GLOSSARY.

Inung maqong tikitong aipa kapiteling aipa mirqosailing[Music]Some Eskimo are very good narrators and understand how to express the feelings of the different persons by modulations of the voice. In addition, as a number of tales are really onomatopoetic, an artistic effect is produced. The way of reciting is always similar to the one above described bynotes(p. 648).Besides these tales, which may be called poetic prose, there are real poems of a very marked rhythm, which are not sung but recited. The following are examples:MERRYMAKING AMONG THE TORNIT.Pika pikagning mingepignirming qijepignirming sukadla. aq! aq!Pika pikagning mingepignirming qijepignirming sukadla. aq! aq![Music]The Eskimo reciting this song jump up and down and to the right and left with their legs bent and their hands hanging down, the palms touching each other. In crying aq! aq! they jump as high as possible.THE LEMMING’S SONG.musicIkergnapigen, ikergnapigen sirdnaturenainaχe-eroqturenain nakusungming aukturenainpijungmadjangilatit qialungnuaralungnan[Music]Besides these old songs and tales there are a great number of new ones, and, indeed, almost every man has his own tune and his own song. A few of these become great favorites among the Eskimo and are sung like our popular songs. The summer song (No. I) and “The returning hunter” (No. II) may be most frequently heard. As to the contents of the songs, they treat of almost everything imaginable: of the beauty of summer; of thoughts and feelings of the composer on any occasion, for instance, when watching a seal, when angry with somebody, &c.; or they tell of an important event, as of a long journey. Satiric songs are great favorites.The form of both old and new songs is very strict, they being divided into verses of different length, alternating regularly. I give here some examples:ARLUM PISSINGA (the killer’s song).musicQiangalo taitoχalunga qolaralo taitoχalungaQiangalogalo qolaralogalo aisinaiisisenilearaluqdjuara maliksiaqtuaqtugouvanaleunen audlatsiapiata kingodnidlaqdjuagungqangatirgakulung uaijuvara.[Music]The “killer” of the song title is a killer whale (arluk, gen.arluuporarlum).I. The killer’s song:(1) Qiangalo taitoχalunga,Qolaralo taitoχalungaQiangalogaloQolaralogaloAisinaisi.15(2) SenilearaluqdjuaraMaliksiaqtuaqtugo.UvanaleunenAudlatsiapiataKingodnidlaqdjuagung(3)Qangatirgakulung uaijuvara.II. Summer song:Aja.(1) Ajaja adlenaipa.Adlenaitariva silekdjua una aujaratarameAjaja, Ajaja!Aja!(2) Ajaja adlenaipaAdlenaitariva silekdjua una tektorotikelektlune.Ajaja, Ajaja.Aja!(3) Ajaja nipituovokpan!Nipituovokpan kouvodlalimokoa nunatine aujadleAjaja, AjajaAja!&c.III. Utitiaq’s song:Aja!(1) Adlenaipunganema adlenait.AdlenaipunganemaAdlenaipunganema adlenait,Aja!(2) Sikuqdjualimena adlenait.AtoqpoqtaromenaTanerangitu adlenait.Aja!&c.IV. Kadlu’s song:(1) Odlaqē´, odlaqē´, odlaqē´.Odlaqē´ saranga tutaranga atujang una ajajaja.Odlaqē´ atedlirlungai aχigirn qodlusuaning aχiatungitunga ajaja.Nettiulunga iχatijetingirn pinassousirdlunirn pinasuatautlirpadlirunirn.(2) Odlaqē´, odlaqē´, odlaqē´.Odlaqē´ saranga tutaranga atujang una ajajaja.Odlaqē´ atedlirlungai aχigirn qodlusuaning aχiatungitunga ajaja.Ugjurutlarunirn iχatijitingirn pinassousirdlunirn pinasuatautlirpadlirnunirn.(3)....&c.Some of these verses contain only a single word, the rhythm being brought about by the chorus aja, amna aja, &c. I add two examples of this kind:V. Song in the language of the Angakut:Ajarpaija taitlaniqdjuaq ajarpe aitarpik ajijaija.Ajarpaija ataqdjuaq ajarpe aitarpik ajijaija.Ajarpaija mingeriaqdjuaq ajarpe aitarpik ajijaija.VI. Oχaitoq’s song:Aja.(1) Tavunga tavunga tavunga tavungaTavunga tavunga tavunga tavunga tavungadlo tavungaAja.(2) Pissutaramaima tavunga tavunga.Pissutaramaima tavunga tavunga tavungadlo tavunga, &c.The rhythm of the songs will best be understood by examining the melodies. Every long syllable may be replaced by two or even three short ones; other short syllables appear as unaccented parts before the accented part of a measure; in short, the rhythmic adaptation of the words to the melody is very arbitrary and interchanges frequently occur, so that it is impossible to speak of metric feet. At the same time this furnishes distinct proof that the musical rhythm is the decisive element in determining the form. The rhythmic arrangement of the words is regulated with considerable exactness by the quantity of the syllables, and not by the accent. While, for instance, in speaking, it would be “palirtu´gun,” in song No. IV it is “palir´tugun´,” and in No. I “tekto´roti´kelek´tlune,” instead of “tektorotikelektlu´ne,” &c. Such displacements of the accent, however, are avoided if possible, and in the best and most popular songs they hardly appear at all.The numbers refer to the songs printed below, so “No. I” is the Summer Song, No. II above. But the quoted word “tektorotikelektlune” occurs only in the first version.The construction of the songs corresponds entirely with that of the music, inasmuch as every melody and every rhythmically spoken song is made up of musical, that is, rhythmic, phrases which are divided by cæsuræ. Repetitions of the same phrases are very frequent.The adaptation of the melodies to our divisions of time and measure is also somewhat arbitrary, as they frequently consist of a mixture of three and four part phrases. It is for this reason that I have noted down some songs without any division into bars or measures and in those cases have only marked the accented syllables.Among the twenty melodies and rhythmic poems we find ten of binary measures, five of triple measures, and six of mixed ones. Of the whole number, nine begin on the full bar, eleven on the arsis.The melodies move within the following range: In a fifth (No. III), one; in a minor sixth (Nos. VII, IX, X), three; in a major sixth (Nos. II, IV, XVII), three; in a seventh (Nos. XII, XIV), two; in an octave, (Nos. I, II, V, VIII, XI, XVI), six; in a minor ninth (No. VI), one; in a major ninth(No. V), one; in a tenth (No. XIII), one.These may be divided into two very characteristic and distinct groups. The first, which would coincide with our major key, contains the following essential tones:music notation: c d e g a[Music]The fourth and the sixth occur seldom, and then only as subordinate tones. This key is identical with the Chinese and many of the Indian ones.In the second group, which corresponds to our minor key, we frequently find the fourth, while the sixth only appears twice and then as a subordinate tone (in No. XV). We furthermore find the major seventh in the lower position leading back to the beginning, i.e., the key note. The essential components of this key are:music notation: g# a b c d e[Music]Professor R. Succo calls attention to the fact that the relation of the melodies to their key note resembles that of the Gregorian chants, especially the psalmodic ones among them.If we, in accordance with our ideas, suppose the melody—No. XIII, for example—to begin in C major, it nevertheless does not conclude in the same key, but in E. We would say that No. XIV is written in A minor; still it ends in E. We find the same in the Gregorian chants. They also resemble the songs of the Eskimo in the retention of the same note during a large number of consecutive syllables.On the whole the melodies, even to our musical sense, can be traced to a key note. However, changes often occur as well (see No. VI). A very striking construction appears in No. XIII, where the oft-repeated E forms a new key note, while at the conclusion the melody leaps back without any modulation to C through the peculiar interval, ḇ, c.I. SUMMER SONG.musicAja.Ajaja, adlenaipa, adlenaitariva silekdjua una aujaratarame.Ajaja, Ajaja, Aja.[Music]II. THE RETURNING HUNTER.musica.Angutivun taina taunane taina,auvasimameta avavasimameta neriopaluktunga,hanga anga;hanga anga agaga.[Music (a)]musicb.Angutivun taina taunane taina,auvasimameta avavasimameta neriopaluktunga;hanga anga agaga.[Music (b)]III. SONG OF THE TORNIT.musicSavu saujaqdjuin tetetlirpavun, aqtungan.Surqarmun pilaktutu aχi lurpa, aqtungan.[Music]IV. SONG OF THE INUIT TRAVELING TO NETTILLING.musicAja.Aχagodlo palirtugun;uangnangmun tipavunga,ija jija ajaja.Aja.[Music]V. OXAITOQ’S SONG.musicAja.Tavunga tavunga tavunga tavunga.Tavunga tavunga tavunga tavunga tavungadlo tavunga.Aja.[Music]VI. UTITIAQ’S SONG.musicAja.Adlenaipunganema adlenait.Adlenaipunganema adlenaipunganema adlenait.Aja.[Music]VII. SONG.song: A-ja. A-ja-ja-ja a-ja-ja-ja ...[Music]VIII. SONG.musicHajajaja hajaja hajajaja hajajahajajaja hajaja hajajaja hajaja.[Music]IX. SONG OF THE TORNIT.musicSavungaja aja ajaSama ajaja aja.Nunataχatoq sedna,sersertaχatoq sedna.[Music]X. THE FOX AND THE WOMAN.musicSourme oχomejame, kangedlirpiuk tajajajaja.Irdning nuχingnaq ujarqamoma satuaitiemaqbiranga pirietukilaunga.[Music:melody,recitative]XI. THE RAVEN SINGS.musicAaja aja aja ajaja aja aja ajaja.Aaja aja aja aja qilirsiutarata taunane.Arnaqdjuqpun una qiavoqtung qitungnaqdjuago nutingmen.[Music]XII. SONG OF A PADLIMIO.musicAnanema Padli unguatane naunirpungaananega oqsomiksema qijanurpomena kijutaidlenoutlarputin kungesiening qaqoamudlenoutlarputidle aja.[Music]XIII. ITITAUJANG’S SONG.musicTavungavunga pisupagasupunga pisupagasupungasilapotuadnun tigmidjen nunanun tavungaja ijaaja.Nutitavun okoaquliqdjuaq unaniguviksao adjirdjangirtunqangiqsao adjirdjangirtunkissieni okoa oχomeangitigunmajoardlunga tavungaimma pisutalupurmalirmijunga.[Music]XIV. PLAYING AT BALL.musicSake-etan sungmunpingmeta naumunpingmetaqaujarajuva udlujarajuvaamutai qimutai idlo-oma una qagiela unaidnir sorivara inung ikoa oaitiangikoa audlertouqikoatogitjugitjuge togitjugitjuge setidle sinadlearnarisaigneman tigmidjen arnaining tunigoanejuidla qausirtuming ita itjamunamajaoadlelatit ikuseka avasitukooqsukena taotugnite akataotuktarasugavikana kananepa iluqio gnariputitaaiqtodlutidlo nesertodlutidloavatirtunggiengodlutidlo[Music]XV. PLAYING AT BALL.musicχolurpajause χolupirpajausesurivanga pangmane majoriva pangmane.[Music]XVI. From Parry, Second Voyage, p. 542, Iglulik.musicAmna aya aya amna ahamna aya aya amna ah ahetc.The sixteenth bar is probablyb flat[Music]XVII. From Lyon, Private Journal, p. 135, Iglulik.musicPilitai, avata vat . . .ah! hooi! ah! hooi![Music:as printed]According to Parry, p. 542, the fourth bar of XVII is written:music;the eighth,music;Lyon bar after the twelfth barmusicinserted.[Music:with all changes]XVIII. From Kane, Arctic Explorations. The Second Grinnell Expedition, I, p. 383.From Ita, Smith Sound.musicAmna gat amnaya amna ja amnayet.[Music]XIX. From Bessels’s Amerikanische Nordpol-Expedition, p. 372.musicAhjajajajajajajajajaahjajajajajajajajajaahjajajajajajajajaja ah.