Now I think you can understand why the defence of Cracow was so important. You will see from this map how far the Russians had advanced towards the city by the end of September. On the last day of the month Russian cavalry were within a hundred miles of Cracow, and high hopes of speedy success seemed about to be realized. But just when everything was promising well the Russians began to retreat, and by the second week of October they were back behind the San. All the ground that had been gained to the west of the river was lost. The Russian retirement wasnot caused by defeat, but had been made necessary by the movements of the Germans farther north. Von Hindenburg had launched huge armies against Russian Poland, and the Grand Duke now needed all his forces to stem their advance. The story of the great struggle that followed must be left for our next volume.
A splendid deed of heroism was done by a Russian gunner during the fighting in Galicia. Most of the guns in his battery had been smashed by the shells of the enemy, and he and his surviving comrades were ordered to retire with the remaining guns. As they sullenly retreated, the gunner saw a baby girl toddling from the doorway of one of the houses of the village right into the road on which the shells were falling fast. At once the brave fellow ran to the child's rescue. Just as he reached her a shrapnel shell burst overhead. Instantly the man threw himself down, and shielded the child's body with his own. One bullet passed through his back, injuring him so badly that he could not rise from the ground. Two of his comrades went to his assistance, and carried him and the little girl into a place of safety. For this fine deed of dauntless courage all three men received the Cross of St. George.
Here is the story of a heroine—the daughter of a Russian colonel. She cut her hair short, and, donning the uniform, accompanied her father's regiment. During the battles in the Augustovo woods she acted as orderly, scout, and telegraphist, and was afterwards appointed to command a platoon. On one occasion while she was working the telegraph she tapped a message from the German Staff giving details of a movement about to be begun against the Russian centre. Thanks to her, the German plan was foiled. When her regiment passed through Vilna crowds gathered at the station to greet her, but they were unable to distinguish the girl officer from the rest of her comrades.
In the first half of the sixteenth century Antwerp was the commercial capital of the world. The great historian of the Dutch Republic[156]says, "Venice, Nuremberg,[157]Augsburg,[158]Bruges were sinking; but Antwerp, with its deep and convenient river, stretched its arm to the ocean, and caught the golden prize as it fell from its sister cities' grasp. . . . No city except Paris surpassed it in population; none approached it in commercial splendour."
Close to the great and beautiful cathedral of Antwerp is the Grand' Place, in the middle of which there is a monument representing a running warrior flinging into the river a huge hand which he has just cut off from a prostrate giant's arm. This monument is intended to explain the fanciful origin of the city's name. Two centuries before the fall of Troy—so runs the story—a savage giant, named Antigonus, held sway over the river Scaldis—that is, the Scheldt. He built himself a castle on the river bank, and levied tribute on every vessel that passed up and down the broad stream. The tribute was very heavy—no less than half the merchandise in the passing ships. If the mariners refused to pay the tribute he seized them, cut off their hands, and flung them into the river.
At length a deliverer arose, one Salvius Brabo, a man of such valorousrenown that the province of Brabant received its name from him. Brabo challenged the giant to single combat, slew him, cut off both his hands, and flung them into the Scheldt. ThusHand-werpen—that is, "hand-throwing"—became the name of the great city. In the coat-of-arms of Antwerp you still see two severed hands flying through the air over a castle. Probably the real origin of the city's name is found in the old Flemish words'an t' werf, which mean "on the wharf."
The city began to decline during the reign of Philip II., who was King of Spain and master of the Netherlands. In 1576 Spanish soldiers whose pay was in arrears broke into mutiny, and stormed and sacked several of the richest towns of Flanders, including Antwerp. Early in November of that year they entered the city, burnt more than a thousand houses, slew more than eight thousand citizens, plundered right and left, and behaved with the utmost cruelty. Such was the "Spanish Fury," which still forms a landmark in Flemish history. With the help of William of Orange,[159]the Spaniards were driven out of Antwerp.
In 1648 the city received another grievous set-back: it fell into the hands of the Dutch, who closed the Scheldt against sea-going vessels. Then for a hundred and fifty years it remained only a shadow of its former self. In 1706 it surrendered to Marlborough after his victory at Ramillies. The real restorer of its prosperity was Napoleon I., who, you will remember, regarded Antwerp as "a pistol aimed at the heart of England." He constructed a harbour and new quays, and opened the port to the ships of the world. Almost at once the trade of the city revived in an astonishing fashion. The French remained masters of Antwerp down to the year before the Battle of Waterloo, when the British, Prussians, and Belgians besieged and captured it.
