42.
[67]Works dealing exclusively with the Marsupials are: Lydekker, in Allen'sNaturalists' Library, 1894; Aflalo,Natural History of Australia, Macmillan and Co. 1896; Waterhouse,Natural History of Mammalia, i. London, 1848; Oldfield Thomas,British Museum Catalogue of Marsupialia and Monotremata, 1888.
[68]"The Cerebral Commissures in the Marsupialia and Monotremata,"Journ. Anat. Phys.xxvii. 1893, p. 69.
[69]When there are more than two,twoare especially developed. See Figs. 76, 77 (pp. 149, 150).
[70]See for a further discussion of this subject the zoogeographical handbooks of Mr. Lydekker and myself, quoted on p.78(footnote).
[71]To this may be added Mr. Thomas' observation that the family of American Opossums is "very closely allied to the Dasyuridae, from which, were it not for its isolated geographical position, it would be very doubtfully separable."
[72]Except in the South American Diprotodonts.
[73]Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 450.
[74]Ibid.1876, p. 165.
[75]Journal of the Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart., K.B., P.R.S., edited by Sir Joseph Hooker, London, 1896.
[76]Proc. Zool. Soc.1896, p. 683.
[77]Proc. Zool. Soc.1875, p. 48.
[78]Proc. Zool. Soc.1852, p. 103.
[79]Proc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 131.
[80]Ibid.1884, p. 387.
[81]Ibid.1884, p. 407.
[82]Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, i. 1877, p. 34.
[83]"On some Points in the Anatomy of the Koala,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1881, p. 180.
[84]Thomas, "OnCaenolestes, a still existing survivor of the Epanorthidae of Ameghino, and the representative of a new family of recent Marsupials,"P.Z.S.1895, p. 870.
[85]Stirling and Zietz,Mem. Roy. Soc. South Australia, i.; see also a notice inNature, January 18, 1900.
[86]Quite recently (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.1898, p. 1) the carnivorous character ofThylacoleohas been reasserted by Mr. Broom.
[87]Horn Scientific Expedition, pt. ii.Zoology, 1896, p. 36.
[88]Leche found five, and Waterhouse stated eight to be the number.
[89]Proc. Zool. Soc.1887, p. 527. See also Leche,Biol. Fören. Förhandl.1891, p. 136, and literature quoted.
[90]Traces of horny pads, like those of the Duck-bill, have been asserted to exist in this animal. This is exceedingly interesting when regarded in conjunction with its multituberculate molars.
[91]See for an account of this animal, Professor Stirling's Memoir inTrans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia, 1891, p. 154, and Gadow,Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 361.
[92]The male, according to Professor Spencer, has a rudimentary pouch.
[93]Pectoral and abdominal in the ArmadilloTatusia.
[94]A rather problematical Armadillo,Necrodasypus, has been recorded from French strata. It consists of a few scutes only.
[95]Proc. Zool. Soc.1882, p. 358.
[96]Trans. Linn. Soc.(2) vii. 1898, p. 277.
[97]i.e.large olfactory lobes.
[98]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 1014.
[99]See for anatomy Owen,Trans. Zool. Soc.iv. 1862, p. 117, and Forbes,Proc. Zool. Soc.1882, p. 287.
[100]For the skull of Edentates generally see Parker,Phil. Trans.clxxvi. 1885, pt. i. p. 121.
[101]The colour fades in captivity owing to the disappearance of the algae.
[102]In a letter addressed to Dr. Gray, quoted by the latter in a revision of the Sloths,Proc. Zool. Soc.1871, p. 428.
[103]This name is written "Prionodos" by Gray, which might lead to a confusion with the CarnivorePrionodon.
[104]For the anatomy of several forms, see Garrod,Proc. Zool. Soc.1878, p. 222, who quotes other memoirs.
[105]Flower,Proc. Zool. Soc.1886, p. 419.
[106]Milne-Edwards,Nouv. Arch. Mus.vii. 1871, p. 177.
[107]See especially Lydekker,An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Arg.iii. 1894.