[Music:line 1,line 2,line 3,line 4.]GLOSSARY.As in the original text, χ in Glossary entries is shown in ordinary (not small-capped) type: Eχaluq, Eχaluit.ESKIMO WORDS USED, WITH DERIVATIONS AND SIGNIFICATIONS.AEIKMNOPQSTUA.Adlipar´miut, the inhabitants of the country farthest below; fromat, below;-lirn, being in a certain direction;-pāng, superlative;-mio(plural,-miut), inhabitant of.A´dlirn, a small lamp on the floor of the hut; fromat, below;-lirn, being in a certain direction.Adli´vun, those beneath us; fromat, below;-lirn, being in a certain direction;-vun, possessive first person plural.A´gdlag, black bear.Agdliaq, a small spear; fromake-, across;-dlivoq, he provides with;-aq, past participle.Ag´girn, a species of duck (Anas glacialis).Aiss´ivang, spider.A´jang, beam of kayak; fromajaq-, to support.Aja´rorpoq, he plays the game cat’s cradle.Aje´gaung, a game.Ajokitarpoq, a game.Ajuktaq´tung, batting the ball.Akparaik´tung, hook for preventing the loss of harpoon.Akud´nang, paddle handle; fromako, middle.A´kuk, lateral strips of wood used in boat; fromako, middle.A´lirn, harpoon line.A´maroq, wolf.A´ming, skin of land animals, cover of boat and kayak.Ang´akoq, a magician, conjurer.Angakunirn, the art of the angakoq.Ang´akut, plural of angakoq.Angiaq, spirit of a murdered child (Greenland).Ang´un, paddle.Anguta´, his father.Angu´vigang, lance; fromanguvoq, he goes sealing with the harpoon.Aning´a, her brother (the moon).A´no, dog harness.A´pumang, gunwale.Aqo´jang, stern of kayak.Aqsar´dnirn, wind blowing down a valley.Arau´taq, snow beater (Aivillik dialect).Arng´oaq, amulet.Ase´dlun, flat receptacle for the harpoon line on kayak.Asimau´tang, piece of board or whalebone on which skins are cleaned.Atau´ta, neck of sealskin float; fromatav-, to be connected.Audliti´ving, vault back of snow house.Avangna´nirn, northwestern gales along the coast of Baffin Land.Avau´tang, sealskin float.Avautapāq´, large sealskin float; fromavautang, sealskin float;-pāq, superlative.A´vignaq, lemming.Aχi´girn, ptarmigan.E.Eχalū´jang, carved ivory fish, used as bait; fromeχaluq, salmon;-ujang, similar to.Eχaluq, salmon.I.Idluk´, a fabulous fish.Igdl´u, snow house.Igdl´uarn, a vault attached to snow hut; fromigdlu, snow house;-arn, small.Igdlukitaq´tung, playing with two balls, tossing them up alternately; fromigdlung, both;-kitarpoq, he uses at the same time.Igdlu´ling, second vault of snow house; fromigdlu, snow house;-ling, with.I´gimang, ball-and-socket joint of harpoon and lance; fromigipā´, he throws it off.Ikan´, store room supported by stone pillars; fromikarpoq, it stretches from one support to another.Ikirt´suq, wind blowing from the open sea.Ilaga, my friend (Netchillik).Ilupi´qang, lining of snow house; fromilo, inner.Imiti´jung, drinking water; fromimiq, fresh water.Inetang, hoop with net of thongs to dry clothing etc. in snow house; frominivā´, he hangs it up.In´ua, its man, owner; possessive third person ofinung, man.Inug´sung, cairn; frominung, man.Ipar´ang, harpoon line.Ip´un, oar, a spear.Irqata´tung, a certain circuit among the huts.Issumau´tang, a chief; fromissu´mavoq, he thinks.Itigega, boot (Iglulik).Itir´bing, cross piece abaft the hole in kayak; fromitiq.K.Kabliaqdjuq, wolverine (Iglulik).Kaitikpoq, a game.Kaiviti´jung, a game.Kaki´vang, fish spear.Kaklio´kia, hook (Iglulik).Kalu´giang, a heavy lance (qalugiang?).Kang´o, a species of goose.Ka´pun, Spear; fromkapivā´, he stabs him.Ka´teng, entrance to stone hut.Kentun, drumstick.Kidlu´lirn, lamp standing in the rear of the hut.Ki´glo, boat post.Kilaut, drum.Koukparmiu´tang, a certain amulet at point of hood.Ku´jang, keel of kayak.M.Ma´ling, paddle blade.Ma´mi, membrane or inner side of skin.Ma´sing, cross piece before hole in kayak.Mir´qun, needle.Mirquss´ang, two masked persons.Mumipoq, he dances.N.Nabi´ring, a loop; fromnā´poq, he hinders a motion.Na´po(pluralnapun), cross bar of sledge.Naqeta´run, lashing for the sledge; fromnaqigpoq, it is pressed down.Nau´lang, harpoon head.Ne´tivang,Phoca cristata.Ni´girn, southeast.Niksiang, hook.Niksiar´taung, fish hook.Nirt´sun, small ropes used in sledge and house.Niuq´tung, drill bow with string; fromniorpoq, he drills.Niu´tang, hoop with skin stretched over it; beam of kayak.Nuglu´tang, a certain game.Nu´irn, bird spear.Nulianititi´jung, exchange of wives.Nunajisar´tung, a certain festival.Nuqsang, throwing board.Nussueraqtung, a certain festival.O.Oqur´tsuq(Akudnirn), southeast, blowing from Oqo; fromoqo, weather side.P.Pa, hole of kayak.Pakijumijar´tung, game of hook and crook.Pa´na, double edged knife.Parti´rang, button for closing thepitu; frompārpa, he meets him.Pauk´tun, pegs.Pau´ting, double bladed kayak paddle.Pi´laut, large knife.Pilek´tung, cutting something.Pi´main, chief, he who knows everything best by practice.Pi´ningnang, true south.Pir´qang, shoeing of runners of sledge.Pitiq´se, bow.Pitkusi´rarpoq, a certain game.Pi´tu, a stout thong, consisting of two parts to fasten traces to sledge.Poviu´tang, pipe for inflating skins; frompō-, to blow.Pukiq, the white part of a deerskin.Q.Qadlunait, Europeans.Qag´gi, singing house.Qailerte´tang, a certain masked figure.Qai´vun, drill.Qa´jaq, kayak.Qa´mun, sledge runner.Qa´muting(dual ofqamun), sledge.Qana´ra, east-northeast (Nettilling); fromqaning, falling snow.Qang´ing, a toggle.Qang´irn, a ventilating hole in snow house; fromqa, above.Qa´ning, a certain rib of kayak.Qa´ningnang, east-northeast; fromqaning, falling snow.Qaq´djung, arrow.Qa´reang, annex of house for an additional family.Qar´mang(pluralqarmat), stone or bone house.Qarmau´jang, similar to aqarmang; suffix,-ujang, similar to.Qasi´giaq,Phoca annellata.Qatilik, a spear (Iglulik); fromqatirn, ivory head of harpoon shaft;-lik, with.Qa´tirn, ivory head of harpoon shaft.Qatu´rang, a boot ornament.Qaumarteng´a, days without sun, but with dawn.Qau´mat, a kind of fire (?); fromqauq, daylight.Qaumati´vun, sun (in the sacred language of the angakut).Qauma´vun, moon (in the sacred language of the angakut).Qauq, daylight.Qidja´rung, whirl; fromqipivā´, he twists it.Qijuqteng´a, harpoon shaft; fromqijuq, wood.Qilaq, sky.Qiler´tuang, clasp for holding the coils of the harpoon line; fromqilerpā´, he ties it with a knot.Qing´ang, a hole to look out of snow house.Qing´miaq, mouth piece of drill.Qipeku´tang, rod to indicate approach of seal to his hole.Qi´piq, blanket.Qi´qirn, phantom in the shape of a huge, hairless dog.Qoqsiuariva, the ceremony of washing children with urine.Qudlipar´miut, the inhabitants of the country farthest above; fromqu, above;-lirn, being in a certain direction;-pāng, superlative;-mio(plural,-miut), inhabitant of.Qudlirn, a lamp; fromqu, above;-lirn, being in a certain direction.Qudli´vun, the uppermost ones; fromqu, above;-lirn, being in a certain direction;-vun, possessive first person plural.Qudluqsiu´ta, ring on a paddle.Qu´ming, a certain lamp.Quqar´taun, an implement to string fish.Quvie´tung, a festival.S.Sadni´riaq, cross piece, a certain button, fromsadne, side, across.Sadni´run, a yard.Sāketān´, roulette; fromsakagpā´, he pushes it.Sakie´taun, the Pleiades.Sakurpāng´, whale harpoon; fromsako, weapon;-pāng, the largest.Sa´ving, knife.Seligo´ung, scraper; fromselivā´, he cleans a skin.Siad´nirn(plural,siadnit), lateral strip in kayak; fromsiaq-, to place in a row;-nirn, being.Siat´ko, harpoon head (Iglulik).Siek´tung, the three stars in Orion’s belt: those standing in a row.Sir´dloang, store room of snow house.Siring´ilang, the excepted month in balancing Eskimo calendars, the month without sun; fromsirinirn, sun;-ngilang, he has not.Sirinikteng´a, the first days with sunlight; fromsirinirn, sun;-tang, new;-a, possessive third person singular.Sirmi´jaung, scraper for kayak; fromsirming, thin ice.Sulubaut´, bunch of hair projecting from forehead.Sului´tung, festival in which a knife (sulung) is used.Su’lung, wing; knife shaped like a wing.T.Tagusiar´bing, eye (of harpoon).Taguta´, a thong (of harpoon).Teliq´bing, certain piece on harpoon line.Tesir´qun, scraper; fromtesivā´, he stretches it.Tigdluiq´djung, blow with the fist (of a stranger); fromtigdlugpā´, he strikes him with the fist.Tika´gung, support of hand in throwing harpoon.Ti´kiq, thimble.Tik´ping, rib of kayak.Tiluq´tung, snow beater; fromtiluqpā´, he strikes it, in order to shake something off.Tingmi´ujang, images of birds (used for dice); fromtingmiang, bird;-ujang, similar to.To´kang, harpoon head.Toq´sung, vaulted entrance to snow house.Tor´naq, a guardian spirit.Tornarsuq, the greattornaq.To´ung, tusk, point.Toung´a, point of spear.Tugliga, a tress.Tuktuq´djung, the constellation of the Reindeer, or the Great Bear, Ursa Major; fromtukto, caribou (deer).Tumi´ujang, a certain lamp resembling a footprint; fromtume, footprint;-ujang, similar to.Tuniq´djung, stern of kayak.Tu´pilaq, spirit of a deceased person.Tu´piq, tent.Tupu´tang, plugs for closing wounds.Tuta´reang, a certain buckle.Tu´ving, strip in the boat nearest the gunwale; fromtuk-, to stop a motion;tupā´, he makes it fast.U.Ua´dling, first vault of snow house.Uang´nang, west-northwest, Cumberland Sound; west-southwest in Akudnirn.Udleq´djung, Sword of Orion: following one another.Ui´nirn, head of sledge runner.U´kusik, soapstone kettle.U´lo, woman’s knife.Uluq´saq, green slate, material for women’s knives; fromuloand-saq, material for.U´miaq, large skin boat.Uming, beard.U´mingmang, musk ox.Umī´ujang, needle case.U´nang, sealing harpoon.Unaqiu´ta, ring on shaft of sealing harpoon; fromunang;-iarpā´, he fastens it;-ta, past participle.Unarteng´a, iron rod of sealing harpoon; fromunang;-tang, belonging to;-a, possessive.Uqsirn, implement for fastening traces to sledge.Usujang, stern projection of kayak; fromusung, penis;-ujang, similar to.ESKIMO GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES USED, WITH ENGLISH SIGNIFICATIONS.AEIKMNOPQSTUA.Agdlinartung.Aggirtijung, abounding with ducks.Aggo, the weather side.Aggomiut, the inhabitants of Aggo.Agpan, loons.Agutit.Aivillik, with walrus.Aivillirmiut, the inhabitants of Aivillik (the walrus country).Akudnirmiut, the inhabitants of Akudnirn.Akudnirn, the intervening country.Akugdlirn, the central one.Akugdlit, the central ones.Akuliaχating.Akuliaq.Akuliarmiut, the inhabitants of Akuliaq.Amaqdjuaq, the large place where children are carried in the hood.Amartung, a woman carrying a child in the hood.Amitoq, the narrow one.Anarnitung, smelling of excrements.Anartuajuin, the excrements.Anaulereë´ling.Angiuqaq; fromangivoq, it is large.Angmalortuq, the round one.Angmang, jasper.Angmartung, the open one (not frozen over).Aqbeniling, six; so called because reached after six days’ travel.Aqbirsiarbing, a lookout for whales.Aqbirtijung, abounding with whales.Aqojang; fromaqo, stern.Aqojartung; fromaqo, stern.Arligaulik.Audnerbing, place where seals are approached by the crawling hunter.Augpalugtijung, with many red places.Augpalugtung, the red one.Aulitiving, an annex of the snow house; hills lying at the foot of steep cliffs.Auqardneling, with many places where the ice melts early in spring.Avatutiaq.Avaudjeling, with a low saddle.E.Eχaloaping, with common salmon.Eχalualuin, the large salmon (plur.).Eχaluaqdjuin, the small salmon (plur.).Eχaluin, the salmon (plur.).Eχaluqdjuaq, the shark.Eχoleaqdjuin.I.Idjorituaqtuin, the only places with an abundance of grass.Idjuk, the testicles.Igdlumiut, the inhabitants of the other side.Igdlungajung, the bandy legged man; so called from a fabulous tribe.Igdluqdjuaq, the large house.Iglulik, with houses.Iglulirmiut, the inhabitants of the place with houses.Igpirto, with many hills.Igpirtousirn, the smaller place with many hills.Ijelirtung.Ikaroling, with a ford.Ikerassaq, the narrow strait.Ikerassaqdjuaq, the large narrow strait.Iliqimisarbing, where one shakes one’s head.Imeraqdjuaq.Imigen, with fresh water.Ingnirn, flint.Inugsuin, the cairns.Inugsulik, with cairns.Ipiuteling, with an isthmus.Ipiuting, the isthmus; literally, the traces of a dog.Irtiujang.Isiritung.Isoa, its cover.Issortuqdjuaq, the large one with muddy water.Ita, food.Itidliaping, the common pass.Itidlirn, the pass.Itijareling, with a small pass.Itirbilung, the anus.Itivimiut, the inhabitants of the coast beyond the land.Ituatukan.Itutonik(Etotoniq).K.Kaming´ujang, similar to a boot.Kangertloa´ping, the common bay.Kangertlua´lung, the large bay.Kangertlukdjuaq, the large bay.Kangertluk´siaq.Kangertlung, the bay.Kangia, its head, its upper part (of a bay).Kangianga, its upper part.Kangidliuta, nearest to the land.Kangivamiut, inhabitants of Kangia.Kautaq, diorite.Kilauting, the drum.Kingnait, the high land.Kingnaitmiut, the inhabitants of Kingnait.Kinipetu.Kitigtung, the island lying farthest out toward the sea.Kitingujang, the gorge.Kouaqdjuaq.Koukdjuaq, the large river.Kouksoarmiut, the inhabitants of Kouksoaq.Koukteling, with a river.Kugnuaq, the small nice river.M.Majoraridjen, the places where one has to climb up.Maktartudjennaq, where one eats whale’s hide.Maluksilaq.Manirigtung, with many eggs.Manituling, with uneven places.Metja, the lid.Midlurieling, where stones are thrown (for catching white whales).Miliaqdjuin, the small ones, which shut it up(?).Miliqdjuaq, the large one, which shuts up(?).Mingong, the beetle.Misiqtung.Muingmang.N.Nanuqtuaqdjung, the little bear.Nanuragassain, abounding in young bears.Naqoreang.Narpaing.Naujan, the gulls.Naujaqdjuaq, the large gull.Naujateling, with gulls.Nebarvik.Nedlung, peninsula from the point of which deer are driven into the water; fromnedlugpoq, he swims.Nedluqseaq; fromnedlugpoq, he swims.Neqemiarbing, where something is carried in the hand.Nerseqdjuaq, the large valley.Netchillik, with seals.Netchillirmiut, the inhabitants of Netchillik (the seal country).Nettilling, with seals.Niaqonaujang, similar to a head.Nikosiving; fromnikuipoq, it stands erect.Nirdlirn, the goose.Niutang, hoop used in whaling.Nudlung, the posteriors.Nudnirn, the point.Nugumiut, the inhabitants of the point.Nurata.Nuratamiut, the inhabitants of Nurata.Nuvujalung, the large cape or point.Nuvujen, the points.Nuvukdjuaq, the great point.Nuvukdjuaraqdjung, the little Nuvukdjuaq.Nuvuktirpāng´, the greatest point.Nuvuktualung, the only great point.Nuvung, the point.O.Okan, the codfish (plural).Okavit.Operdniving, place where one lives in spring.Oqo, the weather side.Oqomiut, the inhabitants of Oqo.Owutta.P.Padli, with the mouth of a river.Padliaq, the little mouth of the river.