PHYSIOLOGY.

P. 434, c. 1—The article on physiology needs few explanatory notes. It is really a series of experiments, and if it be possible to use the illustrations the subject will be found much more plain and interesting. Much ingenuity is possible in arranging experiments. Any specimen, large or small, may be made to contribute valuable information in regard to the action of the muscles, the circulation of the blood, and the process of digestion.

P. 435, c. 1—“Căp´il-la-ry,” or “ca-pil´la-ry.” The fine thread-like end of a vein or artery.

P. 435, c. 1—“Venæ cavæ.” Hollow veins. There are two of these hollow veins carrying the blood to the heart, although but one aorta or passage from the heart.

P. 435, c. 1—“Pŭl´mo-na-ry artery.” The artery of the lungs, carrying blood from the heart to the lungs.

P. 435, c. 2—“Heart.” Ask the butcher for a sheep’s pluck, and the whole structure of heart, lungs and liver may be studied. By cutting away the liver and spreading the lungs on the table with the heart between them, you may soon understand the whole subject. A beef’s heart will, of course, do as well; or a smaller subject’s, as a rabbit.

P. 435, c. 2—“Osmosis,” ŏs´mō-sis.

P. 436, c. 1—“Oxidation,” ŏx-ī-dā´tion.

P. 436, c. 2—“Apples of Sodom.” Therenot says: “There are appletrees on the sides of the Dead Sea which bear lovely fruit, but within are full of ashes.”

“Like to the apples on the Dead Sea’s shore,All ashes to the taste.”—Byron.

“Like to the apples on the Dead Sea’s shore,

All ashes to the taste.”—Byron.

P. 436, c. 2—“Ob´so-lēte.” No longer common.

P. 436, c. 2—“Lē´thal.” Deadly, fatal.

P. 437, c. 1—“Hecatomb,” hĕk´a-toom. A sacrifice of an hundred oxen.

P. 437, c. 1—“Bestial,” bĕst´yal. Like a beast, brutal.

P. 437, c. 2—“Rev. W. Jay” (born 1769, died 1853.) A popular English minister, called by John Foster “the prince of preachers.” Several volumes of his works have been published.

P. 438, c. 1—“Subtlety,” sut´tl-te. Acuteness of intellect, shrewdness.

P. 438, c. 1—“Un-wiëld´y.” Unmanageable because of size.

P. 438, c. 1—“Prĭs´tine.” Belonging to former times, primitive.

P. 438, c. 1—“Calvin,” kăl´vin. (Born 1509, died 1564.) One of the leaders of the Reformation; he was educated for the church, but becoming convinced of its errors joined the Reformation. He was driven from place to place by persecution. In 1536 was published his “Institutes of the Christian Religion,” in which he advanced the doctrines of predestination, election, and reprobation. Afterward he published a catechism and “Confession of Faith,” and in 1541 the presbyterial system was introduced by him into the church at Geneva. An important element of his work was teaching in the Geneva Academy. Students flocked to him, and Calvinism spread through Europe. Besides his great work of organization and teaching, Calvin preached almost daily, and wrote commentaries on nearly the whole Bible.

P. 438, c. 1—“Arminius,” ar-mĭn´i-us. (Born 1560, died 1609.) A Dutch theologian and pastor at Amsterdam. He denied the doctrine of predestination and maintained the subordination of ecclesiastical to civil power. Becoming a professor at Leyden, a dispute arose between him and Gomar, a Calvinist. The states enjoined the parties to drop the dispute and teach nothing contrary to the creed and catechism. One public declaration of sentiments was made, but while preparing for another conference Arminius died.

P. 438, c. 1—“Baxter.” (1615-1691). An English nonconformist divine. At the time of the civil war he joined the parliamentary army. Not favoring the assumption of supreme power by Cromwell, he advocated the restoration. Subsequently, at the age of seventy, he suffered persecution for nonconformity. He was a voluminous writer. Of all his works, the “Saint’s Everlasting Rest” has had, probably, the widest circulation.

