FOOTNOTES:1Croll has elaborated this calculation in his work,Climate and Time.2Sept. 1879.3Analyses recently made by Mr. C. Hoffman, of the Geological Survey of Canada, show that beds of graphitic gneiss, some of them 8 feet in thickness, contain as much as 25·5 to 30 per cent. of carbon, the remaining earthy matter consisting principally of silica, alumina, and lime. The graphite from veins was nearly pure carbon, containing from 97·6 to 99·8 per cent. of that substance.4Sometimes separated as a distinct order under the name ofRadiolaria.5Loftusia Columbiana, Dawson, from British Columbia, is the only Carboniferous species yet known.6See Nicholson in theMemoirsof the Palæontographical Society.7Archæospherinæof the author.8Eophyton Linnæanum(Torrell).9See Paper on “Footprints and Impressions of Animals,”Am. Journal of Science, 1873.10They probably belong to a large sponge named by BillingsTrichospongia sericea.11Amphispongia.12Geological Magazine, May, 1878.13It is regarded as somewhat doubtful whether these are Hydroids or Bryozoa.14Heliopora, an Alcyonarian;Pocillopora, an Anthozoan.15Haplophyllia,Guynia,Duncania, of Pourtales.16Palæchinus.17Some of the earliest appear to be allies of the modern limpets.18“Un produit de l’imagination, sans aucun fondement dans la réalité.”19Hymenocaris.20Phyllopods and Ostracods.21Pterygotus, Eurypterus, &c.22Whitfield,Am. Journ. of Sci., 1880.23Report on Devonian Fossil Plants of Canada, 1871.Story of the Earth and Man, 1873.Address to American Association, 1875.24See the important memoir of Barrande on the Silurian Brachiopods, in which, as the result of the most elaborate and detailed comparisons, he concludes that in the case of these shells, as in that of the Cephalopods and Trilobites, the introduction of species in geological time has not occurred by modification, but must have depended on a creative process. It is such painstaking researches as those of the great Bohemian palæontologist which must finally settle these questions, in so far as geology is concerned.25Geological Magazine, November, 1869.26The genusButhotrephisincludes supposed branching sea-weeds of the Silurian. For this reason I would propose the nameProtannulariafor these plants.27Lycopodiaceæ.28Allied to those named by BrongniartAetheotesta.29Cordaites.30Paper by Sir W. Dawson inChicago Academy’s Bulletin, 1886.31CalamodendronandArthropitysare forms of this kind.32Grand’ Eury and Williamson have directed attention to this in the case of those of France and England.33Amphioxus.34Petromyzon, &c.35Dr. Newberry has kindly furnished me with specimens, and Dr. Harrington has submitted to analysis portions of shale filled with these little teeth, the result giving 2·58 of calcium phosphate for the whole, which indicates that the Conodonts are really bone. Their microscopic structure approaches to that of the dentine of such Carboniferous fishes asDiplodus. Hinde has described Conodonts from the Silurian of Canada.36Ueber Conodonten: Munich, 1886.37Lepidosteus.38Palæichthyesof Günther.39Dinichthys TerrelliandD. Hertzeri(Newberry).40Cestracionts.41Selachians.42Amphipeltis paradoxusof Salter.43GenusStrophia. I have provisionally named the St. John speciesStrophites erianus.44The enlarged figure ofPupa vetustais too much elongated, and the aperture is somewhat conjectural, as it is usually crushed.45Dawsonellaof Bradley.46Archiulidæof Scudder.47Euphobesia armigera(Meek and Worthen), from Illinois.48About fifty in all, as I learn from Mr. Scudder.49Orthoptera.50Neuroptera.51Coleoptera.52Tincæ.53One highly specialised Carboniferous insect recently found is theProtophasmaof Brongniart, a relative of the modern “Walking-sticks.”54This was first described as part of the larva of a Dragon-fly. It is now recognised as belonging to a Scorpion.55Protolycosa(Roemer).56Menopoma,Menobranchus, &c.57Ophiderpeton Brownriggii.58Diplichnites.59These are known in some of the smaller species, but not as yet in the