CONTENTS.Page.Introduction409Authorities quoted410Orthography413Geography of Northeastern America414Distribution of the tribes419General observations419Baffin Land421The Sikosuilarmiut421The Akuliarmiut421The Qaumauangmiut421The Nugumiut422The Oqomiut424The Padlimiut and the Akudnirmiut440The Aggomiut442The Iglulirmiut444The Pilingmiut444The Sagdlirmiut444Western shore of Hudson Bay444The Aivillirmiut445The Kinipetu or Agutit450The Sagdlirmiut of Southampton Island451The Sinimiut451Boothia Felix and Back River452The Netchillirmiut452The Ugjulirmiut458The Ukusiksalirmiut458Smith Sound459The natives of Ellesmere Land459The North Greenlanders460Influence of geographical conditions upon the distribution of the settlements460Trade and intercourse between the tribes462List of the Central Eskimo tribes470Hunting and fishing471Seal, walrus, and whale hunting471Deer, musk ox, and bear hunting501Hunting of small game510Fishing513Manufactures516Making leather and preparing skins516Sundry implements523Transportation by boats and sledges527The boat527The sledge and dogs529Habitations and dress539The house539Clothing, dressing of the hair, and tattooing554Social and religious life561Domestic occupations and amusements561Visiting574Social customs in summer576Social order and laws578Religious ideas and the angakunirn (priesthood)583Sedna and the fulmar583The tornait and the angakut591The flight to the moon598Kadlu the thunderer600Feasts, religious and secular600Customs and regulations concerning birth, sickness, and death609Tales and traditions615Ititaujang615The emigration of the Sagdlirmiut618Kalopaling620The Uissuit621Kiviung621Origin of the narwhal625The visitor627The fugitive women628Qaudjaqdjuq628I. Story of the three brothers628II. Qaudjaqdjuq630Igimarasugdjuqdjuaq the cannibal633The Tornit634The woman and the spirit of the singing house636The constellation Udleqdjun636Origin of the Adlet and of the Qadlunait637The great flood637Inugpaqdjuqdjualung638The bear story638Sundry tales639The owl and the raven641Comparison between Baffin Land traditions and those of other tribes641Science and the arts643Geography and navigation643Poetry and music648Merrymaking among the Tornit649The lemming’s song649Arlum pissinga (the killer’s song)650I.Summer song653II.The returning hunter653III.Song of the Tornit653IV.Song of the Inuit traveling to Nettilling653V.Oχaitoq’s song654VI.Utitiaq’s song654VII.Song654VIII.Song654IX.Song of the Tornit654X.The fox and the woman655XI.The raven’s song655XII.Song of a Padlimio655XIII.Ititaujang’s song655XIV.Playing at ball656XV.Playing at ball657XVI-XIX.Extracts657–658Glossary659Eskimo words used, with derivations and significations659Eskimo geographical names used, with English significations662Appendix667ILLUSTRATIONS.Illustrations have been placed as close as practicable to their discussion in the text. The List of Illustrations shows their original location. Plates II and III, the color maps, are shown at the beginning and end of the text, respectively. Plates II-IV and Figures 544-546 are shown as thumbnails. Click to see a larger version.A few figures have notation such as “½” or “⅔”, referring to actual size. In thise-text, “actual size” generally corresponds to a resolution of 100dpi:ruler in inches and cmImages may come out slightly larger or smaller on your screen.Page.Plate II.Map showing in detail the geographical divisions of territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes of Northeastern America(*)1. Oqo and Akudnirn.2. Frobisher Bay.3. Eclipse Sound and Admiralty Inlet.4. Repulse Bay and Lyon Inlet.5. Boothia Isthmus and King William Land.III.Map of the territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes of North America, showing the boundaries(*)IV.Map of Cumberland Peninsula, drawn by Aranin, a Saumingmio643V.Eskimo drawings648VI.Eskimo drawings650VII.Eskimo drawings651VIII.Eskimo carvings652IX.Eskimo carvings653X.Modern implements654* In pocket at end of volume.Fig. 390.Harpoon from Alaska472391.Modern unang or sealing harpoon472392.Old style naulang or harpoon head473393.Modern naulang or harpoon head473394.Qilertuang or leather strap and clasps for holding coiled up harpoon lines474395.Siatko or harpoon head of the Iglulirmiut475396.Siatko found at Exeter Sound475397.Eskimo in the act of striking a seal476398.Tutareang or buckle477399.Eskimo awaiting return of seal to blowhole478400.Tuputang or ivory plugs for closing wounds479401.Wooden case for plugs480402.Another