THE FOURTH BOOK

O sooth is said, that healed for to beOf a fever, or other great sickness,Men muste drink, as we may often see,Full bitter drink; and for to have gladnessMen drinken often pain and great distress!I mean it here, as for this adventure,That thorough pain hath founden all his cure.And now sweetnesse seemeth far more sweet,That bitterness assayed* was beforn; *tasted <57>For out of woe in blisse now they fleet,* *float, swimNone such they felte since that they were born;Now is it better than both two were lorn! <58>For love of God, take ev’ry woman heedTo worke thus, if it come to the need!Cresside, all quit from ev’ry dread and teen,* *painAs she that juste cause had him to trust,Made him such feast,<59> it joy was for to see’n,When she his truth and *intent cleane wist;* *knew the purityAnd as about a tree, with many a twist, of his purpose**Bitrent and writhen* is the sweet woodbind, *plaited and wreathed*Gan each of them in armes other wind.* *embrace, encircleAnd as the *new abashed* nightingale, *newly-arrived and timid*That stinteth,* first when she beginneth sing, *stopsWhen that she heareth any *herde’s tale,* *the talking of a shepherd*Or in the hedges any wight stirring;And, after, sicker* out her voice doth ring; *confidentlyRight so Cressida, when *her dreade stent,* *her doubt ceased*Open’d her heart, and told him her intent.* *mindAnd might as he that sees his death y-shapen,* *preparedAnd dien must, *in aught that he may guess,* *for all he can tell*And suddenly *rescouse doth him escapen,* *he is rescued and escapes*And from his death is brought *in sickerness;* *to safety*For all the world, in such present gladnessWas Troilus, and had his lady sweet;With worse hap God let us never meet!Her armes small, her straighte back and soft,Her sides longe, fleshly, smooth, and white,He gan to stroke; and good thrift* bade full oft *blessingOn her snow-white throat, her breastes round and lite;* *smallThus in this heaven he gan him delight,And therewithal a thousand times her kist,That what to do for joy *unneth he wist.* *he hardly knew*The lovers exchanged vows, and kisses, and embraces, and speeches of exalted love, and rings; Cressida gave to Troilus a brooch of gold and azure, “in which a ruby set was like a heart;” and the too short night passed.“When that the cock, commune astrologer, <60>Gan on his breast to beat, and after crow,And Lucifer, the daye’s messenger,Gan for to rise, and out his beames throw;And eastward rose, to him that could it know,Fortuna Major, <61> then anon Cresseide,With hearte sore, to Troilus thus said:“My hearte’s life, my trust, and my pleasance!That I was born, alas! that me is woe,That day of us must make disseverance!For time it is to rise, and hence to go,Or else I am but lost for evermo’.O Night! alas! why n’ilt thou o’er us hove,* *hoverAs long as when Alcmena lay by Jove? <62>“O blacke Night! as folk in bookes readThat shapen* art by God, this world to hide, *appointedAt certain times, with thy darke weed,* *robeThat under it men might in rest abide,Well oughte beastes plain, and folke chide,That where as Day with labour would us brest,* *burst, overcomeThere thou right flee’st, and deignest* not us rest.* *grantest“Thou dost, alas! so shortly thine office,* *dutyThou rakel* Night! that God, maker of kind, *rash, hastyThee for thy haste and thine unkinde vice,So fast ay to our hemisphere bind,That never more under the ground thou wind;* *turn, revolveFor through thy rakel hieing* out of Troy *hastingHave I forgone* thus hastily my joy!” *lostThis Troilus, that with these wordes felt,As thought him then, for piteous distress,The bloody teares from his hearte melt,As he that never yet such heavinessAssayed had out of so great gladness,Gan therewithal Cresside, his lady dear,In armes strain, and said in this mannere:“O cruel Day! accuser of the joyThat Night and Love have stol’n, and *fast y-wrien!* *closelyAccursed be thy coming into Troy! concealed*For ev’ry bow’r* hath one of thy bright eyen: *chamberEnvious Day! Why list thee to espyen?What hast thou lost? Why seekest thou this place?There God thy light so quenche, for his grace!“Alas! what have these lovers thee aguilt?* *offended, sinned againstDispiteous* Day, thine be the pains of hell! *cruel, spitefulFor many a lover hast thou slain, and wilt;Thy peering in will nowhere let them dwell:What! proff’rest thou thy light here for to sell?Go sell it them that smalle seales grave!* *cut devices onWe will thee not, us needs no day to have.”And eke the Sunne, Titan, gan he chide,And said, “O fool! well may men thee despise!That hast the Dawning <63> all night thee beside,And suff’rest her so soon up from thee rise,For to disease* us lovers in this wise! *annoyWhat! hold* thy bed, both thou, and eke thy Morrow! *keepI bidde* God so give you bothe sorrow!” *prayThe lovers part with many sighs and protestations of unswerving and undying love; Cressida responding to the vows of Troilus with the assurance —“That first shall Phoebus* falle from his sphere, *the sunAnd heaven’s eagle be the dove’s fere,And ev’ry rock out of his place start,Ere Troilus out of Cressida’s heart.”When Pandarus visits Troilus in his palace later in the day, he warns him not to mar his bliss by any fault of his own:“For, of Fortune’s sharp adversity,The worste kind of infortune is this,A man to have been in prosperity,And it remember when it passed is.<64>Thou art wise enough; forthy,*” do not amiss; *thereforeBe not too rakel,* though thou sitte warm; *rash, over-hastyFor if thou be, certain it will thee harm.“Thou art at ease, and hold thee well therein;For, all so sure as red is ev’ry fire,As great a craft is to keep weal as win; <65>Bridle alway thy speech and thy desire,For worldly joy holds not but by a wire;That proveth well, it breaks all day so oft,Forthy need is to worke with it soft.”Troilus sedulously observes the counsel; and the lovers have many renewals of their pleasure, and of their bitter chidings of the Day. The effects of love on Troilus are altogether refining and ennobling; as may be inferred from the song which he sung often to Pandarus:The Second Song of Troilus.“Love, that of Earth and Sea hath governance!Love, that his hestes* hath in Heaven high! *commandmentsLove, that with a right wholesome allianceHolds people joined, as him list them guy!* *guideLove, that knitteth law and company,And couples doth in virtue for to dwell,Bind this accord, that I have told, and tell!“That the worlde, with faith which that is stable,Diverseth so, his *stoundes according;* *according to its seasons*That elementes, that be discordable,* *discordantHolden a bond perpetually during;That Phoebus may his rosy day forth bring;And that the Moon hath lordship o’er the night; —All this doth Love, ay heried* be his might! *praised“That the sea, which that greedy is to flowen,Constraineth to a certain ende* so *limitHis floodes, that so fiercely they not growenTo drenchen* earth and all for evermo’; *drownAnd if that Love aught let his bridle go,All that now loves asunder shoulde leap,And lost were all that Love holds now *to heap.* *together <66>*“So woulde God, that author is of kind,That with his bond Love of his virtue listTo cherish heartes, and all fast to bind,That from his bond no wight the way out wist!And heartes cold, them would I that he twist,* *turnedTo make them love; and that him list ay rue* *have pityOn heartes sore, and keep them that be true.”But Troilus’ love had higher fruits than singing:In alle needes for the towne’s werre* *warHe was, and ay the first in armes dight,* *equipped, preparedAnd certainly, but if that bookes err,Save Hector, most y-dread* of any wight; *dreadedAnd this increase of hardiness* and might *courageCame him of love, his lady’s grace to win,That altered his spirit so within.In time of truce, a-hawking would he ride,Or elles hunt the boare, bear, lioun;The smalle beastes let he go beside;<67>And when he came riding into the town,Full oft his lady, from her window down,As fresh as falcon coming out of mew,* *cage <68>Full ready was him goodly to salue.* *saluteAnd most of love and virtue was his speech,And *in despite he had all wretchedness* *he held in scorn allAnd doubtless no need was him to beseech despicable actions*To honour them that hadde worthiness,And ease them that weren in distress;And glad was he, if any wight well far’d,That lover was, when he it wist or heard.For he held every man lost unless he were in Love’s service; and, so did the power of Love work within him, that he was ay [always] humble and benign, and “pride, envy, ire, and avarice, he gan to flee, and ev’ry other vice.”THE FOURTH BOOKA BRIEF Proem to the Fourth Book prepares us for the treachery of Fortune to Troilus; from whom she turned away her bright face, and took of him no heed, “and cast him clean out of his lady’s grace, and on her wheel she set up Diomede.” Then the narrative describes a skirmish in which the Trojans were worsted, and Antenor, with many of less note, remained in the hands of the Greeks. A truce was proclaimed for the exchange of prisoners; and as soon as Calchas heard the news, he came to the assembly of the Greeks, to “bid a boon.” Having gained audience, he reminded the besiegers how he had come from Troy to aid and encourage them in their enterprise; willing to lose all that he had in the city, except his daughter Cressida, whom he bitterly reproached himself for leaving behind. And now, with streaming tears and pitiful prayer, he besought them to exchange Antenor for Cressida; assuring them that the day was at hand when they should have both town and people. The soothsayer’s petition was granted; and the ambassadors charged to negotiate the exchange, entering the city, told their errand to King Priam and his parliament.This Troilus was present in the placeWhen asked was for Antenor Cresside;For which to change soon began his face,As he that with the wordes well nigh died;But natheless he no word to it seid;* *saidLest men should his affection espy,With manne’s heart he gan his sorrows drie;* *endureAnd, full of anguish and of grisly dread,Abode what other lords would to it say,And if they woulde grant, — as God forbid! —Th’exchange of her, then thought he thinges tway:* *twoFirst, for to save her honour; and what wayHe mighte best th’exchange of her withstand;This cast he then how all this mighte stand.Love made him alle *prest to do her bide,* *eager to make her stay*And rather die than that she shoulde go;But Reason said him, on the other side,“Without th’assent of her, do thou not so,Lest for thy worke she would be thy foe;And say, that through thy meddling is y-blow* *divulged, blown abroadYour bothe love, where it was *erst unknow.”* *previously unknown*For which he gan deliberate for the best,That though the lordes woulde that she went,He woulde suffer them grant what *them lest,* *they pleased*And tell his lady first what that they meant;And, when that she had told him her intent,Thereafter would he worken all so blive,* *speedilyThough all the world against it woulde strive.Hector, which that full well the Greekes heard,For Antenor how they would have Cresseide,Gan it withstand, and soberly answer’d;“Sirs, she is no prisoner,” he said;“I know not on you who this charge laid;But, for my part, ye may well soon him tell,We use* here no women for to sell.” *are accustomedThe noise of the people then upstart at once,As breme* as blaze of straw y-set on fire *violent, furiousFor Infortune* woulde for the nonce *MisfortuneThey shoulde their confusion desire“Hector,” quoth they, “what ghost* may you inspire *spiritThis woman thus to shield, and *do us* lose *cause us to*Dan Antenor? — a wrong way now ye choose, —“That is so wise, and eke so bold baroun;And we have need of folk, as men may seeHe eke is one the greatest of this town;O Hector! lette such fantasies be!O King Priam!” quoth they, “lo! thus say we,That all our will is to forego Cresseide;”And to deliver Antenor they pray’d.Though Hector often prayed them “nay,” it was resolved that Cressida should be given up for Antenor; then the parliament dispersed. Troilus hastened home to his chamber, shut himself up alone, and threw himself on his bed.And as in winter leaves be bereft,Each after other, till the tree be bare,So that there is but bark and branch y-left,Lay Troilus, bereft of each welfare,Y-bounden in the blacke bark of care,Disposed *wood out of his wit to braid,* *to go out of his senses**So sore him sat* the changing of Cresseide. *so ill did he bear*He rose him up, and ev’ry door he shet,* *shutAnd window eke; and then this sorrowful manUpon his bedde’s side adown him set,Full like a dead image, pale and wan,And in his breast the heaped woe beganOut burst, and he to worken in this wise,In his woodness,* as I shall you devise.** *madness **relateRight as the wilde bull begins to spring,Now here, now there, y-darted* to the heart, *pierced with a dartAnd of his death roareth in complaining;Right so gan he about the chamber start,Smiting his breast aye with his fistes smart;* *painfully, cruellyHis head to the wall, his body to the ground,Full oft he swapt,* himselfe to confound. *struck, dashedHis eyen then, for pity of his heart,Out streameden as swifte welles* tway; *fountainsThe highe sobbes of his sorrow’s smartHis speech him reft; unnethes* might he say, *scarcely“O Death, alas! *why n’ilt thou do me dey?* *why will you notAccursed be that day which that Nature make me die?*Shope* me to be a living creature!” *shapedBitterly reviling Fortune, and calling on Love to explain why his happiness with Cressicla should be thus repealed, Troilus declares that, while he lives, he will bewail his misfortune in solitude, and will never see it shine or rain, but will end his sorrowful life in darkness, and die in distress.“O weary ghost, that errest to and fro!Why n’ilt* thou fly out of the woefulest *wilt notBody that ever might on grounde go?O soule, lurking in this woeful nest!Flee forth out of my heart, and let it brest,* *burstAnd follow alway Cresside, thy lady dear!Thy righte place is now no longer here.“O woeful eyen two! since your disport* *delightWas all to see Cressida’s eyen bright,What shall ye do, but, for my discomfort,Stande for naught, and weepen out your sight,Since she is quench’d, that wont was you to light?In vain, from this forth, have I eyen twayY-formed, since your virtue is away!“O my Cresside! O lady sovereignOf thilke* woeful soule that now cryeth! *thisWho shall now give comfort to thy pain?Alas! no wight; but, when my hearte dieth,My spirit, which that so unto you hieth,* *hastenethReceive *in gree,* for that shall ay you serve; *with favour**Forthy no force is* though the body sterve.* *therefore no matter**die“O ye lovers, that high upon the wheelBe set of Fortune, in good adventure,God lene* that ye find ay** love of steel,<69> *grant **alwaysAnd longe may your life in joy endure!But when ye come by my sepulture,* *sepulchreRemember that your fellow resteth there;For I lov’d eke, though I unworthy were.