In 1830 it once more fell into the hands of an enemy. During the civil war of 1830-32, when the Belgians were striving to throw off the yoke of Holland and make themselves independent, Antwerp was the scene of a very curious kind of strife. A Dutch garrison held the citadel, and day by day bombarded the city. For two years the Dutchmen defied all theefforts of the Belgians to dislodge them. At last a British and French force was sent to turn them out. The French bombarded the citadel for twenty-four days, while a British fleet blockaded the river. In December 1832 the citadel surrendered, and when it fell Belgium had won her independence.
Such, in brief, is the stormy history of Antwerp down to the autumn of the year 1914. A visitor to the old city in the early days of July would have imagined that its peace was secured for ever. No one could believe that in less than three months this haven of peaceful trade was to be a place of slaughter, destruction, and desolation. The "Spanish Fury" was soon to be out-Heroded; the "German Fury" was already preparing.
In July 1914 Antwerp, with its population of 400,000 souls and its vast trade—which exceeded in value £100,000,000 per year—was not only one of the great business cities of the world, but was considered to be one of the strongest of all fortified places in Europe. Before an enemy could capture the city he would have to break through four distinct lines of defence, each of which, prior to this war, was considered strong enough to oppose any force which could be brought against it.
The outermost line of forts began at Lierre,[160]and swept round in a great circle south through Fort Waelhem to the Scheldt, and north through Fort Schooten to near the Dutch frontier. Two to three miles within this outer line of forts was a second line of defence formed by the rivers Nethe[161]and Rupel, which, along with the Scheldt, make a great natural waterway defending three sides of the city. If need be, the valleys of these rivers can be flooded, and thus form an additional barrier to the approach of an enemy. Some six miles within the line of the Nethe and Rupel, and about three miles from the centre of the city, was another chain of forts girdling it from the Scheldt on the south to the Scheldt on the north. Outside this inner line of defence, towards the north and west, were two other areas, which could be flooded in order to keep back the enemy. From the moment that the first German soldier set foot on the soil of Belgium, the military authorities wereat work night and day strengthening the defences, and clearing away all the trees and buildings that lay in the line of fire of the guns in the forts.
Barbed-wire entanglements connected with the electric supply of the city covered acres of ground; stakes were driven point upwards to form obstacles; man-traps innumerable were constructed, and the fields all around were sown with mines. Preparations were made to blow up the bridges over the network of canals and rivers to the south of the city; machine guns and quick-firers were mounted everywhere; and at night searchlights swept over the zone of destruction, and made it bright as day.
In this way Antwerp prepared to stand its latest siege.
The main bodies of the Germans swept through Belgium into France in the last week of August 1914, and the Belgian army, overwhelmed but undismayed, retired on its great national bulwark of defence. Yet not until 28th September did the curtain rise on the first act of Antwerp's tragedy. Many people in this country thought that Antwerp would be left alone until the conquest of France was complete. The Germans, indeed, made a proposal to King Albert that, if he would promise to keep his army quiet within the fortifications, the city would not be attacked. You know enough of King Albert to be quite sure what his answer was.
Why did the Germans besiege Antwerp? Chiefly because they were well aware that the Belgian army, now within the shelter of its forts, was in a position to fall on the German flank whenever the chance might arise. While Antwerp stood it was a source of serious anxiety to the German Staff. All the country between Antwerp and the sea still remained in Belgian hands, and thus Britain might send reinforcements to Belgium at any moment. If she did so, the Germans would have to fight not only in France but also in Belgium, where their communications were in danger of being cut. While the Belgian army remained in being, a large German army had to be kept in the country, and thus forces that were badly needed elsewhere were not available. Further, the capture of this great port would be a feather in the German cap, and would greatly hearten the subjects of the Kaiser. There was need of a new victory to give them cheer, for the retreat of their armies, and the deadlock that had now set in on the Aisne, had dashed their hopes of that speedy success which they had expected.