larger.60Hylonomus.See Fig. facing this chapter.61MastodonsaurusorLabyrinthodon.62Palæosiren Beinertiiof Geinitz.63Hyleopeton.64DiadictesandBolasaurus(Cope).65Enaliosauria, includingIchthyopterygiaandSauropterygia.66AnomodontiaandTheriodontia.67Geology of Oxford, p. 227.68Cope has proposed the namesCamerosaurus,Amphicœlias, &c., for these problematical animals. Marsh names themTitanosaurus,Atlantosaurus, &c., while Owen holds that some of them at least are identical with his genusChondrosteosaurus. Seeley and Hulke adopt the nameOrnithopsis, and support Cope’s view of their nature.69Ratitæ.70Woodward in a recent paper refers to a still more curious resemblance of the Dinosaurs to the biped lizard of Australia (Chlamydosaurus), which runs on its hind limbs, and even perches on trees.71A poplar occurs in Greenland, in beds held to be Lower Cretaceous.72By some regarded as Upper Cretaceous.73First recognized in American Eocene by Newberry.74Described by La Harpe and Gaudin, and recently by Gardner.75Recent discoveries have since the publication of the first edition removed the Bovey Tracey beds from the Miocene to the Eocene. See Reports of Mr. Starkie Gardner to the British Association.76Lyell,Principles; Brown,Florula Discoana.77G. M. Dawson,Report on 49th Parallel;Reports on British Columbia.78Gray’s reasoning is based on the extreme view of the Glacial period now prevalent in America, contrary, as it appears to me, to the actual facts; but with limitations it holds good on more moderate views as well.79Geological Magazine, July, 1887.80Les Enchainements du Monde Animal.81See Frontispiece to this Chapter.82For example,Tillotheriumof the American Eocene, which was as large as a tapir, and in form resembled a bear.83Croll,Climate and Time.84Notes on Post-Pliocene of Canada;Acadian Geology, 3rd edition.85The actual reason for belief in the past existence of land in the basin of the Indian Ocean is found in the close relationship of forms of life found in Madagascar, Southern Asia, and Australia.86Traditions of this animal, a veritable primæval unicorn, are said still to exist in Siberia.87As, for instance, those of Cro-Magnon, and Mentone, and Engis.88De Puyot and Lohert, Namur, 1887.89Religious Tract Society, 1878.90May, 1887.91Climate and Time, a work in which these and other matters relating to the Glacial period are very well discussed.92Kimber, quoted by Southall.93Report on Devonian Plants of Canada, 1871.94The true meaning of Hebrews i. 2 and xi. 3.
1Croll has elaborated this calculation in his work,Climate and Time.
1Croll has elaborated this calculation in his work,Climate and Time.
2Sept. 1879.
2Sept. 1879.
3Analyses recently made by Mr. C. Hoffman, of the Geological Survey of Canada, show that beds of graphitic gneiss, some of them 8 feet in thickness, contain as much as 25·5 to 30 per cent. of carbon, the remaining earthy matter consisting principally of silica, alumina, and lime. The graphite from veins was nearly pure carbon, containing from 97·6 to 99·8 per cent. of that substance.
3Analyses recently made by Mr. C. Hoffman, of the Geological Survey of Canada, show that beds of graphitic gneiss, some of them 8 feet in thickness, contain as much as 25·5 to 30 per cent. of carbon, the remaining earthy matter consisting principally of silica, alumina, and lime. The graphite from veins was nearly pure carbon, containing from 97·6 to 99·8 per cent. of that substance.
4Sometimes separated as a distinct order under the name ofRadiolaria.
4Sometimes separated as a distinct order under the name ofRadiolaria.
5Loftusia Columbiana, Dawson, from British Columbia, is the only Carboniferous species yet known.
5Loftusia Columbiana, Dawson, from British Columbia, is the only Carboniferous species yet known.
6See Nicholson in theMemoirsof the Palæontographical Society.
6See Nicholson in theMemoirsof the Palæontographical Society.
7Archæospherinæof the author.
7Archæospherinæof the author.
8Eophyton Linnæanum(Torrell).
