Chapter 49

[125]Day-Star of American Freedom, p. 138.[126]Rev. Ethan Allen says this continued until 1649, when Kent was erected into a county.—Maryland Toleration, p. 36.[127]Day-Star of American Freedom, p. 143.[128]Id. p. 160.[129]The document at length, with the signatures, is given in numerous histories of Maryland, and will be found in Davis’sDay-Star of American Freedom, p. 71.[130]Kent’sCommentaries on Am. Law, vol. ii. pp. 36, 37.[131]Reprinted from advance sheets ofThe Prose Works of William Wordsworth. Edited, with preface, notes, and illustrations, by the Rev. Alex. B. Grosart; now for the first time published, by Moxon, Son & Co., London. These works will fill three volumes, embracing respectively the political and ethical, æsthetical and literary, critical and ethical, writings of the author, and, what will interest American readers especially, his Republican Defence.[132]Afterwards Father Faber of the Oratory. His “Sir Launcelot” abounds in admirable descriptions.[133]“For us the stream of fiction ceased to flow,” (dedicatory stanzas to “The White Doe of Rylstone”).[134]See his sonnet on the seat of Dante, close to the Duomo at Florence (Poems of Early and Late Years).[135]“Evening Voluntary.”[136]A Song of Faith, Devout Exercises, and Sonnets(Pickering). The dedication closed thus: “I may at least hope to be named hereafter among the friends of Wordsworth.”[137]It may be well to remark here that in this century the worddomesticwas familiarly used to designate one who was attached to the house and fortunes of another.[138]Mme. Louise, Duchess of Angoulême, and mother of Francis I.[139]By the statutes of præmunire, all persons were forbidden to hold from Rome anyprovisionor power to exercise any authority without permission from the king, under penalty of placing themselves beyond his protection and being severely punished.[140]Wolsey’s customary designation of Anne Boleyn.[141]This corresponded to the court of marshalsea in England.[142]During the memorable conclave at which Pius IX. was elected, this office was held by Monsignor Pallavicino, who caused to be struck, according to his right, a number of bronze and silver medals with his family arms quartering those of Gregory XVI. Above his prelate’s hat on the obverse were the wordsSede Vacante, and on the reverse the inscriptionAlerames ex marchionibus Pallavicino sacri palatii apostolici præfectus et conclavis gubernator1846.[143]It dates from the year 1535, when Paul III. permitted his majordomo Boccaferri to assume on his coat-of-arms, as an additament of honor (in the language of blazonry), one of the lilies orfleurs-de-lisof the Farnese family. If the subject prefer to do so, he may bear the Pope’s arms on a canton, carry them on an inescutcheon, or impale instead of quartering them.[144]While writing this, we hear of the elevation to the purple of the majordomo Monsignor Pacca, whom we have had the honor, when a private chamberlain to the Pope, of knowing and of serving under. He was one of the most popular prelates at the Vatican for his urbanity and attention to business. He is a patrician of the bluest blood of Beneventum and nephew to the celebrated Cardinal Pacca, so well known for his services to Pope Pius VII. and for his interestingMemoirs.[145]The grated prison for such offenders was a chamber deep down among the vaults of the Cellarium Majus of the Lateran.[146]This office still exists, and is one of the important charges at the papal court which is always held by a layman. It was hereditary in the famous Conti family until its extinction in the last century, when it passed, after a considerable interval, on the same condition into that of Ruspoli as the nearest representative of that ancient race.[147]Ambassadors and foreign ministers accredited to the Holy See claim the right of presentation or of access through the Cardinal Secretary of State.[148]It is well to observe that briefs are not sealed with theoriginalring, which does not go out of the keeper’s custody except the Pope demand it, but with a fac-simile preserved in theSecreteria de Brevi. Since June, 1842, red sealing-wax, because too brittle and effaceable, is no longer used; but in its stead a thick red ink, or rather pigment, is employed.[149]In England, by a similar fiction, the king (or queen) is imagined to preside in the Court of King’s Bench.[150]The first convent of the Dominicans in Rome, at Santa Sabina on the Aventine, was in part composed of a portion of the Savelli palace, in which Honorius, who belonged to this family, generally resided, so that their founder could not help remarking the misbehavior of the loungers about the court. He did not go out of his way to find fault.[151]There was a somewhat similar office of very ancient institution at the imperial court of Constantinople, the holder of which was calledEpistomonarcha.[152]Peter Filargo was a Greek from the island of Candia, which may account for his love of what at a pontiff’s table corresponded to the symposium of the ancients—a species of after-dinner enjoyment, when, wine being introduced, philosophical or other agreeable subjects were discussed.[153]The special significance of this title given to Cardinal McCloskey is that his predecessor in the see of New York and its first bishop, Luke Concanen, who was consecrated in Rome on April 24, 1808, was a Dominican, and had been for a long time officially attached to the convent and church of theMinerva, which was the headquarters of his order.[154]SeeThe Catholic World, August, 1875, p. 625.[155]SeeThe Catholic World, September, 1874, p. 729.[156]The Catholic World, March, 1874, p. 766.[157]See the two articles on “Substantial Generations” inThe Catholic World, April and May, 1875.[158]SeeThe Catholic Worldfor February, 1874, pp, 584. 585.[159]SeeThe Catholic World, May, 1874, p. 178.