P. 438, c. 2—“So-cĭn´i-an.” A follower of Socinus, who, with Faustus, was a prominent Italian theologian of the sixteenth century. They denied the trinity, the deity of Christ, the eternity of future punishment, the personality of the devil, and total depravity of man. They taught that Christ was merely a man, human sin was the imitation of Adam’s sin, human salvation the adoption of Christ’s virtue, and the Bible was to be interpreted by human reason.

P. 438, c. 2—“A-năth´e-má.” A curse pronounced with ecclesiastical authority.

P. 438, c. 2—“Măr´a-năth´a.” The word was used in anathematizing persons for great crimes. As much as to say, says Calmet, “May the Lord come quickly to take vengeance on thee for thy crime.”

P. 439, c. 1—“John Wesley.” (1703-1791.) A religious reformer and the founder of Methodism. By the advise of his mother he undertook to make religion the work of his life. At Oxford he was known as a superior classical scholar. In 1727 he received the degree of Master of Arts, and having become a priest of the Church of England, he went, in 1835 as a missionary to Georgia, where he remained three years. Upon his return, through the influence of certain Moravians, he became convinced that a deeper religious experience was possible, and after his conversion he became an evangelist. He organized the first Methodist Society, in 1739, and for more than fifty years was its leader. His energy and industry were perfect; he is said to have traveled two hundred and fifty thousand miles in his itinerant ministry, and preached forty-two thousand sermons. At his death the society which he organized had five hundred and eleven ministers and a membership of one hundred and twenty thousand.

P. 439, c. 2—“Id´i-om.” Here signifies the mode of expression peculiar to the language.

P. 440, c. 1—“Assembly’s Catechism.” The Assembly appointed by the Long Parliament for the settling of doctrine, liturgy, and church government, sent out among other things the Shorter and Longer Catechisms.

P. 440, c. 1—“Thomas à Kempis” (1379-1471). An Augustinian monk whose whole life seems to have been spent in the cloister. His character was famous for sanctity. He is best known to us by his work on “The Imitation of Christ.”

“Primeval,” prī-mē´val. Belonging to the first ages, primitive.

“Drū´ids.” Ministers of religion among the Celts in Gaul, Britain, and Germany. They were both priests and judges among the people, and were divided into three classes—prophets, priests, and bards.

“Harper.” A player on the harp.

“Grand Pré,” gran prā.

“Basin of Minas,” mee´näs. A bay on the western coast of Nova Scotia, opening into the Bay of Fundy.

“Normandy.” A former province of France, lying in the northwest of the country. It takes its name from the Northmen, who settled it in the tenth century. The sixth duke of Normandy was William, the conqueror of England.

“Dormer-windows.” Literally the window of a sleeping apartment, belonging to a room in an inclined roof, the frame being placed vertically on the rafters.

“Kir´tles.” An upper garment—a loose jacket.

“Angelus,” an´ge-lus. A prayer to the Virgin, beginning with the word “angelus.” Pious Catholics recite the prayer three times a day at the sound of the angelus bell. This custom has recently been beautifully represented in a picture called the “Angelus.” Two peasants at their toil hearing the bell in the distance stand with uncovered bowed heads while “Angelus Domini nunciavit Mariæ,” etc., (the angel of the Lord announced to Mary) is repeated.

“Bellefontaine,” bĕl-fŏn´tĕn.

“Hyssop,” hĭs´sup. An aromatic perennial plant, a native of Europe.

“Mĭs´sal.” The Roman Catholic mass book.

“Pent-house.” (Pent is derived from the Latin wordpendere, to hang.) The whole word signifies a sloping shed, or, as we ordinarily call it, a “lean-to.”

“Wain.” From the Anglo-Saxon. A wagon.

“Seraglio,” se-răl´yo. The palace of the Turkish sultan, inhabited by his officers and wives. Because the latter live there the word is often used in the sense of harem.

“Mutation.” Change.

“Gabriel Lajeunesse,” la-jeu-ness.

“Felician,” fe-lĭsh´an.

“Plain-song.” A chant in which the tones are of the same length, and the compass rarely beyond an octave.