form of plug480403.Qanging for fastening thong to jaw of seal480404.Qanging in form of a seal481405.Qanging in form of a button481406.Qanging serving for both toggle and handle481407.Qidjarung or whirl for harpoon line481408.Simpler form of whirl481409.Old pattern of hook for drawing out captured seal483410.Seal hook of bear’s claw483411.Modern form of seal hook483412.Eskimo approaching seal484413.Frame of a kayak or hunting boat486414.Kayak with covering of skin487415.Model of a Repulse Bay kayak487416.Sirmijaung or scraper for kayak488417.Large kayak harpoon for seal and walrus488418.Tikagung or support for the hand488419.Qatirn or ivory head of harpoon shaft489420.Manner of attaching the two principal parts of the harpoon489421.Tokang or harpoon head in sheath489422.Tokang or harpoon head taken from a whale in Cumberland Sound490423.Ancient tokang or harpoon head491424.Teliqbing, which is fastened to harpoon line492425.Qatilik or spear492426.Avautang or sealskin float492427.Different styles of poviutang or pipe for inflating the float493428.Agdliaq or spear for small seals494429.Agdliaq points494430.Spear heads495431.Large spear head495432.Anguvigang or lance496433.Nuirn or bird spear496434.Nuqsang or throwing board496435.Sealing at the edge of the ice498436.Model of sakurpāng´ or whaling harpoon500437.Niu´tang, with floats500438.Wooden bow from Iglulik502439.Wooden bow from Cumberland Sound502440.Bows of reindeer antlers503441.Bow of antlers, with central part cut off straight, from Pelly Bay503442.Arrows with bone heads504443.Arrows with metal heads504444.Arrowhead from Boothia505445.Showing attachment of arrowhead vertically and parallel to shank505446.Various forms of arrowhead506447.Socket of spear handle from Alaska506448.Slate arrowhead506449.Flint arrowheads from old graves507450.Various styles of quiver507451.Quiver handles508452.Whalebone nooses for catching waterfowl511453.Kakivang or salmon spear512454.Ivory fish used as bait in spearing salmon513455.Quqartaun for stringing fish514456.Salmon hook515457.Salmon hook515458.Bait used in fishing with hooks516459.Butcher’s knife with bone handle516460.Pana or knife for dissecting game517461.Form of ulo now in use518462.Old ulo with top of handle broken off, from Cape Broughton, Davis Strait518463.Fragment of an ulo blade of slate518464.Ulo handle from recent grave518465.Modern tesirqun or scraper519466.Old style of tesirqun or scraper519467.Seligoung or scraper used for softening skins520468.Old stone scrapers found in graves521469.Stretcher for lines522470.Ivory needle523471.Ivory needle-case from Cumberland Sound523472.Common pattern of needle-case523473.Tikiq or thimble524474.Instrument for straightening bones525475.Drill for working in ivory and bone525476.Driftwood used in kindling fire526477.Eskimo graver’s tool526478.Framework of Eskimo boat527479.Kiglo or post527480.Umiaq or skin boat528481.Umiaq or skin boat528482.Qamuting or sledge529483.Sledge shoe530484.Clasp for fastening traces to sledge531485.Artistic form of clasp for fastening traces to sledge531486.Uqsirn, for fastening traces to pitu532487.Ano or dog harness532488.Sadniriaq or clasp532489.Tube for drinking535490.Various styles of snow knife539491.Ground plan of snow house of Davis Strait tribes541492.Snow house of Davis Strait, sections542493.Section and interior of snow house543494.Ukusik or soapstone kettle545495.Plan of double snow house546496.Plan of Iglulik house547497.Plan of Hudson Bay house547498.Plan and sections of qarmang or stone house548499.Plan of large qarmang or stone house549500.Plan of stone house in Anarnitung, Cumberland Sound549501.Plan of group of stone houses in Pangnirtung, Cumberland Sound550502.Plan and sections of qarmang or house made of whale ribs550503.Storehouse in Ukiadliving551504.Plan and sections of tupiq or tent of Cumberland Sound551505.Plan and sections of tupiq or tent of Pond Bay553506.Plan and sections of double winter tent, Cumberland Sound553507.Qaturang or boot ornament554508.Woman’s jacket555509.Ivory beads for women’s jackets555510.Girdle buckles556511.Infant’s clothing557512.Child’s clothing557513.Ivory combs559514.Buckles560515.Manner of tattooing face and wearing hair561516.Manner of tattooing legs and hands561517.Forks563518.Ladle of musk ox horn563519.Skull used in the game ajegaung565520.Ivory carving representing head of fox, used in the game ajegaung565521.Ivory carvings representing polar bear, used in the game