[160]In the Aristotelic theory, a third kind of movement,ratione termini, was admitted—that is, movement towards dimensive quantity, as when an animal or a tree grows in bulk. But bodies acquire greater bulk by accession of new particles, and this accession is carried on bylocalmovement. Hence it seems to us that themotus ad quantitatemis not a new kind of movement.[161]S. Thomas explains this point in the following words: Quum magnitudo sit divisibilis in infinitum, et puncta sint etiam infinita in potentia in qualibet magnitudine, sequitur quod inter quælibet duo loca sint infinita loca media. Mobile autem infinitatem mediorum locorum non consumit nisi per continuitatem motus; quia sicut loca media sunt infinita in potentia, ita et in motu continuo est accipere infinita quædam in potentia.—Sum. Theol., p. 1, q. 53, a. 2. This explanation is identical with our own, though S. Thomas does not explicitly mention the infinitesimals of time.[162]Music of Nature.[163]This was an anachronism in costume which in our day would not be pardonable, but it was common enough until within half a century ago. The queen of James I., Anne of Denmark, insisted upon playing the part of Thetis, goddess of the ocean, in a “monstrous farthingale” (in modern speech, a very exaggerated crinoline.)[164]Puttenham,Art of Poesie, pub. in 1589, quoted in Ritson.[165]Probably some coarse lace or net[166]The Complete Angler, or the Contemplative Man’s Recreation.[167]Harmless[168]Agnes Strickland’sLives of the Queens of England.[169]Penny Magazine, 1834.[170]This word has no English equivalent; it means the casting out of the heart—a hyperbolical manner of expressing the most excessive nausea.[171]The Council of Trent decreed nothing on the subject of the authority of the church: that of the Vatican had to supply the omission. The struggle with Protestantism on this subject reached its last stage in the definition of the dogma of Papal Infallibility decreed by the church assembled at the Council of the Vatican.[172]In its numbers of April 22 and May 16 last theUnità Cattolicapassed a high eulogium on the work of Father Hecker. “There is in this work,” says the Abbé Margotti, “a great boldness of thought, but always governed by the faith, and by the great principle of the infallible authority of the Pope.”[173]“A Song of Faith.” 1842. Besides that poem, my father published two dramatic works, viz.Julian the Apostate(1823) andThe Duke of Mercia, 1823. In 1847, his last drama,Mary Tudor, was published. He was born at Curragh Chase, Ireland, on the 28th of August, 1788, and died there on the 28th of July, 1846.—A. de Vere.[174]Dr. Schenck said: “It had been a maxim that the fool of the family should go into the ministry, and he was sorry to say that there were many of those who had groped their way into it. It had been stated that a minister would often pay twice before he would be sued.… Rev. Dr. Newton said that he would stand a suit before he would pay twice. The speaker replied that he was glad there was some pluck in these matters” (Report in the Philadelphia Press).[175]Short for Frederika.[176]From the German.[177]Father Faber’sBethlehem.[178]London: Pickering, 1875. This pamphlet has been already translated into German under the titleAnglicanismus, Altkatholicismus und die Vereinigung der christlichen Episcopal-Kirchen. Mainz: Kirchheim. 1875.[179]Father Schouvaloff (Barnabite), April 2, 1859.[180]Gladstone,Vaticanism, p. 110.[181]Second Edition, with a Letter of Mgr. Mermillod, a Special Preface, and an Appendix. London: Washbourne.[182]Gladstone,Vaticanism, p. 94.[183]We are authorized by Father Tondini to remark that, for the purpose of his argument, he has confined himself to speaking of the non-popular election ofbishops; but in case any one should say that Mr. Gladstone referred not to bishops only, but also, and very largely, to clergy, besides that Mr. Gladstone’s expressions do not naturally lead the reader to make any exception for himself, Father Tondini is able to show that even with respect to the inferior clergy Mr. Gladstone’s statement is inaccurate.[184]In the appendix to the second edition ofThe Pope of Rome, etc., will be found a prayer composed of texts taken from the Greco-Sclavonian Liturgy, where are quoted some of the titles given by the Greco-Russian Church to S. Peter, and, in the person of the great S. Leo, even to the Pope. This appendix is also to be had separately, under the title ofSome Documents Concerning the Association of Prayers, etc., London, Washbourne, 1875.[185]See “Future of the Russian Church” inThe Catholic World, 1875 (amongst others).[186]Expostulation, p. 30.[187]“More than once,” says Father Tondini in a note on this subject—“more than once, in reading defences of the Catholic Church, written with the best intentions, we could not resist a desire that in the ‘Litanies of the Saints,’ or other prayers of the church, there might be inserted some such invocation as this:A malis advocatis libera nos, Domine.’—‘From mischievous advocates, O Lord! deliver us.’ We say this most earnestly, the more so that it applies also to ourselves. Many a time, when preparing our writings, we have experienced a feeling not unlike that of an advocate fully convinced of the innocence of the accused, but dreading lest, by want of clearness or other defect in putting forth his arguments, he might not only fail to carry conviction to the mind of the judges, but also prejudice the cause he wishes to defend. Never, perhaps, is the necessity of prayer more deeply felt.”