More than a month before the siege began, Antwerp had a foretaste of her fate. "At eleven minutes past one o'clock on the morning of 25th August death came to Antwerp out of the air." A Zeppelin suddenly appeared overhead, humming like a swarm of angry bees. A few minutes later something like a falling star dropped from it. Then there was a rending, shattering crash, followed by another and still another. Buildings fell as though a giant had hit them with a sledge-hammer. Ten people were killed and forty wounded, and nearly a thousand houses were damaged. One bomb was dropped within a hundred yards of the royal palace, in which the king and queen were sleeping, and another fell within two hundred yards of the Staff headquarters. It is said that one of the bombs fell on the German club and destroyed a statue of the Kaiser!
On the same day the Belgians moved out of Antwerp and attacked the Germans. They drove them out of Malines; but though they fought like heroes, they were overpowered by the large numbers of fresh troops that were hurried up. The Belgians were forced back once more, and at the beginning of the last week in September the Germans in real earnest set about the work of reducing the forts. They brought up their howitzers south of the river Nethe, and on the 28th, at a range of seven and a half miles, began to drop their shells on Forts Waelhem and Wavre Ste. Catherine. There was not a gun in these forts that had a range of more than six miles. The German fire was directed by observers in captive balloons, and was very accurate.
All day the roar of big guns and the crash of bursting shells were heard. Meanwhile the Belgians fought hard to the south of the Nethe, and had some success. But it was clear to everybody that the forts would soon be a heap of ruins. On the 29th Fort Wavre Ste. Catherine was smashed beyond repair, and the magazine blew up. Waelhem was badly hit, but managed to resist all day.
Next morning the German guns gave their full attention to Fort Waelhem and Fort Lierre. The air was filled with shrieking shell and bursting shrapnel. When the big shells, which the Belgians called "Antwerp expresses," fell in a field, they threw up a geyser of earth 200 feet high; when they dropped in a river or canal, a huge waterspout arose;and when they fell on a village, it crumpled into complete ruin. A shell that flew over Fort Waelhem fell on the waterworks and broke down the embankment of the reservoir. The water poured into half a mile of the Belgian trenches, and flooded out the defenders, who were thus prevented from carrying supplies to the fort. Meanwhile the citizens were short of water, and had no means of putting out any fires that might arise. On Thursday, 1st October, all the southern forts were destroyed, and by nightfall the Belgians had fallen back to the northern bank of the Nethe, where trenches had already been prepared. Here, on the second line of defence, they made a most stubborn stand. Within the city there was still hope. Although the citizens could hear the faint thunder of the guns, though they saw the dead and the wounded being brought in, and German aeroplanes circling above them, they still hoped that the enemy might be held off until the British could arrive and save the city.
By the afternoon of 3rd October the prospect was black indeed. Forts Waelhem and Lierre had been pounded into silence, and a strong German force was striving to cross the Nethe. Already several pontoon bridgeshad been built, but in each case they had been blown to pieces before they could be used. Nevertheless every soldier knew that unless help came the Germans were bound to be over the river before long. The Belgians, who had been fighting desperately for a fortnight, were now weary and heavy-eyed from lack of sleep; the hospitals were overflowing with wounded; and the citizens began to lose heart. Preparations were made to transfer the government to Ostend, and many of the well-to-do inhabitants departed for Holland or England. The next day, however, brought good news—a British force was coming with heavy guns.
At one o'clock on the afternoon of Sunday, 4th October, Mr. Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty, reached Antwerp, where he remained for three days. He persuaded the authorities to continue their resistance, and went out to the trenches, where he had a rather narrow escape from a burst of shrapnel. His arrival awakened a new spirit of hopefulness in the townsfolk.
Late that evening the vanguard of the British force arrived by train from Ostend. It consisted of a brigade of marines, 2,000 strong. Without an hour's delay the men were marched off to the trenches on the Nethe, where they lay to the left of the weary Belgians, who were inspired to fresh efforts at their coming. Next day the whole of the British force, 6,000 in all, arrived. Four battalions of marines were the only regulars in the force; the remainder were volunteers, many of whom had never before handled a rifle. Some of them had no pouches or water-bottles or overcoats, while others had to stick their bayonets in their putties or tie them to their belts with string. Each of the two naval brigades into which the force was organized consisted of four battalions named after famous admirals. The 1st Brigade consisted of the Drake, Benbow,[162]Hawke,[163]and Collingwood[164]battalions; the 2nd Brigade, of the Nelson, Howe,[165]Hood,[166]and Anson[167]battalions. There were manyLondon naval volunteers in one of the brigades. Though their equipment was very imperfect and their training had scarcely begun, they fought in the trenches with all the cheerfulness and doggedness of their race.