ajegaung566522.Figures used in playing tingmiujang, a game similar to dice567523.Game of nuglutang568524.The sāketān or roulette569525.Ajarorpoq or cat’s cradle569526.Ball570527.Dolls in dress of the Oqomiut571528.Dolls in dress of the Akudnirmiut571529.Modern snow goggles, of wood576530.Old form of snow goggles, of ivory576531.Diagram showing interior of qaggi or singing house among eastern tribes600532.Plan of Hudson Bay qaggi or singing house601533.Kilaut or drum602534.Plans of remains of supposed qaggi or singing houses603535.Qailertetang, a masked figure606536.Model of lamp from a grave in Cumberland Sound613537.Qaudjaqdjuq is maltreated by his enemies631538.The man in the moon comes down to help Qaudjaqdjuq631539.The man in the moon whipping Qaudjaqdjuq632540.Qaudjaqdjuq has become Qaudjuqdjuaq632541.Qaudjuqdjuaq killing his enemies633542.Tumiujang, or lamp of the Tornit634543.Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by Itu, a Nugumio644544.Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by Sunapignang, an Oqomio645545.Cumberland Sound, drawn by Itu, a Nugumio646546.Peninsula of Qivitung, drawn by Angutuqdjuaq, a Padlimio647
Influence of geographical conditions upon the distribution of the settlements
Trade and intercourse between the tribes
Clothing, dressing of the hair, and tattooing
Religious ideas and the angakunirn (priesthood)
Customs and regulations concerning birth, sickness, and death
The woman and the spirit of the singing house
Origin of the Adlet and of the Qadlunait
Comparison between Baffin Land traditions and those of other tribes
Eskimo words used, with derivations and significations
Eskimo geographical names used, with English significations
Illustrations have been placed as close as practicable to their discussion in the text. The List of Illustrations shows their original location. Plates II and III, the color maps, are shown at the beginning and end of the text, respectively. Plates II-IV and Figures 544-546 are shown as thumbnails. Click to see a larger version.A few figures have notation such as “½” or “⅔”, referring to actual size. In thise-text, “actual size” generally corresponds to a resolution of 100dpi:ruler in inches and cmImages may come out slightly larger or smaller on your screen.
Illustrations have been placed as close as practicable to their discussion in the text. The List of Illustrations shows their original location. Plates II and III, the color maps, are shown at the beginning and end of the text, respectively. Plates II-IV and Figures 544-546 are shown as thumbnails. Click to see a larger version.
A few figures have notation such as “½” or “⅔”, referring to actual size. In thise-text, “actual size” generally corresponds to a resolution of 100dpi:
ruler in inches and cm
Images may come out slightly larger or smaller on your screen.
Map showing in detail the geographical divisions of territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes of Northeastern America
Map of the territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes of North America, showing the boundaries
* In pocket at end of volume.
Qilertuang or leather strap and clasps for holding coiled up harpoon lines
Manner of attaching the two principal parts of the harpoon
Tokang or harpoon head taken from a whale in Cumberland Sound
Different styles of poviutang or pipe for inflating the float
Bow of antlers, with central part cut off straight, from Pelly Bay
Showing attachment of arrowhead vertically and parallel to shank
Old ulo with top of handle broken off, from Cape Broughton, Davis Strait
Artistic form of clasp for fastening traces to sledge
Plan of stone house in Anarnitung, Cumberland Sound
Plan of group of stone houses in Pangnirtung, Cumberland Sound
Plan and sections of qarmang or house made of whale ribs
Plan and sections of tupiq or tent of Cumberland Sound
Plan and sections of double winter tent, Cumberland Sound
Ivory carving representing head of fox, used in the game ajegaung
Ivory carvings representing polar bear, used in the game ajegaung
Figures used in playing tingmiujang, a game similar to dice
Diagram showing interior of qaggi or singing house among eastern tribes
Plans of remains of supposed qaggi or singing houses
The man in the moon comes down to help Qaudjaqdjuq
Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by Itu, a Nugumio
Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by Sunapignang, an Oqomio
Peninsula of Qivitung, drawn by Angutuqdjuaq, a Padlimio