[188]With regard to the powers of the sovereign over the episcopate we quote the following from the LondonTabletfor March 27, 1875: “Among other tremendous stumbling-blocks against the claims for the Church (of England) by the High Church party a candid writer in theChurch Heraldis ‘sorely staggered by the oath of allegiance, according to which we have the chief pastors of the church declaring in the most solemn manner that they receive the spiritualities of their officeonlyfrom the queen, and are bishops by her grace only.’”In connection with the foregoing we cannot refrain from citing a passage from Marshall, which is as follows: “Any bishops can only obtain spiritual jurisdiction in one of two ways—either by receiving it from those who already possess it, in which case their (the English bishops’) search must extend beyond their own communion, or by imitating the two lay travellers in China of whom we have somewhere read, who fancied they should like to be missionaries, whereupon the one ordained the other, and was then in turn ordained byhim, to the great satisfaction of both.”[189]SeeContemporary Reviewfor July.[190]Since writing the above we happened to see the following case in point, in theChurch Timesof September 10, 1875, in which a clergyman, signing himself “a priest,notof the Diocese of Exeter,” writes a letter of remonstrance against the violent abuse heaped by “a priest of the Diocese of Exeter” against the late learned and venerable Vicar of Morwenstow, Mr. Hawker, who, on the day before his death, made his submission to the Catholic Church. From this letter, which contains many candid and interesting admissions, we quote the following: “In these days, when we have among us so many dignitaries and popular preachers of the Established Church who in their teaching deny all sacramental truth, while others cannot repeat the Nicene and Athanasian Creeds without a gloss, and others again boldly assert that ‘the old religious ideas expressed in the Apostles’ Creed must be thrown into afresh form, if they are to retain their hold on the educated minds of the present generation, it appears monstrous that a clergyman whose faithful adhesion to the Prayer Book during a ministry of forty years was notorious should be denounced as a ‘blasphemous rogue and a scoundrel’becausehe held opinions which are considered by some individual members of either church as denoting ‘a Roman at heart,’ or, in the exercise of a liberty granted to everyone, thought fit to correspond with influential members of the Church of Rome.”[191]Expostulation, page 21; iv. “The third proposition.”[192]“Cooks and controversialists seem to have this in common: that they nicely appreciate the standard of knowledge in those whose appetites they supply. The cook is tempted to send up ill-dressed dishes to masters who have slight skill in, or care for, cookery; and the controversialist occasionally shows his contempt for the intelligence of his readers by the quality of the arguments or statements which he presents for their acceptance. But this, if it is to be done with safety, should be done in measure.”—Gladstone,Vaticanism, pp. 82, 83.[193]In the German edition of Father Tondini’s pamphlet, the abstract of this document is given in the original German, as it is to be seen in theBonner Zeitungof June 15, 1871.[194]S. Cyprian (so confidently appealed to by the Old Catholics), speaking of Novatian, and, as it were, of Dr. Reinkens’ consecration, says: “He who holds neither the unity of spirit nor the communion of peace, but separates himself from the bonds of the church and the hierarchical body, cannot have either the power or the honor of a bishop—he who would keep neither the unity nor the peace of the episcopate.”—S. Cyprian,Ep. 52. Compare alsoEp. 76,Ad magnum de baptizandis Novationis, etc., sect. 3.[195]“Je suis entré dans une de ces lignées ininterrompues par l’ordination que j’ai reçue des mains de Mgr. Heykamp,évêque des vieux Catholiques de Deventer.”—Lettre Pastorale de Mgr. l’Evêque Joseph Hubert Reinkens, Docteur en Théologie.Paris: Sandoz et Fischbacher, 1874, p. 11.[196]Programma of Old-Catholic Literature, libr. Sandoz et Fischbacher. Paris.[197]“Pastoral Letter” (Programma, etc.), p. 7.[198]Silbernagl (Dr. Isidor),Verfassung und gegenwärtiger Bestand sämmtlicher Kirchen des Orients. Landshut, 1865, pp. 10, 11.[199]SeeThe Catholic World, January-April, 1875.[200]SeeThe Pope of Rome and the Popes of the Orthodox Church, 2d ed., pp. 97, 98. Washbourne, London.[201]King,The Rites, etc., p. 295. Quoted inThe Pope of Rome, etc., p. 98. See also for what concerns the election of the Russian bishops theRèglement ecclésiastique de Pierre le Grand, avec introduction, notes, etc., par le R. P. Cæsarius Tondini. Paris: Libr. de la Soc. bibliographique.[202]“The idea,” says Polevoi, “that spiritual matters do not appertain to the authority of the sovereign was still so deeply rooted in men’s minds that, in the very first session of the Spiritual College, some membersdared(osmelilis) to ask the emperor: ‘Is then the Patriarchal dignity suppressed, although nothing has been said about it?’ ‘I am your Patriarch!’ (Ya Vash Patriarkh!) angrily (gnevno) exclaimed Peter, striking his breast. The questioners were dumb.”“This account of Peter’scoup d’état,” adds Father Tondini, “was printed at St. Petersburg in the year 1843, and, be it observed, not without the approbation of the censors.” SeePope of Rome, etc., p. 107.[203]“These principles have, by the constant aggression of curialism, been in the main effaced, or, where not effaced, reduced to the last stage of practical inanition. We see before us the pope, the bishops, the priesthood, and the people. The priests areabsoluteover the people; the bishops over both; the pope over all.…”—Vaticanism, p. 24.[204]See French manifesto.[205]See LondonTablet, August 21.[206]SeeAnnales Catholiques, September 25.[207]See LondonTablet, Aug. 21.[208]We wonder that it does not occur to Dr. von Döllinger’s disciples to make some calculation, from the number of changes his views have undergone during the last five years, as to how many they had better be prepared for, according to the ordinaryrule of proportion, for the remaining term of his probable existence—e.g., four changes in five years should prepare them for eight in ten, and for a dozen should the venerable professor live fifteen years more. They should, further, not forget to ascertain, if possible, for how longthey themselvesareafterwardsto continue subject to similar variations in their opinions; for one would suppose they hope to stop somewhere, some time.