[108]Dr. Moreno and Mr. A. Smith Woodward inProc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 144;Wiss. Ergeb. Schwed. Exped. Magellansländ.ii. 1899, p. 149.
[109]Proc. Roy. Soc.xlvii. 1890, p. 246.
[110]Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 239, and 1896, p. 296.
[111]"Revision of the Manidae in the Leyden Museum,"Notes Leyd. Mus.iv. 1882, p. 193.
[112]Weber,Zool. Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederl. Ost Indien, 1892. See also Römer, inJen. Zeitschr.xxxi. 1896, p. 604, and Reh,ibid.xxx. 1895, p. 137.
[113]See Wortman, "The Ganodonta and their Relationship to the Edentata,"Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.ix. 1897, p. 59.
[114]This creature is, however, sometimes referred to the neighbourhood of the Rodents.
[115]Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.ix. 1897, p. 321.
[116]"Notes on some Specimens of Antlers of the Fallow Deer, etc.,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 485.
[117]Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.x. 1898, p. 159.
[118]Marsh,Amer. Journ. Sci.xliii. 1892, p. 447.
[119]See W. D. Matthew,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.ix. 1897, p. 303.
[120]Or perhaps rather to the primitive Ungulates Condylarthra. It is especially compared withPeriptychusof that group.
[121]The scapula ofP. bathmodonis unknown.
[122]For the structure of this genus and ofCoryphodon, see Osborn,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.x. 1898, p. 169.
[123]Osborn,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.x. 1898, p. 81.
[124]Gadow,A Classification of Vertebrata, Recent and Extinct, London, 1898.
[125]See Osborn,American Naturalist, February 1893, p. 118.
[126]It is not absolutely clear whether both or only one genus ranged into America. Different opinions have been expressed.
[127]It must be remembered, however, that there is a suggestion of a prehensile character in the hand ofPhenacodus(see p.203).
[128]Cope,American Naturalist, xxxi. 1897, p. 485.
[129]American Nat.February 1900, p. 89.
[130]It must be borne in mind that the teeth increase in complexity, those first pushed up having the fewest plates. The first has only four transverse plates.
[131]Forbes,Proc. Zool. Soc.1879, p. 420.
[132]See Krueg,Zeitschr. wiss. Zool.xxxiii. 1881, p. 652, and Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 311.
[133]So convinced are some persons of the untameable character of the African Elephant, that it has even been suggested that the animals with which Hannibal crossed the Alps were notE. africanus, but a now extinct species!
[134]Wild Beasts and their Ways, London, 1890.
[135]SeeNatural History of the Ancients, by Rev. M. G. Watkins, London, 1896.
[136]Bull. Soc. Nat. d'Acclimat.xlv. 1898, p. 41.
[137]Trans. Zool. Soc.ix. 1874, p. 1.
[138]See Busk inTrans. Zool. Soc.vi. 1868, p. 227.
[139]There are, however, three milk forerunners of the premolars, of which one has no successor.
[140]Lydekker,An. Mus. La Plata, Pal. Arg.iii. 1894.
[141]M. F. Woodward "On the Milk Dentition ofProcavia (Hyrax) capensis, etc,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 38.
[142]"On the Species of the Hyracoidea,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 50.
[143]Sir W. H. Flower,The Horse, London, 1890.
[144]See Ewart,The Penicuik Experiments, Constable and Co., 1899.
[145]The Horse, London, 1890.
[146]Cuyer and Alix,Le Cheval, Paris, 1886.
[147]Lubbock,Prehistoric Times, London, 1865.
[148]J. Geikie,Prehistoric Europe, London, 1881.
[149]Horses, Asses, and Zebras, London, 1895.
[150]Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 540.
[151]Proc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 688.
[152]See Pocock,Ann. Nat. Hist.(6) xx. 1897, p. 33.
[153]"Das Quagga,"Zool. Garten, 1893, p. 289.
[154]Of this Horse, remains have been lately discovered (see Lönnberg,Proc. Zool. Soc.1900, p. 379) in the cave which produced the remains ofGlossotherium. A piece of skin covered with Fox-red hair, possibly spotted with paler areas, is believed to be a relic ofOnohippidium.