(?)Padlimiut, the inhabitants of Padli.Padloping; frompadlorpoq(lying on the face?).Pamiujang, similar to a tail.Pangnirtung, with many bucks.Pikiulaq,Uria grylle.Piling, with many things (i.e., game).Pilingmiut, the inhabitants of Piling.Pingitkalik.Pitiktaujang.Pujetung, with plenty of blubber.Putukin.Q.Qaggilortung; fromqaggi, singing house.Qairoliktung, with plenty of seals (Phoca grœnlandica).Qamusiojodlang.Qariaq.Qarmang, walls.Qarmaqdjuin, the large walls.Qarussuit, the caves.Qasigidjen,Callocephali.Qaumauang; fromqauq, daylight.Qaumauangmiut, the inhabitants of Qaumauang.Qaχodlualung, the large fulmar.Qaχodluin, the fulmars.Qeqertakadlinang; fromqeqertaq, island.Qeqertalukdjuaq, the large island.Qeqertaq, the island.Qeqertaujang, similar to an island.Qeqertelung, the large island.Qeqerten, the islands.Qeqertome itoq tudlirn, next to the island.Qeqertuqdjuaq, the large island.Qerniqdjuaq, the great black place.Qidnelik.Qimissung, the snow drift.Qimuqsuq; fromqimuqpoq, he draws the sledge.Qingaseareang.Qingua, its head.Qinguamiut, the inhabitants of Qingua.Qivitung, the hermit.Qognung, the narrow place.Qogulortung(Qaggilortung?).Qordluving, where the water runs in a solid stream.Quaiirnang.Qudjitariaq.S.Sagdlirmiut, the inhabitants of Sagdlirn.Sagdlirn, the island nearest the sea.Sagdlua, its Sagdlirn.Sakiaqdjung, the little rib.Sarbaq(sarvaq), the rapids.Sarbaqdjukulu, the small rapids.Sarbaqdualung, the large rapids.Sarbausirn, the smaller rapids.Sarbuqdjuaq, the large rapids.Saumia, its left side.Saumingmiut, the inhabitants of Saumia.Saunirtung, with many bones.Saunirtuqdjuaq, the great one with many bones.Sednirun, the yard.Siegtung, the scattered ones.Sikosuilaq, the coast without ice.Sikosuilarmiut, the inhabitants of Sikosuilaq.Sini, the edge.Sinimiut, the inhabitants of Sini.Sioreling, with sand.Sirmiling, with a glacier.Sulung, the valley through which the wind blows howling.Surosirn, the boy.T.Talirpia, its right side.Talirpingmiut, the inhabitants of Talirpia.Tappitariaq, the pass crossing two isthmuses.Tappitaridjen, the passes crossing two isthmuses.Taquirbing.Tarionitjoq, the salt water basin.Tarrionitung, the salt water basin.Taχolidjuin.Tessiujang, similar to a pond.Tikeraqdjuaq, the great point.Tikeraqdjuausirn, the smaller great point.Tikeraqdjung, the small point.Tikeraqdjuq, the small point.Tininiqdjuaq, the large beach.Tiniqdjuaurbing, the great place with a high tide.Tiniqdjuarbiusirn, the smaller great place with a high tide.Tornait, Spirits.Touaqdjuaq.Tuarpuqdjuaq.Tudjan.Tudjaqdjuaq.Tudjaqdjuaralung.Tudjaraaqdjung.Tukia, its farthest corner.Tulukan, the ravens.Tuniqten, those lying behind it.Tunukutang.Tununirmiut, the inhabitants of Tununirn.Tununirn, the country lying back of something.Tununirusirmiut, the inhabitants of Tununirusirn.Tununirusirn, the smaller Tununirn.Tunussung, the nape.Tupirbikdjuin, the tent sites.U.Udlimauliteling, with a hatchet.Ugjuktung, with many ground seals.Ugjulik, with ground seals.Ugjulirmiut, the inhabitants of Ugjulik (the ground seal country).Uglariaq.Uglirn, walrus island.Uglit, the walrus islands.Uibarun, the cape.Ujaraqdjuin, the large stones.Ujaradjiraaitjung; fromujaraq, stone.Ukadliq, the hare.Ukiadliving, the place where one lives in the fall.Ukiukdjuaq, the great winter.Ukusiksalik, the place with pot stone.Ukusiksalirmiut, inhabitant of Ukusiksalik.Umanaq, the heart-like island.Umanaqtuaq, the great heart-like island.Umingman Nuna, the land of the musk ox.Ungava.Ungavamiut.Ussualung, the large penis.Utiqimitung.APPENDIX.After the preceding paper was in type some additional information was received from whalers who returned from Cumberland Sound in the autumn of 1887. In the following notes I give the substance of these reports:Note 1.Page 467. Since 1883 the whalers have been more successful, and consequently more ships visit the sound. In the present winter—1887-’88—one American and two Scottish whaling stations are in operation in Cumberland Sound; a new station was established in Nugumiut two years ago, and the Scottish steamers which used to fish in Baffin Bay and the northern parts of Davis Strait are beginning to visit Cumberland Sound and Hudson Strait. The whaling in Baffin Bay shows a sudden falling off and it seems that the number of ships will be greatly reduced. This cannot be without influence upon the Eskimo, who will probably begin again to flock to Cumberland Sound and Nugumiut.Note 2.Page 538. In 1884 and 1885 a lively intercourse existed between Padli and Cumberland Sound, and in the spring of the latter year the dog’s disease broke out for the first time on the coast of Davis Strait, and spread, so far as is known, to the northern part of Home Bay.Note 3.Page 574. A peculiar game is sometimes played on the ice in spring. The men stand in a circle on the ice, and one of them walks, the toes turned inward, in a devious track. It is said that only a few are able to do this in the right way. Then the rest of the men have to follow him in exactly the same track.One of their gymnastic exercises requires considerable knack and strength. A pole is tied with one end to a stone or to a piece of wood that is firmly secured in the snow. A man then lies down on his back, embracing the pole, his feet turned toward the place where the pole is tied to the rock. Then he must rise without bending his body.In another of their gymnastic exercises they lie down on their stomachs, the arms bent so that the hands lie close together on the breast, palms turned downward. Then they have to jump forward without bending their body, using only their toes and hands. Some are said to be able to jump several feet in this manner.Note 4.Page 582. In the Report of the Hudson Bay Expedition of 1886, p. 16, Lieut. A. Gordon remarks that the same custom is reported from Port Burwell, near Cape Chidleigh, Labrador. He says: “There lived between the Cape and Aulatsivik a good Eskimo hunter whose native name is not given, but who was christened by our station men ’Old Wicked.’ He was a passionate man and was continuallythreatening to do some bodily harm to the other more peaceably inclined natives.***His arrogance and petty annoyances to the other natives became at length unbearable. It appears that these unfortunates held a meeting and decided that Old Wicked was a public nuisance which must be abated, and they therefore decreed that he should be shot, and shot he was accordingly one afternoon when he was busily engaged in repairing the ravages which a storm had made in his ‘igdlu’ or snow house. The executioner shot him in the back, killing him instantly. The murderer or executioner (one hardly knows to which title he is more justly entitled) then takes Old Wicked’s wives and all his children and agrees to keep them***so that they shall be no burden on the company.”The fact that the custom is found among tribes so widely separated will justify a description of those events which came under my own observation. There was a native of Padli by the name of Padlu. He had induced the wife of a Cumberland Sound native to desert her husband and follow him. The deserted husband, meditating revenge, cut off the upper part of the barrel of his gun so that he could conceal it under his jacket. He crossed the land and visited his friends in Padli, but before he could accomplish his intention of killing Padlu the latter shot him. When this news was reported in Qeqerten, the brother of the murdered man went to Padli to avenge the death of his brother; but he also was killed by Padlu. A third native of Cumberland Sound, who wished to avenge the death of his relatives, was also murdered by him. On account of all these outrages the natives wanted to get rid of Padlu, but yet they did not dare to attack him. When the pimain of the Akudnirmiut in Niaqonaujang learned of these events he started southward and asked every man in Padli whether Padlu should be killed. All agreed; so he went with the latter deer hunting in the upper part of Pangnirtung, northwest of Padli, and near the head of the fjord he shot Padlu in the back.In another instance a man in Qeqerten had made himself odious. After it was agreed that he was a bad man an old man of Qeqerten, Pakaq, attacked him on board a Scottish whaler, but was prevented from killing him.Note 5.Page 594. The following performance was observed in Umanaqtuaq, on the southwestern coast of Cumberland Sound, in the winter of 1886-’87: An angakoq began his incantations in a hut after the lamps were lowered. Suddenly he jumped up and rushed out of the hut to where a mounted harpoon was standing. He threw himself upon the harpoon, which penetrated his breast and came out at the back. Three men followed him and holding the harpoon line led the angakoq, bleeding profusely, to all the huts of the village. When they arrived again at the first hut he pulled out the harpoon, lay down on the bed, and was put to sleep by the songs of another angakoq. When he awoke after a while he showed to the people that he was not hurt, although his clothing was torn and they had seen him bleeding.Another angakoq performed a similar feat on the island Utussivik in the summer of 1887. He thrust a harpoon through his body and was led by about twenty-five men through the village. It is said that he imitated the movements and voice of a walrus while on the circuit.Still another exhibition was witnessed by the whalers in the fall of 1886 in Umanaqtuaq. An angakoq stripped off his outer jacket and began his incantations while walking about in the village. When the men heard him, one after the other came out of his hut, each carrying his gun. After a while the angakoq descended to the beach; the men followed him, and suddenly fired a volley at him. The angakoq, of course, was not hurt, and then the women each gave him a cup of water, which he drank. Then he put on his jacket, and the performance was ended. The similarity of this performance with part of the festival which is described onpp. 605 et seq.is evident.Note 6.Page 606. The same feast was celebrated in 1886 in Umanaqtuaq, in Cumberland Sound, where all the Talirpingmiut had gathered. The witnesses of this festival describe it exactly in the same way as I described it above. One thing ought to be added, which I did not mention because it seemed to me accidental, but as it was repeated in the same way in 1886 it must have some meaning. I noticed that the Qailertetang, after having invoked the wind, hop about, making a grunting noise and accosting the people. When doing so they are attacked by the natives and killed. According to the description of the whalers they imitate sometimes deer, sometimes walrus. Perhaps this fact gave rise to Kumlien’s description of the “killing of the evil spirit of the deer.” It is remarkable that in 1883 in Qeqerten and in 1886 in Umanaqtuaq the festival was celebrated on exactly the same day, the 10th of November. This can hardly be accidental, and does not agree with the idea sometimes advanced, that the festival refers to the winter solstice. Unfortunately Hall (I, p. 528) does not give the dates of the festival in Nugumiut. On the western coast of Hudson Bay a festival in which masks were used was celebrated about the end of January, 1866 (Hall II, p. 219), but it is hardly possible to draw conclusions from Nourse’s superficial account of Hall’s observations.Note 7.