[209]Echo Universel.[210]SeeAnnales Catholiques, 23 Septembre, 1873. Paris: Allard.[211]Ernest Naville (a Protestant),Priesthood of the Christian Church.[212]The bell of S. Louis’ Church, Buffalo, N. Y.[213]Among the Spanish subjects in the colonies, there was a class corresponding to the Loyalists of the American Revolution. One of these was Don Miguel Moreno, a magistrate belonging to a most respectable colonial family, and the honored father of His Eminence the present Archbishop of Valladolid, who was born in Guatemala on Nov. 24, 1817, and is therefore, in a strict sense of the word, the first American who has been made a cardinal.[214]Message of December 2, 1823.[215]It is curious to contrast the tedious trials that Rome endured before being able to appoint bishops to independent Spanish America, with her ease in establishing the hierarchy in the United States. Yet the Spaniards and Loyalists, who sometimes forgot that political differences should never interfere with religious unity, might have found a precedent for this aversion in the case of their northern brethren. In a sketch of the church in the United States, written by Bishop Carroll in 1790, it is said that “during the whole war there was not the least communication between the Catholics of America and their bishop, who was the vicar-apostolic of the London district. To his spiritual jurisdiction were subject the United States; but whether he would hold no correspondence with a country which he, perhaps, considered in a state of rebellion, or whether a natural indolence and irresolution restrained him, the fact is he held no kind of intercourse with priest or layman in this part of his charge.”—B. U. Campbell “Memoirs, etc. of the Most Rev. John Carroll,” in theU. S. Catholic Magazine, 1845.[216]He was translated by Leo XII. in 1825 to the residential see of Città di Castello.[217]Cardinal Wiseman has made a slip in saying (Last Four Popes, p. 308) that the refusal to receive Mgr. Tiberi gave rise to “a little episode in the life of the present pontiff.” Tiberi went as nuncio to Madrid in 1827, consequently long after Canon Mastai had returned from Chili. It was in the case of the previous nuncio, Giustiniani that a “passing coolness,” occasioned the apostolic mission to South America.[218]Artand (Vie de Léon XII.) indicates in a note to p. 129, vol. i., the sources whence he obtained these views of the late Prime Minister, which are given in full.[219]In 1836 Mgr.—afterwards Cardinal—Gaetano Baluffi, Bishop of Bagnorea, was sent to this country as first internuncio and apostolic delegate. He published an interesting work on his return to Italy, giving an account of religion in South America from its colonization to his own time:L’America un tempo spagnuola riguardata sotto l’aspetto religioso dall’ epoca del suo discoprimento, sino al 1843. (Ancona, 1844.)[220]Dublin Review, vol. xxiv., June, 1848. The full title of this rare work (of which there is no copy even in the Astor Library) is as follows:Storia delle Missioni Apostoliche dello stato del Chile, colla descrizione del viaggio dal vecchio al nuovo monde fatto dall’ autore. Opera di Giuseppe Sallusti. Roma, 1827, pel Mauri.[221]This was Gen. Bernard O’Higgins, a gentleman of one of the distinguished Irish families which took refuge in Spain from the persecutions of the English government. He was born in Chili of a Chilian mother. His father had been captain-general of what was called the kingdom of Chili, and was afterwards Viceroy of Peru. The younger O’Higgins was a very superior man, taking a principal part in asserting the independence of his native land, of which he became the first president; but unfortunately he died in 1823, a few months before the arrival of the apostolic mission.[222]Palma boasts of its ancient title ofMuy insigne y leal ciudad, and that its habitants have been distinguished “en todos tiempos por su filantropia con los naufragos”—a specimen of which we give.[223]In the southern hemisphereJanuarycomes in summer.[224]Cordova was formerly the second city in the viceroyalty. It had an university, erected by the Jesuits, which was once famous. An ex-professor of this university wrote a book which has been called “most erudite,” but which is extremely rare. There is no copy in the Astor Library, although it is an important work for the information it gives about religion in South America under Spanish rule. The title isFasti Novi Orbis et ordinationum Apostolicarum ad Indias pertinentium breviarium cum adnotationibus. Opera D. Cyriaci Morelli presbyteri, olim in universitate Neo-Cordubensi in Tucumania professoris. Venetiis, 1776.[225]Pio IX.Por D. Jaime Balmes, Presbitero, Madrid, 1847.[226]TheAnnuario Pontificioof 1861 called it Americano Ispano-Portoghese, but the name was since changed to the present one.[227]This clergyman came to the notice of the Pope from the fact that an uncle of his, a very worthy man, had been one of Canon Mastai’s great friends in Chili, and was named and confirmed Archbishop of Santiago, but resigned the bulls. His nephew was made an apostolic prothonotary in 1859. It was reported that Mgr. Eyzaguirre gave eighty thousand scudi to the South American College out of his own patrimony. We have enjoyed the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with him.[228]Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations.A study of social economy. By Emile de Laveleye. With an introductory letter by the Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P. London: 1875.[229]The Old Faith and the New, p. 86.[230]Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, p. 220.[231]MinasinEvangeline, probably as a guide to the pronunciation. Haliburton also gives this spelling, but it is now abandoned for the old Acadian French form.