[155]Trans. American Phil. Soc.xviii. 1896, p. 55.
[156]T. leucogenysandT. ecuadorensisare probably not distinct, the latter being in realityT. terrestris, the formerT. roulini.
[157]See Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1889, p. 252, and other papers there cited, for the anatomy of the Tapir.
[158]Natural Science, vi. 1895, p. 161.
[159]Garrod,Proc. Zool. Soc.1873, p. 92;ibid.1877, p. 707. Beddard and Treves,Trans. Zool. Soc.xii. 1887, p. 183.
[160]Proc. Zool. Soc.1876, p. 443.
[161]Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 329. See also Mr. Selous' paper inProc. Zool. Soc.1881, p. 275.
[162]P. L. Sclater,Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 514.
[163]Quite recently, however, a species,A. incisivum, preserved at Darmstadt, has been found by Professor Osborn to possess a slight rugosity upon the frontal bones, which probably indicates the presence of a rudimentary horn, and the same author is apparently inclined to place inAceratheriumthe hornedTeleoceras(see p.261).
[164]Osborn,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.x. 1898, p. 51.
[165]See Osborn,Mem. American Mus. Nat. Hist.vol. i. pt. iii. 1898.
[166]Scott, in Gegenbaur'sFestschrift, ii. 1896, p. 351.
[167]Remains of the genus have been met with in the Balkans.
[168]See especially Osborn and Wortman,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vii. 1895, p. 333, and Osborn,ibid.viii. 1896, p. 157.
[169]See Osborn,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vii. 1895, p. 82.
[170]N. Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Car.xxvii. 1885, p. 238.
[171]See Bateson,Materials for the Study of Variation, London, 1894, p. 387.
[172]See, however, p.196, for a discussion as to whichisthe more primitive arrangement.
[173]Titanotherium(see p.266) is exceptional.
[174]Bones ofHippopotamus, however, indicate the very recent occurrence of that animal in Madagascar.
[175]"On the Pygmy Hippopotamus of Liberia,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1887, p. 612.
[176]Tomes,Proc. Zool. Soc.1850, p. 160.
[177]There is, however, some doubt about the first premolars.
[178]Dr. Garson has investigated its anatomy,Proc. Zool. Soc.1883, p. 413, and states that its differences fromSusare "unimportant and few."
[179]"On the Species ofPotamochoerus,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1897, p. 359.
[180]Marsh,Amer. Journ. Sci.xlvii. 1894, p. 407.
[181]Osborn,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vii. 1895, p. 102.
[182]Marsh,Amer. Journ. Sci.xlviii. 1894, p. 262.
[183]For the structure ofTragulus, see Milne-Edwards,Ann. Sci. Nat.(5) ii. 1864, p. 49.
[184]Marsh,Amer. Journ. Sci.1897, p. 165.
[185]This is the winter dress. In the summer both camels lose their long rough hair.
[186]See Wortman,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.x. 1898, p. 93.
[187]"Osteology ofPoebrotherium,"Journ. Morph.v. 1891, p. 1.
[188]UnlessProtoceras(see p.284) was furnished with horns.
[189]Sir Victor Brooke, "On the Classification of the Cervidae,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1878, p. 883.
[190]It has been occasionally recorded in an Axis Deer, and in another species,Cariacus superciliaris.
[191]It is not every one that admits so many genera. I follow Sir Victor Brooke.
[192]Garrod, "On the Chinese Deer namedLophotragus michianusby Mr. Swinhoe,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1876, p. 757.
[193]Proc. Zool. Soc.1877, p. 789.
[194]Proc. Zool. Soc.1882, p. 636.
[195]Sir W. Flower "On the Structure and Affinities of the Musk Deer (Moschus moschiferus),"Proc. Zool. Soc.1875, p. 159; Garrod,loc. cit.1877, p. 287; and F. Jeffrey Bell,Proc. Zool. Soc.1876, p. 182.
[196]For the viscera, see Garrod,Proc. Zool. Soc.1877, p. 5, etc.; andibid.p. 289, etc.
[197]Proc. Zool. Soc.1897, p. 273.
[198]Wild Beasts and their Ways, 1890, p. 151.