Inung maqong tikitong aipa kapiteling aipa mirqosailing

[Music]

Some Eskimo are very good narrators and understand how to express the feelings of the different persons by modulations of the voice. In addition, as a number of tales are really onomatopoetic, an artistic effect is produced. The way of reciting is always similar to the one above described bynotes(p. 648).

Besides these tales, which may be called poetic prose, there are real poems of a very marked rhythm, which are not sung but recited. The following are examples:

Pika pikagning mingepignirming qijepignirming sukadla. aq! aq!

[Music]

The Eskimo reciting this song jump up and down and to the right and left with their legs bent and their hands hanging down, the palms touching each other. In crying aq! aq! they jump as high as possible.

music

Ikergnapigen, ikergnapigen sirdnaturenainaχe-eroqturenain nakusungming aukturenainpijungmadjangilatit qialungnuaralungnan

Ikergnapigen, ikergnapigen sirdnaturenain

aχe-eroqturenain nakusungming aukturenain

pijungmadjangilatit qialungnuaralungnan

[Music]

Besides these old songs and tales there are a great number of new ones, and, indeed, almost every man has his own tune and his own song. A few of these become great favorites among the Eskimo and are sung like our popular songs. The summer song (No. I) and “The returning hunter” (No. II) may be most frequently heard. As to the contents of the songs, they treat of almost everything imaginable: of the beauty of summer; of thoughts and feelings of the composer on any occasion, for instance, when watching a seal, when angry with somebody, &c.; or they tell of an important event, as of a long journey. Satiric songs are great favorites.

The form of both old and new songs is very strict, they being divided into verses of different length, alternating regularly. I give here some examples:

music

Qiangalo taitoχalunga qolaralo taitoχalungaQiangalogalo qolaralogalo aisinaiisisenilearaluqdjuara maliksiaqtuaqtugouvanaleunen audlatsiapiata kingodnidlaqdjuagungqangatirgakulung uaijuvara.

Qiangalo taitoχalunga qolaralo taitoχalunga

Qiangalogalo qolaralogalo aisinaiisi

senilearaluqdjuara maliksiaqtuaqtugo

uvanaleunen audlatsiapiata kingodnidlaqdjuagung

qangatirgakulung uaijuvara.

[Music]

The “killer” of the song title is a killer whale (arluk, gen.arluuporarlum).

I. The killer’s song:(1) Qiangalo taitoχalunga,Qolaralo taitoχalungaQiangalogaloQolaralogaloAisinaisi.15(2) SenilearaluqdjuaraMaliksiaqtuaqtugo.UvanaleunenAudlatsiapiataKingodnidlaqdjuagung(3)Qangatirgakulung uaijuvara.

(1) Qiangalo taitoχalunga,

Qolaralo taitoχalunga

Qiangalogalo

Qolaralogalo

Aisinaisi.15

(2) Senilearaluqdjuara

Maliksiaqtuaqtugo.

Uvanaleunen

Audlatsiapiata

Kingodnidlaqdjuagung

(3)Qangatirgakulung uaijuvara.

II. Summer song:Aja.(1) Ajaja adlenaipa.Adlenaitariva silekdjua una aujaratarameAjaja, Ajaja!Aja!(2) Ajaja adlenaipaAdlenaitariva silekdjua una tektorotikelektlune.Ajaja, Ajaja.Aja!(3) Ajaja nipituovokpan!Nipituovokpan kouvodlalimokoa nunatine aujadleAjaja, AjajaAja!&c.III. Utitiaq’s song:Aja!(1) Adlenaipunganema adlenait.AdlenaipunganemaAdlenaipunganema adlenait,Aja!(2) Sikuqdjualimena adlenait.AtoqpoqtaromenaTanerangitu adlenait.Aja!&c.IV. Kadlu’s song:(1) Odlaqē´, odlaqē´, odlaqē´.Odlaqē´ saranga tutaranga atujang una ajajaja.Odlaqē´ atedlirlungai aχigirn qodlusuaning aχiatungitunga ajaja.Nettiulunga iχatijetingirn pinassousirdlunirn pinasuatautlirpadlirunirn.(2) Odlaqē´, odlaqē´, odlaqē´.Odlaqē´ saranga tutaranga atujang una ajajaja.Odlaqē´ atedlirlungai aχigirn qodlusuaning aχiatungitunga ajaja.Ugjurutlarunirn iχatijitingirn pinassousirdlunirn pinasuatautlirpadlirnunirn.(3)....&c.

Aja.

(1) Ajaja adlenaipa.

Adlenaitariva silekdjua una aujaratarame

Ajaja, Ajaja!

Aja!

(2) Ajaja adlenaipa

Adlenaitariva silekdjua una tektorotikelektlune.

Ajaja, Ajaja.

Aja!

(3) Ajaja nipituovokpan!

Nipituovokpan kouvodlalimokoa nunatine aujadle

Ajaja, Ajaja

Aja!

&c.

Aja!

(1) Adlenaipunganema adlenait.

Adlenaipunganema

Adlenaipunganema adlenait,

Aja!

(2) Sikuqdjualimena adlenait.

Atoqpoqtaromena

Tanerangitu adlenait.

Aja!

&c.

(1) Odlaqē´, odlaqē´, odlaqē´.

Odlaqē´ saranga tutaranga atujang una ajajaja.

Odlaqē´ atedlirlungai aχigirn qodlusuaning aχiatungitunga ajaja.

Nettiulunga iχatijetingirn pinassousirdlunirn pinasuatautlirpadlirunirn.

(2) Odlaqē´, odlaqē´, odlaqē´.

Odlaqē´ saranga tutaranga atujang una ajajaja.

Odlaqē´ atedlirlungai aχigirn qodlusuaning aχiatungitunga ajaja.

Ugjurutlarunirn iχatijitingirn pinassousirdlunirn pinasuatautlirpadlirnunirn.

(3)....&c.

Some of these verses contain only a single word, the rhythm being brought about by the chorus aja, amna aja, &c. I add two examples of this kind:

V. Song in the language of the Angakut:Ajarpaija taitlaniqdjuaq ajarpe aitarpik ajijaija.Ajarpaija ataqdjuaq ajarpe aitarpik ajijaija.Ajarpaija mingeriaqdjuaq ajarpe aitarpik ajijaija.VI. Oχaitoq’s song:Aja.(1) Tavunga tavunga tavunga tavungaTavunga tavunga tavunga tavunga tavungadlo tavungaAja.(2) Pissutaramaima tavunga tavunga.Pissutaramaima tavunga tavunga tavungadlo tavunga, &c.

Ajarpaija taitlaniqdjuaq ajarpe aitarpik ajijaija.

Ajarpaija ataqdjuaq ajarpe aitarpik ajijaija.

Ajarpaija mingeriaqdjuaq ajarpe aitarpik ajijaija.

Aja.

(1) Tavunga tavunga tavunga tavunga

Tavunga tavunga tavunga tavunga tavungadlo tavunga

Aja.

(2) Pissutaramaima tavunga tavunga.

Pissutaramaima tavunga tavunga tavungadlo tavunga, &c.

The rhythm of the songs will best be understood by examining the melodies. Every long syllable may be replaced by two or even three short ones; other short syllables appear as unaccented parts before the accented part of a measure; in short, the rhythmic adaptation of the words to the melody is very arbitrary and interchanges frequently occur, so that it is impossible to speak of metric feet. At the same time this furnishes distinct proof that the musical rhythm is the decisive element in determining the form. The rhythmic arrangement of the words is regulated with considerable exactness by the quantity of the syllables, and not by the accent. While, for instance, in speaking, it would be “palirtu´gun,” in song No. IV it is “palir´tugun´,” and in No. I “tekto´roti´kelek´tlune,” instead of “tektorotikelektlu´ne,” &c. Such displacements of the accent, however, are avoided if possible, and in the best and most popular songs they hardly appear at all.

The numbers refer to the songs printed below, so “No. I” is the Summer Song, No. II above. But the quoted word “tektorotikelektlune” occurs only in the first version.

The construction of the songs corresponds entirely with that of the music, inasmuch as every melody and every rhythmically spoken song is made up of musical, that is, rhythmic, phrases which are divided by cæsuræ. Repetitions of the same phrases are very frequent.The adaptation of the melodies to our divisions of time and measure is also somewhat arbitrary, as they frequently consist of a mixture of three and four part phrases. It is for this reason that I have noted down some songs without any division into bars or measures and in those cases have only marked the accented syllables.

Among the twenty melodies and rhythmic poems we find ten of binary measures, five of triple measures, and six of mixed ones. Of the whole number, nine begin on the full bar, eleven on the arsis.

The melodies move within the following range: In a fifth (No. III), one; in a minor sixth (Nos. VII, IX, X), three; in a major sixth (Nos. II, IV, XVII), three; in a seventh (Nos. XII, XIV), two; in an octave, (Nos. I, II, V, VIII, XI, XVI), six; in a minor ninth (No. VI), one; in a major ninth(No. V), one; in a tenth (No. XIII), one.

These may be divided into two very characteristic and distinct groups. The first, which would coincide with our major key, contains the following essential tones:

music notation: c d e g a

[Music]

The fourth and the sixth occur seldom, and then only as subordinate tones. This key is identical with the Chinese and many of the Indian ones.

In the second group, which corresponds to our minor key, we frequently find the fourth, while the sixth only appears twice and then as a subordinate tone (in No. XV). We furthermore find the major seventh in the lower position leading back to the beginning, i.e., the key note. The essential components of this key are:

music notation: g# a b c d e

[Music]

Professor R. Succo calls attention to the fact that the relation of the melodies to their key note resembles that of the Gregorian chants, especially the psalmodic ones among them.

If we, in accordance with our ideas, suppose the melody—No. XIII, for example—to begin in C major, it nevertheless does not conclude in the same key, but in E. We would say that No. XIV is written in A minor; still it ends in E. We find the same in the Gregorian chants. They also resemble the songs of the Eskimo in the retention of the same note during a large number of consecutive syllables.

On the whole the melodies, even to our musical sense, can be traced to a key note. However, changes often occur as well (see No. VI). A very striking construction appears in No. XIII, where the oft-repeated E forms a new key note, while at the conclusion the melody leaps back without any modulation to C through the peculiar interval, ḇ, c.

music

Aja.Ajaja, adlenaipa, adlenaitariva silekdjua una aujaratarame.Ajaja, Ajaja, Aja.

Aja.

Ajaja, adlenaipa, adlenaitariva silekdjua una aujaratarame.

Ajaja, Ajaja, Aja.

[Music]

music

a.Angutivun taina taunane taina,auvasimameta avavasimameta neriopaluktunga,hanga anga;hanga anga agaga.

Angutivun taina taunane taina,

auvasimameta avavasimameta neriopaluktunga,

hanga anga;

hanga anga agaga.

[Music (a)]

music

b.Angutivun taina taunane taina,auvasimameta avavasimameta neriopaluktunga;hanga anga agaga.

Angutivun taina taunane taina,

auvasimameta avavasimameta neriopaluktunga;

hanga anga agaga.

[Music (b)]

music

Savu saujaqdjuin tetetlirpavun, aqtungan.Surqarmun pilaktutu aχi lurpa, aqtungan.

Savu saujaqdjuin tetetlirpavun, aqtungan.

Surqarmun pilaktutu aχi lurpa, aqtungan.

[Music]

music

Aja.Aχagodlo palirtugun;uangnangmun tipavunga,ija jija ajaja.Aja.

Aja.

Aχagodlo palirtugun;

uangnangmun tipavunga,

ija jija ajaja.

Aja.

[Music]

music

Aja.Tavunga tavunga tavunga tavunga.Tavunga tavunga tavunga tavunga tavungadlo tavunga.Aja.

Aja.

Tavunga tavunga tavunga tavunga.

Tavunga tavunga tavunga tavunga tavungadlo tavunga.

Aja.

[Music]

music

Aja.Adlenaipunganema adlenait.Adlenaipunganema adlenaipunganema adlenait.Aja.

Aja.

Adlenaipunganema adlenait.

Adlenaipunganema adlenaipunganema adlenait.

Aja.

[Music]

song: A-ja. A-ja-ja-ja a-ja-ja-ja ...

[Music]

music

Hajajaja hajaja hajajaja hajajahajajaja hajaja hajajaja hajaja.

Hajajaja hajaja hajajaja hajaja

hajajaja hajaja hajajaja hajaja.

[Music]

music

Savungaja aja ajaSama ajaja aja.Nunataχatoq sedna,sersertaχatoq sedna.

Savungaja aja aja

Sama ajaja aja.

Nunataχatoq sedna,

sersertaχatoq sedna.

[Music]

music

Sourme oχomejame, kangedlirpiuk tajajajaja.Irdning nuχingnaq ujarqamoma satuaitiemaqbiranga pirietukilaunga.

Sourme oχomejame, kangedlirpiuk tajajajaja.

Irdning nuχingnaq ujarqamoma satuaitiem

aqbiranga pirietukilaunga.

[Music:melody,recitative]

music

Aaja aja aja ajaja aja aja ajaja.Aaja aja aja aja qilirsiutarata taunane.Arnaqdjuqpun una qiavoqtung qitungnaqdjuago nutingmen.

Aaja aja aja ajaja aja aja ajaja.

Aaja aja aja aja qilirsiutarata taunane.

Arnaqdjuqpun una qiavoqtung qitungnaqdjuago nutingmen.

[Music]

music

Ananema Padli unguatane naunirpungaananega oqsomiksema qijanurpomena kijutaidlenoutlarputin kungesiening qaqoamudlenoutlarputidle aja.