Much was expected from a British armoured train which had been built in Antwerp, and was mounted with four 4.7-inch naval guns, worked by Belgian gunners under the direction of British bluejackets. Unfortunately it had but little opportunity of harassing the enemy.
That night the Germans tried hard to cross the river, but were driven back by the British marines. Late on Monday, the 5th, there was a terrible bombardment of the Belgian centre, and some thousands of Germans either swam or waded across the stream, and dug themselves in on the northern bank. Early on Tuesday morning the passage of the Nethe had been won, and the defenders had been driven back upon the inner circle of forts. The guns of these forts were out of date, and were hopelessly outranged and outclassed by the howitzers of the enemy. The end was drawing near.
By this time all the country between the inner forts and the Nethe was a wilderness of death and desolation, of blackened ruins and smoking haystacks, of torn and slashed fields, strewn with the bodies of the slain. On Tuesday evening the situation was hopeless, and the government left in haste for Ostend. The German general sent a flag of truce with a demand for surrender, and threatened to bombard the city should it be refused. The Belgians, however, would not yet give in.
That evening the great oil tanks on the western side of the Scheldt were fired lest their contents should fall into the hands of the enemy. A dense black mass of smoke drifted over the city, and the smell of burning filled the air. The machinery of several large ships that mightprove useful to the enemy was also wrecked, and all munitions of war were sent out of the city by rail.
Not until next morning did the citizens learn that the government had departed. The newspapers announced that steamers were waiting at the quays to carry the inhabitants into safety. In the great Zoological Gardens keepers were busy shooting the fiercer wild animals. The Germans had given notice that the bombardment of the city would begin at ten o'clock that very evening. Then and only then did the courage of the townsfolk fail. They saw their own soldiers streaming across the bridge of boats towards the western bank of the river, and they knew that all was lost. Then began an exodus from the city, the like of which has probably never before been seen in all the world's history. Wellnigh half a million fugitives, not only from Antwerp but from all the countryside for twenty miles round, poured along the roads into Holland, or struggled on the quays to escape by water. Every vessel, no matter of what description, was pressed into service, and the broad stream was choked with tramps, dredgers, ferry-boats, barges, yachts, tugs, and even rafts, all packed with terror-stricken men, women, and children, and the little belongings that they could carry with them. For hours the overloaded craft lay in the stream, while the crowds on board watched the flames leaping up from the buildings of the city, which had been fired by bombs. As each bomb burst, a great sigh of terror went up from the homeless, helpless thousands.
Even more terrible were the scenes along the highways, where soldiers and civilians were mixed together in frightful confusion. An American correspondent says:—
"By mid-afternoon on Wednesday the road from Antwerp to Ghent, a distance of forty miles, was a solid mass of refugees, and the same was true of every road, every lane, every footpath leading in a westerly or a northerly direction. The people fled in motor cars and in carriages, in delivery wagons, in furniture vans, in farm carts, in omnibuses, in vehicles drawn by oxen, by donkeys, even by cows; on horseback, on bicycles; and there were thousands upon thousands afoot. I saw men trundling wheel-barrows piled high with bedding, and with their children perched upon the bedding. I saw sturdy young peasants carrying their aged parents in their arms. I saw women of fashion in fur coats and high-heeled shoes staggering along clinging to the ends of wagons. I saw white-haired men and women grasping the harness of the gun teams or the stirrup leathers of the troopers, who, themselves exhausted from many days of fighting, slept in their saddles as they rode. I saw springless farm wagons literally heaped with wounded soldiers with piteous white faces; the bottoms of the wagons leaked, and left a trail of blood behind. . . . The confusion was beyond all imagination, the clamour deafening; the rattle of wheels, the throbbing of motors, the clatter of hoofs, the cracking of whips, the groans of the wounded, the cries of women, the whimpering of children, and always the monotonous shuffle, shuffle, shuffle of countless weary feet."[168]
"By mid-afternoon on Wednesday the road from Antwerp to Ghent, a distance of forty miles, was a solid mass of refugees, and the same was true of every road, every lane, every footpath leading in a westerly or a northerly direction. The people fled in motor cars and in carriages, in delivery wagons, in furniture vans, in farm carts, in omnibuses, in vehicles drawn by oxen, by donkeys, even by cows; on horseback, on bicycles; and there were thousands upon thousands afoot. I saw men trundling wheel-barrows piled high with bedding, and with their children perched upon the bedding. I saw sturdy young peasants carrying their aged parents in their arms. I saw women of fashion in fur coats and high-heeled shoes staggering along clinging to the ends of wagons. I saw white-haired men and women grasping the harness of the gun teams or the stirrup leathers of the troopers, who, themselves exhausted from many days of fighting, slept in their saddles as they rode. I saw springless farm wagons literally heaped with wounded soldiers with piteous white faces; the bottoms of the wagons leaked, and left a trail of blood behind. . . . The confusion was beyond all imagination, the clamour deafening; the rattle of wheels, the throbbing of motors, the clatter of hoofs, the cracking of whips, the groans of the wounded, the cries of women, the whimpering of children, and always the monotonous shuffle, shuffle, shuffle of countless weary feet."[168]
At least 200,000 of the refugees crossed into Holland, where they were kindly received, and were provided with food and shelter. Some sought refuge in England; but thousands of others fell by the wayside, where they perished of exposure and starvation.