[199]See also Sclater,Proc. Zool. Soc., 1901, ii. p. 3.
[200]Forsyth Major.Proc. Zool. Soc.1891, p. 315.
[201]"On the Shedding of the Horns in the Prongbuck," see Bartlett,Proc. Zool. Soc.1865, p. 718; Canfield,ibid.1866, p. 105; Murie,ibid.1870, p. 334; and Forbes,ibid.1880, p. 540.
[202]The distinction between the two families has been called "fanciful." It may be admitted that it is not great.
[203]The Book of Antelopes, London, Porter, 1894-1900.
[204]They are straight in the young.
[205]W. L. Sclater,The Fauna of South Africa, Mammals, i.1900.
[206]Taurotragus oryxhas unfortunately been discovered to be the correct name for the Eland.
[207]A. D. Bartlett, "On some Hybrid Bovine Animals bred in the Society's Gardens,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 399.
[208]SeeProc. Zool. Soc.1890, p. 592.
[209]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p 64.
[210]Proc. Zool. Soc.1900, p. 142.
[211]The nameTrigonolesteshas to be substituted forPantolestes.
[212]Trans. American Phil. Soc.xviii. 1896, p. 125.
[213]For complete osteology see Wortman,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vii. 1895, p. 145.
[214]InHalicore; probably also inManatus. See Turner,Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb.xxxv. 1889, p. 641.
[215]Kükenthal has discovered a thick coating of rudimentary hairs in the foetus of the Manatee, thus showing that it is the descendant of an animal furry like a Seal.
[216]"On the Manatee," inTrans. Zool. Soc.vol. viii. 1872, p. 127.
[217]Hartlaub, "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Manatus-Arten,"Zool. Jahrb.1886, p. 1.
[218]Beddard, "Notes upon the Anatomy of a Manatee (Manatus inunguis),"Proc. Zool. Soc.1897, p. 47.
[219]See Kükenthal in Semon's "Zoolog. Forschungen,"Denkschr. Jen.1897; Langkavel, "Der Dugong,"Zool. Garten, 1896, p. 337.
[220]Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 77.
[221]See van Beneden and Gervais,Ostéographie des Cétacés; and for a more general account Beddard,A Book of Whales, London, Murray, 1900.
[222]Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen an Walthiere, Jena, 1889-93.
[223]"And at his gills draws in, and at his trunk spouts out, a sea," wrote Milton, and think many others.
[224]These have been recorded by Professor Howes in the Porpoise.
[225]For details and literature see Jungklaus;Jen. Zeitschr. xxxii. 1898, p. 1.
[226]InProc. Zool. Soc.1886, p. 243.
[227]Perrin, "Notes on the Anatomy ofB. rostrata,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1870, p. 805.
[228]von Haast, "Notes on a Skeleton ofBalaenoptera australis,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1883, p. 592.
[229]Ostéographie des Cétacés, Paris, 1880, p. 130.
[230]Marine Mammals of the North-West Coast of North America, 1874.
[231]Cf. Scammon,loc. cit.
[232]The name that has priority seems to beglacialis.
[233]Proc. Zool. Soc.1881, p. 969.
[234]Actes Linn. Soc. Bordeaux, 1881.
[235]For osteology see Hector,Trans. New Zeal. Inst.vii. 1876, p. 251; and Beddard,Trans. Zool. Soc.xv. 1901, p. 87.
[236]Journ. de l'Anat.xxvi. 1890, p. 270.
[237]The Cruise of the Cachalot, London, 1900.
[238]See Pouchet, "Contribution a l'histoire du spermaceti,"Bergens Museums Aarbog for 1893, No. I.
[239]Yule,Travels of Marco Polo, ii. London, 1874, p. 231.
[240]See Flower,Trans. Zool. Soc.viii. 1872, p. 203.
[241]Bihang Svensk. Akad. Handl.viii. 1883.
[242]Flower,Trans. Zool. Soc.x. 1878, p. 415; and H. O. Forbes,Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 216.
[243]Trans. Zool. Soc.xii. 1889, p. 241.
[244]Ann. Sci. Nat.(7), xiii. 1892, p. 259.