Ananema Padli unguatane naunirpunga

ananega oqsomiksema qijanurpomena kijutaidle

noutlarputin kungesiening qaqoamudle

noutlarputidle aja.

[Music]

music

Tavungavunga pisupagasupunga pisupagasupungasilapotuadnun tigmidjen nunanun tavungaja ijaaja.Nutitavun okoaquliqdjuaq unaniguviksao adjirdjangirtunqangiqsao adjirdjangirtunkissieni okoa oχomeangitigunmajoardlunga tavungaimma pisutalupurmalirmijunga.

Tavungavunga pisupagasupunga pisupagasupunga

silapotuadnun tigmidjen nunanun tavungaja ijaaja.

Nutitavun okoa

quliqdjuaq una

niguviksao adjirdjangirtun

qangiqsao adjirdjangirtun

kissieni okoa oχomeangitigun

majoardlunga tavunga

imma pisutalupurmalirmijunga.

[Music]

music

Sake-etan sungmunpingmeta naumunpingmetaqaujarajuva udlujarajuvaamutai qimutai idlo-oma una qagiela unaidnir sorivara inung ikoa oaitiangikoa audlertouqikoatogitjugitjuge togitjugitjuge setidle sinadlearnarisaigneman tigmidjen arnaining tunigoanejuidla qausirtuming ita itjamunamajaoadlelatit ikuseka avasitukooqsukena taotugnite akataotuktarasugavikana kananepa iluqio gnariputitaaiqtodlutidlo nesertodlutidloavatirtunggiengodlutidlo

Sake-etan sungmunpingmeta naumunpingmeta

qaujarajuva udlujarajuva

amutai qimutai idlo-oma una qagiela una

idnir sorivara inung ikoa oaitiangikoa audlertouqikoa

togitjugitjuge togitjugitjuge setidle sinadle

arnarisaigneman tigmidjen arnaining tunigo

anejuidla qausirtuming ita itjamuna

majaoadlelatit ikuseka avasituko

oqsukena taotugnite akataotuktara

sugavikana kananepa iluqio gnariputit

aaiqtodlutidlo nesertodlutidlo

avatirtunggiengodlutidlo

[Music]

music

χolurpajause χolupirpajausesurivanga pangmane majoriva pangmane.

χolurpajause χolupirpajause

surivanga pangmane majoriva pangmane.

[Music]

music

Amna aya aya amna ahamna aya aya amna ah ahetc.

Amna aya aya amna ah

amna aya aya amna ah ah

etc.

The sixteenth bar is probablyb flat

[Music]

music

Pilitai, avata vat . . .ah! hooi! ah! hooi!

Pilitai, avata vat . . .

ah! hooi! ah! hooi!

[Music:as printed]

According to Parry, p. 542, the fourth bar of XVII is written:music;the eighth,music;Lyon bar after the twelfth barmusicinserted.

[Music:with all changes]

music

Amna gat amnaya amna ja amnayet.

[Music]

music

Ahjajajajajajajajajaahjajajajajajajajajaahjajajajajajajajaja ah.

Ahjajajajajajajajaja

ahjajajajajajajajaja

ahjajajajajajajajaja ah.

[Music:line 1,line 2,line 3,line 4.]

As in the original text, χ in Glossary entries is shown in ordinary (not small-capped) type: Eχaluq, Eχaluit.

AEIKMNOPQSTU

A.Adlipar´miut, the inhabitants of the country farthest below; fromat, below;-lirn, being in a certain direction;-pāng, superlative;-mio(plural,-miut), inhabitant of.A´dlirn, a small lamp on the floor of the hut; fromat, below;-lirn, being in a certain direction.Adli´vun, those beneath us; fromat, below;-lirn, being in a certain direction;-vun, possessive first person plural.A´gdlag, black bear.Agdliaq, a small spear; fromake-, across;-dlivoq, he provides with;-aq, past participle.Ag´girn, a species of duck (Anas glacialis).Aiss´ivang, spider.A´jang, beam of kayak; fromajaq-, to support.Aja´rorpoq, he plays the game cat’s cradle.Aje´gaung, a game.Ajokitarpoq, a game.Ajuktaq´tung, batting the ball.Akparaik´tung, hook for preventing the loss of harpoon.Akud´nang, paddle handle; fromako, middle.A´kuk, lateral strips of wood used in boat; fromako, middle.A´lirn, harpoon line.A´maroq, wolf.A´ming, skin of land animals, cover of boat and kayak.Ang´akoq, a magician, conjurer.Angakunirn, the art of the angakoq.Ang´akut, plural of angakoq.Angiaq, spirit of a murdered child (Greenland).Ang´un, paddle.Anguta´, his father.Angu´vigang, lance; fromanguvoq, he goes sealing with the harpoon.Aning´a, her brother (the moon).A´no, dog harness.A´pumang, gunwale.Aqo´jang, stern of kayak.Aqsar´dnirn, wind blowing down a valley.Arau´taq, snow beater (Aivillik dialect).Arng´oaq, amulet.Ase´dlun, flat receptacle for the harpoon line on kayak.Asimau´tang, piece of board or whalebone on which skins are cleaned.Atau´ta, neck of sealskin float; fromatav-, to be connected.Audliti´ving, vault back of snow house.Avangna´nirn, northwestern gales along the coast of Baffin Land.Avau´tang, sealskin float.Avautapāq´, large sealskin float; fromavautang, sealskin float;-pāq, superlative.A´vignaq, lemming.Aχi´girn, ptarmigan.E.Eχalū´jang, carved ivory fish, used as bait; fromeχaluq, salmon;-ujang, similar to.Eχaluq, salmon.I.Idluk´, a fabulous fish.Igdl´u, snow house.Igdl´uarn, a vault attached to snow hut; fromigdlu, snow house;-arn, small.Igdlukitaq´tung, playing with two balls, tossing them up alternately; fromigdlung, both;-kitarpoq, he uses at the same time.Igdlu´ling, second vault of snow house; fromigdlu, snow house;-ling, with.I´gimang, ball-and-socket joint of harpoon and lance; fromigipā´, he throws it off.Ikan´, store room supported by stone pillars; fromikarpoq, it stretches from one support to another.Ikirt´suq, wind blowing from the open sea.Ilaga, my friend (Netchillik).Ilupi´qang, lining of snow house; fromilo, inner.Imiti´jung, drinking water; fromimiq, fresh water.Inetang, hoop with net of thongs to dry clothing etc. in snow house; frominivā´, he hangs it up.In´ua, its man, owner; possessive third person ofinung, man.Inug´sung, cairn; frominung, man.Ipar´ang, harpoon line.Ip´un, oar, a spear.Irqata´tung, a certain circuit among the huts.Issumau´tang, a chief; fromissu´mavoq, he thinks.Itigega, boot (Iglulik).Itir´bing, cross piece abaft the hole in kayak; fromitiq.K.Kabliaqdjuq, wolverine (Iglulik).Kaitikpoq, a game.Kaiviti´jung, a game.Kaki´vang, fish spear.Kaklio´kia, hook (Iglulik).Kalu´giang, a heavy lance (qalugiang?).Kang´o, a species of goose.Ka´pun, Spear; fromkapivā´, he stabs him.Ka´teng, entrance to stone hut.Kentun, drumstick.Kidlu´lirn, lamp standing in the rear of the hut.Ki´glo, boat post.Kilaut, drum.Koukparmiu´tang, a certain amulet at point of hood.Ku´jang, keel of kayak.M.Ma´ling, paddle blade.Ma´mi, membrane or inner side of skin.Ma´sing, cross piece before hole in kayak.Mir´qun, needle.Mirquss´ang, two masked persons.Mumipoq, he dances.N.Nabi´ring, a loop; fromnā´poq, he hinders a motion.Na´po(pluralnapun), cross bar of sledge.Naqeta´run, lashing for the sledge; fromnaqigpoq, it is pressed down.Nau´lang, harpoon head.Ne´tivang,Phoca cristata.Ni´girn, southeast.Niksiang, hook.Niksiar´taung, fish hook.Nirt´sun, small ropes used in sledge and house.Niuq´tung, drill bow with string; fromniorpoq, he drills.Niu´tang, hoop with skin stretched over it; beam of kayak.Nuglu´tang, a certain game.Nu´irn, bird spear.Nulianititi´jung, exchange of wives.Nunajisar´tung, a certain festival.Nuqsang, throwing board.Nussueraqtung, a certain festival.O.Oqur´tsuq(Akudnirn), southeast, blowing from Oqo; fromoqo, weather side.P.Pa, hole of kayak.Pakijumijar´tung, game of hook and crook.Pa´na, double edged knife.Parti´rang, button for closing thepitu; frompārpa, he meets him.Pauk´tun, pegs.Pau´ting, double bladed kayak paddle.Pi´laut, large knife.Pilek´tung, cutting something.Pi´main, chief, he who knows everything best by practice.Pi´ningnang, true south.Pir´qang, shoeing of runners of sledge.Pitiq´se, bow.Pitkusi´rarpoq, a certain game.Pi´tu, a stout thong, consisting of two parts to fasten traces to sledge.Poviu´tang, pipe for inflating skins; frompō-, to blow.Pukiq, the white part of a deerskin.Q.Qadlunait, Europeans.Qag´gi, singing house.Qailerte´tang, a certain masked figure.Qai´vun, drill.Qa´jaq, kayak.Qa´mun, sledge runner.Qa´muting(dual ofqamun), sledge.Qana´ra, east-northeast (Nettilling); fromqaning, falling snow.Qang´ing, a toggle.Qang´irn, a ventilating hole in snow house; fromqa, above.Qa´ning, a certain rib of kayak.Qa´ningnang, east-northeast; fromqaning, falling snow.Qaq´djung, arrow.Qa´reang, annex of house for an additional family.Qar´mang(pluralqarmat), stone or bone house.Qarmau´jang, similar to aqarmang; suffix,-ujang, similar to.Qasi´giaq,Phoca annellata.Qatilik, a spear (Iglulik); fromqatirn, ivory head of harpoon shaft;-lik, with.Qa´tirn, ivory head of harpoon shaft.Qatu´rang, a boot ornament.Qaumarteng´a, days without sun, but with dawn.Qau´mat, a kind of fire (?); fromqauq, daylight.Qaumati´vun, sun (in the sacred language of the angakut).Qauma´vun, moon (in the sacred language of the angakut).Qauq, daylight.Qidja´rung, whirl; fromqipivā´, he twists it.Qijuqteng´a, harpoon shaft; fromqijuq, wood.Qilaq, sky.Qiler´tuang, clasp for holding the coils of the harpoon line; fromqilerpā´, he ties it with a knot.Qing´ang, a hole to look out of snow house.Qing´miaq, mouth piece of drill.Qipeku´tang, rod to indicate approach of seal to his hole.Qi´piq, blanket.Qi´qirn, phantom in the shape of a huge, hairless dog.Qoqsiuariva, the ceremony of washing children with urine.Qudlipar´miut, the inhabitants of the country farthest above; fromqu, above;-lirn, being in a certain direction;-pāng, superlative;-mio(plural,-miut), inhabitant of.Qudlirn, a lamp; fromqu, above;-lirn, being in a certain direction.Qudli´vun, the uppermost ones; fromqu, above;-lirn, being in a certain direction;-vun, possessive first person plural.Qudluqsiu´ta, ring on a paddle.Qu´ming, a certain lamp.Quqar´taun, an implement to string fish.Quvie´tung, a festival.S.Sadni´riaq, cross piece, a certain button, fromsadne, side, across.Sadni´run, a yard.Sāketān´, roulette; fromsakagpā´, he pushes it.Sakie´taun, the Pleiades.Sakurpāng´, whale harpoon; fromsako, weapon;-pāng, the largest.Sa´ving, knife.Seligo´ung, scraper; fromselivā´, he cleans a skin.Siad´nirn(plural,siadnit), lateral strip in kayak; fromsiaq-, to place in a row;-nirn, being.Siat´ko, harpoon head (Iglulik).Siek´tung, the three stars in Orion’s belt: those standing in a row.Sir´dloang, store room of snow house.Siring´ilang, the excepted month in balancing Eskimo calendars, the month without sun; fromsirinirn, sun;-ngilang, he has not.Sirinikteng´a, the first days with sunlight; fromsirinirn, sun;-tang, new;-a, possessive third person singular.Sirmi´jaung, scraper for kayak; fromsirming, thin ice.Sulubaut´, bunch of hair projecting from forehead.Sului´tung, festival in which a knife (sulung) is used.Su’lung, wing; knife shaped like a wing.T.Tagusiar´bing, eye (of harpoon).Taguta´, a thong (of harpoon).Teliq´bing, certain piece on harpoon line.Tesir´qun, scraper; fromtesivā´, he stretches it.Tigdluiq´djung, blow with the fist (of a stranger); fromtigdlugpā´, he strikes him with the fist.Tika´gung, support of hand in throwing harpoon.Ti´kiq, thimble.Tik´ping, rib of kayak.Tiluq´tung, snow beater; fromtiluqpā´, he strikes it, in order to shake something off.Tingmi´ujang, images of birds (used for dice); fromtingmiang, bird;-ujang, similar to.To´kang, harpoon head.Toq´sung, vaulted entrance to snow house.Tor´naq, a guardian spirit.Tornarsuq, the greattornaq.To´ung, tusk, point.Toung´a, point of spear.Tugliga, a tress.Tuktuq´djung, the constellation of the Reindeer, or the Great Bear, Ursa Major; fromtukto, caribou (deer).Tumi´ujang, a certain lamp resembling a footprint; fromtume, footprint;-ujang, similar to.Tuniq´djung, stern of kayak.Tu´pilaq, spirit of a deceased person.Tu´piq, tent.Tupu´tang, plugs for closing wounds.Tuta´reang, a certain buckle.Tu´ving, strip in the boat nearest the gunwale; fromtuk-, to stop a motion;tupā´, he makes it fast.U.Ua´dling, first vault of snow house.Uang´nang, west-northwest, Cumberland Sound; west-southwest in Akudnirn.Udleq´djung, Sword of Orion: following one another.Ui´nirn, head of sledge runner.U´kusik, soapstone kettle.U´lo, woman’s knife.Uluq´saq, green slate, material for women’s knives; fromuloand-saq, material for.U´miaq, large skin boat.Uming, beard.U´mingmang, musk ox.Umī´ujang, needle case.U´nang, sealing harpoon.Unaqiu´ta, ring on shaft of sealing harpoon; fromunang;-iarpā´, he fastens it;-ta, past participle.Unarteng´a, iron rod of sealing harpoon; fromunang;-tang, belonging to;-a, possessive.Uqsirn, implement for fastening traces to sledge.Usujang, stern projection of kayak; fromusung, penis;-ujang, similar to.

