622Ibid., p. 478.623United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IX, p. 871.624United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IX, p. 446.625United States Statutes at Large, Vol. X, p. 283.626Indian Office records.627December 6, 1867.628July 31, 1868.629Letter of Cherokee delegation to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, April 23, 1868.630Treaty of November 7, 1825, in United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VII, p. 284.631Treaty of May 10, 1854, in United States Statutes at Large, Vol. X, p. 1053.632United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVI, p. 53.633August 14, 1871.634United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIV, p. 687.635April 10, 1868.636May 27, 1868.637United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVI, p. 362.638Letter of Cherokee delegation to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, February 15, 1871.639May 27, 1871.640Letter of Cherokee delegation to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 10, 1871.641United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVII, p. 228.642April 8, 1872.643See surveyors' plats on file in Indian Office.644See report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Secretary of the Interior, March 6, 1875.645United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIX, p. 28.646United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVII, p. 190.647United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIV, p. 717.648Treaty of October 21, 1867, United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XV, p. 581.649United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XV, p. 593.650August 10, 1869.651United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVII, p. 190.652October 24, 1872.653November 18, 1873.654United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIX, p. 120.655January 30, 1877.656September 8, 1877.657Letter of the Secretary of the Interior to the President, June 21, 1879.658June 23, 1879.659United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIX, p. 187.660January 27, 1877.661Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1877, pp. 21—23.662Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1878, p. xxxvi.663United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XXI, p. 380.664Act of May 27, 1878, United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XX, p. 63.665Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1879, p. xl.666Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1881, p. lxiii. The removal was accomplished between October 5 and October 23.667Deeds were executed June 14, 1883, by the Cherokee Nation to the United States in trust for each of the tribes located upon Cherokee country west of 96°, such deeds being in each case for the quantity of land comprised within the tracts respectively selected by or for them for their future use and occupation. See Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs, for 1883, p. lii.668February 27, 1871.669April 14, 1871.670May 4, 1871.671The survey was approved by the commissioners December 11, 1871.672Acts of July 25, 26, and 27, 1866.673May 13, 1870.674May 21, 1870.675May 23, 1870.676June 13, 1870.677The persons affected by this action were comprised within four classes, viz:1. White persons who had married into the tribe.2. Persons with an admixture of Indian blood, through either father or mother.3. Adopted persons.4. Persons of African descent who claimed rights under the treaty of 1866.678February 15, 1876.679October ——, 1876.680April 4, 1879.681December 12, 1879.682A bill to this effect was introduced into the Senate by Senator Ingalls, of Kansas, June 3, 1879, and reported from the Committee on Indian Affairs, with amendments, June 4, 1880, by Senator Williams, of Kentucky.683December 6, 1879.684October 16, 1880.685November 23, 1880.686January 26, 1882.687May 9, 1883.688William Bartram, who traveled through their country in 1776, says (Travels in North America, p. 483): "The Cherokees in their dispositions and manners are grave and steady, dignified and circumspect in their deportment; rather slow and reserved in conversation, yet frank, cheerful, and humane; tenacious of the liberties and natural rights of man; secret, deliberate, and determined in their councils; honest, just, and liberal, and always ready to sacrifice every pleasure and gratification, even their blood and life itself, to defend their territory and maintain their rights."689Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under date of March 29, 1824, in a communication addressed to the President to be laid before the United States Senate, alludes to the provision contained in the treaty of 1791 and says: "In conformity to the provisions of this article the various utensils of husbandry have been abundantly and constantly distributed to the Cherokee Nation, which has resulted in creating a taste for farming and the comforts of civilized life."690May 30, 1820.691Letter of Hon. J. C. Calhoun Secretary of War, March 29, 1824. In this letter Mr. Calhoun says: "Certain benevolent societies in the year 1816 applied for permission to make establishments among the Cherokees and other southern tribes, for the purpose of educating and instructing them in the arts of civilized life. Their application was favorably received. The experiment proved so favorable, that Congress, by act of March 3, 1819, appropriated $10,000 annually as a civilization fund, which has been applied in such a manner as very considerably to increase the extent and usefulness of the efforts of benevolent individuals and to advance the work of Indian civilization."692The eight districts into which the nation was at this time divided were, Chickamauga, Chatooga, Coosawatee, Amohee, Hickory Log, Etowah, Taquoe, and Aquohee.693The census of the nation east of the Mississippi, taken in 1835, exhibited the following facts:Cherokees.Slaves.WhitesintermarriedwithCherokees.Total.In Georgia8,946776689,790In North Carolina3,64437223,703In Tennessee2,528480793,087In Alabama1,424299321,755Aggregate16,5421,59220118,335694In addition there was ceded by this treaty for the location of other Indian tribes all the Cherokee domain in Indian Territory lying west of 96°, containing by actual survey 8,144,772.35 acres or 12,726 square miles.695And a fractional square mile comprising 374 acres.
622Ibid., p. 478.
622Ibid., p. 478.
623United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IX, p. 871.