“Wondrous stone.” The swallow is said to give sight to her young by bringing to her nest a certain stone.

“St. Eu´lalie.” A virgin martyr. When only twelve years of age the young girl left home during the persecution of Diocletian, and in the presence of the judge threw down the idols he had set up. She was tortured to death in 308.

“Summer of all Saints.” The season which Longfellow so beautifully describes here is better known as the Indian Summer. All Saints’ Day is the 1st of November, and as, ordinarily, our Indian Summer comes about that time, the origin of the name is obvious.

“Sheen.” Brightness.

“Plane tree.” An Oriental tree much esteemed for its size and beauty. It is of the same genus as our buttonwood, or button tree.

“Bur-gun´di-an.” From Burgundy, an ancient province of France lying along the Saône and Rhône rivers.

“Gaspereau,” gas´pā-ro.

“Mandate.” An official command.

“Lou´is-bûrg.” Captured by the English in 1745.

“Beau Sejour,” bō sā-jour.

“Glēbe.” Turf, soil; derived from the Latin wordgleba, which signifies soil.

“Réné Lablanc,” rā-nā lă-blang.

“Supernal.” Belonging to a higher sphere; celestial.

“Loup-garou,” lou-ga-rou. The French for bugbear.

“Letiche,” la-tish´.

“Irascible,” ī-răs´ci-ble. Out of temper.

“Embrasure,” em-brā´zhur. An embrace.

“Curfew,” kŭr´fū. The ringing of a bell as a signal to extinguish the fires. [See Longfellow’s poem, “Curfew.”]

“Tous les bourgeois de Chartres.” All the citizens of Chartres.

“Le Carillon de Dunkerque.” The chime of Dunkirk.

“Im´pre-cā´tions.” Curses.

“Mien,” meen. Manner, carriage.

“Tocsin,” tŏc´sin. Alarm bell, derived from the verbtoquer, to strike, andsein, orseint, a bell.

“Ave Maria, ä´ve ma-rï´a. Hail, Mary; the first words of the prayer to the Virgin used by Roman Catholics.

“Emblazoned,” em-blā´zned. Decorated.

“Ambrosial,” am-brō´zhal. Delicious.

“Refluent.” Flowing back.

“Kelp.” Sea weed which is reduced to powder and is used in making glass; the name is also applied to the sea weed from which kelp is made.

“Leaguer,” leeg´er. A camp of a besieging army.

“Bĕn-e-dic´i-te.” A prayer signifying praise, blessing.

“Titan-like.” The Titans with the Cyclops and Centimanes (hundred-handed), were giants and the first inhabitants of the earth. Strictly the hundred hands belong to the brothers of the Titans, the Centimanes.

“Savannas,” sa-văn´nas. A wide plain without trees, and covered with grass.

“Father of Waters.” Mississippi is an Indian word meaning “father of waters.” The following line refers to the immense quantities of débris that the river carries from hills and mountains, and in which many relics of the past are found buried.

“Prairie,” prā´re. Often incorrectly pronounced.

“Courier-des-bois.” French—literally scouts of the forest.

“Voyageurs.” Travelers.

“St. Catherine’s tresses.” St. Catherine lived a virgin; hence the expression means to live unmarried.

“Shard.” A shred. The word is obsolete in this meaning.

“Op-e-lou´sas.”

“Chutes,” shoots. A rapid descent in a river, or the opening in a river dam.

“Lagoon,” la-goon´. A marsh, shallow pond, or lake.

“Wimpling.” Lying in folds; rippling.

“Pĕl´i-cans.” A web-footed bird of large size, and remarkable for its bill, to the lower edge of which is attached a pouch which will hold many quarts of water.

“Bayou of Plequemine,” bī´oo of plak-mēn´. One of the numerous lakes, outlets, or, as they say in the South, bayous, of the delta of the Mississippi. The southeast province of Louisiana, lying on the Gulf and containing the delta, is called Plaquemine.

“Ten´e-broŭs.” Gloomy, dusky.

“Mi-mō´sa.” The sensitive plant; its name comes from a Greek word signifying imitator, because the plant seems to imitate animal sensibility.