[245]Proc. Zool. Soc.1882, pp. 722, 726.
[246]Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.No. 36, 1889, p. 7.
[247]See an essay on the hunting of this Whale, by S. H. C. Müller, inFish and Fisheries, Edinburgh (Blackwood), 1883.
[248]Grampus being a contraction ofgrand poissonis an obvious name to apply to any Whale.
[249]SeeActes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, 1881; and for another figure, also coloured, Flower, inTrans. Zool. Soc.xi. 1880, pl. i.
[250]Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.No. 36, 1889.
[251]Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Theil, vi. 1892, p. 442.
[252]Anatomical Researches Yunnan Exp.1878, p. 417.
[253]Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc.vi. 1867, p. 106; and Burmeister,Proc. Zool. Soc.1867, p. 484.
[254]Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 558.
[255]Thompson,Studies Mus. Dundee, i. 1890; andC. R. Congrès de Zoologie, 1889, p. 225.
[256]Lydekker,Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 560.
[257]For a general account of the osteology, see Flower,Proc. Zool. Soc.1869, p. 4; and for muscular anatomy, Windle and Parsons,Proc. Zool. Soc.1897, p. 370, and 1898, p. 152.
[258]See St. G. Mivart "On the Aeluroidea,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1882, p. 135: andThe Cat, London, J. Murray, 1881.
[259]"On the Pupils of the Felidae,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 481.
[260]"Observations ... on the Seal's Eye,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 719.
[261]It is noteworthy that in the Tiger some of the stripes have pale centres and are thus like spots pulled out, while there are also small black spots.
[262]Natural Science, vi. 1895, p. 89.
[263]For an account of this and of other mammals which occur in Central America, see Alston in Messrs. Godman and Salvin'sBiologia Centrali-Americana, 1879-1882.
[264]But Mr. Belt says that the "Tigre" never attacks man unless it be provoked.
[265]See E. Hamilton,The Wild Cat of Europe, London, Porter, 1896; and M. G. Watkins,Gleanings from the Natural History of the Ancients, London, Elliot Stock, 1896.
[266]The retractility is most marked in the Linsangs.
[267]Beddard inProc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 430.
[268]Where it has probably been introduced.
[269]Proc. Zool. Soc.1873, p. 196.
[270]Flower,Proc. Zool. Soc.1872, p. 683.
[271]See also vol. viii. p. 591.
[272]The original name wasRhinogale.
[273]That it is an abnormality has been recently stated.
[274]For the anatomy of Hyaenas see Morrison Watson inProc. Zool. Soc.1877, p. 369; 1878, p. 416; and 1879, p. 79.
[275]Flower,Proc. Zool. Soc.1869, p. 457.
[276]For a general account of the Canidae see Mivart,A Monograph of the Canidae, London, 1890.
[277]Flower,Proc. Zool. Soc.1879, p. 766.
[278]Proc. Zool. Soc.1880, p. 70.
[279]The relationship between the Canidae and the Procyonidae must not be lost sight of in considering this point of external likeness.
[280]Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.xii. 1900, p. 109.
[281]Proc. Zool. Soc.1890, p. 98.
[282]Temminck, its original describer, placed it in the genusHyaena.
[283]See Garrod,Proc. Zool. Soc.1878, p. 373.
[284]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 533.
[285]See Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1900, p. 661, for anatomy.
[286]Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1898, p. 129.
[287]It is a curious fact that a native name for the creature is "Pottos" (cf. of coursePotto); and indeed the generic namePotosseems to have the priority overCercoleptes.
[288]"Narica" is generally written, after Linnaeus. But this was, according to Mr. Alston, probably an error fornasica.
[289]Proc. Zool. Soc.1870, p. 752.
[290]See Wortman,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vi. 1894, p. 229.
[291]As a small point of likeness between this Mustelid and the Procyonidae may be mentioned the colours of the face.M. anakumais particularly Raccoon-like.
[292]SeeTrans. Zool. Soc.ii. 1841, p. 201.
[293]Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 306.
[294]I found fifteen.
[295]Ann. Nat. Hist.(6) xiii. 1893, p. 522.