“O old, unwholesome, and mislived man,Calchas I mean, alas! what ailed theeTo be a Greek, since thou wert born Trojan?O Calchas! which that will my bane* be, *destructionIn cursed time wert thou born for me!As woulde blissful Jove, for his joy,That I thee hadde where I would in Troy!”Soon Troilus, through excess of grief, fell into a trance; in which he was found by Pandarus, who had gone almost distracted at the news that Cressida was to be exchanged for Antenor. At his friend’s arrival, Troilus “gan as the snow against the sun to melt;” the two mingled their tears a while; then Pandarus strove to comfort the woeful lover. He admitted that never had a stranger ruin than this been wrought by Fortune:“But tell me this, why thou art now so madTo sorrow thus? Why li’st thou in this wise,Since thy desire all wholly hast thou had,So that by right it ought enough suffice?But I, that never felt in my serviceA friendly cheer or looking of an eye,Let me thus weep and wail until I die. <70>“And over all this, as thou well wost* thy selve, *knowestThis town is full of ladies all about,And, *to my doom,* fairer than suche twelve *in my judgment*As ever she was, shall I find in some rout,* *companyYea! one or two, withouten any doubt:Forthy* be glad, mine owen deare brother! *thereforeIf she be lost, we shall recover another.“What! God forbid alway that each pleasanceIn one thing were, and in none other wight;If one can sing, another can well dance;If this be goodly, she is glad and light;And this is fair, and that can good aright;Each for his virtue holden is full dear,Both heroner, and falcon for rivere. <71>“And eke as writ Zausis,<72> that was full wise,The newe love out chaseth oft the old,And upon new case lieth new advice; <73>Think eke thy life to save thou art hold;* *boundSuch fire *by process shall of kinde cold;* *shall grow cold byFor, since it is but casual pleasance, process of nature*Some case* shall put it out of remembrance. *chance“For, all so sure as day comes after night,The newe love, labour, or other woe,Or elles seldom seeing of a wight,Do old affections all *over go;* *overcome*And for thy part, thou shalt have one of tho* *thoseT’abridge with thy bitter paine’s smart;Absence of her shall drive her out of heart.”These wordes said he *for the nones all,* *only for the nonce*To help his friend, lest he for sorrow died;For, doubteless, to do his woe to fall,* *make his woe subside*He raughte* not what unthrift** that he said; *cared **follyBut Troilus, that nigh for sorrow died,Took little heed of all that ever he meant;One ear it heard, at th’other out it went.But, at the last, he answer’d and said,“Friend, This leachcraft, or y-healed thus to be,Were well sitting* if that I were a fiend, *reckedTo traisen* her that true is unto me: *betrayI pray God, let this counsel never the,* *thriveBut do me rather sterve* anon right here, *dieEre I thus do, as thou me wouldest lear!”* *teachTroilus protests that his lady shall have him wholly hers till death; and, debating the counsels of his friend, declares that even if he would, he could not love another. Then he points out the folly of not lamenting the loss of Cressida because she had been his in ease and felicity — while Pandarus himself, though he thought it so light to change to and fro in love, had not done busily his might to change her that wrought him all the woe of his unprosperous suit.“If thou hast had in love ay yet mischance,And canst it not out of thine hearte drive,I that lived in lust* and in pleasance *delightWith her, as much as creature alive,How should I that forget, and that so blive?* *quicklyO where hast thou been so long hid in mew,*<74> *cageThat canst so well and formally argue!”The lover condemns the whole discourse of his friend as unworthy, and calls on Death, the ender of all sorrows, to come to him and quench his heart with his cold stroke. Then he distils anew in tears, “as liquor out of alembic;” and Pandarus is silent for a while, till he bethinks him to recommend to Troilus the carrying off of Cressida. “Art thou in Troy, and hast no hardiment [daring, boldness] to take a woman which that loveth thee?” But Troilus reminds his counsellor that all the war had come from the ravishing of a woman by might (the abduction of Helen by Paris); and that it would not beseem him to withstand his father’s grant, since the lady was to be changed for the town’s good. He has dismissed the thought of asking Cressida from his father, because that would be to injure her fair fame, to no purpose, for Priam could not overthrow the decision of “so high a place as parliament;” while most of all he fears to perturb her heart with violence, to the slander of her name — for he must hold her honour dearer than himself in every case, as lovers ought of right:“Thus am I in desire and reason twight:* *twistedDesire, for to disturbe her, me redeth;* *counselethAnd Reason will not, so my hearte dreadeth.”* *is in doubtThus weeping, that he coulde never ceaseHe said, “Alas! how shall I, wretche, fare?For well feel I alway my love increase,And hope is less and less alway, Pandare!Increasen eke the causes of my care;So well-away! *why n’ ill my hearte brest?* *why will notFor us in love there is but little rest.” my heart break?*Pandare answered, “Friend, thou may’st for meDo as thee list;* but had I it so hot, *pleaseAnd thine estate,* she shoulde go with me! *rankThough all this town cried on this thing by note,I would not set* all that noise a groat; *valueFor when men have well cried, then will they rown,* *whisperEke wonder lasts but nine nights ne’er in town.“Divine not in reason ay so deep,Nor courteously, but help thyself anon;Bet* is that others than thyselfe weep; *betterAnd namely, since ye two be all one,Rise up, for, by my head, she shall not go’n!And rather be in blame a little found,Than sterve* here as a gnat withoute wound! *die“It is no shame unto you, nor no vice,Her to withholde, that ye loveth most;Parauntre* she might holde thee for nice,** *peradventure **foolishTo let her go thus unto the Greeks’ host;Think eke, Fortune, as well thyselfe wost,Helpeth the hardy man to his emprise,And weiveth* wretches for their cowardice. *forsaketh“And though thy lady would a lite* her grieve, *littleThou shalt thyself thy peace thereafter make;But, as to me, certain I cannot ’lieveThat she would it as now for evil take:Why shoulde then for fear thine hearte quake?Think eke how Paris hath, that is thy brother,A love; and why shalt thou not have another?“And, Troilus, one thing I dare thee swear,That if Cressida, which that is thy lief,* *loveNow loveth thee as well as thou dost her,God help me so, she will not take agrief* *amissThough thou *anon do boot in* this mischief; *provide a remedyAnd if she willeth from thee for to pass, immediately*Then is she false, so love her well the lass.* *less“Forthy,* take heart, and think, right as a knight, *thereforeThrough love is broken all day ev’ry law;Kithe* now somewhat thy courage and thy might; *showHave mercy on thyself, *for any awe;* *in spite of any fear*Let not this wretched woe thine hearte gnaw;But, manly, set the world on six and seven, <75>And, if thou die a martyr, go to heaven.”Pandarus promises his friend all aid in the enterprise; it is agreed that Cressida shall be carried off, but only with her own consent; and Pandarus sets out for his niece’s house, to arrange an interview. Meantime Cressida has heard the news; and, caring nothing for her father, but everything for Troilus, she burns in love and fear, unable to tell what she shall do.But, as men see in town, and all about,That women use* friendes to visite, *are accustomedSo to Cresside of women came a rout,* *troopFor piteous joy, and *weened her delight,* *thought to please her*And with their tales, *dear enough a mite,* *not worth a mite*These women, which that in the city dwell,They set them down, and said as I shall tell.Quoth first that one, “I am glad, truely,Because of you, that shall your father see;”Another said, “Y-wis, so am not I,For all too little hath she with us be.”* *beenQuoth then the third, “I hope, y-wis, that sheShall bringen us the peace on ev’ry side;Then, when she goes, Almighty God her guide!”Those wordes, and those womanishe thinges,She heard them right as though she thennes* were, *thence; in someFor, God it wot, her heart on other thing is; other placeAlthough the body sat among them there,Her advertence* is always elleswhere; *attentionFor Troilus full fast her soule sought;Withoute word, on him alway she thought.These women that thus weened her to please,Aboute naught gan all their tales spend;Such vanity ne can do her no ease,As she that all this meane while brenn’dOf other passion than that they wend;* *weened, supposedSo that she felt almost her hearte dieFor woe, and weary* of that company. *wearinessFor whiche she no longer might restrainHer teares, they began so up to well,That gave signes of her bitter pain,In which her spirit was, and muste dwell,Rememb’ring her from heav’n into which hellShe fallen was, since she forwent* the sight *lostOf Troilus; and sorrowfully she sight.* *sighedAnd thilke fooles, sitting her about,Weened that she had wept and siked* sore, *sighedBecause that she should out of that rout* *companyDepart, and never playe with them more;And they that hadde knowen her of yoreSaw her so weep, and thought it kindeness,And each of them wept eke for her distress.And busily they gonnen* her comfort *beganOf thing, God wot, on which she little thought;And with their tales weened her disport,And to be glad they her besought;But such an ease therewith they in her wrought,Right as a man is eased for to feel,For ache of head, to claw him on his heel.But, after all this nice* vanity, *sillyThey took their leave, and home they wenten all;Cressida, full of sorrowful pity,Into her chamber up went out of the hall,And on her bed she gan for dead to fall,In purpose never thennes for to rise;And thus she wrought, as I shall you devise.* *narrateShe rent her sunny hair, wrung her hands, wept, and bewailed her fate; vowing that, since, “for the cruelty,” she could handle neither sword nor dart, she would abstain from meat and drink until she died. As she lamented, Pandarus entered, making her complain a thousand times more at the thought of all the joy which he had given her with her lover; but he somewhat soothed her by the prospect of Troilus’s visit, and by the counsel to contain her grief when he should come. Then Pandarus went in search of Troilus, whom he found solitary in a temple, as one that had ceased to care for life:For right thus was his argument alway:He said he was but lorne,* well-away! *lost, ruined“For all that comes, comes by necessity;Thus, to be lorn,* it is my destiny. *lost, ruined“For certainly this wot I well,” he said,“That foresight of the divine purveyance* *providenceHath seen alway me to forgo* Cresseide, *loseSince God sees ev’ry thing, *out of doubtance,* *without doubt*And them disposeth, through his ordinance,In their merites soothly for to be,As they should come by predestiny.“But natheless, alas! whom shall I ’lieve?For there be greate clerkes* many one *scholarsThat destiny through argumentes preve, *proveAnd some say that needly* there is none, *necessarilyBut that free choice is giv’n us ev’ry one;O well-away! so sly are clerkes old,That I n’ot* whose opinion I may hold. <76> *know not“For some men say, if God sees all beforn,Godde may not deceived be, pardie!Then must it fallen,* though men had it sworn, *befall, happenThat purveyance hath seen before to be;Wherefore I say, that from etern* if he *eternityHath wist* before our thought eke as our deed, *knownWe have no free choice, as these clerkes read.* *maintain“For other thought, nor other deed also,Might never be, but such as purveyance,Which may not be deceived never mo’,Hath feeled* before, without ignorance; *perceivedFor if there mighte be a variance,To writhen out from Godde’s purveying,There were no prescience of thing coming,“But it were rather an opinionUncertain, and no steadfast foreseeing;And, certes, that were an abusion,* *illusionThat God should have no perfect clear weeting,* *knowledgeMore than we men, that have *doubtous weening;* *dubious opinion*But such an error *upon God to guess,* *to impute to God*Were false, and foul, and wicked cursedness.* *impiety“Eke this is an opinion of someThat have their top full high and smooth y-shore, <77>They say right thus, that thing is not to come,For* that the prescience hath seen before *becauseThat it shall come; but they say, that thereforeThat it shall come, therefore the purveyanceWot it before, withouten ignorance.“And, in this manner, this necessity*Returneth in his part contrary again;* *reacts in the oppositeFor needfully behoves it not to be, direction*That thilke thinges *fallen in certain,* *certainly happen*That be purvey’d; but needly, as they sayn,Behoveth it that thinges, which that fall,That they in certain be purveyed all.“I mean as though I labour’d me in thisTo inquire which thing cause of which thing be;As, whether that the prescience of God isThe certain cause of the necessityOf thinges that to come be, pardie!Or if necessity of thing comingBe cause certain of the purveying.“But now *enforce I me not* in shewing *I do not lay stress*How th’order of causes stands; but well wot I,That it behoveth, that the befallingOf thinges wiste* before certainly, *knownBe necessary, *all seem it not* thereby, *though it does not appear*That prescience put falling necessairTo thing to come, all fall it foul or fair.“For, if there sit a man yond on a see,* *seatThen by necessity behoveth itThat certes thine opinion sooth be,That weenest, or conjectest,* that he sit; *conjecturestAnd, furtherover, now againward yet,Lo! right so is it on the part contrary;As thus, — now hearken, for I will not tarry; —“I say that if th’opinion of theeBe sooth, for that he sits, then say I this,That he must sitte by necessity;And thus necessity in either is,For in him need of sitting is, y-wis,And, in thee, need of sooth; and thus forsoothThere must necessity be in you both.“But thou may’st say he sits not thereforeThat thine opinion of his sitting soothBut rather, for the man sat there before,Therefore is thine opinion sooth, y-wis;And I say, though the cause of sooth of thisComes of his sitting, yet necessityIs interchanged both in him and thee.“Thus in the same wise, out of doubtance,I may well maken, as it seemeth me,My reasoning of Godde’s purveyance,And of the thinges that to come be;By whiche reason men may well y-seeThat thilke* thinges that in earthe fall,** *those **happenThat by necessity they comen all.“For although that a thing should come, y-wis,Therefore it is purveyed certainly,Not that it comes for it purveyed is;Yet, natheless, behoveth needfullyThat thing to come be purvey’d truely;Or elles thinges that purveyed be,That they betide* by necessity. *happen“And this sufficeth right enough, certain,For to destroy our free choice ev’ry deal;But now is this abusion,* to sayn *illusion, self-deceptionThat falling of the thinges temporelIs cause of Godde’s prescience eternel;Now truely that is a false sentence,* *opinion, judgmentThat thing to come should cause his prescience.