“Atchafalaya,” atch-af-a-lī´a. A river or bayou of Louisiana connecting with the Mississippi just below the Red River. The Atchafalaya river is the outlet to the volumes of water bound by the levees of the Mississippi. “Where thirty-eight years ago,” says a writer inHarper’s Weekly, “the farmer waded across the Atchafalaya, now they find a depth of one hundred and twenty-two feet. The question that this wonderful change raises is whether the Atchafalaya will not eventually absorb the Mississippi current. The results would certainly be serious, and it is the opinion of many that unless proper care be taken, the Mississippi will take this short cut to the Gulf.”

“Lō´tus.” An aquatic plant.

“Wa-chi´ta.”

“Cope.” An arch, or cover.

“Pĕnd´ū-loŭs.” Swinging.

“Under the lee of.” The word lee comes from the Anglo-Saxon word for shelter; hence the expression means under the shelter of the island.

“Pal-mĕt´tos.” A species of the palm tree.

“Thōles.” The pin used to keep the oar in the row-lock when rowing.

“Têche,” tesh.

“Bac-chăn´tes.” Devotees of Bacchus, the god of wine in Roman mythology.

“Yule-tide.” Christmas-time.

“Sombrero,” som-bra´ro. A kind of broad-brimmed hat.

“O-zark´.” A range of hills running from the Missouri River in Missouri into Indian Territory.

“Olympus.” The chief abode of the gods in Grecian mythology.

“Cidevant,” se-de-vong´. Former.

“Natch-ī-tōch´es.” Said to be pronounced by the inhabitants, nak´-e-tush. A northwest province of Louisiana having a capital of the same name.

“Carthusian,” kar-thū´zhan. One of the order of Carthusian monks, a body famous for their austerities.

“Upharsin.” Dan. v:25.

“Oregon.” A name for the Columbia River.

“Wall´e-way.”

“O-wy´hee.”

“Fontaine-qui-bout,” fōn-tān-ke-bou´.

“Sierras,” sï-ĕr´ra. A saw-like ridge of mountains.

“Anch´o-rīte.” Hermit.

“Fä´ta Morgäna.” A phenomenon similar to the mirage in the desert. Through atmospheric refraction objects at a distance appear contorted, doubled, or inverted. It is oftenest seen in the Straits of Messina, and is named from a fairy who is said to cause it.

“Shaw´nee.” A tribe of American Indians bore this name; they are nearly all Christianized.

“Ca-măn´che.” A fierce tribe of Indians.

“Mo´wis.”

“Li-li-man´.”

“A-ē´ri-al.”

“Su-sŭr´rus.” Whispering.

“Asphodel,” as´phō-del. A species of perennial plant, famous for its beautiful flowers.

“Ne-pen´the.” A drug used by the ancients to relieve from pain and exhilarate. The word is derived from the Greek, signifying taking away sorrow.

“Sag´ĭ-naw.”

“Wōld.” Wood, forest.

“Ab-ne-gā-tion.” Denying.

“Prĕs´aged.” Foretold.

“Wi-cā´co.”

Errata, in “Notes on Required Reading” for April.

P. 419, c. 2—“Amoor Darya” should read “Amoo Darya.”

P. 420, c. 1—The Russian Saint Anthony wasnotSaint Anthony of Egypt, but of Mount Athos, and belonged to a later age.

P. 420, c. 1—“Laraï” should read “Saraï.”

Harpershave recently issued the following books: Two of William J. Rolfe’s series of Shaksperian plays, “The Two Noble Kinsmen,” by John Fletcher and William Shakspere; and “Pericles, Prince of Tyre.” “English Literature in the Eighteenth Century,” by T. S. Perry. “Shandon Bells,” by William Black. “Tip and Tim,” by James Otis. “Haydn’s Dictionary of Dates”—seventeenth edition. “A History of Latin Literature,” by G. A. Simcox, M.A.

Lippincott & Co.send out a work, by W. W. McLane, “The Cross in the Light of To-day;” also, “Perfect Prayer, how Offered, how Answered,” by Rev. Chauncey Giles.