The remainder of the pitiful story is soon told. Once the German guns were across the Nethe there was nothing left for the defenders to do but to make for the coast with all speed, so as to escape from being cut off by the enemy. By the morning of Friday, the 9th, nearly the whole of the garrison was across the Scheldt. Three battalions of the British force delayed their departure, and arrived on the bank of the river, to find that the bridge of boats had been destroyed. They managed to cross onrafts and barges; but one party, believing itself to be headed off by the Germans, marched north into Holland. Another party was forced to surrender, and a third sailed down the river and landed on Dutch territory. Of course those who took refuge in Holland were interned.[169]The British losses were 37 killed, 193 wounded, nearly 1,000 missing—that is, prisoners—and 1,560 interned in Holland. About 18,000 Belgian troops were also driven across the frontier, and many were captured by the Germans. Thus in disaster and gloom ended the gallant attempt to save Antwerp.
Two hours before midnight on the evening of Wednesday, 7th October 1914, the great shells began to fall on the doomed city. It was almost as deserted as a city of the dead. There were no lights in the streets; but, as the shells exploded, lurid flames began to arise. On the Scheldt barges were burning, and the waters beneath them glowed blood-red in the light of the flames. As the huge projectiles struck the buildings they collapsed like houses of cards, and soon there was scarcely a street in the southern quarter of the town which was not battered into shapeless ruin. The historical buildings of the city, however, were spared.
In the gray dawn of October 9th the bombardment ceased. Between eight and nine o'clock the burgomaster went out to surrender the city. About one o'clock the Germans marched in and tramped along the deserted streets. Sixty thousand men in review order passed the new governor, but there was not a living soul to greet them. Not a single spectator stood on the pavement; no face was seen at a window; not a flag waved. The American correspondent already quoted thus describes the march past:—
"Each regiment was headed by its field music and colours, and when darkness fell and the street lamps were lighted, the shrill music of fifes, the rattle of drums, and the tramp of marching feet reminded me of a torchlight parade. Hard on the heels of the infantry rumbled artillery, battery after battery, until one wondered where Krupp found time or steel to make them. These were the forces that had been almost in constant action for the last two weeks, and that for thirty-six hours had poured death and destruction into the city; yet the horses were well groomed and the harness well polished. Behind the field batteries rumbled quick-firers, and then, heralded by a blare of trumpets and the crash of kettledrums, came the cavalry, cuirassiers in helmets and breastplates of burnished steel, hussars in befrogged jackets and fur busbies, and finally the Uhlans, riding amid forests of lances under a cloud of fluttering pennons. But this was not all nor nearly all. For after the Uhlans came bluejackets of the naval division, broad-shouldered, bewhiskered fellows, with caps worn rakishly and the roll of the sea in their gait. Then Bavarian infantry in dark blue, Saxon infantry in light blue, and Austrians in uniforms of beautiful silver-gray, and last of all a detachment of gendarmes in silver and bottle-green."