[296]See Matschie,SB. Ges. Naturf. Berlin, 1895, p. 171.
[297]Proc. Zool. Soc.1879, p. 305.
[298]Lydekker, "Note on the Structure and Habits of the Sea-Otter (Latax lutris),"Proc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 421; andibid.1896, p. 235.
[299]See an article by Mr. Lydekker inKnowledge, April 1898, from which many of the above facts have been taken.
[300]"Preliminary Notes on the Characters and Synonymy of the different Species of Otter,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1889, p. 190.
[301]Even apparently in the same species.
[302]The number of premolars is reduced in the Polar Bear.
[303]"The Blue Bear of Thibet," etc.,Proc. Zool. Soc.1897, p. 412.
[304]Nouv. Arch. Mus.vii. 1872,Bull.p. 92; andRecherches pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des Mammifères, 1868-1874, p. 321. This genus has quite recently (Lankester,Trans. Linn. Soc.viii. 1901, p. 163) been definitely referred to the Procyonidae.
[305]For the genera of Pinnipedia see Mivart,Proc. Zool. Soc.1885, p. 484.
[306]Murie,Trans. Zool. Soc.viii. 1874, p. 501.
[307]Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vi. 1894, p. 129.
[308]P.456below.
[309]See especially Allen,North American Pinnipedes, 1880.
[310]Murie,Trans. Zool. Soc.vii. 1894, p. 411.
[311]Cf. the Dugong, p.336.
[312]Kükenthal,Jen. Zeitschr.xxviii. 1894, p. 76.
[313]Cunningham, "Sexual Dimorphism in the Animal Kingdom," London, 1900; see also Flower,Proc. Zool. Soc.1881, p. 145.
[314]Journ. Ac. Sci. Philadelphia, ix. 1886, p. 175.
[315]See especially Tullberg, "Ueber das System der Nagethiere,"Act. Ak. Upsala, 1899; and Alston,Proc. Zool. Soc.1875, p. 61; and for nomenclature, Thomas,Proc. Zool. Soc.1896, p. 1012; and Palmer,Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington; xi. 1897, p. 241.
[316]Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 252.
[317]Phil. Trans.1850, pt. ii. p. 529.
[318]Seen, however, inChaetomys.
[319]See Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 596, and Gervais,Journ. Zool.i. 1872, p. 450.
[320]"Observations sur le genreAnomalurus,"Nouv. Arch. Mus.(2), vi. 1883, p. 277.
[321]"On the Habits of the Flying Squirrels of the genusAnomalurus,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 243.
[322]W. E. de Winton, "On a New Genus and Species of Rodents," etc.,Proc. Zool. Soc.1898, p. 450. Apparently just at the time of the publication of this paper Matschie described the same animal asZenkerella.
[323]Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 179.
[324]Flower and Lydekker.
[325]Thomas,J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, lvii. 1888, p. 256.
[326]E. T. Newton,Trans. Zool. Soc.xiii. 1892, p.165.
[327]Proc. Zool. Soc.1896, p. 1016.
[328]Reuvens, "Die Myoxidae oder Schläfer," Leyden, 1890, allows but one genus,Myoxus, the other genera adopted here being termed subgenera.
[329]To which a sixth, the "Yellow-necked Mouse,"Mus flavicollis, may perhaps be added.
[330]For anatomy see Windle,Proc. Zool. Soc.1887, p. 53.
[331]Proc. Zool. Soc.1889, p. 247.
[332]Trans. Zool. Soc.xiv. 1898, p. 377.
[333]Nouv. Arch. Mus.iii. 1867, p. 81.
[334]Popular Natural History of Animals, London, 1898.
[335]Proc. Zool. Soc.1863, p. 95.
[336]See O. Thomas, "On some Mammals from Central Peru,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 333.
[337]"Notes on the Rodent genusHeterocephalus,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1885, p. 845.
[338]Proc. Zool. Soc.1885, p. 611.
[339]Proc. Zool. Soc.1890, p. 610.
[340]Parsons,Proc. Zool. Soc.1898, p. 858.