[125]Day-Star of American Freedom, p. 138.

[126]Rev. Ethan Allen says this continued until 1649, when Kent was erected into a county.—Maryland Toleration, p. 36.

[127]Day-Star of American Freedom, p. 143.

[128]Id. p. 160.

[129]The document at length, with the signatures, is given in numerous histories of Maryland, and will be found in Davis’sDay-Star of American Freedom, p. 71.

[130]Kent’sCommentaries on Am. Law, vol. ii. pp. 36, 37.

[131]Reprinted from advance sheets ofThe Prose Works of William Wordsworth. Edited, with preface, notes, and illustrations, by the Rev. Alex. B. Grosart; now for the first time published, by Moxon, Son & Co., London. These works will fill three volumes, embracing respectively the political and ethical, æsthetical and literary, critical and ethical, writings of the author, and, what will interest American readers especially, his Republican Defence.

[132]Afterwards Father Faber of the Oratory. His “Sir Launcelot” abounds in admirable descriptions.

[133]“For us the stream of fiction ceased to flow,” (dedicatory stanzas to “The White Doe of Rylstone”).

[134]See his sonnet on the seat of Dante, close to the Duomo at Florence (Poems of Early and Late Years).

[135]“Evening Voluntary.”

[136]A Song of Faith, Devout Exercises, and Sonnets(Pickering). The dedication closed thus: “I may at least hope to be named hereafter among the friends of Wordsworth.”

[137]It may be well to remark here that in this century the worddomesticwas familiarly used to designate one who was attached to the house and fortunes of another.

[138]Mme. Louise, Duchess of Angoulême, and mother of Francis I.

[139]By the statutes of præmunire, all persons were forbidden to hold from Rome anyprovisionor power to exercise any authority without permission from the king, under penalty of placing themselves beyond his protection and being severely punished.

[140]Wolsey’s customary designation of Anne Boleyn.

[141]This corresponded to the court of marshalsea in England.

[142]During the memorable conclave at which Pius IX. was elected, this office was held by Monsignor Pallavicino, who caused to be struck, according to his right, a number of bronze and silver medals with his family arms quartering those of Gregory XVI. Above his prelate’s hat on the obverse were the wordsSede Vacante, and on the reverse the inscriptionAlerames ex marchionibus Pallavicino sacri palatii apostolici præfectus et conclavis gubernator1846.

[143]It dates from the year 1535, when Paul III. permitted his majordomo Boccaferri to assume on his coat-of-arms, as an additament of honor (in the language of blazonry), one of the lilies orfleurs-de-lisof the Farnese family. If the subject prefer to do so, he may bear the Pope’s arms on a canton, carry them on an inescutcheon, or impale instead of quartering them.

[144]While writing this, we hear of the elevation to the purple of the majordomo Monsignor Pacca, whom we have had the honor, when a private chamberlain to the Pope, of knowing and of serving under. He was one of the most popular prelates at the Vatican for his urbanity and attention to business. He is a patrician of the bluest blood of Beneventum and nephew to the celebrated Cardinal Pacca, so well known for his services to Pope Pius VII. and for his interestingMemoirs.

[145]The grated prison for such offenders was a chamber deep down among the vaults of the Cellarium Majus of the Lateran.

[146]This office still exists, and is one of the important charges at the papal court which is always held by a layman. It was hereditary in the famous Conti family until its extinction in the last century, when it passed, after a considerable interval, on the same condition into that of Ruspoli as the nearest representative of that ancient race.

[147]Ambassadors and foreign ministers accredited to the Holy See claim the right of presentation or of access through the Cardinal Secretary of State.

[148]It is well to observe that briefs are not sealed with theoriginalring, which does not go out of the keeper’s custody except the Pope demand it, but with a fac-simile preserved in theSecreteria de Brevi. Since June, 1842, red sealing-wax, because too brittle and effaceable, is no longer used; but in its stead a thick red ink, or rather pigment, is employed.

[149]In England, by a similar fiction, the king (or queen) is imagined to preside in the Court of King’s Bench.

[150]The first convent of the Dominicans in Rome, at Santa Sabina on the Aventine, was in part composed of a portion of the Savelli palace, in which Honorius, who belonged to this family, generally resided, so that their founder could not help remarking the misbehavior of the loungers about the court. He did not go out of his way to find fault.

[151]There was a somewhat similar office of very ancient institution at the imperial court of Constantinople, the holder of which was calledEpistomonarcha.

[152]Peter Filargo was a Greek from the island of Candia, which may account for his love of what at a pontiff’s table corresponded to the symposium of the ancients—a species of after-dinner enjoyment, when, wine being introduced, philosophical or other agreeable subjects were discussed.

[153]The special significance of this title given to Cardinal McCloskey is that his predecessor in the see of New York and its first bishop, Luke Concanen, who was consecrated in Rome on April 24, 1808, was a Dominican, and had been for a long time officially attached to the convent and church of theMinerva, which was the headquarters of his order.

[154]SeeThe Catholic World, August, 1875, p. 625.

[155]SeeThe Catholic World, September, 1874, p. 729.

[156]The Catholic World, March, 1874, p. 766.

[157]See the two articles on “Substantial Generations” inThe Catholic World, April and May, 1875.

[158]SeeThe Catholic Worldfor February, 1874, pp, 584. 585.

[159]SeeThe Catholic World, May, 1874, p. 178.

[160]In the Aristotelic theory, a third kind of movement,ratione termini, was admitted—that is, movement towards dimensive quantity, as when an animal or a tree grows in bulk. But bodies acquire greater bulk by accession of new particles, and this accession is carried on bylocalmovement. Hence it seems to us that themotus ad quantitatemis not a new kind of movement.

[161]S. Thomas explains this point in the following words: Quum magnitudo sit divisibilis in infinitum, et puncta sint etiam infinita in potentia in qualibet magnitudine, sequitur quod inter quælibet duo loca sint infinita loca media. Mobile autem infinitatem mediorum locorum non consumit nisi per continuitatem motus; quia sicut loca media sunt infinita in potentia, ita et in motu continuo est accipere infinita quædam in potentia.—Sum. Theol., p. 1, q. 53, a. 2. This explanation is identical with our own, though S. Thomas does not explicitly mention the infinitesimals of time.