Adlipar´miut, the inhabitants of the country farthest below; fromat, below;-lirn, being in a certain direction;-pāng, superlative;-mio(plural,-miut), inhabitant of.

A´dlirn, a small lamp on the floor of the hut; fromat, below;-lirn, being in a certain direction.

Adli´vun, those beneath us; fromat, below;-lirn, being in a certain direction;-vun, possessive first person plural.

A´gdlag, black bear.

Agdliaq, a small spear; fromake-, across;-dlivoq, he provides with;-aq, past participle.

Ag´girn, a species of duck (Anas glacialis).

Aiss´ivang, spider.

A´jang, beam of kayak; fromajaq-, to support.

Aja´rorpoq, he plays the game cat’s cradle.

Aje´gaung, a game.

Ajokitarpoq, a game.

Ajuktaq´tung, batting the ball.

Akparaik´tung, hook for preventing the loss of harpoon.

Akud´nang, paddle handle; fromako, middle.

A´kuk, lateral strips of wood used in boat; fromako, middle.

A´lirn, harpoon line.

A´maroq, wolf.

A´ming, skin of land animals, cover of boat and kayak.

Ang´akoq, a magician, conjurer.

Angakunirn, the art of the angakoq.

Ang´akut, plural of angakoq.

Angiaq, spirit of a murdered child (Greenland).

Ang´un, paddle.

Anguta´, his father.

Angu´vigang, lance; fromanguvoq, he goes sealing with the harpoon.

Aning´a, her brother (the moon).

A´no, dog harness.

A´pumang, gunwale.

Aqo´jang, stern of kayak.

Aqsar´dnirn, wind blowing down a valley.

Arau´taq, snow beater (Aivillik dialect).

Arng´oaq, amulet.

Ase´dlun, flat receptacle for the harpoon line on kayak.

Asimau´tang, piece of board or whalebone on which skins are cleaned.

Atau´ta, neck of sealskin float; fromatav-, to be connected.

Audliti´ving, vault back of snow house.

Avangna´nirn, northwestern gales along the coast of Baffin Land.

Avau´tang, sealskin float.

Avautapāq´, large sealskin float; fromavautang, sealskin float;-pāq, superlative.

A´vignaq, lemming.

Aχi´girn, ptarmigan.

Eχalū´jang, carved ivory fish, used as bait; fromeχaluq, salmon;-ujang, similar to.

Eχaluq, salmon.

Idluk´, a fabulous fish.

Igdl´u, snow house.

Igdl´uarn, a vault attached to snow hut; fromigdlu, snow house;-arn, small.

Igdlukitaq´tung, playing with two balls, tossing them up alternately; fromigdlung, both;-kitarpoq, he uses at the same time.

Igdlu´ling, second vault of snow house; fromigdlu, snow house;-ling, with.

I´gimang, ball-and-socket joint of harpoon and lance; fromigipā´, he throws it off.

Ikan´, store room supported by stone pillars; fromikarpoq, it stretches from one support to another.

Ikirt´suq, wind blowing from the open sea.

Ilaga, my friend (Netchillik).

Ilupi´qang, lining of snow house; fromilo, inner.

Imiti´jung, drinking water; fromimiq, fresh water.

Inetang, hoop with net of thongs to dry clothing etc. in snow house; frominivā´, he hangs it up.

In´ua, its man, owner; possessive third person ofinung, man.

Inug´sung, cairn; frominung, man.

Ipar´ang, harpoon line.

Ip´un, oar, a spear.

Irqata´tung, a certain circuit among the huts.

Issumau´tang, a chief; fromissu´mavoq, he thinks.

Itigega, boot (Iglulik).

Itir´bing, cross piece abaft the hole in kayak; fromitiq.

Kabliaqdjuq, wolverine (Iglulik).

Kaitikpoq, a game.

Kaiviti´jung, a game.

Kaki´vang, fish spear.

Kaklio´kia, hook (Iglulik).

Kalu´giang, a heavy lance (qalugiang?).

Kang´o, a species of goose.

Ka´pun, Spear; fromkapivā´, he stabs him.

Ka´teng, entrance to stone hut.

Kentun, drumstick.

Kidlu´lirn, lamp standing in the rear of the hut.

Ki´glo, boat post.

Kilaut, drum.

Koukparmiu´tang, a certain amulet at point of hood.

Ku´jang, keel of kayak.

Ma´ling, paddle blade.

Ma´mi, membrane or inner side of skin.

Ma´sing, cross piece before hole in kayak.

Mir´qun, needle.

Mirquss´ang, two masked persons.

Mumipoq, he dances.

Nabi´ring, a loop; fromnā´poq, he hinders a motion.

Na´po(pluralnapun), cross bar of sledge.

Naqeta´run, lashing for the sledge; fromnaqigpoq, it is pressed down.

Nau´lang, harpoon head.

Ne´tivang,Phoca cristata.

Ni´girn, southeast.

Niksiang, hook.

Niksiar´taung, fish hook.

Nirt´sun, small ropes used in sledge and house.

Niuq´tung, drill bow with string; fromniorpoq, he drills.

Niu´tang, hoop with skin stretched over it; beam of kayak.

Nuglu´tang, a certain game.

Nu´irn, bird spear.

Nulianititi´jung, exchange of wives.

Nunajisar´tung, a certain festival.

Nuqsang, throwing board.

Nussueraqtung, a certain festival.

Oqur´tsuq(Akudnirn), southeast, blowing from Oqo; fromoqo, weather side.

Pa, hole of kayak.

Pakijumijar´tung, game of hook and crook.

Pa´na, double edged knife.

Parti´rang, button for closing thepitu; frompārpa, he meets him.

Pauk´tun, pegs.

Pau´ting, double bladed kayak paddle.

Pi´laut, large knife.

Pilek´tung, cutting something.

Pi´main, chief, he who knows everything best by practice.

Pi´ningnang, true south.

Pir´qang, shoeing of runners of sledge.

Pitiq´se, bow.

Pitkusi´rarpoq, a certain game.

Pi´tu, a stout thong, consisting of two parts to fasten traces to sledge.

Poviu´tang, pipe for inflating skins; frompō-, to blow.

Pukiq, the white part of a deerskin.

Qadlunait, Europeans.

Qag´gi, singing house.

Qailerte´tang, a certain masked figure.

Qai´vun, drill.

Qa´jaq, kayak.

Qa´mun, sledge runner.

Qa´muting(dual ofqamun), sledge.

Qana´ra, east-northeast (Nettilling); fromqaning, falling snow.

Qang´ing, a toggle.

Qang´irn, a ventilating hole in snow house; fromqa, above.

Qa´ning, a certain rib of kayak.

Qa´ningnang, east-northeast; fromqaning, falling snow.

Qaq´djung, arrow.

Qa´reang, annex of house for an additional family.

Qar´mang(pluralqarmat), stone or bone house.

Qarmau´jang, similar to aqarmang; suffix,-ujang, similar to.

Qasi´giaq,Phoca annellata.

Qatilik, a spear (Iglulik); fromqatirn, ivory head of harpoon shaft;-lik, with.

Qa´tirn, ivory head of harpoon shaft.

Qatu´rang, a boot ornament.

Qaumarteng´a, days without sun, but with dawn.

Qau´mat, a kind of fire (?); fromqauq, daylight.

Qaumati´vun, sun (in the sacred language of the angakut).

Qauma´vun, moon (in the sacred language of the angakut).

Qauq, daylight.

Qidja´rung, whirl; fromqipivā´, he twists it.

Qijuqteng´a, harpoon shaft; fromqijuq, wood.

Qilaq, sky.

Qiler´tuang, clasp for holding the coils of the harpoon line; fromqilerpā´, he ties it with a knot.

Qing´ang, a hole to look out of snow house.

Qing´miaq, mouth piece of drill.

Qipeku´tang, rod to indicate approach of seal to his hole.

Qi´piq, blanket.

Qi´qirn, phantom in the shape of a huge, hairless dog.

Qoqsiuariva, the ceremony of washing children with urine.

Qudlipar´miut, the inhabitants of the country farthest above; fromqu, above;-lirn, being in a certain direction;-pāng, superlative;-mio(plural,-miut), inhabitant of.

Qudlirn, a lamp; fromqu, above;-lirn, being in a certain direction.

Qudli´vun, the uppermost ones; fromqu, above;-lirn, being in a certain direction;-vun, possessive first person plural.

Qudluqsiu´ta, ring on a paddle.

Qu´ming, a certain lamp.

Quqar´taun, an implement to string fish.

Quvie´tung, a festival.

Sadni´riaq, cross piece, a certain button, fromsadne, side, across.

Sadni´run, a yard.

Sāketān´, roulette; fromsakagpā´, he pushes it.

Sakie´taun, the Pleiades.

Sakurpāng´, whale harpoon; fromsako, weapon;-pāng, the largest.

Sa´ving, knife.

Seligo´ung, scraper; fromselivā´, he cleans a skin.

Siad´nirn(plural,siadnit), lateral strip in kayak; fromsiaq-, to place in a row;-nirn, being.

Siat´ko, harpoon head (Iglulik).

Siek´tung, the three stars in Orion’s belt: those standing in a row.

Sir´dloang, store room of snow house.

Siring´ilang, the excepted month in balancing Eskimo calendars, the month without sun; fromsirinirn, sun;-ngilang, he has not.

Sirinikteng´a, the first days with sunlight; fromsirinirn, sun;-tang, new;-a, possessive third person singular.

Sirmi´jaung, scraper for kayak; fromsirming, thin ice.

Sulubaut´, bunch of hair projecting from forehead.

Sului´tung, festival in which a knife (sulung) is used.

Su’lung, wing; knife shaped like a wing.

Tagusiar´bing, eye (of harpoon).

Taguta´, a thong (of harpoon).

Teliq´bing, certain piece on harpoon line.

Tesir´qun, scraper; fromtesivā´, he stretches it.

Tigdluiq´djung, blow with the fist (of a stranger); fromtigdlugpā´, he strikes him with the fist.

Tika´gung, support of hand in throwing harpoon.

Ti´kiq, thimble.

Tik´ping, rib of kayak.

Tiluq´tung, snow beater; fromtiluqpā´, he strikes it, in order to shake something off.

Tingmi´ujang, images of birds (used for dice); fromtingmiang, bird;-ujang, similar to.

To´kang, harpoon head.

Toq´sung, vaulted entrance to snow house.

Tor´naq, a guardian spirit.

Tornarsuq, the greattornaq.

To´ung, tusk, point.

Toung´a, point of spear.

Tugliga, a tress.

Tuktuq´djung, the constellation of the Reindeer, or the Great Bear, Ursa Major; fromtukto, caribou (deer).

Tumi´ujang, a certain lamp resembling a footprint; fromtume, footprint;-ujang, similar to.

Tuniq´djung, stern of kayak.

Tu´pilaq, spirit of a deceased person.

Tu´piq, tent.

Tupu´tang, plugs for closing wounds.

Tuta´reang, a certain buckle.

Tu´ving, strip in the boat nearest the gunwale; fromtuk-, to stop a motion;tupā´, he makes it fast.

Ua´dling, first vault of snow house.

Uang´nang, west-northwest, Cumberland Sound; west-southwest in Akudnirn.

Udleq´djung, Sword of Orion: following one another.

Ui´nirn, head of sledge runner.

U´kusik, soapstone kettle.

U´lo, woman’s knife.

Uluq´saq, green slate, material for women’s knives; fromuloand-saq, material for.

U´miaq, large skin boat.

Uming, beard.

U´mingmang, musk ox.

Umī´ujang, needle case.

U´nang, sealing harpoon.

Unaqiu´ta, ring on shaft of sealing harpoon; fromunang;-iarpā´, he fastens it;-ta, past participle.

Unarteng´a, iron rod of sealing harpoon; fromunang;-tang, belonging to;-a, possessive.

Uqsirn, implement for fastening traces to sledge.

Usujang, stern projection of kayak; fromusung, penis;-ujang, similar to.