623United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IX, p. 871.
624United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IX, p. 446.
624United States Statutes at Large, Vol. IX, p. 446.
625United States Statutes at Large, Vol. X, p. 283.
625United States Statutes at Large, Vol. X, p. 283.
626Indian Office records.
626Indian Office records.
627December 6, 1867.
627December 6, 1867.
628July 31, 1868.
628July 31, 1868.
629Letter of Cherokee delegation to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, April 23, 1868.
629Letter of Cherokee delegation to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, April 23, 1868.
630Treaty of November 7, 1825, in United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VII, p. 284.
630Treaty of November 7, 1825, in United States Statutes at Large, Vol. VII, p. 284.
631Treaty of May 10, 1854, in United States Statutes at Large, Vol. X, p. 1053.
631Treaty of May 10, 1854, in United States Statutes at Large, Vol. X, p. 1053.
632United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVI, p. 53.
632United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVI, p. 53.
633August 14, 1871.
633August 14, 1871.
634United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIV, p. 687.
634United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIV, p. 687.
635April 10, 1868.
635April 10, 1868.
636May 27, 1868.
636May 27, 1868.
637United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVI, p. 362.
637United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVI, p. 362.
638Letter of Cherokee delegation to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, February 15, 1871.
638Letter of Cherokee delegation to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, February 15, 1871.
639May 27, 1871.
639May 27, 1871.
640Letter of Cherokee delegation to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 10, 1871.
640Letter of Cherokee delegation to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, June 10, 1871.
641United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVII, p. 228.
641United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVII, p. 228.
642April 8, 1872.
642April 8, 1872.
643See surveyors' plats on file in Indian Office.
643See surveyors' plats on file in Indian Office.
644See report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Secretary of the Interior, March 6, 1875.
644See report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Secretary of the Interior, March 6, 1875.
645United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIX, p. 28.
645United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIX, p. 28.
646United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVII, p. 190.
646United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVII, p. 190.
647United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIV, p. 717.
647United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIV, p. 717.
648Treaty of October 21, 1867, United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XV, p. 581.
648Treaty of October 21, 1867, United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XV, p. 581.
649United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XV, p. 593.
649United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XV, p. 593.
650August 10, 1869.
650August 10, 1869.
651United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVII, p. 190.
651United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XVII, p. 190.
652October 24, 1872.
652October 24, 1872.
653November 18, 1873.
653November 18, 1873.
654United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIX, p. 120.
654United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIX, p. 120.
655January 30, 1877.
655January 30, 1877.
656September 8, 1877.
656September 8, 1877.
657Letter of the Secretary of the Interior to the President, June 21, 1879.
657Letter of the Secretary of the Interior to the President, June 21, 1879.
658June 23, 1879.
658June 23, 1879.
659United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIX, p. 187.
659United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XIX, p. 187.
660January 27, 1877.
660January 27, 1877.
661Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1877, pp. 21—23.
661Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1877, pp. 21—23.
662Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1878, p. xxxvi.
662Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1878, p. xxxvi.
663United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XXI, p. 380.
663United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XXI, p. 380.
664Act of May 27, 1878, United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XX, p. 63.
664Act of May 27, 1878, United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XX, p. 63.
665Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1879, p. xl.
665Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1879, p. xl.
666Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1881, p. lxiii. The removal was accomplished between October 5 and October 23.
666Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1881, p. lxiii. The removal was accomplished between October 5 and October 23.
667Deeds were executed June 14, 1883, by the Cherokee Nation to the United States in trust for each of the tribes located upon Cherokee country west of 96°, such deeds being in each case for the quantity of land comprised within the tracts respectively selected by or for them for their future use and occupation. See Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs, for 1883, p. lii.
667Deeds were executed June 14, 1883, by the Cherokee Nation to the United States in trust for each of the tribes located upon Cherokee country west of 96°, such deeds being in each case for the quantity of land comprised within the tracts respectively selected by or for them for their future use and occupation. See Report of Commissioner of Indian Affairs, for 1883, p. lii.
668February 27, 1871.
668February 27, 1871.
669April 14, 1871.
669April 14, 1871.
670May 4, 1871.
670May 4, 1871.
671The survey was approved by the commissioners December 11, 1871.
671The survey was approved by the commissioners December 11, 1871.
672Acts of July 25, 26, and 27, 1866.
672Acts of July 25, 26, and 27, 1866.
673May 13, 1870.
673May 13, 1870.
674May 21, 1870.
674May 21, 1870.
675May 23, 1870.
675May 23, 1870.
676June 13, 1870.
676June 13, 1870.
677The persons affected by this action were comprised within four classes, viz:1. White persons who had married into the tribe.2. Persons with an admixture of Indian blood, through either father or mother.3. Adopted persons.4. Persons of African descent who claimed rights under the treaty of 1866.
677The persons affected by this action were comprised within four classes, viz:
1. White persons who had married into the tribe.
2. Persons with an admixture of Indian blood, through either father or mother.
3. Adopted persons.
4. Persons of African descent who claimed rights under the treaty of 1866.
678February 15, 1876.