“What might I ween, an’* I had such a thought, *ifBut that God purveys thing that is to come,For that it is to come, and elles nought?So might I ween that thinges, all and some,That *whilom be befall and overcome,* *have happenedBe cause of thilke sov’reign purveyance, in times past*That foreknows all, withouten ignorance.“And over all this, yet say I more thereto, —That right as when I wot there is a thing,Y-wis, that thing must needfully be so;Eke right so, when I wot a thing coming,So must it come; and thus the befallingOf thinges that be wist before the tide,* *timeThey may not be eschew’d* on any side.” *avoidedWhile Troilus was in all this heaviness, disputing with himself in this matter, Pandarus joined him, and told him the result of the interview with Cressida; and at night the lovers met, with what sighs and tears may be imagined. Cressida swooned away, so that Troilus took her for dead; and, having tenderly laid out her limbs, as one preparing a corpse for the bier, he drew his sword to slay himself upon her body. But, as God would, just at that moment she awoke out of her swoon; and by and by the pair began to talk of their prospects. Cressida declared the opinion, supporting it at great length and with many reasons, that there was no cause for half so much woe on either part. Her surrender, decreed by the parliament, could not be resisted; it was quite easy for them soon to meet again; she would bring things about that she should be back in Troy within a week or two; she would take advantage of the constant coming and going while the truce lasted; and the issue would be, that the Trojans would have both her and Antenor; while, to facilitate her return, she had devised a stratagem by which, working on her father’s avarice, she might tempt him to desert from the Greek camp back to the city. “And truly,” says the poet, having fully reported her plausible speech,And truely, as written well I find,That all this thing was said *of good intent,* *sincerely*And that her hearte true was and kindTowardes him, and spake right as she meant,And that she starf* for woe nigh when she went, *diedAnd was in purpose ever to be true;Thus write they that of her workes knew.This Troilus, with heart and ears y-sprad,* *all openHeard all this thing devised to and fro,And verily it seemed that he had*The selfe wit;* but yet to let her go *the same opinion*His hearte misforgave* him evermo’; *misgaveBut, finally, he gan his hearte wrest* *compelTo truste her, and took it for the best.For which the great fury of his penance* *sufferingWas quench’d with hope, and therewith them betweenBegan for joy the amorouse dance;And as the birdes, when the sun is sheen, *brightDelighten in their song, in leaves green,Right so the wordes that they spake y-fere* *togetherDelighten them, and make their heartes cheer.* *gladYet Troilus was not so well at ease, that he did not earnestly entreat Cressida to observe her promise; for, if she came not into Troy at the set day, he should never have health, honour, or joy; and he feared that the stratagem by which she would try to lure her father back would fail, so that she might be compelled to remain among the Greeks. He would rather have them steal away together, with sufficient treasure to maintain them all their lives; and even if they went in their bare shirt, he had kin and friends elsewhere, who would welcome and honour them.Cressida, with a sigh, right in this wiseAnswer’d; “Y-wis, my deare hearte true,We may well steal away, as ye devise,And finde such unthrifty wayes new;But afterward full sore *it will us rue;* *we will regret it*And help me God so at my moste needAs causeless ye suffer all this dread!“For thilke* day that I for cherishing *that sameOr dread of father, or of other wight,Or for estate, delight, or for wedding,Be false to you, my Troilus, my knight,Saturne’s daughter Juno, through her might,As wood* as Athamante <78> do me dwell *madEternally in Styx the pit of hell!“And this, on ev’ry god celestialI swear it you, and eke on each goddess,On ev’ry nymph, and deity infernal,On Satyrs and on Faunes more or less,That *halfe goddes* be of wilderness; *demigodsAnd Atropos my thread of life to-brest,* *break utterlyIf I be false! now trow* me if you lest.** *believe **please“And thou Simois, <79> that as an arrow clearThrough Troy ay runnest downward to the sea,Bear witness of this word that said is here!That thilke day that I untrue beTo Troilus, mine owen hearte free,That thou returne backward to thy well,And I with body and soul sink in hell!”Even yet Troilus was not wholly content, and urged anew his plan of secret flight; but Cressida turned upon him with the charge that he mistrusted her causelessly, and demanded of him that he should be faithful in her absence, else she must die at her return. Troilus promised faithfulness in far simpler and briefer words than Cressida had used.“Grand mercy, good heart mine, y-wis,” quoth she;“And blissful Venus let me never sterve,* *dieEre I may stand *of pleasance in degree in a position to rewardTo quite him* that so well can deserve; him well with pleasure*And while that God my wit will me conserve,I shall so do; so true I have you found,That ay honour to me-ward shall rebound.“For truste well that your estate* royal, *rankNor vain delight, nor only worthinessOf you in war or tourney martial,Nor pomp, array, nobley, nor eke richess,Ne made me to rue* on your distress; *take pityBut moral virtue, grounded upon truth,That was the cause I first had on you ruth.* *pity“Eke gentle heart, and manhood that ye had,And that ye had, — as me thought, — in despiteEvery thing that *sounded unto* bad, *tended unto, accorded with*As rudeness, and peoplish* appetite, *vulgarAnd that your reason bridled your delight;This made, aboven ev’ry creature,That I was yours, and shall while I may dure.“And this may length of yeares not fordo,* *destroy, do awayNor remuable* Fortune deface; *unstableBut Jupiter, that of his might may doThe sorrowful to be glad, so give us grace,Ere nightes ten to meeten in this place,So that it may your heart and mine suffice!And fare now well, for time is that ye rise.”The lovers took a heart-rending adieu; and Troilus, suffering unimaginable anguish, “withoute more, out of the chamber went.”THE FIFTH BOOK.APPROACHE gan the fatal destinyThat Jovis hath in disposition,And to you angry Parcae,* Sisters three, *The FatesCommitteth to do execution;For which Cressida must out of the town,And Troilus shall dwelle forth in pine,* *painTill Lachesis his thread no longer twine.* *twistThe golden-tressed Phoebus, high aloft,Thries* had alle, with his beames clear, *thriceThe snowes molt,* and Zephyrus as oft *meltedY-brought again the tender leaves green,Since that *the son of Hecuba the queen* *Troilus <80>*Began to love her first, for whom his sorrowWas all, that she depart should on the morrowIn the morning, Diomede was ready to escort Cressida to the Greek host; and Troilus, seeing him mount his horse, could with difficulty resist an impulse to slay him — but restrained himself, lest his lady should be also slain in the tumult. When Cressida was ready to go,This Troilus, in guise of courtesy,With hawk on hand, and with a huge rout* *retinue, crowdOf knightes, rode, and did her company,Passing alle the valley far without;And farther would have ridden, out of doubt,Full fain,* and woe was him to go so soon, *gladlyBut turn he must, and it was eke to do’n.And right with that was Antenor y-comeOut of the Greekes’ host, and ev’ry wightWas of it glad, and said he was welcome;And Troilus, *all n’ere his hearte light,* *although his heartHe pained him, with all his fulle might, was not light*Him to withhold from weeping at the least;And Antenor he kiss’d and made feast.And therewithal he must his leave take,And cast his eye upon her piteously,And near he rode, his cause* for to make *excuse, occasionTo take her by the hand all soberly;And, Lord! so she gan weepe tenderly!And he full soft and slily gan her say,“Now hold your day, and *do me not to dey.”* *do not make me die*With that his courser turned he about,With face pale, and unto DiomedeNo word he spake, nor none of all his rout;Of which the son of Tydeus <81> tooke heed,As he that couthe* more than the creed <82> *knewIn such a craft, and by the rein her hent;* *tookAnd Troilus to Troye homeward went.This Diomede, that led her by the bridle,When that he saw the folk of Troy away,Thought, “All my labour shall not be *on idle,* *in vain*If that I may, for somewhat shall I say;For, at the worst, it may yet short our way;I have heard say eke, times twice twelve,He is a fool that will forget himselve.”But natheless, this thought he well enough,That “Certainly I am aboute naught,If that I speak of love, or *make it tough;* *make any violentFor, doubteless, if she have in her thought immediate effort*Him that I guess, he may not be y-broughtSo soon away; but I shall find a mean,That she *not wit as yet shall* what I mean.” *shall not yet know*So he began a general conversation, assured her of not less friendship and honour among the Greeks than she had enjoyed in Troy, and requested of her earnestly to treat him as a brother and accept his service — for, at last he said, “I am and shall be ay, while that my life may dure, your own, aboven ev’ry creature.“Thus said I never e’er now to woman born;For, God mine heart as wisly* gladden so! *surelyI loved never woman herebeforn,As paramours, nor ever shall no mo’;And for the love of God be not my foe,All* can I not to you, my lady dear, *althoughComplain aright, for I am yet to lear.* *teach“And wonder not, mine owen lady bright,Though that I speak of love to you thus blive;* *soonFor I have heard ere this of many a wightThat loved thing he ne’er saw in his live;Eke I am not of power for to striveAgainst the god of Love, but him obeyI will alway, and mercy I you pray.”Cressida answered his discourses as though she scarcely heard them; yet she thanked him for his trouble and courtesy, and accepted his offered friendship — promising to trust him, as well she might. Then she alighted from her steed, and, with her heart nigh breaking, was welcomed to the embrace of her father. Meanwhile Troilus, back in Troy, was lamenting with tears the loss of his love, despairing of his or her ability to survive the ten days, and spending the night in wailing, sleepless tossing, and troublous dreams. In the morning he was visited by Pandarus, to whom he gave directions for his funeral; desiring that the powder into which his heart was burned should be kept in a golden urn, and given to Cressida. Pandarus renewed his old counsels and consolations, reminded his friend that ten days were a short time to wait, argued against his faith in evil dreams, and urged him to take advantage of the truce, and beguile the time by a visit to King Sarpedon (a Lycian Prince who had come to aid the Trojans). Sarpedon entertained them splendidly; but no feasting, no pomp, no music of instruments, no singing of fair ladies, could make up for the absence of Cressida to the desolate Troilus, who was for ever poring upon her old letters, and recalling her loved form. Thus he “drove to an end” the fourth day, and would have then returned to Troy, but for the remonstrances of Pandarus, who asked if they had visited Sarpedon only to fetch fire? At last, at the end of a week, they returned to Troy; Troilus hoping to find Cressida again in the city, Pandarus entertaining a scepticism which he concealed from his friend. The morning after their return, Troilus was impatient till he had gone to the palace of Cressida; but when he found her doors all closed, “well nigh for sorrow adown he gan to fall.”Therewith, when he was ware, and gan beholdHow shut was ev’ry window of the place,As frost him thought his hearte *gan to cold;* *began to grow cold*For which, with changed deadly pale face,Withoute word, he forth began to pace;And, as God would, he gan so faste ride,That no wight of his countenance espied.Then said he thus: “O palace desolate!O house of houses, *whilom beste hight!* *formerly called best*O palace empty and disconsolate!O thou lantern, of which quench’d is the light!O palace, whilom day, that now art night!Well oughtest thou to fall, and I to die,Since she is gone that wont was us to guy!* *guide, rule“O palace, whilom crown of houses all,Illumined with sun of alle bliss!O ring, from which the ruby is out fall!O cause of woe, that cause hast been of bliss!Yet, since I may no bet, fain would I kissThy colde doores, durst I for this rout;And farewell shrine, of which the saint is out!”. . . . . . . . . . .From thence forth he rideth up and down,And ev’ry thing came him to remembrance,As he rode by the places of the town,In which he whilom had all his pleasance;“Lo! yonder saw I mine own lady dance;And in that temple, with her eyen clear,Me caughte first my righte lady dear.“And yonder have I heard full lustilyMy deare hearte laugh; and yonder play:Saw I her ones eke full blissfully;And yonder ones to me gan she say,‘Now, goode sweete! love me well, I pray;’And yond so gladly gan she me behold,That to the death my heart is to her hold.* *holden, bound“And at that corner, in the yonder house,Heard I mine allerlevest* lady dear, *dearest of allSo womanly, with voice melodious,Singe so well, so goodly and so clear,That in my soule yet me thinks I hearThe blissful sound; and in that yonder placeMy lady first me took unto her grace.”Then he went to the gates, and gazed along the way by which he had attended Cressida at her departure; then he fancied that all the passers-by pitied him; and thus he drove forth a day or two more, singing a song, of few words, which he had made to lighten his heart:“O star, of which I lost have all the light,With hearte sore well ought I to bewail,That ever dark in torment, night by night,Toward my death, with wind I steer and sail;For which, the tenthe night, if that I fail* *miss; be left withoutThe guiding of thy beames bright an hour,My ship and me Charybdis will devour.”By night he prayed the moon to run fast about her sphere; by day he reproached the tardy sun — dreading that Phaethon had come to life again, and was driving the chariot of Apollo out of its straight course. Meanwhile Cressida, among the Greeks, was bewailing the refusal of her father to let her return, the certainty that her lover would think her false, and the hopelessness of any attempt to steal away by night. Her bright face waxed pale, her limbs lean, as she stood all day looking toward Troy; thinking on her love and all her past delights, regretting that she had not followed the counsel of Troilus to steal away with him, and finally vowing that she would at all hazards return to the city. But she was fated, ere two months, to be full far from any such intention; for Diomede now brought all his skill into play, to entice Cressida into his net. On the tenth day, Diomede, “as fresh as branch in May,” came to the tent of Cressida, feigning business with Calchas.Cresside, at shorte wordes for to tell,Welcomed him, and down by her him set,And he was *eath enough to make dwell;* *easily persuaded to stay*And after this, withoute longe let,* *delayThe spices and the wine men forth him fet,* *fetchedAnd forth they speak of this and that y-fere,* *togetherAs friendes do, of which some shall ye hear.He gan first fallen of the war in speechBetween them and the folk of Troye town,And of the siege he gan eke her beseechTo tell him what was her opinioun;From that demand he so descended downTo aske her, if that her strange thoughtThe Greekes’ guise,* and workes that they wrought. *fashionAnd why her father tarried* so long *delayedTo wedde her unto some worthy wight.Cressida, that was in her paines strongFor love of Troilus, her owen knight,So farforth as she cunning* had or might, *abilityAnswer’d him then; but, as for his intent,* *purposeIt seemed not she wiste* what he meant. *knewBut natheless this ilke* Diomede *sameGan *in himself assure,* and thus he said; *grow confident*“If I aright have *taken on you heed,* *observed you*Me thinketh thus, O lady mine Cresside,That since I first hand on your bridle laid,When ye out came of Troye by the morrow,Ne might I never see you but in sorrow.