[162]Music of Nature.

[163]This was an anachronism in costume which in our day would not be pardonable, but it was common enough until within half a century ago. The queen of James I., Anne of Denmark, insisted upon playing the part of Thetis, goddess of the ocean, in a “monstrous farthingale” (in modern speech, a very exaggerated crinoline.)

[164]Puttenham,Art of Poesie, pub. in 1589, quoted in Ritson.

[165]Probably some coarse lace or net

[166]The Complete Angler, or the Contemplative Man’s Recreation.

[167]Harmless

[168]Agnes Strickland’sLives of the Queens of England.

[169]Penny Magazine, 1834.

[170]This word has no English equivalent; it means the casting out of the heart—a hyperbolical manner of expressing the most excessive nausea.

[171]The Council of Trent decreed nothing on the subject of the authority of the church: that of the Vatican had to supply the omission. The struggle with Protestantism on this subject reached its last stage in the definition of the dogma of Papal Infallibility decreed by the church assembled at the Council of the Vatican.

[172]In its numbers of April 22 and May 16 last theUnità Cattolicapassed a high eulogium on the work of Father Hecker. “There is in this work,” says the Abbé Margotti, “a great boldness of thought, but always governed by the faith, and by the great principle of the infallible authority of the Pope.”

[173]“A Song of Faith.” 1842. Besides that poem, my father published two dramatic works, viz.Julian the Apostate(1823) andThe Duke of Mercia, 1823. In 1847, his last drama,Mary Tudor, was published. He was born at Curragh Chase, Ireland, on the 28th of August, 1788, and died there on the 28th of July, 1846.—A. de Vere.

[174]Dr. Schenck said: “It had been a maxim that the fool of the family should go into the ministry, and he was sorry to say that there were many of those who had groped their way into it. It had been stated that a minister would often pay twice before he would be sued.… Rev. Dr. Newton said that he would stand a suit before he would pay twice. The speaker replied that he was glad there was some pluck in these matters” (Report in the Philadelphia Press).

[175]Short for Frederika.

[176]From the German.

[177]Father Faber’sBethlehem.

[178]London: Pickering, 1875. This pamphlet has been already translated into German under the titleAnglicanismus, Altkatholicismus und die Vereinigung der christlichen Episcopal-Kirchen. Mainz: Kirchheim. 1875.

[179]Father Schouvaloff (Barnabite), April 2, 1859.

[180]Gladstone,Vaticanism, p. 110.

[181]Second Edition, with a Letter of Mgr. Mermillod, a Special Preface, and an Appendix. London: Washbourne.

[182]Gladstone,Vaticanism, p. 94.

[183]We are authorized by Father Tondini to remark that, for the purpose of his argument, he has confined himself to speaking of the non-popular election ofbishops; but in case any one should say that Mr. Gladstone referred not to bishops only, but also, and very largely, to clergy, besides that Mr. Gladstone’s expressions do not naturally lead the reader to make any exception for himself, Father Tondini is able to show that even with respect to the inferior clergy Mr. Gladstone’s statement is inaccurate.

[184]In the appendix to the second edition ofThe Pope of Rome, etc., will be found a prayer composed of texts taken from the Greco-Sclavonian Liturgy, where are quoted some of the titles given by the Greco-Russian Church to S. Peter, and, in the person of the great S. Leo, even to the Pope. This appendix is also to be had separately, under the title ofSome Documents Concerning the Association of Prayers, etc., London, Washbourne, 1875.

[185]See “Future of the Russian Church” inThe Catholic World, 1875 (amongst others).

[186]Expostulation, p. 30.

[187]“More than once,” says Father Tondini in a note on this subject—“more than once, in reading defences of the Catholic Church, written with the best intentions, we could not resist a desire that in the ‘Litanies of the Saints,’ or other prayers of the church, there might be inserted some such invocation as this:A malis advocatis libera nos, Domine.’—‘From mischievous advocates, O Lord! deliver us.’ We say this most earnestly, the more so that it applies also to ourselves. Many a time, when preparing our writings, we have experienced a feeling not unlike that of an advocate fully convinced of the innocence of the accused, but dreading lest, by want of clearness or other defect in putting forth his arguments, he might not only fail to carry conviction to the mind of the judges, but also prejudice the cause he wishes to defend. Never, perhaps, is the necessity of prayer more deeply felt.”

[188]With regard to the powers of the sovereign over the episcopate we quote the following from the LondonTabletfor March 27, 1875: “Among other tremendous stumbling-blocks against the claims for the Church (of England) by the High Church party a candid writer in theChurch Heraldis ‘sorely staggered by the oath of allegiance, according to which we have the chief pastors of the church declaring in the most solemn manner that they receive the spiritualities of their officeonlyfrom the queen, and are bishops by her grace only.’”In connection with the foregoing we cannot refrain from citing a passage from Marshall, which is as follows: “Any bishops can only obtain spiritual jurisdiction in one of two ways—either by receiving it from those who already possess it, in which case their (the English bishops’) search must extend beyond their own communion, or by imitating the two lay travellers in China of whom we have somewhere read, who fancied they should like to be missionaries, whereupon the one ordained the other, and was then in turn ordained byhim, to the great satisfaction of both.”