[341]Very probably this form should be rather, as it is by Thomas, referred to the neighbourhood ofPectinator, which would clear up the geographical anomaly.
[342]Notes Leyd. Mus.1891, p. 105.
[343]Günther,Proc. Zool. Soc.1879, p. 144.
[344]Proc. Zool. Soc.1873, p. 786.
[345]Loc. cit.(on p.458), p. 123.
[346]Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 520.
[347]See Dobson,Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 233.
[348]Peters,Trans. Zool. Soc.vii. 1871, p. 397.
[349]"Field Notes on the Mammals of Uruguay,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 297.
[350]Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1891, p. 236.
[351]These are stated by Tullberg to be absent. I have found them, but they are very small bones, not more than half an inch long.
[352]There is a faint development of these ridges, but behind the palatine foramina inDasyprocta aguti.
[353]Proc. Zool. Soc.1885, p. 161.
[354]Or absent?
[355]In the Guiana Forest, London, 1894.
[356]MB. Ak. Berlin, 1873, p. 551.
[357]An account of the three genera is to be found inTrans. Zool. Soc.i, 1833, p. 35, by Mr. E. T. Bennett.
[358]Hudson, "On the Habits of the Vizcacha,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1872, p. 822.
[359]Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, pp. 251, 680.
[360]Nat. Science, vi. 1895, p. 94.
[361]See Parsons.Proc. Zool. Soc.1894, p. 675.
[362]Günther,Proc. Zool. Soc.1876, p. 739, and 1889, p. 75; and Cederblom,Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Abth.xi. 1897-98, p. 497.
[363]Proc. Zool. Soc.1881, p. 624.
[364]Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, x. 1896, p. 169.
[365]See especially Dobson,A Monograph of the Insectivora, London, 1886-90.
[366]Even in the Otter-likePotamogalethe upper jaw, though broad and flat, projects considerably beyond the lower.
[367]"Bemerkungen über die Genealogie der Erinaceen." InFestschrift f. Liljeborg, 1896. See also Anderson,Trans. Zool. Soc.viii. 1874, p. 453.
[368]Dobson, "Notes on the Anatomy of the Erinaceidae,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1881, p. 389.
[369]SeeNatural Science, xiii. 1898, p. 156.
[370]Manuel d'Hist. Nat.French trans. by Artaud, 1803.
[371]"Notes on the Visceral Anatomy of the Tupaia of Burmah,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1879, p. 301.
[372]Proc. Zool. Soc.1848, p. 23.
[373]I quote Woodward,Proc. Zool. Soc.1896, for this dentition. The fourth molar of the lower jaw is not always present. It comes late, and onlyoldanimals possess it.
[374]Mivart inProc. Zool. Soc.1871, p. 58.
[375]Thomas,Proc. Zool. Soc.1892, p. 500.
[376]Allman states the canines to be absent. I follow Flower and Lydekker.
[377]See Allman inTrans. Zool. Soc.vi. 1869, p. 1.
[378]The generic name ofChalcochloriswas proposed by Dr. Mivart for these.
[379]See Peters,Reise nach Mosambique, 1852, for external characters and anatomy.
[380]"Mammals collected by Dr. Emin Pasha," inProc. Zool. Soc.1890, p. 446.
[381]Ritsema Bos,Biol. Centralbl.xviii. 1898, p. 63.
[382]"A Synopsis of the Genera of the Family Soricidae,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1890, p. 49.
[383]Leche, "Über Galeopithecus,"K. Svensk. Ak. Handl.1886.
[384]See Dobson,Ann. Nat. Hist.(5) xiv. 1884, p. 153.
[385]Dobson,Proc. Zool. Soc.1875, p. 370.
[386]Ibid.p. 381.
[387]Dobson,Proc. Zool. Soc.1875, p. 546.
[388]Ibid.1876, p. 701.
[389]For a general account of the Primates, see Forbes inAllen's Naturalists' Library, London, 1894.
[390]See Dr. Mivart's papers inProc. Zool. Soc.1864,-65,-66,-67,and-73for osteology and teeth.
[391]Murie and Mivart,Trans. Zool. Soc.vii. 1869, p. 1.