“I cannot say what may the cause be,But if for love of some Trojan it were;*The which right sore would a-thinke me* *which it would muchThat ye for any wight that dwelleth there pain me to think*Should [ever] spill* a quarter of a tear, *shedOr piteously yourselfe so beguile;* *deceiveFor dreadeless* it is not worth the while. *undoubtedly“The folk of Troy, as who saith, all and someIn prison be, as ye yourselfe see;From thence shall not one alive comeFor all the gold betwixte sun and sea;Truste this well, and understande me;There shall not one to mercy go alive,All* were he lord of worldes twice five. *although. . . . . . . . . . . .“What will ye more, lovesome lady dear?Let Troy and Trojan from your hearte pace;Drive out that bitter hope, and make good cheer,And call again the beauty of your face,That ye with salte teares so deface;For Troy is brought into such jeopardy,That it to save is now no remedy.“And thinke well, ye shall in Greekes findA love more perfect, ere that it be night,Than any Trojan is, and more kind,And better you to serve will do his might;And, if ye vouchesafe, my lady bright,I will be he, to serve you, myselve, —Yea, lever* than be a lord of Greekes twelve!” *ratherAnd with that word he gan to waxe red,And in his speech a little while he quoke,* *quaked; trembledAnd cast aside a little with his head,And stint a while; and afterward he woke,And soberly on her he threw his look,And said, “I am, albeit to you no joy,As gentle* man as any wight in Troy. *high-born“But, hearte mine! since that I am your man,* *leigeman, subjectAnd [you] be the first of whom I seeke grace, (in love)To serve you as heartily as I can,And ever shall, while I to live have space,So, ere that I depart out of this place,Ye will me grante that I may, to-morrow,At better leisure, telle you my sorrow.”Why should I tell his wordes that he said?He spake enough for one day at the mest;* *mostIt proveth well he spake so, that CresseideGranted upon the morrow, at his request,Farther to speake with him, at the least,So that he would not speak of such mattere;And thus she said to him, as ye may hear:As she that had her heart on TroilusSo faste set, that none might it arace;* *uproot <83>And strangely* she spake, and saide thus; *distantly, unfriendlily“O Diomede! I love that ilke placeWhere I was born; and Jovis, for his grace,Deliver it soon of all that doth it care!* *afflictGod, for thy might, so *leave it* well to fare!” *grant it*She knows that the Greeks would fain wreak their wrath on Troy, if they might; but that shall never befall: she knows that there are Greeks of high condition — though as worthy men would be found in Troy: and she knows that Diomede could serve his lady well.“But, as to speak of love, y-wis,” she said,“I had a lord, to whom I wedded was, <84>He whose mine heart was all, until he died;And other love, as help me now Pallas,There in my heart nor is, nor ever was;And that ye be of noble and high kindred,I have well heard it tellen, out of dread.* *doubt“And that doth* me to have so great a wonder *causethThat ye will scornen any woman so;Eke, God wot, love and I be far asunder;I am disposed bet, so may I go,* *fare or prosperUnto my death to plain and make woe;What I shall after do I cannot say,But truely as yet *me list not play.* *I am not disposed*for sport“Mine heart is now in tribulatioun;And ye in armes busy be by day;Hereafter, when ye wonnen have the town,Parauntre* then, so as it happen may, *peradventureThat when I see that I never *ere sey,* *saw before*Then will I work that I never ere wrought;This word to you enough sufficen ought.“To-morrow eke will I speak with you fain,* *willinglySo that ye touche naught of this mattere;And when you list, ye may come here again,And ere ye go, thus much I say you here:As help me Pallas, with her haires clear,If that I should of any Greek have ruth,It shoulde be yourselfe, by my truth!“I say not therefore that I will you love;*Nor say not nay;* but, in conclusioun, *nor say I thatI meane well, by God that sits above!” I will not*And therewithal she cast her eyen down,And gan to sigh, and said; “O Troye town!Yet bid* I God, in quiet and in rest *prayI may you see, or *do my hearte brest!”* *cause my heart to break*But in effect, and shortly for to say,This Diomede all freshly new againGan pressen on, and fast her mercy pray;And after this, the soothe for to sayn,Her glove he took, of which he was full fain,And finally, when it was waxen eve,And all was well, he rose and took his leave.Cressida retired to rest:Returning in her soul ay up and downThe wordes of this sudden Diomede,<85>His great estate,* the peril of the town, *rankAnd that she was alone, and hadde needOf friendes’ help; and thus began to dreadThe causes why, the soothe for to tell,That she took fully the purpose for to dwell.* *remain (with theGreeks)The morrow came, and, ghostly* for to speak, *plainlyThis Diomede is come unto Cresseide;And shortly, lest that ye my tale break,So well he for himselfe spake and said,That all her sighes sore adown he laid;And finally, the soothe for to sayn,He refte* her the great** of all her pain. *took away **the greaterpart ofAnd after this, the story telleth usThat she him gave the faire baye steedThe which she ones won of Troilus;And eke a brooch (and that was little need)That Troilus’ was, she gave this Diomede;And eke, the bet from sorrow him to relieve,She made him wear a pensel* of her sleeve. *pendant <86>I find eke in the story elleswhere,When through the body hurt was DiomedeBy Troilus, she wept many a tear,When that she saw his wide woundes bleed,And that she took to keepe* him good heed, *tend, care forAnd, for to heal him of his sorrow’s smart,Men say, I n’ot,* that she gave him her heart. *know notAnd yet, when pity had thus completed the triumph of inconstancy, she made bitter moan over her falseness to one of the noblest and worthiest men that ever was; but it was now too late to repent, and at all events she resolved that she would be true to Diomede — all the while weeping for pity of the absent Troilus, to whom she wished every happiness. The tenth day, meantime, had barely dawned, when Troilus, accompanied by Pandarus, took his stand on the walls, to watch for the return of Cressida. Till noon they stood, thinking that every corner from afar was she; then Troilus said that doubtless her old father bore the parting ill, and had detained her till after dinner; so they went to dine, and returned to their vain observation on the walls. Troilus invented all kinds of explanations for his mistress’s delay; now, her father would not let her go till eve; now, she would ride quietly into the town after nightfall, not to be observed; now, he must have mistaken the day. For five or six days he watched, still in vain, and with decreasing hope. Gradually his strength decayed, until he could walk only with a staff; answering the wondering inquiries of his friends, by saying that he had a grievous malady about his heart. One day he dreamed that in a forest he saw Cressida in the embrace of a boar; and he had no longer doubt of her falsehood. Pandarus, however, explained away the dream to mean merely that Cressida was detained by her father, who might be at the point of death; and he counselled the disconsolate lover to write a letter, by which he might perhaps get at the truth. Troilus complied, entreating from his mistress, at the least, a “letter of hope;” and the lady answered, that she could not come now, but would so soon as she might; at the same time “making him great feast,” and swearing that she loved him best — “of which he found but bottomless behest [which he found but groundless promises].” Day by day increased the woe of Troilus; he laid himself in bed, neither eating, nor drinking, nor sleeping, nor speaking, almost distracted by the thought of Cressida’s unkindness. He related his dream to his sister Cassandra, who told him that the boar betokened Diomede, and that, wheresoever his lady was, Diornede certainly had her heart, and she was his: “weep if thou wilt, or leave, for, out of doubt, this Diomede is in, and thou art out.” Troilus, enraged, refused to believe Cassandra’s interpretation; as well, he cried, might such a story be credited of Alcestis, who devoted her life for her husband; and in his wrath he started from bed, “as though all whole had him y-made a leach [physician],” resolving to find out the truth at all hazards. The death of Hector meanwhile enhanced the sorrow which he endured; but he found time to write often to Cressida, beseeching her to come again and hold her truth; till one day his false mistress, out of pity, wrote him again, in these terms:“Cupide’s son, ensample of goodlihead,* *beauty, excellenceO sword of knighthood, source of gentleness!How might a wight in torment and in dread,And healeless,* you send as yet gladness? *devoid of healthI hearteless, I sick, I in distress?Since ye with me, nor I with you, may deal,You neither send I may nor heart nor heal.“Your letters full, the paper all y-plainted,* *covered withCommoved have mine heart’s pitt; complainingsI have eke seen with teares all depaintedYour letter, and how ye require meTo come again; the which yet may not be;But why, lest that this letter founden were,No mention I make now for fear.“Grievous to me, God wot, is your unrest,Your haste,* and that the goddes’ ordinance *impatienceIt seemeth not ye take as for the best;Nor other thing is in your remembrance,As thinketh me, but only your pleasance;But be not wroth, and that I you beseech,For that I tarry is *all for wicked speech.* *to avoid maliciousgossip*“For I have heard well more than I wend* *weened, thoughtTouching us two, how thinges have stood,Which I shall with dissimuling amend;And, be not wroth, I have eke understoodHow ye ne do but holde me on hand; <87>But now *no force,* I cannot in you guess *no matter*But alle truth and alle gentleness.“Comen I will, but yet in such disjoint* *jeopardy, criticalI stande now, that what year or what day positionThat this shall be, that can I not appoint;But in effect I pray you, as I may,For your good word and for your friendship ay;For truely, while that my life may dure,As for a friend, ye may *in me assure.* *depend on me*“Yet pray I you, *on evil ye not take* *do not take it ill*That it is short, which that I to you write;I dare not, where I am, well letters make;Nor never yet ne could I well endite;Eke *great effect men write in place lite;* *men write great matterTh’ intent is all, and not the letter’s space; in little space*And fare now well, God have you in his grace!“La Vostre C.”Though he found this letter “all strange,” and thought it like “a kalendes of change,” <88> Troilus could not believe his lady so cruel as to forsake him; but he was put out of all doubt, one day that, as he stood in suspicion and melancholy, he saw a “coat- armour” borne along the street, in token of victory, before Deiphobus his brother. Deiphobus had won it from Diomede in battle that day; and Troilus, examining it out of curiosity, found within the collar a brooch which he had given to Cressida on the morning she left Troy, and which she had pledged her faith to keep for ever in remembrance of his sorrow and of him. At this fatal discovery of his lady’s untruth,Great was the sorrow and plaint of Troilus;But forth her course Fortune ay gan to hold;Cressida lov’d the son of Tydeus,And Troilus must weep in cares cold.Such is the world, whoso it can behold!In each estate is little hearte’s rest;God lend* us each to take it for the best! *grantIn many a cruel battle Troilus wrought havoc among the Greeks, and often he exchanged blows and bitter words with Diomede, whom he always specially sought; but it was not their lot that either should fall by the other’s hand. The poet’s purpose, however, he tells us, is to relate, not the warlike deeds of Troilus, which Dares has fully told, but his love-fortunes:Beseeching ev’ry lady bright of hue,And ev’ry gentle woman, *what she be,* *whatsoever she be*Albeit that Cressida was untrue,That for that guilt ye be not wroth with me;Ye may her guilt in other bookes see;And gladder I would writen, if you lest,Of Penelope’s truth, and good Alceste.Nor say I not this only all for men,But most for women that betrayed beThrough false folk (God give them sorrow, Amen!)That with their greate wit and subtiltyBetraye you; and this commoveth meTo speak; and in effect you all I pray,Beware of men, and hearken what I say.Go, little book, go, little tragedy!There God my maker, yet ere that I die,So send me might to make some comedy!But, little book, *no making thou envy,* *be envious of no poetry* <89>But subject be unto all poesy;And kiss the steps, where as thou seest space,Of Virgil, Ovid, Homer, Lucan, Stace.And, for there is so great diversityIn English, and in writing of our tongue,So pray I God, that none miswrite thee,Nor thee mismetre for default of tongue!And read whereso thou be, or elles sung,That thou be understanden, God I ’seech!* *beseechBut yet to purpose of my *rather speech.* *earlier subject* <90>The wrath, as I began you for to say,Of Troilus the Greekes boughte dear;For thousandes his handes *made dey,* *made to die*As he that was withouten any peer,Save in his time Hector, as I can hear;But, well-away! save only Godde’s will,Dispiteously him slew the fierce Achill’.And when that he was slain in this mannere,His lighte ghost* full blissfully is went *spiritUp to the hollowness of the seventh sphere <91>In converse leaving ev’ry element;And there he saw, with full advisement,* *observation, understandingTh’ erratic starres heark’ning harmony,With soundes full of heav’nly melody.And down from thennes fast he gan advise* *consider, look onThis little spot of earth, that with the seaEmbraced is; and fully gan despiseThis wretched world, and held all vanity,*To respect of the plein felicity* *in comparison withThat is in heav’n above; and, at the last, the full felicity*Where he was slain his looking down he cast.And in himself he laugh’d right at the woeOf them that wepte for his death so fast;And damned* all our works, that follow so *condemnedThe blinde lust, the which that may not last,And shoulden* all our heart on heaven cast; *while we shouldAnd forth he wente, shortly for to tell,Where as Mercury sorted* him to dwell. *allotted <92>