678February 15, 1876.
679October ——, 1876.
679October ——, 1876.
680April 4, 1879.
680April 4, 1879.
681December 12, 1879.
681December 12, 1879.
682A bill to this effect was introduced into the Senate by Senator Ingalls, of Kansas, June 3, 1879, and reported from the Committee on Indian Affairs, with amendments, June 4, 1880, by Senator Williams, of Kentucky.
682A bill to this effect was introduced into the Senate by Senator Ingalls, of Kansas, June 3, 1879, and reported from the Committee on Indian Affairs, with amendments, June 4, 1880, by Senator Williams, of Kentucky.
683December 6, 1879.
683December 6, 1879.
684October 16, 1880.
684October 16, 1880.
685November 23, 1880.
685November 23, 1880.
686January 26, 1882.
686January 26, 1882.
687May 9, 1883.
687May 9, 1883.
688William Bartram, who traveled through their country in 1776, says (Travels in North America, p. 483): "The Cherokees in their dispositions and manners are grave and steady, dignified and circumspect in their deportment; rather slow and reserved in conversation, yet frank, cheerful, and humane; tenacious of the liberties and natural rights of man; secret, deliberate, and determined in their councils; honest, just, and liberal, and always ready to sacrifice every pleasure and gratification, even their blood and life itself, to defend their territory and maintain their rights."
688William Bartram, who traveled through their country in 1776, says (Travels in North America, p. 483): "The Cherokees in their dispositions and manners are grave and steady, dignified and circumspect in their deportment; rather slow and reserved in conversation, yet frank, cheerful, and humane; tenacious of the liberties and natural rights of man; secret, deliberate, and determined in their councils; honest, just, and liberal, and always ready to sacrifice every pleasure and gratification, even their blood and life itself, to defend their territory and maintain their rights."
689Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under date of March 29, 1824, in a communication addressed to the President to be laid before the United States Senate, alludes to the provision contained in the treaty of 1791 and says: "In conformity to the provisions of this article the various utensils of husbandry have been abundantly and constantly distributed to the Cherokee Nation, which has resulted in creating a taste for farming and the comforts of civilized life."
689Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under date of March 29, 1824, in a communication addressed to the President to be laid before the United States Senate, alludes to the provision contained in the treaty of 1791 and says: "In conformity to the provisions of this article the various utensils of husbandry have been abundantly and constantly distributed to the Cherokee Nation, which has resulted in creating a taste for farming and the comforts of civilized life."
690May 30, 1820.
690May 30, 1820.
691Letter of Hon. J. C. Calhoun Secretary of War, March 29, 1824. In this letter Mr. Calhoun says: "Certain benevolent societies in the year 1816 applied for permission to make establishments among the Cherokees and other southern tribes, for the purpose of educating and instructing them in the arts of civilized life. Their application was favorably received. The experiment proved so favorable, that Congress, by act of March 3, 1819, appropriated $10,000 annually as a civilization fund, which has been applied in such a manner as very considerably to increase the extent and usefulness of the efforts of benevolent individuals and to advance the work of Indian civilization."
691Letter of Hon. J. C. Calhoun Secretary of War, March 29, 1824. In this letter Mr. Calhoun says: "Certain benevolent societies in the year 1816 applied for permission to make establishments among the Cherokees and other southern tribes, for the purpose of educating and instructing them in the arts of civilized life. Their application was favorably received. The experiment proved so favorable, that Congress, by act of March 3, 1819, appropriated $10,000 annually as a civilization fund, which has been applied in such a manner as very considerably to increase the extent and usefulness of the efforts of benevolent individuals and to advance the work of Indian civilization."
692The eight districts into which the nation was at this time divided were, Chickamauga, Chatooga, Coosawatee, Amohee, Hickory Log, Etowah, Taquoe, and Aquohee.
692The eight districts into which the nation was at this time divided were, Chickamauga, Chatooga, Coosawatee, Amohee, Hickory Log, Etowah, Taquoe, and Aquohee.
693The census of the nation east of the Mississippi, taken in 1835, exhibited the following facts:Cherokees.Slaves.WhitesintermarriedwithCherokees.Total.In Georgia8,946776689,790In North Carolina3,64437223,703In Tennessee2,528480793,087In Alabama1,424299321,755Aggregate16,5421,59220118,335
693The census of the nation east of the Mississippi, taken in 1835, exhibited the following facts:
694In addition there was ceded by this treaty for the location of other Indian tribes all the Cherokee domain in Indian Territory lying west of 96°, containing by actual survey 8,144,772.35 acres or 12,726 square miles.
694In addition there was ceded by this treaty for the location of other Indian tribes all the Cherokee domain in Indian Territory lying west of 96°, containing by actual survey 8,144,772.35 acres or 12,726 square miles.
695And a fractional square mile comprising 374 acres.
695And a fractional square mile comprising 374 acres.