In connection with the foregoing we cannot refrain from citing a passage from Marshall, which is as follows: “Any bishops can only obtain spiritual jurisdiction in one of two ways—either by receiving it from those who already possess it, in which case their (the English bishops’) search must extend beyond their own communion, or by imitating the two lay travellers in China of whom we have somewhere read, who fancied they should like to be missionaries, whereupon the one ordained the other, and was then in turn ordained byhim, to the great satisfaction of both.”

[189]SeeContemporary Reviewfor July.

[190]Since writing the above we happened to see the following case in point, in theChurch Timesof September 10, 1875, in which a clergyman, signing himself “a priest,notof the Diocese of Exeter,” writes a letter of remonstrance against the violent abuse heaped by “a priest of the Diocese of Exeter” against the late learned and venerable Vicar of Morwenstow, Mr. Hawker, who, on the day before his death, made his submission to the Catholic Church. From this letter, which contains many candid and interesting admissions, we quote the following: “In these days, when we have among us so many dignitaries and popular preachers of the Established Church who in their teaching deny all sacramental truth, while others cannot repeat the Nicene and Athanasian Creeds without a gloss, and others again boldly assert that ‘the old religious ideas expressed in the Apostles’ Creed must be thrown into afresh form, if they are to retain their hold on the educated minds of the present generation, it appears monstrous that a clergyman whose faithful adhesion to the Prayer Book during a ministry of forty years was notorious should be denounced as a ‘blasphemous rogue and a scoundrel’becausehe held opinions which are considered by some individual members of either church as denoting ‘a Roman at heart,’ or, in the exercise of a liberty granted to everyone, thought fit to correspond with influential members of the Church of Rome.”

[191]Expostulation, page 21; iv. “The third proposition.”

[192]“Cooks and controversialists seem to have this in common: that they nicely appreciate the standard of knowledge in those whose appetites they supply. The cook is tempted to send up ill-dressed dishes to masters who have slight skill in, or care for, cookery; and the controversialist occasionally shows his contempt for the intelligence of his readers by the quality of the arguments or statements which he presents for their acceptance. But this, if it is to be done with safety, should be done in measure.”—Gladstone,Vaticanism, pp. 82, 83.

[193]In the German edition of Father Tondini’s pamphlet, the abstract of this document is given in the original German, as it is to be seen in theBonner Zeitungof June 15, 1871.

[194]S. Cyprian (so confidently appealed to by the Old Catholics), speaking of Novatian, and, as it were, of Dr. Reinkens’ consecration, says: “He who holds neither the unity of spirit nor the communion of peace, but separates himself from the bonds of the church and the hierarchical body, cannot have either the power or the honor of a bishop—he who would keep neither the unity nor the peace of the episcopate.”—S. Cyprian,Ep. 52. Compare alsoEp. 76,Ad magnum de baptizandis Novationis, etc., sect. 3.

[195]“Je suis entré dans une de ces lignées ininterrompues par l’ordination que j’ai reçue des mains de Mgr. Heykamp,évêque des vieux Catholiques de Deventer.”—Lettre Pastorale de Mgr. l’Evêque Joseph Hubert Reinkens, Docteur en Théologie.Paris: Sandoz et Fischbacher, 1874, p. 11.

[196]Programma of Old-Catholic Literature, libr. Sandoz et Fischbacher. Paris.

[197]“Pastoral Letter” (Programma, etc.), p. 7.

[198]Silbernagl (Dr. Isidor),Verfassung und gegenwärtiger Bestand sämmtlicher Kirchen des Orients. Landshut, 1865, pp. 10, 11.

[199]SeeThe Catholic World, January-April, 1875.

[200]SeeThe Pope of Rome and the Popes of the Orthodox Church, 2d ed., pp. 97, 98. Washbourne, London.

[201]King,The Rites, etc., p. 295. Quoted inThe Pope of Rome, etc., p. 98. See also for what concerns the election of the Russian bishops theRèglement ecclésiastique de Pierre le Grand, avec introduction, notes, etc., par le R. P. Cæsarius Tondini. Paris: Libr. de la Soc. bibliographique.

[202]“The idea,” says Polevoi, “that spiritual matters do not appertain to the authority of the sovereign was still so deeply rooted in men’s minds that, in the very first session of the Spiritual College, some membersdared(osmelilis) to ask the emperor: ‘Is then the Patriarchal dignity suppressed, although nothing has been said about it?’ ‘I am your Patriarch!’ (Ya Vash Patriarkh!) angrily (gnevno) exclaimed Peter, striking his breast. The questioners were dumb.”“This account of Peter’scoup d’état,” adds Father Tondini, “was printed at St. Petersburg in the year 1843, and, be it observed, not without the approbation of the censors.” SeePope of Rome, etc., p. 107.

“This account of Peter’scoup d’état,” adds Father Tondini, “was printed at St. Petersburg in the year 1843, and, be it observed, not without the approbation of the censors.” SeePope of Rome, etc., p. 107.

[203]“These principles have, by the constant aggression of curialism, been in the main effaced, or, where not effaced, reduced to the last stage of practical inanition. We see before us the pope, the bishops, the priesthood, and the people. The priests areabsoluteover the people; the bishops over both; the pope over all.…”—Vaticanism, p. 24.

[204]See French manifesto.

[205]See LondonTablet, August 21.

[206]SeeAnnales Catholiques, September 25.

[207]See LondonTablet, Aug. 21.

[208]We wonder that it does not occur to Dr. von Döllinger’s disciples to make some calculation, from the number of changes his views have undergone during the last five years, as to how many they had better be prepared for, according to the ordinaryrule of proportion, for the remaining term of his probable existence—e.g., four changes in five years should prepare them for eight in ten, and for a dozen should the venerable professor live fifteen years more. They should, further, not forget to ascertain, if possible, for how longthey themselvesareafterwardsto continue subject to similar variations in their opinions; for one would suppose they hope to stop somewhere, some time.