O sooth is said, that healed for to beOf a fever, or other great sickness,Men muste drink, as we may often see,Full bitter drink; and for to have gladnessMen drinken often pain and great distress!I mean it here, as for this adventure,That thorough pain hath founden all his cure.

And now sweetnesse seemeth far more sweet,That bitterness assayed* was beforn; *tasted <57>For out of woe in blisse now they fleet,* *float, swimNone such they felte since that they were born;Now is it better than both two were lorn! <58>For love of God, take ev’ry woman heedTo worke thus, if it come to the need!

Cresside, all quit from ev’ry dread and teen,* *painAs she that juste cause had him to trust,Made him such feast,<59> it joy was for to see’n,When she his truth and *intent cleane wist;* *knew the purityAnd as about a tree, with many a twist, of his purpose**Bitrent and writhen* is the sweet woodbind, *plaited and wreathed*Gan each of them in armes other wind.* *embrace, encircle

And as the *new abashed* nightingale, *newly-arrived and timid*That stinteth,* first when she beginneth sing, *stopsWhen that she heareth any *herde’s tale,* *the talking of a shepherd*Or in the hedges any wight stirring;And, after, sicker* out her voice doth ring; *confidentlyRight so Cressida, when *her dreade stent,* *her doubt ceased*Open’d her heart, and told him her intent.* *mind

And might as he that sees his death y-shapen,* *preparedAnd dien must, *in aught that he may guess,* *for all he can tell*And suddenly *rescouse doth him escapen,* *he is rescued and escapes*And from his death is brought *in sickerness;* *to safety*For all the world, in such present gladnessWas Troilus, and had his lady sweet;With worse hap God let us never meet!

Her armes small, her straighte back and soft,Her sides longe, fleshly, smooth, and white,He gan to stroke; and good thrift* bade full oft *blessingOn her snow-white throat, her breastes round and lite;* *smallThus in this heaven he gan him delight,And therewithal a thousand times her kist,That what to do for joy *unneth he wist.* *he hardly knew*

The lovers exchanged vows, and kisses, and embraces, and speeches of exalted love, and rings; Cressida gave to Troilus a brooch of gold and azure, “in which a ruby set was like a heart;” and the too short night passed.

“When that the cock, commune astrologer, <60>Gan on his breast to beat, and after crow,And Lucifer, the daye’s messenger,Gan for to rise, and out his beames throw;And eastward rose, to him that could it know,Fortuna Major, <61> then anon Cresseide,With hearte sore, to Troilus thus said:

“My hearte’s life, my trust, and my pleasance!That I was born, alas! that me is woe,That day of us must make disseverance!For time it is to rise, and hence to go,Or else I am but lost for evermo’.O Night! alas! why n’ilt thou o’er us hove,* *hoverAs long as when Alcmena lay by Jove? <62>

“O blacke Night! as folk in bookes readThat shapen* art by God, this world to hide, *appointedAt certain times, with thy darke weed,* *robeThat under it men might in rest abide,Well oughte beastes plain, and folke chide,That where as Day with labour would us brest,* *burst, overcomeThere thou right flee’st, and deignest* not us rest.* *grantest

“Thou dost, alas! so shortly thine office,* *dutyThou rakel* Night! that God, maker of kind, *rash, hastyThee for thy haste and thine unkinde vice,So fast ay to our hemisphere bind,That never more under the ground thou wind;* *turn, revolveFor through thy rakel hieing* out of Troy *hastingHave I forgone* thus hastily my joy!” *lost

This Troilus, that with these wordes felt,As thought him then, for piteous distress,The bloody teares from his hearte melt,As he that never yet such heavinessAssayed had out of so great gladness,Gan therewithal Cresside, his lady dear,In armes strain, and said in this mannere:

“O cruel Day! accuser of the joyThat Night and Love have stol’n, and *fast y-wrien!* *closelyAccursed be thy coming into Troy! concealed*For ev’ry bow’r* hath one of thy bright eyen: *chamberEnvious Day! Why list thee to espyen?What hast thou lost? Why seekest thou this place?There God thy light so quenche, for his grace!

“Alas! what have these lovers thee aguilt?* *offended, sinned againstDispiteous* Day, thine be the pains of hell! *cruel, spitefulFor many a lover hast thou slain, and wilt;Thy peering in will nowhere let them dwell:What! proff’rest thou thy light here for to sell?Go sell it them that smalle seales grave!* *cut devices onWe will thee not, us needs no day to have.”

And eke the Sunne, Titan, gan he chide,And said, “O fool! well may men thee despise!That hast the Dawning <63> all night thee beside,And suff’rest her so soon up from thee rise,For to disease* us lovers in this wise! *annoyWhat! hold* thy bed, both thou, and eke thy Morrow! *keepI bidde* God so give you bothe sorrow!” *pray

The lovers part with many sighs and protestations of unswerving and undying love; Cressida responding to the vows of Troilus with the assurance —

“That first shall Phoebus* falle from his sphere, *the sunAnd heaven’s eagle be the dove’s fere,And ev’ry rock out of his place start,Ere Troilus out of Cressida’s heart.”

When Pandarus visits Troilus in his palace later in the day, he warns him not to mar his bliss by any fault of his own:

“For, of Fortune’s sharp adversity,The worste kind of infortune is this,A man to have been in prosperity,And it remember when it passed is.<64>Thou art wise enough; forthy,*” do not amiss; *thereforeBe not too rakel,* though thou sitte warm; *rash, over-hastyFor if thou be, certain it will thee harm.

“Thou art at ease, and hold thee well therein;For, all so sure as red is ev’ry fire,As great a craft is to keep weal as win; <65>Bridle alway thy speech and thy desire,For worldly joy holds not but by a wire;That proveth well, it breaks all day so oft,Forthy need is to worke with it soft.”

Troilus sedulously observes the counsel; and the lovers have many renewals of their pleasure, and of their bitter chidings of the Day. The effects of love on Troilus are altogether refining and ennobling; as may be inferred from the song which he sung often to Pandarus:

The Second Song of Troilus.

“Love, that of Earth and Sea hath governance!Love, that his hestes* hath in Heaven high! *commandmentsLove, that with a right wholesome allianceHolds people joined, as him list them guy!* *guideLove, that knitteth law and company,And couples doth in virtue for to dwell,Bind this accord, that I have told, and tell!

“That the worlde, with faith which that is stable,Diverseth so, his *stoundes according;* *according to its seasons*That elementes, that be discordable,* *discordantHolden a bond perpetually during;That Phoebus may his rosy day forth bring;And that the Moon hath lordship o’er the night; —All this doth Love, ay heried* be his might! *praised

“That the sea, which that greedy is to flowen,Constraineth to a certain ende* so *limitHis floodes, that so fiercely they not growenTo drenchen* earth and all for evermo’; *drownAnd if that Love aught let his bridle go,All that now loves asunder shoulde leap,And lost were all that Love holds now *to heap.* *together <66>*

“So woulde God, that author is of kind,That with his bond Love of his virtue listTo cherish heartes, and all fast to bind,That from his bond no wight the way out wist!And heartes cold, them would I that he twist,* *turnedTo make them love; and that him list ay rue* *have pityOn heartes sore, and keep them that be true.”

But Troilus’ love had higher fruits than singing:

In alle needes for the towne’s werre* *warHe was, and ay the first in armes dight,* *equipped, preparedAnd certainly, but if that bookes err,Save Hector, most y-dread* of any wight; *dreadedAnd this increase of hardiness* and might *courageCame him of love, his lady’s grace to win,That altered his spirit so within.

In time of truce, a-hawking would he ride,Or elles hunt the boare, bear, lioun;The smalle beastes let he go beside;<67>And when he came riding into the town,Full oft his lady, from her window down,As fresh as falcon coming out of mew,* *cage <68>Full ready was him goodly to salue.* *salute

And most of love and virtue was his speech,And *in despite he had all wretchedness* *he held in scorn allAnd doubtless no need was him to beseech despicable actions*To honour them that hadde worthiness,And ease them that weren in distress;And glad was he, if any wight well far’d,That lover was, when he it wist or heard.

For he held every man lost unless he were in Love’s service; and, so did the power of Love work within him, that he was ay [always] humble and benign, and “pride, envy, ire, and avarice, he gan to flee, and ev’ry other vice.”

A BRIEF Proem to the Fourth Book prepares us for the treachery of Fortune to Troilus; from whom she turned away her bright face, and took of him no heed, “and cast him clean out of his lady’s grace, and on her wheel she set up Diomede.” Then the narrative describes a skirmish in which the Trojans were worsted, and Antenor, with many of less note, remained in the hands of the Greeks. A truce was proclaimed for the exchange of prisoners; and as soon as Calchas heard the news, he came to the assembly of the Greeks, to “bid a boon.” Having gained audience, he reminded the besiegers how he had come from Troy to aid and encourage them in their enterprise; willing to lose all that he had in the city, except his daughter Cressida, whom he bitterly reproached himself for leaving behind. And now, with streaming tears and pitiful prayer, he besought them to exchange Antenor for Cressida; assuring them that the day was at hand when they should have both town and people. The soothsayer’s petition was granted; and the ambassadors charged to negotiate the exchange, entering the city, told their errand to King Priam and his parliament.

This Troilus was present in the placeWhen asked was for Antenor Cresside;For which to change soon began his face,As he that with the wordes well nigh died;But natheless he no word to it seid;* *saidLest men should his affection espy,With manne’s heart he gan his sorrows drie;* *endure

And, full of anguish and of grisly dread,Abode what other lords would to it say,And if they woulde grant, — as God forbid! —Th’exchange of her, then thought he thinges tway:* *twoFirst, for to save her honour; and what wayHe mighte best th’exchange of her withstand;This cast he then how all this mighte stand.

Love made him alle *prest to do her bide,* *eager to make her stay*And rather die than that she shoulde go;But Reason said him, on the other side,“Without th’assent of her, do thou not so,Lest for thy worke she would be thy foe;And say, that through thy meddling is y-blow* *divulged, blown abroadYour bothe love, where it was *erst unknow.”* *previously unknown*

For which he gan deliberate for the best,That though the lordes woulde that she went,He woulde suffer them grant what *them lest,* *they pleased*And tell his lady first what that they meant;And, when that she had told him her intent,Thereafter would he worken all so blive,* *speedilyThough all the world against it woulde strive.

Hector, which that full well the Greekes heard,For Antenor how they would have Cresseide,Gan it withstand, and soberly answer’d;“Sirs, she is no prisoner,” he said;“I know not on you who this charge laid;But, for my part, ye may well soon him tell,We use* here no women for to sell.” *are accustomed

The noise of the people then upstart at once,As breme* as blaze of straw y-set on fire *violent, furiousFor Infortune* woulde for the nonce *MisfortuneThey shoulde their confusion desire“Hector,” quoth they, “what ghost* may you inspire *spiritThis woman thus to shield, and *do us* lose *cause us to*Dan Antenor? — a wrong way now ye choose, —

“That is so wise, and eke so bold baroun;And we have need of folk, as men may seeHe eke is one the greatest of this town;O Hector! lette such fantasies be!O King Priam!” quoth they, “lo! thus say we,That all our will is to forego Cresseide;”And to deliver Antenor they pray’d.

Though Hector often prayed them “nay,” it was resolved that Cressida should be given up for Antenor; then the parliament dispersed. Troilus hastened home to his chamber, shut himself up alone, and threw himself on his bed.

And as in winter leaves be bereft,Each after other, till the tree be bare,So that there is but bark and branch y-left,Lay Troilus, bereft of each welfare,Y-bounden in the blacke bark of care,Disposed *wood out of his wit to braid,* *to go out of his senses**So sore him sat* the changing of Cresseide. *so ill did he bear*

He rose him up, and ev’ry door he shet,* *shutAnd window eke; and then this sorrowful manUpon his bedde’s side adown him set,Full like a dead image, pale and wan,And in his breast the heaped woe beganOut burst, and he to worken in this wise,In his woodness,* as I shall you devise.** *madness **relate

Right as the wilde bull begins to spring,Now here, now there, y-darted* to the heart, *pierced with a dartAnd of his death roareth in complaining;Right so gan he about the chamber start,Smiting his breast aye with his fistes smart;* *painfully, cruellyHis head to the wall, his body to the ground,Full oft he swapt,* himselfe to confound. *struck, dashed

His eyen then, for pity of his heart,Out streameden as swifte welles* tway; *fountainsThe highe sobbes of his sorrow’s smartHis speech him reft; unnethes* might he say, *scarcely“O Death, alas! *why n’ilt thou do me dey?* *why will you notAccursed be that day which that Nature make me die?*Shope* me to be a living creature!” *shaped

Bitterly reviling Fortune, and calling on Love to explain why his happiness with Cressicla should be thus repealed, Troilus declares that, while he lives, he will bewail his misfortune in solitude, and will never see it shine or rain, but will end his sorrowful life in darkness, and die in distress.

“O weary ghost, that errest to and fro!Why n’ilt* thou fly out of the woefulest *wilt notBody that ever might on grounde go?O soule, lurking in this woeful nest!Flee forth out of my heart, and let it brest,* *burstAnd follow alway Cresside, thy lady dear!Thy righte place is now no longer here.

“O woeful eyen two! since your disport* *delightWas all to see Cressida’s eyen bright,What shall ye do, but, for my discomfort,Stande for naught, and weepen out your sight,Since she is quench’d, that wont was you to light?In vain, from this forth, have I eyen twayY-formed, since your virtue is away!

“O my Cresside! O lady sovereignOf thilke* woeful soule that now cryeth! *thisWho shall now give comfort to thy pain?Alas! no wight; but, when my hearte dieth,My spirit, which that so unto you hieth,* *hastenethReceive *in gree,* for that shall ay you serve; *with favour**Forthy no force is* though the body sterve.* *therefore no matter**die“O ye lovers, that high upon the wheelBe set of Fortune, in good adventure,God lene* that ye find ay** love of steel,<69> *grant **alwaysAnd longe may your life in joy endure!But when ye come by my sepulture,* *sepulchreRemember that your fellow resteth there;For I lov’d eke, though I unworthy were.