"Each regiment was headed by its field music and colours, and when darkness fell and the street lamps were lighted, the shrill music of fifes, the rattle of drums, and the tramp of marching feet reminded me of a torchlight parade. Hard on the heels of the infantry rumbled artillery, battery after battery, until one wondered where Krupp found time or steel to make them. These were the forces that had been almost in constant action for the last two weeks, and that for thirty-six hours had poured death and destruction into the city; yet the horses were well groomed and the harness well polished. Behind the field batteries rumbled quick-firers, and then, heralded by a blare of trumpets and the crash of kettledrums, came the cavalry, cuirassiers in helmets and breastplates of burnished steel, hussars in befrogged jackets and fur busbies, and finally the Uhlans, riding amid forests of lances under a cloud of fluttering pennons. But this was not all nor nearly all. For after the Uhlans came bluejackets of the naval division, broad-shouldered, bewhiskered fellows, with caps worn rakishly and the roll of the sea in their gait. Then Bavarian infantry in dark blue, Saxon infantry in light blue, and Austrians in uniforms of beautiful silver-gray, and last of all a detachment of gendarmes in silver and bottle-green."
The curtain descends upon the tragedy of Antwerp, and as we rise from its contemplation two pictures remain fixed in our memories—the one, a march of triumph, with all the pomp and circumstance of war, the fanfare of trumpets, the rattle of drums, the gay uniforms, the gallant chargers, the nodding plumes, the stir and movement of victorious legions; the other, long, long trails of anguished men, distraught women, and sobbing children, bereft at one stroke of home, kindred, and possessions, driven forth to perish of hunger by the wayside, to begin life anew as exiles in a foreign land, or to return to their ruined homes as the subjects of a pitiless conqueror. Never were the terrible contrasts of war thrown into sharper relief; never was the ruthlessness of armed strife so painfully brought home to the onlooking world. A mighty nation, drunk with the lust of empire, had trampled to ruin a little, toiling people, innocent of offence in the sight of God and man. It had dared to defend itself, and for this heinous crime an overwhelming foe "slew their young men with the sword in the house of their sanctuary, and had no compassion upon young man or maiden, old man or him that stooped for age." The blare of trumpets and the roll of drums may stop the ears of men to every cry of agony, and deaden their hearts to every impulse of mercy; but they can avail nothing before Him who has said, "Vengeance is mine; I will repay."
FOOTNOTES:[1]See p. 89, vol. i.[2]See chaps. x. and xi., vol. i.[3]See p.8.[4]See p.5.[5]See p. 199, vol. i.[6]This is really the same word as "sepoys," by which the native soldiers in India were first known to Europeans.[7]Original inhabitants of Algeria and Morocco. Three-fifths of the Algerians are Berbers.[8]Village of Somersetshire, famous for its limestone cliffs and caves.[9]Born 1475, died 1524.[10]Kon-day.[11]Bànsh.[12]Mō-būzh.[13]May-ze-air.[14]See map, p.19.[15]Shar-leh-rwa´.[16]Ski (shē) are long, narrow pieces of wood, from 7 to 12 feet in length and from 2½ to 3 inches wide, which are bound to the feet with leather straps, and are used for travelling rapidly over snow. The Chasseurs Alpins—that is, the French soldiers who operate in the Alps—wear ski.[17]See diagram p.15[18]Leen-ye´.[19]Katr-bráh.[20]Dove. A German aeroplane is so called.[21]Slight arch or upward bend.[22]Subaltern, officer below the rank of captain.[23]Place in East Prussia, also known as Tannenberg. A battle was fought there in 1410, when the Teutonic Knights, who were then masters of East Prussia, suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the Russians.[24]Ab´sant(give a nasal sound to then.)[25]The Peninsular War was fought between August 1808 and June 1814. Wellington, the British general, drove the French out of Spain into France, and in March 1814 invaded that country and reached Toulouse.[26]Kosh-tsyūsh´ko, born 1746, died 1817. In 1794 he raised the standard of Polish independence at Cracow, defeated the Russians, and defended Warsaw for two months. He was defeated, and, after being imprisoned, was released and retired to Switzerland, where he died.