8Eophyton Linnæanum(Torrell).
9See Paper on “Footprints and Impressions of Animals,”Am. Journal of Science, 1873.
9See Paper on “Footprints and Impressions of Animals,”Am. Journal of Science, 1873.
10They probably belong to a large sponge named by BillingsTrichospongia sericea.
10They probably belong to a large sponge named by BillingsTrichospongia sericea.
11Amphispongia.
11Amphispongia.
12Geological Magazine, May, 1878.
12Geological Magazine, May, 1878.
13It is regarded as somewhat doubtful whether these are Hydroids or Bryozoa.
13It is regarded as somewhat doubtful whether these are Hydroids or Bryozoa.
14Heliopora, an Alcyonarian;Pocillopora, an Anthozoan.
14Heliopora, an Alcyonarian;Pocillopora, an Anthozoan.
15Haplophyllia,Guynia,Duncania, of Pourtales.
15Haplophyllia,Guynia,Duncania, of Pourtales.
16Palæchinus.
16Palæchinus.
17Some of the earliest appear to be allies of the modern limpets.
17Some of the earliest appear to be allies of the modern limpets.
18“Un produit de l’imagination, sans aucun fondement dans la réalité.”
18“Un produit de l’imagination, sans aucun fondement dans la réalité.”
19Hymenocaris.
19Hymenocaris.
20Phyllopods and Ostracods.
20Phyllopods and Ostracods.
21Pterygotus, Eurypterus, &c.
21Pterygotus, Eurypterus, &c.
22Whitfield,Am. Journ. of Sci., 1880.
22Whitfield,Am. Journ. of Sci., 1880.
23Report on Devonian Fossil Plants of Canada, 1871.Story of the Earth and Man, 1873.Address to American Association, 1875.
23Report on Devonian Fossil Plants of Canada, 1871.Story of the Earth and Man, 1873.Address to American Association, 1875.
24See the important memoir of Barrande on the Silurian Brachiopods, in which, as the result of the most elaborate and detailed comparisons, he concludes that in the case of these shells, as in that of the Cephalopods and Trilobites, the introduction of species in geological time has not occurred by modification, but must have depended on a creative process. It is such painstaking researches as those of the great Bohemian palæontologist which must finally settle these questions, in so far as geology is concerned.
24See the important memoir of Barrande on the Silurian Brachiopods, in which, as the result of the most elaborate and detailed comparisons, he concludes that in the case of these shells, as in that of the Cephalopods and Trilobites, the introduction of species in geological time has not occurred by modification, but must have depended on a creative process. It is such painstaking researches as those of the great Bohemian palæontologist which must finally settle these questions, in so far as geology is concerned.
25Geological Magazine, November, 1869.
25Geological Magazine, November, 1869.
26The genusButhotrephisincludes supposed branching sea-weeds of the Silurian. For this reason I would propose the nameProtannulariafor these plants.
26The genusButhotrephisincludes supposed branching sea-weeds of the Silurian. For this reason I would propose the nameProtannulariafor these plants.
27Lycopodiaceæ.
27Lycopodiaceæ.
28Allied to those named by BrongniartAetheotesta.
28Allied to those named by BrongniartAetheotesta.
29Cordaites.
29Cordaites.
30Paper by Sir W. Dawson inChicago Academy’s Bulletin, 1886.
30Paper by Sir W. Dawson inChicago Academy’s Bulletin, 1886.
31CalamodendronandArthropitysare forms of this kind.
31CalamodendronandArthropitysare forms of this kind.
32Grand’ Eury and Williamson have directed attention to this in the case of those of France and England.
32Grand’ Eury and Williamson have directed attention to this in the case of those of France and England.
33Amphioxus.
33Amphioxus.
34Petromyzon, &c.
34Petromyzon, &c.
35Dr. Newberry has kindly furnished me with specimens, and Dr. Harrington has submitted to analysis portions of shale filled with these little teeth, the result giving 2·58 of calcium phosphate for the whole, which indicates that the Conodonts are really bone. Their microscopic structure approaches to that of the dentine of such Carboniferous fishes asDiplodus. Hinde has described Conodonts from the Silurian of Canada.