“O old, unwholesome, and mislived man,Calchas I mean, alas! what ailed theeTo be a Greek, since thou wert born Trojan?O Calchas! which that will my bane* be, *destructionIn cursed time wert thou born for me!As woulde blissful Jove, for his joy,That I thee hadde where I would in Troy!”

Soon Troilus, through excess of grief, fell into a trance; in which he was found by Pandarus, who had gone almost distracted at the news that Cressida was to be exchanged for Antenor. At his friend’s arrival, Troilus “gan as the snow against the sun to melt;” the two mingled their tears a while; then Pandarus strove to comfort the woeful lover. He admitted that never had a stranger ruin than this been wrought by Fortune:

“But tell me this, why thou art now so madTo sorrow thus? Why li’st thou in this wise,Since thy desire all wholly hast thou had,So that by right it ought enough suffice?But I, that never felt in my serviceA friendly cheer or looking of an eye,Let me thus weep and wail until I die. <70>

“And over all this, as thou well wost* thy selve, *knowestThis town is full of ladies all about,And, *to my doom,* fairer than suche twelve *in my judgment*As ever she was, shall I find in some rout,* *companyYea! one or two, withouten any doubt:Forthy* be glad, mine owen deare brother! *thereforeIf she be lost, we shall recover another.

“What! God forbid alway that each pleasanceIn one thing were, and in none other wight;If one can sing, another can well dance;If this be goodly, she is glad and light;And this is fair, and that can good aright;Each for his virtue holden is full dear,Both heroner, and falcon for rivere. <71>

“And eke as writ Zausis,<72> that was full wise,The newe love out chaseth oft the old,And upon new case lieth new advice; <73>Think eke thy life to save thou art hold;* *boundSuch fire *by process shall of kinde cold;* *shall grow cold byFor, since it is but casual pleasance, process of nature*Some case* shall put it out of remembrance. *chance

“For, all so sure as day comes after night,The newe love, labour, or other woe,Or elles seldom seeing of a wight,Do old affections all *over go;* *overcome*And for thy part, thou shalt have one of tho* *thoseT’abridge with thy bitter paine’s smart;Absence of her shall drive her out of heart.”

These wordes said he *for the nones all,* *only for the nonce*To help his friend, lest he for sorrow died;For, doubteless, to do his woe to fall,* *make his woe subside*He raughte* not what unthrift** that he said; *cared **follyBut Troilus, that nigh for sorrow died,Took little heed of all that ever he meant;One ear it heard, at th’other out it went.

But, at the last, he answer’d and said,“Friend, This leachcraft, or y-healed thus to be,Were well sitting* if that I were a fiend, *reckedTo traisen* her that true is unto me: *betrayI pray God, let this counsel never the,* *thriveBut do me rather sterve* anon right here, *dieEre I thus do, as thou me wouldest lear!”* *teach

Troilus protests that his lady shall have him wholly hers till death; and, debating the counsels of his friend, declares that even if he would, he could not love another. Then he points out the folly of not lamenting the loss of Cressida because she had been his in ease and felicity — while Pandarus himself, though he thought it so light to change to and fro in love, had not done busily his might to change her that wrought him all the woe of his unprosperous suit.

“If thou hast had in love ay yet mischance,And canst it not out of thine hearte drive,I that lived in lust* and in pleasance *delightWith her, as much as creature alive,How should I that forget, and that so blive?* *quicklyO where hast thou been so long hid in mew,*<74> *cageThat canst so well and formally argue!”

The lover condemns the whole discourse of his friend as unworthy, and calls on Death, the ender of all sorrows, to come to him and quench his heart with his cold stroke. Then he distils anew in tears, “as liquor out of alembic;” and Pandarus is silent for a while, till he bethinks him to recommend to Troilus the carrying off of Cressida. “Art thou in Troy, and hast no hardiment [daring, boldness] to take a woman which that loveth thee?” But Troilus reminds his counsellor that all the war had come from the ravishing of a woman by might (the abduction of Helen by Paris); and that it would not beseem him to withstand his father’s grant, since the lady was to be changed for the town’s good. He has dismissed the thought of asking Cressida from his father, because that would be to injure her fair fame, to no purpose, for Priam could not overthrow the decision of “so high a place as parliament;” while most of all he fears to perturb her heart with violence, to the slander of her name — for he must hold her honour dearer than himself in every case, as lovers ought of right:

“Thus am I in desire and reason twight:* *twistedDesire, for to disturbe her, me redeth;* *counselethAnd Reason will not, so my hearte dreadeth.”* *is in doubt

Thus weeping, that he coulde never ceaseHe said, “Alas! how shall I, wretche, fare?For well feel I alway my love increase,And hope is less and less alway, Pandare!Increasen eke the causes of my care;So well-away! *why n’ ill my hearte brest?* *why will notFor us in love there is but little rest.” my heart break?*

Pandare answered, “Friend, thou may’st for meDo as thee list;* but had I it so hot, *pleaseAnd thine estate,* she shoulde go with me! *rankThough all this town cried on this thing by note,I would not set* all that noise a groat; *valueFor when men have well cried, then will they rown,* *whisperEke wonder lasts but nine nights ne’er in town.

“Divine not in reason ay so deep,Nor courteously, but help thyself anon;Bet* is that others than thyselfe weep; *betterAnd namely, since ye two be all one,Rise up, for, by my head, she shall not go’n!And rather be in blame a little found,Than sterve* here as a gnat withoute wound! *die

“It is no shame unto you, nor no vice,Her to withholde, that ye loveth most;Parauntre* she might holde thee for nice,** *peradventure **foolishTo let her go thus unto the Greeks’ host;Think eke, Fortune, as well thyselfe wost,Helpeth the hardy man to his emprise,And weiveth* wretches for their cowardice. *forsaketh

“And though thy lady would a lite* her grieve, *littleThou shalt thyself thy peace thereafter make;But, as to me, certain I cannot ’lieveThat she would it as now for evil take:Why shoulde then for fear thine hearte quake?Think eke how Paris hath, that is thy brother,A love; and why shalt thou not have another?

“And, Troilus, one thing I dare thee swear,That if Cressida, which that is thy lief,* *loveNow loveth thee as well as thou dost her,God help me so, she will not take agrief* *amissThough thou *anon do boot in* this mischief; *provide a remedyAnd if she willeth from thee for to pass, immediately*Then is she false, so love her well the lass.* *less

“Forthy,* take heart, and think, right as a knight, *thereforeThrough love is broken all day ev’ry law;Kithe* now somewhat thy courage and thy might; *showHave mercy on thyself, *for any awe;* *in spite of any fear*Let not this wretched woe thine hearte gnaw;But, manly, set the world on six and seven, <75>And, if thou die a martyr, go to heaven.”

Pandarus promises his friend all aid in the enterprise; it is agreed that Cressida shall be carried off, but only with her own consent; and Pandarus sets out for his niece’s house, to arrange an interview. Meantime Cressida has heard the news; and, caring nothing for her father, but everything for Troilus, she burns in love and fear, unable to tell what she shall do.

But, as men see in town, and all about,That women use* friendes to visite, *are accustomedSo to Cresside of women came a rout,* *troopFor piteous joy, and *weened her delight,* *thought to please her*And with their tales, *dear enough a mite,* *not worth a mite*These women, which that in the city dwell,They set them down, and said as I shall tell.

Quoth first that one, “I am glad, truely,Because of you, that shall your father see;”Another said, “Y-wis, so am not I,For all too little hath she with us be.”* *beenQuoth then the third, “I hope, y-wis, that sheShall bringen us the peace on ev’ry side;Then, when she goes, Almighty God her guide!”

Those wordes, and those womanishe thinges,She heard them right as though she thennes* were, *thence; in someFor, God it wot, her heart on other thing is; other placeAlthough the body sat among them there,Her advertence* is always elleswhere; *attentionFor Troilus full fast her soule sought;Withoute word, on him alway she thought.

These women that thus weened her to please,Aboute naught gan all their tales spend;Such vanity ne can do her no ease,As she that all this meane while brenn’dOf other passion than that they wend;* *weened, supposedSo that she felt almost her hearte dieFor woe, and weary* of that company. *weariness

For whiche she no longer might restrainHer teares, they began so up to well,That gave signes of her bitter pain,In which her spirit was, and muste dwell,Rememb’ring her from heav’n into which hellShe fallen was, since she forwent* the sight *lostOf Troilus; and sorrowfully she sight.* *sighed

And thilke fooles, sitting her about,Weened that she had wept and siked* sore, *sighedBecause that she should out of that rout* *companyDepart, and never playe with them more;And they that hadde knowen her of yoreSaw her so weep, and thought it kindeness,And each of them wept eke for her distress.

And busily they gonnen* her comfort *beganOf thing, God wot, on which she little thought;And with their tales weened her disport,And to be glad they her besought;But such an ease therewith they in her wrought,Right as a man is eased for to feel,For ache of head, to claw him on his heel.

But, after all this nice* vanity, *sillyThey took their leave, and home they wenten all;Cressida, full of sorrowful pity,Into her chamber up went out of the hall,And on her bed she gan for dead to fall,In purpose never thennes for to rise;And thus she wrought, as I shall you devise.* *narrate

She rent her sunny hair, wrung her hands, wept, and bewailed her fate; vowing that, since, “for the cruelty,” she could handle neither sword nor dart, she would abstain from meat and drink until she died. As she lamented, Pandarus entered, making her complain a thousand times more at the thought of all the joy which he had given her with her lover; but he somewhat soothed her by the prospect of Troilus’s visit, and by the counsel to contain her grief when he should come. Then Pandarus went in search of Troilus, whom he found solitary in a temple, as one that had ceased to care for life:

For right thus was his argument alway:He said he was but lorne,* well-away! *lost, ruined“For all that comes, comes by necessity;Thus, to be lorn,* it is my destiny. *lost, ruined

“For certainly this wot I well,” he said,“That foresight of the divine purveyance* *providenceHath seen alway me to forgo* Cresseide, *loseSince God sees ev’ry thing, *out of doubtance,* *without doubt*And them disposeth, through his ordinance,In their merites soothly for to be,As they should come by predestiny.

“But natheless, alas! whom shall I ’lieve?For there be greate clerkes* many one *scholarsThat destiny through argumentes preve, *proveAnd some say that needly* there is none, *necessarilyBut that free choice is giv’n us ev’ry one;O well-away! so sly are clerkes old,That I n’ot* whose opinion I may hold. <76> *know not

“For some men say, if God sees all beforn,Godde may not deceived be, pardie!Then must it fallen,* though men had it sworn, *befall, happenThat purveyance hath seen before to be;Wherefore I say, that from etern* if he *eternityHath wist* before our thought eke as our deed, *knownWe have no free choice, as these clerkes read.* *maintain

“For other thought, nor other deed also,Might never be, but such as purveyance,Which may not be deceived never mo’,Hath feeled* before, without ignorance; *perceivedFor if there mighte be a variance,To writhen out from Godde’s purveying,There were no prescience of thing coming,

“But it were rather an opinionUncertain, and no steadfast foreseeing;And, certes, that were an abusion,* *illusionThat God should have no perfect clear weeting,* *knowledgeMore than we men, that have *doubtous weening;* *dubious opinion*But such an error *upon God to guess,* *to impute to God*Were false, and foul, and wicked cursedness.* *impiety

“Eke this is an opinion of someThat have their top full high and smooth y-shore, <77>They say right thus, that thing is not to come,For* that the prescience hath seen before *becauseThat it shall come; but they say, that thereforeThat it shall come, therefore the purveyanceWot it before, withouten ignorance.

“And, in this manner, this necessity*Returneth in his part contrary again;* *reacts in the oppositeFor needfully behoves it not to be, direction*That thilke thinges *fallen in certain,* *certainly happen*That be purvey’d; but needly, as they sayn,Behoveth it that thinges, which that fall,That they in certain be purveyed all.

“I mean as though I labour’d me in thisTo inquire which thing cause of which thing be;As, whether that the prescience of God isThe certain cause of the necessityOf thinges that to come be, pardie!Or if necessity of thing comingBe cause certain of the purveying.

“But now *enforce I me not* in shewing *I do not lay stress*How th’order of causes stands; but well wot I,That it behoveth, that the befallingOf thinges wiste* before certainly, *knownBe necessary, *all seem it not* thereby, *though it does not appear*That prescience put falling necessairTo thing to come, all fall it foul or fair.

“For, if there sit a man yond on a see,* *seatThen by necessity behoveth itThat certes thine opinion sooth be,That weenest, or conjectest,* that he sit; *conjecturestAnd, furtherover, now againward yet,Lo! right so is it on the part contrary;As thus, — now hearken, for I will not tarry; —

“I say that if th’opinion of theeBe sooth, for that he sits, then say I this,That he must sitte by necessity;And thus necessity in either is,For in him need of sitting is, y-wis,And, in thee, need of sooth; and thus forsoothThere must necessity be in you both.

“But thou may’st say he sits not thereforeThat thine opinion of his sitting soothBut rather, for the man sat there before,Therefore is thine opinion sooth, y-wis;And I say, though the cause of sooth of thisComes of his sitting, yet necessityIs interchanged both in him and thee.

“Thus in the same wise, out of doubtance,I may well maken, as it seemeth me,My reasoning of Godde’s purveyance,And of the thinges that to come be;By whiche reason men may well y-seeThat thilke* thinges that in earthe fall,** *those **happenThat by necessity they comen all.

“For although that a thing should come, y-wis,Therefore it is purveyed certainly,Not that it comes for it purveyed is;Yet, natheless, behoveth needfullyThat thing to come be purvey’d truely;Or elles thinges that purveyed be,That they betide* by necessity. *happen

“And this sufficeth right enough, certain,For to destroy our free choice ev’ry deal;But now is this abusion,* to sayn *illusion, self-deceptionThat falling of the thinges temporelIs cause of Godde’s prescience eternel;Now truely that is a false sentence,* *opinion, judgmentThat thing to come should cause his prescience.