AEIKMNOPQSTU

A.Agdlinartung.Aggirtijung, abounding with ducks.Aggo, the weather side.Aggomiut, the inhabitants of Aggo.Agpan, loons.Agutit.Aivillik, with walrus.Aivillirmiut, the inhabitants of Aivillik (the walrus country).Akudnirmiut, the inhabitants of Akudnirn.Akudnirn, the intervening country.Akugdlirn, the central one.Akugdlit, the central ones.Akuliaχating.Akuliaq.Akuliarmiut, the inhabitants of Akuliaq.Amaqdjuaq, the large place where children are carried in the hood.Amartung, a woman carrying a child in the hood.Amitoq, the narrow one.Anarnitung, smelling of excrements.Anartuajuin, the excrements.Anaulereë´ling.Angiuqaq; fromangivoq, it is large.Angmalortuq, the round one.Angmang, jasper.Angmartung, the open one (not frozen over).Aqbeniling, six; so called because reached after six days’ travel.Aqbirsiarbing, a lookout for whales.Aqbirtijung, abounding with whales.Aqojang; fromaqo, stern.Aqojartung; fromaqo, stern.Arligaulik.Audnerbing, place where seals are approached by the crawling hunter.Augpalugtijung, with many red places.Augpalugtung, the red one.Aulitiving, an annex of the snow house; hills lying at the foot of steep cliffs.Auqardneling, with many places where the ice melts early in spring.Avatutiaq.Avaudjeling, with a low saddle.E.Eχaloaping, with common salmon.Eχalualuin, the large salmon (plur.).Eχaluaqdjuin, the small salmon (plur.).Eχaluin, the salmon (plur.).Eχaluqdjuaq, the shark.Eχoleaqdjuin.I.Idjorituaqtuin, the only places with an abundance of grass.Idjuk, the testicles.Igdlumiut, the inhabitants of the other side.Igdlungajung, the bandy legged man; so called from a fabulous tribe.Igdluqdjuaq, the large house.Iglulik, with houses.Iglulirmiut, the inhabitants of the place with houses.Igpirto, with many hills.Igpirtousirn, the smaller place with many hills.Ijelirtung.Ikaroling, with a ford.Ikerassaq, the narrow strait.Ikerassaqdjuaq, the large narrow strait.Iliqimisarbing, where one shakes one’s head.Imeraqdjuaq.Imigen, with fresh water.Ingnirn, flint.Inugsuin, the cairns.Inugsulik, with cairns.Ipiuteling, with an isthmus.Ipiuting, the isthmus; literally, the traces of a dog.Irtiujang.Isiritung.Isoa, its cover.Issortuqdjuaq, the large one with muddy water.Ita, food.Itidliaping, the common pass.Itidlirn, the pass.Itijareling, with a small pass.Itirbilung, the anus.Itivimiut, the inhabitants of the coast beyond the land.Ituatukan.Itutonik(Etotoniq).K.Kaming´ujang, similar to a boot.Kangertloa´ping, the common bay.Kangertlua´lung, the large bay.Kangertlukdjuaq, the large bay.Kangertluk´siaq.Kangertlung, the bay.Kangia, its head, its upper part (of a bay).Kangianga, its upper part.Kangidliuta, nearest to the land.Kangivamiut, inhabitants of Kangia.Kautaq, diorite.Kilauting, the drum.Kingnait, the high land.Kingnaitmiut, the inhabitants of Kingnait.Kinipetu.Kitigtung, the island lying farthest out toward the sea.Kitingujang, the gorge.Kouaqdjuaq.Koukdjuaq, the large river.Kouksoarmiut, the inhabitants of Kouksoaq.Koukteling, with a river.Kugnuaq, the small nice river.M.Majoraridjen, the places where one has to climb up.Maktartudjennaq, where one eats whale’s hide.Maluksilaq.Manirigtung, with many eggs.Manituling, with uneven places.Metja, the lid.Midlurieling, where stones are thrown (for catching white whales).Miliaqdjuin, the small ones, which shut it up(?).Miliqdjuaq, the large one, which shuts up(?).Mingong, the beetle.Misiqtung.Muingmang.N.Nanuqtuaqdjung, the little bear.Nanuragassain, abounding in young bears.Naqoreang.Narpaing.Naujan, the gulls.Naujaqdjuaq, the large gull.Naujateling, with gulls.Nebarvik.Nedlung, peninsula from the point of which deer are driven into the water; fromnedlugpoq, he swims.Nedluqseaq; fromnedlugpoq, he swims.Neqemiarbing, where something is carried in the hand.Nerseqdjuaq, the large valley.Netchillik, with seals.Netchillirmiut, the inhabitants of Netchillik (the seal country).Nettilling, with seals.Niaqonaujang, similar to a head.Nikosiving; fromnikuipoq, it stands erect.Nirdlirn, the goose.Niutang, hoop used in whaling.Nudlung, the posteriors.Nudnirn, the point.Nugumiut, the inhabitants of the point.Nurata.Nuratamiut, the inhabitants of Nurata.Nuvujalung, the large cape or point.Nuvujen, the points.Nuvukdjuaq, the great point.Nuvukdjuaraqdjung, the little Nuvukdjuaq.Nuvuktirpāng´, the greatest point.Nuvuktualung, the only great point.Nuvung, the point.O.Okan, the codfish (plural).Okavit.Operdniving, place where one lives in spring.Oqo, the weather side.Oqomiut, the inhabitants of Oqo.Owutta.P.Padli, with the mouth of a river.Padliaq, the little mouth of the river.(?)Padlimiut, the inhabitants of Padli.Padloping; frompadlorpoq(lying on the face?).Pamiujang, similar to a tail.Pangnirtung, with many bucks.Pikiulaq,Uria grylle.Piling, with many things (i.e., game).Pilingmiut, the inhabitants of Piling.Pingitkalik.Pitiktaujang.Pujetung, with plenty of blubber.Putukin.Q.Qaggilortung; fromqaggi, singing house.Qairoliktung, with plenty of seals (Phoca grœnlandica).Qamusiojodlang.Qariaq.Qarmang, walls.Qarmaqdjuin, the large walls.Qarussuit, the caves.Qasigidjen,Callocephali.Qaumauang; fromqauq, daylight.Qaumauangmiut, the inhabitants of Qaumauang.Qaχodlualung, the large fulmar.Qaχodluin, the fulmars.Qeqertakadlinang; fromqeqertaq, island.Qeqertalukdjuaq, the large island.Qeqertaq, the island.Qeqertaujang, similar to an island.Qeqertelung, the large island.Qeqerten, the islands.Qeqertome itoq tudlirn, next to the island.Qeqertuqdjuaq, the large island.Qerniqdjuaq, the great black place.Qidnelik.Qimissung, the snow drift.Qimuqsuq; fromqimuqpoq, he draws the sledge.Qingaseareang.Qingua, its head.Qinguamiut, the inhabitants of Qingua.Qivitung, the hermit.Qognung, the narrow place.Qogulortung(Qaggilortung?).Qordluving, where the water runs in a solid stream.Quaiirnang.Qudjitariaq.S.Sagdlirmiut, the inhabitants of Sagdlirn.Sagdlirn, the island nearest the sea.Sagdlua, its Sagdlirn.Sakiaqdjung, the little rib.Sarbaq(sarvaq), the rapids.Sarbaqdjukulu, the small rapids.Sarbaqdualung, the large rapids.Sarbausirn, the smaller rapids.Sarbuqdjuaq, the large rapids.Saumia, its left side.Saumingmiut, the inhabitants of Saumia.Saunirtung, with many bones.Saunirtuqdjuaq, the great one with many bones.Sednirun, the yard.Siegtung, the scattered ones.Sikosuilaq, the coast without ice.Sikosuilarmiut, the inhabitants of Sikosuilaq.Sini, the edge.Sinimiut, the inhabitants of Sini.Sioreling, with sand.Sirmiling, with a glacier.Sulung, the valley through which the wind blows howling.Surosirn, the boy.T.Talirpia, its right side.Talirpingmiut, the inhabitants of Talirpia.Tappitariaq, the pass crossing two isthmuses.Tappitaridjen, the passes crossing two isthmuses.Taquirbing.Tarionitjoq, the salt water basin.Tarrionitung, the salt water basin.Taχolidjuin.Tessiujang, similar to a pond.Tikeraqdjuaq, the great point.Tikeraqdjuausirn, the smaller great point.Tikeraqdjung, the small point.Tikeraqdjuq, the small point.Tininiqdjuaq, the large beach.Tiniqdjuaurbing, the great place with a high tide.Tiniqdjuarbiusirn, the smaller great place with a high tide.Tornait, Spirits.Touaqdjuaq.Tuarpuqdjuaq.Tudjan.Tudjaqdjuaq.Tudjaqdjuaralung.Tudjaraaqdjung.Tukia, its farthest corner.Tulukan, the ravens.Tuniqten, those lying behind it.Tunukutang.Tununirmiut, the inhabitants of Tununirn.Tununirn, the country lying back of something.Tununirusirmiut, the inhabitants of Tununirusirn.Tununirusirn, the smaller Tununirn.Tunussung, the nape.Tupirbikdjuin, the tent sites.U.Udlimauliteling, with a hatchet.Ugjuktung, with many ground seals.Ugjulik, with ground seals.Ugjulirmiut, the inhabitants of Ugjulik (the ground seal country).Uglariaq.Uglirn, walrus island.Uglit, the walrus islands.Uibarun, the cape.Ujaraqdjuin, the large stones.Ujaradjiraaitjung; fromujaraq, stone.Ukadliq, the hare.Ukiadliving, the place where one lives in the fall.Ukiukdjuaq, the great winter.Ukusiksalik, the place with pot stone.Ukusiksalirmiut, inhabitant of Ukusiksalik.Umanaq, the heart-like island.Umanaqtuaq, the great heart-like island.Umingman Nuna, the land of the musk ox.Ungava.Ungavamiut.Ussualung, the large penis.Utiqimitung.

Agdlinartung.

Aggirtijung, abounding with ducks.

Aggo, the weather side.

Aggomiut, the inhabitants of Aggo.

Agpan, loons.

Agutit.

Aivillik, with walrus.

Aivillirmiut, the inhabitants of Aivillik (the walrus country).

Akudnirmiut, the inhabitants of Akudnirn.

Akudnirn, the intervening country.

Akugdlirn, the central one.

Akugdlit, the central ones.

Akuliaχating.

Akuliaq.

Akuliarmiut, the inhabitants of Akuliaq.

Amaqdjuaq, the large place where children are carried in the hood.

Amartung, a woman carrying a child in the hood.

Amitoq, the narrow one.

Anarnitung, smelling of excrements.

Anartuajuin, the excrements.

Anaulereë´ling.

Angiuqaq; fromangivoq, it is large.

Angmalortuq, the round one.

Angmang, jasper.

Angmartung, the open one (not frozen over).

Aqbeniling, six; so called because reached after six days’ travel.

Aqbirsiarbing, a lookout for whales.

Aqbirtijung, abounding with whales.

Aqojang; fromaqo, stern.

Aqojartung; fromaqo, stern.

Arligaulik.

Audnerbing, place where seals are approached by the crawling hunter.

Augpalugtijung, with many red places.

Augpalugtung, the red one.

Aulitiving, an annex of the snow house; hills lying at the foot of steep cliffs.

Auqardneling, with many places where the ice melts early in spring.

Avatutiaq.

Avaudjeling, with a low saddle.

Eχaloaping, with common salmon.

Eχalualuin, the large salmon (plur.).

Eχaluaqdjuin, the small salmon (plur.).

Eχaluin, the salmon (plur.).

Eχaluqdjuaq, the shark.

Eχoleaqdjuin.

Idjorituaqtuin, the only places with an abundance of grass.

Idjuk, the testicles.

Igdlumiut, the inhabitants of the other side.

Igdlungajung, the bandy legged man; so called from a fabulous tribe.

Igdluqdjuaq, the large house.

Iglulik, with houses.

Iglulirmiut, the inhabitants of the place with houses.

Igpirto, with many hills.

Igpirtousirn, the smaller place with many hills.

Ijelirtung.

Ikaroling, with a ford.

Ikerassaq, the narrow strait.

Ikerassaqdjuaq, the large narrow strait.

Iliqimisarbing, where one shakes one’s head.

Imeraqdjuaq.

Imigen, with fresh water.

Ingnirn, flint.

Inugsuin, the cairns.

Inugsulik, with cairns.

Ipiuteling, with an isthmus.

Ipiuting, the isthmus; literally, the traces of a dog.

Irtiujang.

Isiritung.

Isoa, its cover.

Issortuqdjuaq, the large one with muddy water.

Ita, food.

Itidliaping, the common pass.

Itidlirn, the pass.

Itijareling, with a small pass.

Itirbilung, the anus.

Itivimiut, the inhabitants of the coast beyond the land.

Ituatukan.

Itutonik(Etotoniq).

Kaming´ujang, similar to a boot.

Kangertloa´ping, the common bay.

Kangertlua´lung, the large bay.

Kangertlukdjuaq, the large bay.

Kangertluk´siaq.

Kangertlung, the bay.

Kangia, its head, its upper part (of a bay).

Kangianga, its upper part.

Kangidliuta, nearest to the land.

Kangivamiut, inhabitants of Kangia.

Kautaq, diorite.

Kilauting, the drum.

Kingnait, the high land.