35Dr. Newberry has kindly furnished me with specimens, and Dr. Harrington has submitted to analysis portions of shale filled with these little teeth, the result giving 2·58 of calcium phosphate for the whole, which indicates that the Conodonts are really bone. Their microscopic structure approaches to that of the dentine of such Carboniferous fishes asDiplodus. Hinde has described Conodonts from the Silurian of Canada.
36Ueber Conodonten: Munich, 1886.
36Ueber Conodonten: Munich, 1886.
37Lepidosteus.
37Lepidosteus.
38Palæichthyesof Günther.
38Palæichthyesof Günther.
39Dinichthys TerrelliandD. Hertzeri(Newberry).
39Dinichthys TerrelliandD. Hertzeri(Newberry).
40Cestracionts.
40Cestracionts.
41Selachians.
41Selachians.
42Amphipeltis paradoxusof Salter.
42Amphipeltis paradoxusof Salter.
43GenusStrophia. I have provisionally named the St. John speciesStrophites erianus.
43GenusStrophia. I have provisionally named the St. John speciesStrophites erianus.
44The enlarged figure ofPupa vetustais too much elongated, and the aperture is somewhat conjectural, as it is usually crushed.
44The enlarged figure ofPupa vetustais too much elongated, and the aperture is somewhat conjectural, as it is usually crushed.
45Dawsonellaof Bradley.
45Dawsonellaof Bradley.
46Archiulidæof Scudder.
46Archiulidæof Scudder.
47Euphobesia armigera(Meek and Worthen), from Illinois.
47Euphobesia armigera(Meek and Worthen), from Illinois.
48About fifty in all, as I learn from Mr. Scudder.
48About fifty in all, as I learn from Mr. Scudder.
49Orthoptera.
49Orthoptera.
50Neuroptera.
50Neuroptera.
51Coleoptera.
51Coleoptera.
52Tincæ.
52Tincæ.
53One highly specialised Carboniferous insect recently found is theProtophasmaof Brongniart, a relative of the modern “Walking-sticks.”
53One highly specialised Carboniferous insect recently found is theProtophasmaof Brongniart, a relative of the modern “Walking-sticks.”
54This was first described as part of the larva of a Dragon-fly. It is now recognised as belonging to a Scorpion.
54This was first described as part of the larva of a Dragon-fly. It is now recognised as belonging to a Scorpion.
55Protolycosa(Roemer).
55Protolycosa(Roemer).
56Menopoma,Menobranchus, &c.
56Menopoma,Menobranchus, &c.
57Ophiderpeton Brownriggii.
57Ophiderpeton Brownriggii.
58Diplichnites.
58Diplichnites.
59These are known in some of the smaller species, but not as yet in the larger.
59These are known in some of the smaller species, but not as yet in the larger.
60Hylonomus.See Fig. facing this chapter.
60Hylonomus.See Fig. facing this chapter.
61MastodonsaurusorLabyrinthodon.
61MastodonsaurusorLabyrinthodon.
62Palæosiren Beinertiiof Geinitz.
62Palæosiren Beinertiiof Geinitz.
63Hyleopeton.
63Hyleopeton.
64DiadictesandBolasaurus(Cope).
64DiadictesandBolasaurus(Cope).
65Enaliosauria, includingIchthyopterygiaandSauropterygia.
65Enaliosauria, includingIchthyopterygiaandSauropterygia.
66AnomodontiaandTheriodontia.
66AnomodontiaandTheriodontia.
67Geology of Oxford, p. 227.
67Geology of Oxford, p. 227.
68Cope has proposed the namesCamerosaurus,Amphicœlias, &c., for these problematical animals. Marsh names themTitanosaurus,Atlantosaurus, &c., while Owen holds that some of them at least are identical with his genusChondrosteosaurus. Seeley and Hulke adopt the nameOrnithopsis, and support Cope’s view of their nature.