“What might I ween, an’* I had such a thought, *ifBut that God purveys thing that is to come,For that it is to come, and elles nought?So might I ween that thinges, all and some,That *whilom be befall and overcome,* *have happenedBe cause of thilke sov’reign purveyance, in times past*That foreknows all, withouten ignorance.

“And over all this, yet say I more thereto, —That right as when I wot there is a thing,Y-wis, that thing must needfully be so;Eke right so, when I wot a thing coming,So must it come; and thus the befallingOf thinges that be wist before the tide,* *timeThey may not be eschew’d* on any side.” *avoided

While Troilus was in all this heaviness, disputing with himself in this matter, Pandarus joined him, and told him the result of the interview with Cressida; and at night the lovers met, with what sighs and tears may be imagined. Cressida swooned away, so that Troilus took her for dead; and, having tenderly laid out her limbs, as one preparing a corpse for the bier, he drew his sword to slay himself upon her body. But, as God would, just at that moment she awoke out of her swoon; and by and by the pair began to talk of their prospects. Cressida declared the opinion, supporting it at great length and with many reasons, that there was no cause for half so much woe on either part. Her surrender, decreed by the parliament, could not be resisted; it was quite easy for them soon to meet again; she would bring things about that she should be back in Troy within a week or two; she would take advantage of the constant coming and going while the truce lasted; and the issue would be, that the Trojans would have both her and Antenor; while, to facilitate her return, she had devised a stratagem by which, working on her father’s avarice, she might tempt him to desert from the Greek camp back to the city. “And truly,” says the poet, having fully reported her plausible speech,

And truely, as written well I find,That all this thing was said *of good intent,* *sincerely*And that her hearte true was and kindTowardes him, and spake right as she meant,And that she starf* for woe nigh when she went, *diedAnd was in purpose ever to be true;Thus write they that of her workes knew.

This Troilus, with heart and ears y-sprad,* *all openHeard all this thing devised to and fro,And verily it seemed that he had*The selfe wit;* but yet to let her go *the same opinion*His hearte misforgave* him evermo’; *misgaveBut, finally, he gan his hearte wrest* *compelTo truste her, and took it for the best.

For which the great fury of his penance* *sufferingWas quench’d with hope, and therewith them betweenBegan for joy the amorouse dance;And as the birdes, when the sun is sheen, *brightDelighten in their song, in leaves green,Right so the wordes that they spake y-fere* *togetherDelighten them, and make their heartes cheer.* *glad

Yet Troilus was not so well at ease, that he did not earnestly entreat Cressida to observe her promise; for, if she came not into Troy at the set day, he should never have health, honour, or joy; and he feared that the stratagem by which she would try to lure her father back would fail, so that she might be compelled to remain among the Greeks. He would rather have them steal away together, with sufficient treasure to maintain them all their lives; and even if they went in their bare shirt, he had kin and friends elsewhere, who would welcome and honour them.

Cressida, with a sigh, right in this wiseAnswer’d; “Y-wis, my deare hearte true,We may well steal away, as ye devise,And finde such unthrifty wayes new;But afterward full sore *it will us rue;* *we will regret it*And help me God so at my moste needAs causeless ye suffer all this dread!

“For thilke* day that I for cherishing *that sameOr dread of father, or of other wight,Or for estate, delight, or for wedding,Be false to you, my Troilus, my knight,Saturne’s daughter Juno, through her might,As wood* as Athamante <78> do me dwell *madEternally in Styx the pit of hell!

“And this, on ev’ry god celestialI swear it you, and eke on each goddess,On ev’ry nymph, and deity infernal,On Satyrs and on Faunes more or less,That *halfe goddes* be of wilderness; *demigodsAnd Atropos my thread of life to-brest,* *break utterlyIf I be false! now trow* me if you lest.** *believe **please

“And thou Simois, <79> that as an arrow clearThrough Troy ay runnest downward to the sea,Bear witness of this word that said is here!That thilke day that I untrue beTo Troilus, mine owen hearte free,That thou returne backward to thy well,And I with body and soul sink in hell!”

Even yet Troilus was not wholly content, and urged anew his plan of secret flight; but Cressida turned upon him with the charge that he mistrusted her causelessly, and demanded of him that he should be faithful in her absence, else she must die at her return. Troilus promised faithfulness in far simpler and briefer words than Cressida had used.

“Grand mercy, good heart mine, y-wis,” quoth she;“And blissful Venus let me never sterve,* *dieEre I may stand *of pleasance in degree in a position to rewardTo quite him* that so well can deserve; him well with pleasure*And while that God my wit will me conserve,I shall so do; so true I have you found,That ay honour to me-ward shall rebound.

“For truste well that your estate* royal, *rankNor vain delight, nor only worthinessOf you in war or tourney martial,Nor pomp, array, nobley, nor eke richess,Ne made me to rue* on your distress; *take pityBut moral virtue, grounded upon truth,That was the cause I first had on you ruth.* *pity

“Eke gentle heart, and manhood that ye had,And that ye had, — as me thought, — in despiteEvery thing that *sounded unto* bad, *tended unto, accorded with*As rudeness, and peoplish* appetite, *vulgarAnd that your reason bridled your delight;This made, aboven ev’ry creature,That I was yours, and shall while I may dure.

“And this may length of yeares not fordo,* *destroy, do awayNor remuable* Fortune deface; *unstableBut Jupiter, that of his might may doThe sorrowful to be glad, so give us grace,Ere nightes ten to meeten in this place,So that it may your heart and mine suffice!And fare now well, for time is that ye rise.”

The lovers took a heart-rending adieu; and Troilus, suffering unimaginable anguish, “withoute more, out of the chamber went.”

APPROACHE gan the fatal destinyThat Jovis hath in disposition,And to you angry Parcae,* Sisters three, *The FatesCommitteth to do execution;For which Cressida must out of the town,And Troilus shall dwelle forth in pine,* *painTill Lachesis his thread no longer twine.* *twist

The golden-tressed Phoebus, high aloft,Thries* had alle, with his beames clear, *thriceThe snowes molt,* and Zephyrus as oft *meltedY-brought again the tender leaves green,Since that *the son of Hecuba the queen* *Troilus <80>*Began to love her first, for whom his sorrowWas all, that she depart should on the morrow

In the morning, Diomede was ready to escort Cressida to the Greek host; and Troilus, seeing him mount his horse, could with difficulty resist an impulse to slay him — but restrained himself, lest his lady should be also slain in the tumult. When Cressida was ready to go,

This Troilus, in guise of courtesy,With hawk on hand, and with a huge rout* *retinue, crowdOf knightes, rode, and did her company,Passing alle the valley far without;And farther would have ridden, out of doubt,Full fain,* and woe was him to go so soon, *gladlyBut turn he must, and it was eke to do’n.

And right with that was Antenor y-comeOut of the Greekes’ host, and ev’ry wightWas of it glad, and said he was welcome;And Troilus, *all n’ere his hearte light,* *although his heartHe pained him, with all his fulle might, was not light*Him to withhold from weeping at the least;And Antenor he kiss’d and made feast.

And therewithal he must his leave take,And cast his eye upon her piteously,And near he rode, his cause* for to make *excuse, occasionTo take her by the hand all soberly;And, Lord! so she gan weepe tenderly!And he full soft and slily gan her say,“Now hold your day, and *do me not to dey.”* *do not make me die*

With that his courser turned he about,With face pale, and unto DiomedeNo word he spake, nor none of all his rout;Of which the son of Tydeus <81> tooke heed,As he that couthe* more than the creed <82> *knewIn such a craft, and by the rein her hent;* *tookAnd Troilus to Troye homeward went.

This Diomede, that led her by the bridle,When that he saw the folk of Troy away,Thought, “All my labour shall not be *on idle,* *in vain*If that I may, for somewhat shall I say;For, at the worst, it may yet short our way;I have heard say eke, times twice twelve,He is a fool that will forget himselve.”

But natheless, this thought he well enough,That “Certainly I am aboute naught,If that I speak of love, or *make it tough;* *make any violentFor, doubteless, if she have in her thought immediate effort*Him that I guess, he may not be y-broughtSo soon away; but I shall find a mean,That she *not wit as yet shall* what I mean.” *shall not yet know*

So he began a general conversation, assured her of not less friendship and honour among the Greeks than she had enjoyed in Troy, and requested of her earnestly to treat him as a brother and accept his service — for, at last he said, “I am and shall be ay, while that my life may dure, your own, aboven ev’ry creature.

“Thus said I never e’er now to woman born;For, God mine heart as wisly* gladden so! *surelyI loved never woman herebeforn,As paramours, nor ever shall no mo’;And for the love of God be not my foe,All* can I not to you, my lady dear, *althoughComplain aright, for I am yet to lear.* *teach

“And wonder not, mine owen lady bright,Though that I speak of love to you thus blive;* *soonFor I have heard ere this of many a wightThat loved thing he ne’er saw in his live;Eke I am not of power for to striveAgainst the god of Love, but him obeyI will alway, and mercy I you pray.”

Cressida answered his discourses as though she scarcely heard them; yet she thanked him for his trouble and courtesy, and accepted his offered friendship — promising to trust him, as well she might. Then she alighted from her steed, and, with her heart nigh breaking, was welcomed to the embrace of her father. Meanwhile Troilus, back in Troy, was lamenting with tears the loss of his love, despairing of his or her ability to survive the ten days, and spending the night in wailing, sleepless tossing, and troublous dreams. In the morning he was visited by Pandarus, to whom he gave directions for his funeral; desiring that the powder into which his heart was burned should be kept in a golden urn, and given to Cressida. Pandarus renewed his old counsels and consolations, reminded his friend that ten days were a short time to wait, argued against his faith in evil dreams, and urged him to take advantage of the truce, and beguile the time by a visit to King Sarpedon (a Lycian Prince who had come to aid the Trojans). Sarpedon entertained them splendidly; but no feasting, no pomp, no music of instruments, no singing of fair ladies, could make up for the absence of Cressida to the desolate Troilus, who was for ever poring upon her old letters, and recalling her loved form. Thus he “drove to an end” the fourth day, and would have then returned to Troy, but for the remonstrances of Pandarus, who asked if they had visited Sarpedon only to fetch fire? At last, at the end of a week, they returned to Troy; Troilus hoping to find Cressida again in the city, Pandarus entertaining a scepticism which he concealed from his friend. The morning after their return, Troilus was impatient till he had gone to the palace of Cressida; but when he found her doors all closed, “well nigh for sorrow adown he gan to fall.”

Therewith, when he was ware, and gan beholdHow shut was ev’ry window of the place,As frost him thought his hearte *gan to cold;* *began to grow cold*For which, with changed deadly pale face,Withoute word, he forth began to pace;And, as God would, he gan so faste ride,That no wight of his countenance espied.

Then said he thus: “O palace desolate!O house of houses, *whilom beste hight!* *formerly called best*O palace empty and disconsolate!O thou lantern, of which quench’d is the light!O palace, whilom day, that now art night!Well oughtest thou to fall, and I to die,Since she is gone that wont was us to guy!* *guide, rule

“O palace, whilom crown of houses all,Illumined with sun of alle bliss!O ring, from which the ruby is out fall!O cause of woe, that cause hast been of bliss!Yet, since I may no bet, fain would I kissThy colde doores, durst I for this rout;And farewell shrine, of which the saint is out!”

. . . . . . . . . . .

From thence forth he rideth up and down,And ev’ry thing came him to remembrance,As he rode by the places of the town,In which he whilom had all his pleasance;“Lo! yonder saw I mine own lady dance;And in that temple, with her eyen clear,Me caughte first my righte lady dear.

“And yonder have I heard full lustilyMy deare hearte laugh; and yonder play:Saw I her ones eke full blissfully;And yonder ones to me gan she say,‘Now, goode sweete! love me well, I pray;’And yond so gladly gan she me behold,That to the death my heart is to her hold.* *holden, bound

“And at that corner, in the yonder house,Heard I mine allerlevest* lady dear, *dearest of allSo womanly, with voice melodious,Singe so well, so goodly and so clear,That in my soule yet me thinks I hearThe blissful sound; and in that yonder placeMy lady first me took unto her grace.”

Then he went to the gates, and gazed along the way by which he had attended Cressida at her departure; then he fancied that all the passers-by pitied him; and thus he drove forth a day or two more, singing a song, of few words, which he had made to lighten his heart:

“O star, of which I lost have all the light,With hearte sore well ought I to bewail,That ever dark in torment, night by night,Toward my death, with wind I steer and sail;For which, the tenthe night, if that I fail* *miss; be left withoutThe guiding of thy beames bright an hour,My ship and me Charybdis will devour.”

By night he prayed the moon to run fast about her sphere; by day he reproached the tardy sun — dreading that Phaethon had come to life again, and was driving the chariot of Apollo out of its straight course. Meanwhile Cressida, among the Greeks, was bewailing the refusal of her father to let her return, the certainty that her lover would think her false, and the hopelessness of any attempt to steal away by night. Her bright face waxed pale, her limbs lean, as she stood all day looking toward Troy; thinking on her love and all her past delights, regretting that she had not followed the counsel of Troilus to steal away with him, and finally vowing that she would at all hazards return to the city. But she was fated, ere two months, to be full far from any such intention; for Diomede now brought all his skill into play, to entice Cressida into his net. On the tenth day, Diomede, “as fresh as branch in May,” came to the tent of Cressida, feigning business with Calchas.

Cresside, at shorte wordes for to tell,Welcomed him, and down by her him set,And he was *eath enough to make dwell;* *easily persuaded to stay*And after this, withoute longe let,* *delayThe spices and the wine men forth him fet,* *fetchedAnd forth they speak of this and that y-fere,* *togetherAs friendes do, of which some shall ye hear.