[209]Echo Universel.

[210]SeeAnnales Catholiques, 23 Septembre, 1873. Paris: Allard.

[211]Ernest Naville (a Protestant),Priesthood of the Christian Church.

[212]The bell of S. Louis’ Church, Buffalo, N. Y.

[213]Among the Spanish subjects in the colonies, there was a class corresponding to the Loyalists of the American Revolution. One of these was Don Miguel Moreno, a magistrate belonging to a most respectable colonial family, and the honored father of His Eminence the present Archbishop of Valladolid, who was born in Guatemala on Nov. 24, 1817, and is therefore, in a strict sense of the word, the first American who has been made a cardinal.

[214]Message of December 2, 1823.

[215]It is curious to contrast the tedious trials that Rome endured before being able to appoint bishops to independent Spanish America, with her ease in establishing the hierarchy in the United States. Yet the Spaniards and Loyalists, who sometimes forgot that political differences should never interfere with religious unity, might have found a precedent for this aversion in the case of their northern brethren. In a sketch of the church in the United States, written by Bishop Carroll in 1790, it is said that “during the whole war there was not the least communication between the Catholics of America and their bishop, who was the vicar-apostolic of the London district. To his spiritual jurisdiction were subject the United States; but whether he would hold no correspondence with a country which he, perhaps, considered in a state of rebellion, or whether a natural indolence and irresolution restrained him, the fact is he held no kind of intercourse with priest or layman in this part of his charge.”—B. U. Campbell “Memoirs, etc. of the Most Rev. John Carroll,” in theU. S. Catholic Magazine, 1845.

[216]He was translated by Leo XII. in 1825 to the residential see of Città di Castello.

[217]Cardinal Wiseman has made a slip in saying (Last Four Popes, p. 308) that the refusal to receive Mgr. Tiberi gave rise to “a little episode in the life of the present pontiff.” Tiberi went as nuncio to Madrid in 1827, consequently long after Canon Mastai had returned from Chili. It was in the case of the previous nuncio, Giustiniani that a “passing coolness,” occasioned the apostolic mission to South America.

[218]Artand (Vie de Léon XII.) indicates in a note to p. 129, vol. i., the sources whence he obtained these views of the late Prime Minister, which are given in full.

[219]In 1836 Mgr.—afterwards Cardinal—Gaetano Baluffi, Bishop of Bagnorea, was sent to this country as first internuncio and apostolic delegate. He published an interesting work on his return to Italy, giving an account of religion in South America from its colonization to his own time:L’America un tempo spagnuola riguardata sotto l’aspetto religioso dall’ epoca del suo discoprimento, sino al 1843. (Ancona, 1844.)

[220]Dublin Review, vol. xxiv., June, 1848. The full title of this rare work (of which there is no copy even in the Astor Library) is as follows:Storia delle Missioni Apostoliche dello stato del Chile, colla descrizione del viaggio dal vecchio al nuovo monde fatto dall’ autore. Opera di Giuseppe Sallusti. Roma, 1827, pel Mauri.

[221]This was Gen. Bernard O’Higgins, a gentleman of one of the distinguished Irish families which took refuge in Spain from the persecutions of the English government. He was born in Chili of a Chilian mother. His father had been captain-general of what was called the kingdom of Chili, and was afterwards Viceroy of Peru. The younger O’Higgins was a very superior man, taking a principal part in asserting the independence of his native land, of which he became the first president; but unfortunately he died in 1823, a few months before the arrival of the apostolic mission.

[222]Palma boasts of its ancient title ofMuy insigne y leal ciudad, and that its habitants have been distinguished “en todos tiempos por su filantropia con los naufragos”—a specimen of which we give.

[223]In the southern hemisphereJanuarycomes in summer.

[224]Cordova was formerly the second city in the viceroyalty. It had an university, erected by the Jesuits, which was once famous. An ex-professor of this university wrote a book which has been called “most erudite,” but which is extremely rare. There is no copy in the Astor Library, although it is an important work for the information it gives about religion in South America under Spanish rule. The title isFasti Novi Orbis et ordinationum Apostolicarum ad Indias pertinentium breviarium cum adnotationibus. Opera D. Cyriaci Morelli presbyteri, olim in universitate Neo-Cordubensi in Tucumania professoris. Venetiis, 1776.

[225]Pio IX.Por D. Jaime Balmes, Presbitero, Madrid, 1847.

[226]TheAnnuario Pontificioof 1861 called it Americano Ispano-Portoghese, but the name was since changed to the present one.

[227]This clergyman came to the notice of the Pope from the fact that an uncle of his, a very worthy man, had been one of Canon Mastai’s great friends in Chili, and was named and confirmed Archbishop of Santiago, but resigned the bulls. His nephew was made an apostolic prothonotary in 1859. It was reported that Mgr. Eyzaguirre gave eighty thousand scudi to the South American College out of his own patrimony. We have enjoyed the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with him.

[228]Protestantism and Catholicism in their bearing upon the Liberty and Prosperity of Nations.A study of social economy. By Emile de Laveleye. With an introductory letter by the Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.P. London: 1875.

[229]The Old Faith and the New, p. 86.

[230]Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, p. 220.

[231]MinasinEvangeline, probably as a guide to the pronunciation. Haliburton also gives this spelling, but it is now abandoned for the old Acadian French form.

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