[27]P´shé-mee-sell.[28]Var´show.[29]Nā-ref´.[30]Var´tay.[31]Goom-bin´-nen.[32]See p. 80, vol. i.[33]See p. 44, vol. i.[34]Chechs. Pronounce thechunderlined as in the Scottish word "loch."[35]Soo-val´kee.[36]Kov´no.[37]M'lā´var.[38]Hollow balls of iron filled with explosives, and burst by means of a lighted fuse. They are usually thrown at the enemy by hand. The grenadiers were so called because they were specially trained to throw grenades.[39]See p. 63, vol. i.[40]The German name of St. Petersburg was changed to the Russian form, Petrograd, by order of the Tsar on September 1.[41]See p. 32, vol. i.[42]130 miles south-east of Belgrade. It was the birthplace of Constantine the Great.[43]See map on p. 8, vol. i.[44]The greatest of all the Russian Tsars; born 1672, died 1725. He travelled abroad for two years, during which he learned shipbuilding in Holland and England. It was he who built St. Petersburg in order to have "a window looking out on Europe."[45]Great industrial town of Russian Poland, about 75 miles south-west of Warsaw.[46]Frā-meh-ree´.[47]Place 35 miles west of Kandahar, Afghanistan; the scene of a British defeat by the Afghans, July 27, 1880.[48]Leh-kā-to´.[49]Kam-bray´.[50]Lon-dreh-see´(nnasal).[51]Dū-play´(b. 1697, d. 1763), governor of the French Indies. It was Clive's brilliant defence of Arcot which brought about the failure of his plans and led to his recall.[52]Mā-rwāé.[53]General Officer Commanding.[54]Royal Horse Artillery.[55]British general (b. 1761, d. 1809), hero of the famous retreat from Astorga to Corunna (1809). He was shot at the moment when the British, in sight of the sea, faced about and drove off the French, and was buried in the citadel at Corunna, in the north-west of Spain. See the famous verses,Burial of Sir John Moore, by Wolfe.[56]San-kan-tan´(then's are sounded nasally).[57]Toor-nay´.[58]Reigned from 463 to 481; the father of Clovis, who founded the kingdom of the Franks. His capital was at Tournai.[59]On the Buffalo River, Natal; scene of heroic stand by a handful of the 24th Regiment after the Zulus had cut up our troops (January 22, 1879).[60]Privates are only promoted to this rank for gallantry on the field.[61]Royal Army Medical Corps.[62]Every regiment of every army has a flag which we call the "regimental colours." British colours are usually of silk, with tassels of mixed crimson and gold, and are carried on a staff eight feet seven inches long, surmounted by a golden crown on which stands a lion. The colours are carried on parade by two junior lieutenants, and are guarded by two sergeants and two privates. The flag itself is of the colour of the facings of the regiment, except when these are white, in which case the body of the flag is not plain white all over, but bears upon it the Cross of St. George. Whatever the colour, the flag carries in its upper corner the Union Jack, and in the centre the crown and title of the regiment, around which are the devices or badges or distinctions of the regiment, and the names of the battles in which it has played a gallant part. The flag of a regiment is the outward and visible sign of its honour and renown, and to lose it in battle is considered a great disgrace. It is always held in great reverence, and when too old for further service it is set up on the walls of a cathedral or church. Probably in your own town there are one or more of these tattered and perhaps bullet-torn colours, along with flags captured from an enemy. In the old days every regiment marched into battle with its colours proudly flying, and there were many stirring fights for the flag. Nowadays our soldiers do not take their colours into battle. The Russians and Germans, however, do so.[63]Kū-ray´, French parish priest.[64]Leel, 26 miles north-north-east of Arras, and 155 miles by rail north by east of Paris.[65]Am´e-enz, 84 miles north of Paris, on the Somme.[66]San Nah-zair´, 40 miles west of Nantes.[67]Reh-tel´, 23 miles south-west of Mezières.[68]Shah-tō´ Sa-lăn´(nnasal).[69]Lon-vee´(nnasal), 40 miles north-north-west of Metz.[70]Ain, joins the Oise (Waz) near Compiègne (Kom-pe-ain´).[71]La Fair.[72]Lon(nnasal).[73]Reemz.[74]Voo-ze-ay´.[75]See page25.[76]Tributary of the Seine (right bank), rising in the Langres plateau.[77]Gweez.[78]Kom-pe-ain´.