He gan first fallen of the war in speechBetween them and the folk of Troye town,And of the siege he gan eke her beseechTo tell him what was her opinioun;From that demand he so descended downTo aske her, if that her strange thoughtThe Greekes’ guise,* and workes that they wrought. *fashion

And why her father tarried* so long *delayedTo wedde her unto some worthy wight.Cressida, that was in her paines strongFor love of Troilus, her owen knight,So farforth as she cunning* had or might, *abilityAnswer’d him then; but, as for his intent,* *purposeIt seemed not she wiste* what he meant. *knew

But natheless this ilke* Diomede *sameGan *in himself assure,* and thus he said; *grow confident*“If I aright have *taken on you heed,* *observed you*Me thinketh thus, O lady mine Cresside,That since I first hand on your bridle laid,When ye out came of Troye by the morrow,Ne might I never see you but in sorrow.

“I cannot say what may the cause be,But if for love of some Trojan it were;*The which right sore would a-thinke me* *which it would muchThat ye for any wight that dwelleth there pain me to think*Should [ever] spill* a quarter of a tear, *shedOr piteously yourselfe so beguile;* *deceiveFor dreadeless* it is not worth the while. *undoubtedly

“The folk of Troy, as who saith, all and someIn prison be, as ye yourselfe see;From thence shall not one alive comeFor all the gold betwixte sun and sea;Truste this well, and understande me;There shall not one to mercy go alive,All* were he lord of worldes twice five. *although

. . . . . . . . . . . .

“What will ye more, lovesome lady dear?Let Troy and Trojan from your hearte pace;Drive out that bitter hope, and make good cheer,And call again the beauty of your face,That ye with salte teares so deface;For Troy is brought into such jeopardy,That it to save is now no remedy.

“And thinke well, ye shall in Greekes findA love more perfect, ere that it be night,Than any Trojan is, and more kind,And better you to serve will do his might;And, if ye vouchesafe, my lady bright,I will be he, to serve you, myselve, —Yea, lever* than be a lord of Greekes twelve!” *rather

And with that word he gan to waxe red,And in his speech a little while he quoke,* *quaked; trembledAnd cast aside a little with his head,And stint a while; and afterward he woke,And soberly on her he threw his look,And said, “I am, albeit to you no joy,As gentle* man as any wight in Troy. *high-born

“But, hearte mine! since that I am your man,* *leigeman, subjectAnd [you] be the first of whom I seeke grace, (in love)To serve you as heartily as I can,And ever shall, while I to live have space,So, ere that I depart out of this place,Ye will me grante that I may, to-morrow,At better leisure, telle you my sorrow.”

Why should I tell his wordes that he said?He spake enough for one day at the mest;* *mostIt proveth well he spake so, that CresseideGranted upon the morrow, at his request,Farther to speake with him, at the least,So that he would not speak of such mattere;And thus she said to him, as ye may hear:

As she that had her heart on TroilusSo faste set, that none might it arace;* *uproot <83>And strangely* she spake, and saide thus; *distantly, unfriendlily“O Diomede! I love that ilke placeWhere I was born; and Jovis, for his grace,Deliver it soon of all that doth it care!* *afflictGod, for thy might, so *leave it* well to fare!” *grant it*

She knows that the Greeks would fain wreak their wrath on Troy, if they might; but that shall never befall: she knows that there are Greeks of high condition — though as worthy men would be found in Troy: and she knows that Diomede could serve his lady well.

“But, as to speak of love, y-wis,” she said,“I had a lord, to whom I wedded was, <84>He whose mine heart was all, until he died;And other love, as help me now Pallas,There in my heart nor is, nor ever was;And that ye be of noble and high kindred,I have well heard it tellen, out of dread.* *doubt

“And that doth* me to have so great a wonder *causethThat ye will scornen any woman so;Eke, God wot, love and I be far asunder;I am disposed bet, so may I go,* *fare or prosperUnto my death to plain and make woe;What I shall after do I cannot say,But truely as yet *me list not play.* *I am not disposed*for sport“Mine heart is now in tribulatioun;And ye in armes busy be by day;Hereafter, when ye wonnen have the town,Parauntre* then, so as it happen may, *peradventureThat when I see that I never *ere sey,* *saw before*Then will I work that I never ere wrought;This word to you enough sufficen ought.

“To-morrow eke will I speak with you fain,* *willinglySo that ye touche naught of this mattere;And when you list, ye may come here again,And ere ye go, thus much I say you here:As help me Pallas, with her haires clear,If that I should of any Greek have ruth,It shoulde be yourselfe, by my truth!

“I say not therefore that I will you love;*Nor say not nay;* but, in conclusioun, *nor say I thatI meane well, by God that sits above!” I will not*And therewithal she cast her eyen down,And gan to sigh, and said; “O Troye town!Yet bid* I God, in quiet and in rest *prayI may you see, or *do my hearte brest!”* *cause my heart to break*

But in effect, and shortly for to say,This Diomede all freshly new againGan pressen on, and fast her mercy pray;And after this, the soothe for to sayn,Her glove he took, of which he was full fain,And finally, when it was waxen eve,And all was well, he rose and took his leave.

Cressida retired to rest:

Returning in her soul ay up and downThe wordes of this sudden Diomede,<85>His great estate,* the peril of the town, *rankAnd that she was alone, and hadde needOf friendes’ help; and thus began to dreadThe causes why, the soothe for to tell,That she took fully the purpose for to dwell.* *remain (with theGreeks)The morrow came, and, ghostly* for to speak, *plainlyThis Diomede is come unto Cresseide;And shortly, lest that ye my tale break,So well he for himselfe spake and said,That all her sighes sore adown he laid;And finally, the soothe for to sayn,He refte* her the great** of all her pain. *took away **the greaterpart ofAnd after this, the story telleth usThat she him gave the faire baye steedThe which she ones won of Troilus;And eke a brooch (and that was little need)That Troilus’ was, she gave this Diomede;And eke, the bet from sorrow him to relieve,She made him wear a pensel* of her sleeve. *pendant <86>

I find eke in the story elleswhere,When through the body hurt was DiomedeBy Troilus, she wept many a tear,When that she saw his wide woundes bleed,And that she took to keepe* him good heed, *tend, care forAnd, for to heal him of his sorrow’s smart,Men say, I n’ot,* that she gave him her heart. *know not

And yet, when pity had thus completed the triumph of inconstancy, she made bitter moan over her falseness to one of the noblest and worthiest men that ever was; but it was now too late to repent, and at all events she resolved that she would be true to Diomede — all the while weeping for pity of the absent Troilus, to whom she wished every happiness. The tenth day, meantime, had barely dawned, when Troilus, accompanied by Pandarus, took his stand on the walls, to watch for the return of Cressida. Till noon they stood, thinking that every corner from afar was she; then Troilus said that doubtless her old father bore the parting ill, and had detained her till after dinner; so they went to dine, and returned to their vain observation on the walls. Troilus invented all kinds of explanations for his mistress’s delay; now, her father would not let her go till eve; now, she would ride quietly into the town after nightfall, not to be observed; now, he must have mistaken the day. For five or six days he watched, still in vain, and with decreasing hope. Gradually his strength decayed, until he could walk only with a staff; answering the wondering inquiries of his friends, by saying that he had a grievous malady about his heart. One day he dreamed that in a forest he saw Cressida in the embrace of a boar; and he had no longer doubt of her falsehood. Pandarus, however, explained away the dream to mean merely that Cressida was detained by her father, who might be at the point of death; and he counselled the disconsolate lover to write a letter, by which he might perhaps get at the truth. Troilus complied, entreating from his mistress, at the least, a “letter of hope;” and the lady answered, that she could not come now, but would so soon as she might; at the same time “making him great feast,” and swearing that she loved him best — “of which he found but bottomless behest [which he found but groundless promises].” Day by day increased the woe of Troilus; he laid himself in bed, neither eating, nor drinking, nor sleeping, nor speaking, almost distracted by the thought of Cressida’s unkindness. He related his dream to his sister Cassandra, who told him that the boar betokened Diomede, and that, wheresoever his lady was, Diornede certainly had her heart, and she was his: “weep if thou wilt, or leave, for, out of doubt, this Diomede is in, and thou art out.” Troilus, enraged, refused to believe Cassandra’s interpretation; as well, he cried, might such a story be credited of Alcestis, who devoted her life for her husband; and in his wrath he started from bed, “as though all whole had him y-made a leach [physician],” resolving to find out the truth at all hazards. The death of Hector meanwhile enhanced the sorrow which he endured; but he found time to write often to Cressida, beseeching her to come again and hold her truth; till one day his false mistress, out of pity, wrote him again, in these terms:

“Cupide’s son, ensample of goodlihead,* *beauty, excellenceO sword of knighthood, source of gentleness!How might a wight in torment and in dread,And healeless,* you send as yet gladness? *devoid of healthI hearteless, I sick, I in distress?Since ye with me, nor I with you, may deal,You neither send I may nor heart nor heal.

“Your letters full, the paper all y-plainted,* *covered withCommoved have mine heart’s pitt; complainingsI have eke seen with teares all depaintedYour letter, and how ye require meTo come again; the which yet may not be;But why, lest that this letter founden were,No mention I make now for fear.

“Grievous to me, God wot, is your unrest,Your haste,* and that the goddes’ ordinance *impatienceIt seemeth not ye take as for the best;Nor other thing is in your remembrance,As thinketh me, but only your pleasance;But be not wroth, and that I you beseech,For that I tarry is *all for wicked speech.* *to avoid maliciousgossip*“For I have heard well more than I wend* *weened, thoughtTouching us two, how thinges have stood,Which I shall with dissimuling amend;And, be not wroth, I have eke understoodHow ye ne do but holde me on hand; <87>But now *no force,* I cannot in you guess *no matter*But alle truth and alle gentleness.

“Comen I will, but yet in such disjoint* *jeopardy, criticalI stande now, that what year or what day positionThat this shall be, that can I not appoint;But in effect I pray you, as I may,For your good word and for your friendship ay;For truely, while that my life may dure,As for a friend, ye may *in me assure.* *depend on me*

“Yet pray I you, *on evil ye not take* *do not take it ill*That it is short, which that I to you write;I dare not, where I am, well letters make;Nor never yet ne could I well endite;Eke *great effect men write in place lite;* *men write great matterTh’ intent is all, and not the letter’s space; in little space*And fare now well, God have you in his grace!“La Vostre C.”

Though he found this letter “all strange,” and thought it like “a kalendes of change,” <88> Troilus could not believe his lady so cruel as to forsake him; but he was put out of all doubt, one day that, as he stood in suspicion and melancholy, he saw a “coat- armour” borne along the street, in token of victory, before Deiphobus his brother. Deiphobus had won it from Diomede in battle that day; and Troilus, examining it out of curiosity, found within the collar a brooch which he had given to Cressida on the morning she left Troy, and which she had pledged her faith to keep for ever in remembrance of his sorrow and of him. At this fatal discovery of his lady’s untruth,

Great was the sorrow and plaint of Troilus;But forth her course Fortune ay gan to hold;Cressida lov’d the son of Tydeus,And Troilus must weep in cares cold.Such is the world, whoso it can behold!In each estate is little hearte’s rest;God lend* us each to take it for the best! *grant

In many a cruel battle Troilus wrought havoc among the Greeks, and often he exchanged blows and bitter words with Diomede, whom he always specially sought; but it was not their lot that either should fall by the other’s hand. The poet’s purpose, however, he tells us, is to relate, not the warlike deeds of Troilus, which Dares has fully told, but his love-fortunes:

Beseeching ev’ry lady bright of hue,And ev’ry gentle woman, *what she be,* *whatsoever she be*Albeit that Cressida was untrue,That for that guilt ye be not wroth with me;Ye may her guilt in other bookes see;And gladder I would writen, if you lest,Of Penelope’s truth, and good Alceste.

Nor say I not this only all for men,But most for women that betrayed beThrough false folk (God give them sorrow, Amen!)That with their greate wit and subtiltyBetraye you; and this commoveth meTo speak; and in effect you all I pray,Beware of men, and hearken what I say.

Go, little book, go, little tragedy!There God my maker, yet ere that I die,So send me might to make some comedy!But, little book, *no making thou envy,* *be envious of no poetry* <89>But subject be unto all poesy;And kiss the steps, where as thou seest space,Of Virgil, Ovid, Homer, Lucan, Stace.

And, for there is so great diversityIn English, and in writing of our tongue,So pray I God, that none miswrite thee,Nor thee mismetre for default of tongue!And read whereso thou be, or elles sung,That thou be understanden, God I ’seech!* *beseechBut yet to purpose of my *rather speech.* *earlier subject* <90>

The wrath, as I began you for to say,Of Troilus the Greekes boughte dear;For thousandes his handes *made dey,* *made to die*As he that was withouten any peer,Save in his time Hector, as I can hear;But, well-away! save only Godde’s will,Dispiteously him slew the fierce Achill’.

And when that he was slain in this mannere,His lighte ghost* full blissfully is went *spiritUp to the hollowness of the seventh sphere <91>In converse leaving ev’ry element;And there he saw, with full advisement,* *observation, understandingTh’ erratic starres heark’ning harmony,With soundes full of heav’nly melody.

And down from thennes fast he gan advise* *consider, look onThis little spot of earth, that with the seaEmbraced is; and fully gan despiseThis wretched world, and held all vanity,*To respect of the plein felicity* *in comparison withThat is in heav’n above; and, at the last, the full felicity*Where he was slain his looking down he cast.

And in himself he laugh’d right at the woeOf them that wepte for his death so fast;And damned* all our works, that follow so *condemnedThe blinde lust, the which that may not last,And shoulden* all our heart on heaven cast; *while we shouldAnd forth he wente, shortly for to tell,Where as Mercury sorted* him to dwell. *allotted <92>

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