We have received fromScribner’s Sons“The Blockade and the Cruisers,” by J. R. Soley. “On the Desert; with a Brief Review of Recent Events in Egypt,” by Henry M. Field, D.D. “Chats About Books, Poets, and Novelists,” by Mayo Williamson Hazeltine; and “The Religions of the Ancient World,” by G. Rawlinson, M.A.

“Books, and How to Use Them,” is a new work by J. C. Van Dyke, published byFords, Howard & Hulbert.

T. Nelson & Sonshave published a “Manual of Bible History in connection with the General History of the World,” by W. G. Blaikie.

“A new Index Rerum for Students and Professional Men” is published byJoel A. Miner, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

FOOTNOTES:[A]Vid.The Chautauquanfor January, 1883, p. 181, col. 2.[B]Vid.The Chautauquanfor February, 1883, p. 13, col. 2.[C]Vid.The Chautauquanfor January, p. 180, col. 1.[D]Rouble signifies a piece broken off. Copek is thought to be derived from the Russian word for lance, referring to the weapon of Saint George stamped upon the coin.[E]Abridged from Foster’s Science Primer of Physiology.[F]“So are the ways of every one that is greedy of gain; which taketh away the life of the owners thereof.”—Prov. i:19.[G]“A Christian.”—1 Peter iv: 16. A sermon.[H]“There is one God.”—Mark xii:32.[I]Seventh Round-Table, held in the Hall of Philosophy, at Chautauqua, at 5 p. m., August 14, 1882, Dr. J. H. Vincent presiding.[J]General Secretary of the Chautauqua School of Theology, and Dean of the Department of Greek and the New Testament.

[A]Vid.The Chautauquanfor January, 1883, p. 181, col. 2.

[B]Vid.The Chautauquanfor February, 1883, p. 13, col. 2.

[C]Vid.The Chautauquanfor January, p. 180, col. 1.

[D]Rouble signifies a piece broken off. Copek is thought to be derived from the Russian word for lance, referring to the weapon of Saint George stamped upon the coin.

[E]Abridged from Foster’s Science Primer of Physiology.

[F]“So are the ways of every one that is greedy of gain; which taketh away the life of the owners thereof.”—Prov. i:19.

[G]“A Christian.”—1 Peter iv: 16. A sermon.

[H]“There is one God.”—Mark xii:32.

[I]Seventh Round-Table, held in the Hall of Philosophy, at Chautauqua, at 5 p. m., August 14, 1882, Dr. J. H. Vincent presiding.

[J]General Secretary of the Chautauqua School of Theology, and Dean of the Department of Greek and the New Testament.

Transcriber’s Notes:Obvious punctuation errors repaired. Text uses both Rúneberg and Runeberg.Page 441, “maritine” changed to “maritime” (partial to maritime affairs)Page 455, “stragely” changed to “strangely” (Aliena were strangely surprised)Page 463, “1801” changed to “1807” (27, 1807, and died)Page 476, “unmbering” changed to “numbering” (numbering twenty members and)Page 477, “Stael” changed to “Staël” (Stevens’s Madame De Staël)Page 485, “noncomformity” changed to “nonconformity” (persecution for nonconformity)Page 486, “whther” changed to “whether” (raises is whether the)Page 486, “Atchafayala” changed to “Atchafalaya” (whether the Atchafalaya)

Transcriber’s Notes:

Obvious punctuation errors repaired. Text uses both Rúneberg and Runeberg.

Page 441, “maritine” changed to “maritime” (partial to maritime affairs)

Page 455, “stragely” changed to “strangely” (Aliena were strangely surprised)

Page 463, “1801” changed to “1807” (27, 1807, and died)

Page 476, “unmbering” changed to “numbering” (numbering twenty members and)

Page 477, “Stael” changed to “Staël” (Stevens’s Madame De Staël)

Page 485, “noncomformity” changed to “nonconformity” (persecution for nonconformity)

Page 486, “whther” changed to “whether” (raises is whether the)

Page 486, “Atchafayala” changed to “Atchafalaya” (whether the Atchafalaya)

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