Kingnaitmiut, the inhabitants of Kingnait.

Kinipetu.

Kitigtung, the island lying farthest out toward the sea.

Kitingujang, the gorge.

Kouaqdjuaq.

Koukdjuaq, the large river.

Kouksoarmiut, the inhabitants of Kouksoaq.

Koukteling, with a river.

Kugnuaq, the small nice river.

Majoraridjen, the places where one has to climb up.

Maktartudjennaq, where one eats whale’s hide.

Maluksilaq.

Manirigtung, with many eggs.

Manituling, with uneven places.

Metja, the lid.

Midlurieling, where stones are thrown (for catching white whales).

Miliaqdjuin, the small ones, which shut it up(?).

Miliqdjuaq, the large one, which shuts up(?).

Mingong, the beetle.

Misiqtung.

Muingmang.

Nanuqtuaqdjung, the little bear.

Nanuragassain, abounding in young bears.

Naqoreang.

Narpaing.

Naujan, the gulls.

Naujaqdjuaq, the large gull.

Naujateling, with gulls.

Nebarvik.

Nedlung, peninsula from the point of which deer are driven into the water; fromnedlugpoq, he swims.

Nedluqseaq; fromnedlugpoq, he swims.

Neqemiarbing, where something is carried in the hand.

Nerseqdjuaq, the large valley.

Netchillik, with seals.

Netchillirmiut, the inhabitants of Netchillik (the seal country).

Nettilling, with seals.

Niaqonaujang, similar to a head.

Nikosiving; fromnikuipoq, it stands erect.

Nirdlirn, the goose.

Niutang, hoop used in whaling.

Nudlung, the posteriors.

Nudnirn, the point.

Nugumiut, the inhabitants of the point.

Nurata.

Nuratamiut, the inhabitants of Nurata.

Nuvujalung, the large cape or point.

Nuvujen, the points.

Nuvukdjuaq, the great point.

Nuvukdjuaraqdjung, the little Nuvukdjuaq.

Nuvuktirpāng´, the greatest point.

Nuvuktualung, the only great point.

Nuvung, the point.

Okan, the codfish (plural).

Okavit.

Operdniving, place where one lives in spring.

Oqo, the weather side.

Oqomiut, the inhabitants of Oqo.

Owutta.

Padli, with the mouth of a river.

Padliaq, the little mouth of the river.(?)

Padlimiut, the inhabitants of Padli.

Padloping; frompadlorpoq(lying on the face?).

Pamiujang, similar to a tail.

Pangnirtung, with many bucks.

Pikiulaq,Uria grylle.

Piling, with many things (i.e., game).

Pilingmiut, the inhabitants of Piling.

Pingitkalik.

Pitiktaujang.

Pujetung, with plenty of blubber.

Putukin.

Qaggilortung; fromqaggi, singing house.

Qairoliktung, with plenty of seals (Phoca grœnlandica).

Qamusiojodlang.

Qariaq.

Qarmang, walls.

Qarmaqdjuin, the large walls.

Qarussuit, the caves.

Qasigidjen,Callocephali.

Qaumauang; fromqauq, daylight.

Qaumauangmiut, the inhabitants of Qaumauang.

Qaχodlualung, the large fulmar.

Qaχodluin, the fulmars.

Qeqertakadlinang; fromqeqertaq, island.

Qeqertalukdjuaq, the large island.

Qeqertaq, the island.

Qeqertaujang, similar to an island.

Qeqertelung, the large island.

Qeqerten, the islands.

Qeqertome itoq tudlirn, next to the island.

Qeqertuqdjuaq, the large island.

Qerniqdjuaq, the great black place.

Qidnelik.

Qimissung, the snow drift.

Qimuqsuq; fromqimuqpoq, he draws the sledge.

Qingaseareang.

Qingua, its head.

Qinguamiut, the inhabitants of Qingua.

Qivitung, the hermit.

Qognung, the narrow place.

Qogulortung(Qaggilortung?).

Qordluving, where the water runs in a solid stream.

Quaiirnang.

Qudjitariaq.

Sagdlirmiut, the inhabitants of Sagdlirn.

Sagdlirn, the island nearest the sea.

Sagdlua, its Sagdlirn.

Sakiaqdjung, the little rib.

Sarbaq(sarvaq), the rapids.

Sarbaqdjukulu, the small rapids.

Sarbaqdualung, the large rapids.

Sarbausirn, the smaller rapids.

Sarbuqdjuaq, the large rapids.

Saumia, its left side.

Saumingmiut, the inhabitants of Saumia.

Saunirtung, with many bones.

Saunirtuqdjuaq, the great one with many bones.

Sednirun, the yard.

Siegtung, the scattered ones.

Sikosuilaq, the coast without ice.

Sikosuilarmiut, the inhabitants of Sikosuilaq.

Sini, the edge.

Sinimiut, the inhabitants of Sini.

Sioreling, with sand.

Sirmiling, with a glacier.

Sulung, the valley through which the wind blows howling.

Surosirn, the boy.

Talirpia, its right side.

Talirpingmiut, the inhabitants of Talirpia.

Tappitariaq, the pass crossing two isthmuses.

Tappitaridjen, the passes crossing two isthmuses.

Taquirbing.

Tarionitjoq, the salt water basin.

Tarrionitung, the salt water basin.

Taχolidjuin.

Tessiujang, similar to a pond.

Tikeraqdjuaq, the great point.

Tikeraqdjuausirn, the smaller great point.

Tikeraqdjung, the small point.

Tikeraqdjuq, the small point.

Tininiqdjuaq, the large beach.

Tiniqdjuaurbing, the great place with a high tide.

Tiniqdjuarbiusirn, the smaller great place with a high tide.

Tornait, Spirits.

Touaqdjuaq.

Tuarpuqdjuaq.

Tudjan.

Tudjaqdjuaq.

Tudjaqdjuaralung.

Tudjaraaqdjung.

Tukia, its farthest corner.

Tulukan, the ravens.

Tuniqten, those lying behind it.

Tunukutang.

Tununirmiut, the inhabitants of Tununirn.

Tununirn, the country lying back of something.

Tununirusirmiut, the inhabitants of Tununirusirn.

Tununirusirn, the smaller Tununirn.

Tunussung, the nape.

Tupirbikdjuin, the tent sites.

Udlimauliteling, with a hatchet.

Ugjuktung, with many ground seals.

Ugjulik, with ground seals.

Ugjulirmiut, the inhabitants of Ugjulik (the ground seal country).

Uglariaq.

Uglirn, walrus island.

Uglit, the walrus islands.

Uibarun, the cape.

Ujaraqdjuin, the large stones.

Ujaradjiraaitjung; fromujaraq, stone.

Ukadliq, the hare.

Ukiadliving, the place where one lives in the fall.

Ukiukdjuaq, the great winter.

Ukusiksalik, the place with pot stone.

Ukusiksalirmiut, inhabitant of Ukusiksalik.

Umanaq, the heart-like island.

Umanaqtuaq, the great heart-like island.

Umingman Nuna, the land of the musk ox.

Ungava.

Ungavamiut.

Ussualung, the large penis.

Utiqimitung.

After the preceding paper was in type some additional information was received from whalers who returned from Cumberland Sound in the autumn of 1887. In the following notes I give the substance of these reports:

Page 467. Since 1883 the whalers have been more successful, and consequently more ships visit the sound. In the present winter—1887-’88—one American and two Scottish whaling stations are in operation in Cumberland Sound; a new station was established in Nugumiut two years ago, and the Scottish steamers which used to fish in Baffin Bay and the northern parts of Davis Strait are beginning to visit Cumberland Sound and Hudson Strait. The whaling in Baffin Bay shows a sudden falling off and it seems that the number of ships will be greatly reduced. This cannot be without influence upon the Eskimo, who will probably begin again to flock to Cumberland Sound and Nugumiut.

Page 538. In 1884 and 1885 a lively intercourse existed between Padli and Cumberland Sound, and in the spring of the latter year the dog’s disease broke out for the first time on the coast of Davis Strait, and spread, so far as is known, to the northern part of Home Bay.

Page 574. A peculiar game is sometimes played on the ice in spring. The men stand in a circle on the ice, and one of them walks, the toes turned inward, in a devious track. It is said that only a few are able to do this in the right way. Then the rest of the men have to follow him in exactly the same track.

One of their gymnastic exercises requires considerable knack and strength. A pole is tied with one end to a stone or to a piece of wood that is firmly secured in the snow. A man then lies down on his back, embracing the pole, his feet turned toward the place where the pole is tied to the rock. Then he must rise without bending his body.

In another of their gymnastic exercises they lie down on their stomachs, the arms bent so that the hands lie close together on the breast, palms turned downward. Then they have to jump forward without bending their body, using only their toes and hands. Some are said to be able to jump several feet in this manner.

Page 582. In the Report of the Hudson Bay Expedition of 1886, p. 16, Lieut. A. Gordon remarks that the same custom is reported from Port Burwell, near Cape Chidleigh, Labrador. He says: “There lived between the Cape and Aulatsivik a good Eskimo hunter whose native name is not given, but who was christened by our station men ’Old Wicked.’ He was a passionate man and was continuallythreatening to do some bodily harm to the other more peaceably inclined natives.***His arrogance and petty annoyances to the other natives became at length unbearable. It appears that these unfortunates held a meeting and decided that Old Wicked was a public nuisance which must be abated, and they therefore decreed that he should be shot, and shot he was accordingly one afternoon when he was busily engaged in repairing the ravages which a storm had made in his ‘igdlu’ or snow house. The executioner shot him in the back, killing him instantly. The murderer or executioner (one hardly knows to which title he is more justly entitled) then takes Old Wicked’s wives and all his children and agrees to keep them***so that they shall be no burden on the company.”

The fact that the custom is found among tribes so widely separated will justify a description of those events which came under my own observation. There was a native of Padli by the name of Padlu. He had induced the wife of a Cumberland Sound native to desert her husband and follow him. The deserted husband, meditating revenge, cut off the upper part of the barrel of his gun so that he could conceal it under his jacket. He crossed the land and visited his friends in Padli, but before he could accomplish his intention of killing Padlu the latter shot him. When this news was reported in Qeqerten, the brother of the murdered man went to Padli to avenge the death of his brother; but he also was killed by Padlu. A third native of Cumberland Sound, who wished to avenge the death of his relatives, was also murdered by him. On account of all these outrages the natives wanted to get rid of Padlu, but yet they did not dare to attack him. When the pimain of the Akudnirmiut in Niaqonaujang learned of these events he started southward and asked every man in Padli whether Padlu should be killed. All agreed; so he went with the latter deer hunting in the upper part of Pangnirtung, northwest of Padli, and near the head of the fjord he shot Padlu in the back.

In another instance a man in Qeqerten had made himself odious. After it was agreed that he was a bad man an old man of Qeqerten, Pakaq, attacked him on board a Scottish whaler, but was prevented from killing him.

Page 594. The following performance was observed in Umanaqtuaq, on the southwestern coast of Cumberland Sound, in the winter of 1886-’87: An angakoq began his incantations in a hut after the lamps were lowered. Suddenly he jumped up and rushed out of the hut to where a mounted harpoon was standing. He threw himself upon the harpoon, which penetrated his breast and came out at the back. Three men followed him and holding the harpoon line led the angakoq, bleeding profusely, to all the huts of the village. When they arrived again at the first hut he pulled out the harpoon, lay down on the bed, and was put to sleep by the songs of another angakoq. When he awoke after a while he showed to the people that he was not hurt, although his clothing was torn and they had seen him bleeding.

Another angakoq performed a similar feat on the island Utussivik in the summer of 1887. He thrust a harpoon through his body and was led by about twenty-five men through the village. It is said that he imitated the movements and voice of a walrus while on the circuit.

Still another exhibition was witnessed by the whalers in the fall of 1886 in Umanaqtuaq. An angakoq stripped off his outer jacket and began his incantations while walking about in the village. When the men heard him, one after the other came out of his hut, each carrying his gun. After a while the angakoq descended to the beach; the men followed him, and suddenly fired a volley at him. The angakoq, of course, was not hurt, and then the women each gave him a cup of water, which he drank. Then he put on his jacket, and the performance was ended. The similarity of this performance with part of the festival which is described onpp. 605 et seq.is evident.

Page 606. The same feast was celebrated in 1886 in Umanaqtuaq, in Cumberland Sound, where all the Talirpingmiut had gathered. The witnesses of this festival describe it exactly in the same way as I described it above. One thing ought to be added, which I did not mention because it seemed to me accidental, but as it was repeated in the same way in 1886 it must have some meaning. I noticed that the Qailertetang, after having invoked the wind, hop about, making a grunting noise and accosting the people. When doing so they are attacked by the natives and killed. According to the description of the whalers they imitate sometimes deer, sometimes walrus. Perhaps this fact gave rise to Kumlien’s description of the “killing of the evil spirit of the deer.” It is remarkable that in 1883 in Qeqerten and in 1886 in Umanaqtuaq the festival was celebrated on exactly the same day, the 10th of November. This can hardly be accidental, and does not agree with the idea sometimes advanced, that the festival refers to the winter solstice. Unfortunately Hall (I, p. 528) does not give the dates of the festival in Nugumiut. On the western coast of Hudson Bay a festival in which masks were used was celebrated about the end of January, 1866 (Hall II, p. 219), but it is hardly possible to draw conclusions from Nourse’s superficial account of Hall’s observations.

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