68Cope has proposed the namesCamerosaurus,Amphicœlias, &c., for these problematical animals. Marsh names themTitanosaurus,Atlantosaurus, &c., while Owen holds that some of them at least are identical with his genusChondrosteosaurus. Seeley and Hulke adopt the nameOrnithopsis, and support Cope’s view of their nature.
69Ratitæ.
69Ratitæ.
70Woodward in a recent paper refers to a still more curious resemblance of the Dinosaurs to the biped lizard of Australia (Chlamydosaurus), which runs on its hind limbs, and even perches on trees.
70Woodward in a recent paper refers to a still more curious resemblance of the Dinosaurs to the biped lizard of Australia (Chlamydosaurus), which runs on its hind limbs, and even perches on trees.
71A poplar occurs in Greenland, in beds held to be Lower Cretaceous.
71A poplar occurs in Greenland, in beds held to be Lower Cretaceous.
72By some regarded as Upper Cretaceous.
72By some regarded as Upper Cretaceous.
73First recognized in American Eocene by Newberry.
73First recognized in American Eocene by Newberry.
74Described by La Harpe and Gaudin, and recently by Gardner.
74Described by La Harpe and Gaudin, and recently by Gardner.
75Recent discoveries have since the publication of the first edition removed the Bovey Tracey beds from the Miocene to the Eocene. See Reports of Mr. Starkie Gardner to the British Association.
75Recent discoveries have since the publication of the first edition removed the Bovey Tracey beds from the Miocene to the Eocene. See Reports of Mr. Starkie Gardner to the British Association.
76Lyell,Principles; Brown,Florula Discoana.
76Lyell,Principles; Brown,Florula Discoana.
77G. M. Dawson,Report on 49th Parallel;Reports on British Columbia.
77G. M. Dawson,Report on 49th Parallel;Reports on British Columbia.
78Gray’s reasoning is based on the extreme view of the Glacial period now prevalent in America, contrary, as it appears to me, to the actual facts; but with limitations it holds good on more moderate views as well.
78Gray’s reasoning is based on the extreme view of the Glacial period now prevalent in America, contrary, as it appears to me, to the actual facts; but with limitations it holds good on more moderate views as well.
79Geological Magazine, July, 1887.
79Geological Magazine, July, 1887.
80Les Enchainements du Monde Animal.
80Les Enchainements du Monde Animal.
81See Frontispiece to this Chapter.
81See Frontispiece to this Chapter.
82For example,Tillotheriumof the American Eocene, which was as large as a tapir, and in form resembled a bear.
82For example,Tillotheriumof the American Eocene, which was as large as a tapir, and in form resembled a bear.
83Croll,Climate and Time.
83Croll,Climate and Time.
84Notes on Post-Pliocene of Canada;Acadian Geology, 3rd edition.
84Notes on Post-Pliocene of Canada;Acadian Geology, 3rd edition.
85The actual reason for belief in the past existence of land in the basin of the Indian Ocean is found in the close relationship of forms of life found in Madagascar, Southern Asia, and Australia.
85The actual reason for belief in the past existence of land in the basin of the Indian Ocean is found in the close relationship of forms of life found in Madagascar, Southern Asia, and Australia.
86Traditions of this animal, a veritable primæval unicorn, are said still to exist in Siberia.
86Traditions of this animal, a veritable primæval unicorn, are said still to exist in Siberia.
87As, for instance, those of Cro-Magnon, and Mentone, and Engis.
87As, for instance, those of Cro-Magnon, and Mentone, and Engis.
88De Puyot and Lohert, Namur, 1887.
88De Puyot and Lohert, Namur, 1887.
89Religious Tract Society, 1878.
89Religious Tract Society, 1878.
90May, 1887.
90May, 1887.
91Climate and Time, a work in which these and other matters relating to the Glacial period are very well discussed.
91Climate and Time, a work in which these and other matters relating to the Glacial period are very well discussed.
92Kimber, quoted by Southall.
92Kimber, quoted by Southall.
93Report on Devonian Plants of Canada, 1871.
93Report on Devonian Plants of Canada, 1871.
94The true meaning of Hebrews i. 2 and xi. 3.
94The true meaning of Hebrews i. 2 and xi. 3.