[392]Trans. Zool. Soc.v. 1863, p. 103.
[393]Hist. Nat. de Madagascar, Mamm.1875.
[394]Proc. Zool. Soc.1895, p. 142.
[395]Trans. Zool. Soc.v. 1863, p. 33.
[396]Verh. Ak. Amsterdam, xxvii. 1890, Art. 2.
[397]"On some Points in the Structure ofHapalemur griseus"Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 301.
[398]Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1900, p. 661.
[399]On the Arm Glands of the Lemurs,Proc. Zool. Soc.1887, p. 369.
[400]So at least the formula has been given; but it is very possible that the supposed second incisor is really, judging from the other Lemurs, a canine.
[401]The Malagasy, however, must be vague in definition, or their interpreters not well grounded in the rudiments of the language; for Sonnerat states that Indri signifies "homme des bois."
[402]Syn.Microrhynchus.
[403]Beddard,Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 391, and 1891, p. 449; and Jentink,Notes Leyd. Mus.1885, p. 33.
[404]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 554.
[405]Royal Natural History, London, 1894, p. 211.
[406]SeeNovitates Zoologicae, vol. i. 1894, p. 2.
[407]Proc. Zool. Soc.1900, p. 321.
[408]"On the Angwantibo,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1864, p. 314.
[409]Verh. Ak. Amsterdam, xxvii. 1890.
[410]Proc. Zool. Soc.1882, p. 639; see also Rev. G. A. Shaw,Proc. Zool. Soc.1883, p. 44, 2nd Art.
[411]For a survey of the position ofTarsius, see Earle,Amer. Naturalist, xxxi. 1897, p. 569; andNat. Science, x. 1897, p. 309.
[412]See Schlosser,Beiträge Pal. Osterr. Hung.1888; also Osborn and Earle,Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.vii. 1895, p. 16.
[413]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 987.
[414]Phil. Trans.clxxxv. B, 1894, p. 15.
[415]It seems to be possible that this great Lemur was extant so lately as 1658, when a creature possibly answering to it was described by de Flacourt.
[416]"Notes onCallithrix gigot,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1884, p. 6.
[417]Forbes,Proc. Zool. Soc.1880, p. 639.
[418]"On a new African Monkey of the genusCercopithecus, with a List of the known Species,"Proc. Zool. Soc.1893, p. 243; see also p.441.
[419]Proc. Zool. Soc.1879, p. 451.
[420]See the books quoted on p.576(footnote).
[421]It is not so ranked by everybody.
[422]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 296.
[423]For accounts of the habits of the Gorilla, compiled from various sources, see Hartmann's "Anthropoid Apes,"International Scient. Ser.London, 1885; H. O. Forbes, "Monkeys," in Allen'sNaturalists' Series, London, 1894; and Huxley, "Man's Place in Nature," vol. vii. ofCollected Essays, London, 1894.
[424]"Man's Place in Nature," vol. vii. ofCollected Essays, London, 1894.
[425]Hartmann's "Anthropoid Apes," inInternational Sci. Ser.London, 1885.
[426]Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.Paris, ii. 1866.
[427]Proc. Zool. Soc.1899, p. 296.
[428]See also Duckworth,Proc. Zool. Soc.1898, p. 989.
[429]For the structure of this Ape see Beddard,Trans. Zool. Soc.xiii. 1893, p. 177; and for experiments on her intelligence, Romanes,Proc. Zool. Soc.1889, p. 316.
[430]For the external appearance of the Orang see Hermes,Zeitschr. f. Ethn.1876, a paper which has coloured plates.
[431]Pithecanthropus erectus. Eine menschenähnliche Uebergangsform aus Java, Batavia, 1894. See also Ernst Haeckel,The Last Link(with notes by H. Gadow), London, 1898; Manouvrier,Amer. Journ. Sci.1897, p. 213 (extracts); and Klaatsch,Zoolog. Centralbl.vi. 1899, p. 217.
[432]See especially Wiedersheim,The Structure of Man, transl. by Howes, London, 1895.
[433]Cunningham, "Cunningham Memoirs," No. II.Royal Irish Acad.1886.