[79]Swa-son´(nnasal).[80]Nair-ee´.[81]Mo-ran´(nnasal).[82]Oork, tributary of the Marne. From this stream flows the canal of Ourcq to Paris (67 miles).[83]Fon-ten-blō´(fountain of beautiful water), town 37 miles south-south-east of Paris. It contains a famous palace beloved of French kings, and its forest, the most beautiful in France, covers 66 square miles.[84]Quoted fromNelson's History of the War, by John Buchan.[85]Named after the Prussian general August von Goeben (1816-80). He commanded the 8th Army Corps in the Franco-German War, and distinguished himself at Gravelotte and elsewhere.[86]Emperor William the Great.[87]U stands forUnterwasserboot—under-water boat.[88]The various classes of British submarines are indicated by a letter of the alphabet. Boats of the oldest class constructed are lettered A.[89]Seaport, military station, and capital of German East Africa, fifty miles south of Zanzibar.[90]Goods such as arms, ammunition, explosives, and other articles for use in war. If a neutral tries to send such goods to a state which is at war, they may be seized by the enemy of that state. Nations at war give notice of what kinds of goods they will not allow their enemy to receive. These goods are known as contraband of war.[91]The foam at the cutwater of the ship.[92]One knot = 1-1/7 miles.[93]Channel about 18 miles wide, some 7 miles north-east of Heligoland.[94]All the big guns that can be brought to bear are fired together.[95]"Our Lady;" the great historical cathedral of Paris.[96]Gal-le-ay´ne.Born 1849; commander-in-chief in Madagascar (1896-1905).[97]Bwā d'Boo-lon´(nnasal), the great public park (2,158 acres) of Paris.[98]Shŏn-te-ye´.[99]Say-zân´.[100]Ar-gon´.[101]Huge explosive shells which send up a dense mass of black smoke. Our soldiers also call them "coal boxes" or "Jack Johnsons."[102]Koo-lom´mee-ay.This was the most southerly point reached by the main body of von Kluck's army. His cavalry patrols reached the banks of the Seine.[103]Mo.[104]Page198.[105]La Fer-tā´.[106]Scottish noble who murdered King Duncan (1040) and became king in his stead. He reigned seventeen years, but was slain in battle (1057) by Malcolm, Duncan's son.[107]Near Dunkeld, in Perthshire.[108]Hill of the Sidlaws, Perthshire, eight miles north-east of Perth.[109]La fair shom-peh-nwaz´.[110]Fock.Born 1851; was professor of strategy and tactics at the French School of War.[111]Non-see´(nnasal).[112]Boss´ū-ā.Born 1627, died 1704.[113]Shā-tō´ Te-er-ree´.[114]Born 1621, died 1695. HisFableswere published in 1668. They have been translated into almost every European language.[115]Say.[116]Bosh, term of contempt used by the French for the Germans, and meaning fools or blockheads.[117]Ma´sh-e-ray.[118]The French Senate is the upper chamber of the French Parliament, and roughly corresponds with our House of Lords. The members, however, are not peers, for republican France does not possess a peerage.[119]Ay-per´nay, near the left bank of the Marne. It is a great centre of the champagne trade. The wine is stored in vaults hewn out of the chalk on which the town is built.[120]£7,000 (£1 = 25 francs).[121]Gallery dug by engineers, in which an explosive is placed and fired.[122]Kray-on´.[123]Sweep.[124]Vail.[125]Brain.[126]Kon-day´(nnasal).[127]Moo-lan´(nnasal).[128]Born 1606, died 1669; one of the greatest of painters, and the glory of the Dutch school. Many of his pictures are in deep shade, and suggest the mystery that lies under the surface of things seen.[129]Five miles north-west of Laon.[130]Prussian military order (Maltese cross of iron edged with silver). It has been awarded in profusion during the present war. More than 30,000 German soldiers are said to have received it during 1914.[131]He was, of course, misinformed. The nearest German troops to Paris on September 14th, 1914, were at Compiègne, about 43 miles away.[132]See Vol. 1., p. 170.[133]Bay-for´.[134]Bartholdi, French sculptor (1834-1904). The statue of Liberty referred to is 200 feet high, and was presented in 1886 to the United States by the French Government to mark the hundredth year of American independence. It stands on Bedloe's Island, at the mouth of New York harbour.[135]Ā-pee-nal´.[136]Tool.[137]See p.215.[138]Sar-eye´.[139]San Mee-yel´.[140]Vo-āvre.[141]In French,tête-de-pont, a fortified position covering that end of a bridge nearest to the enemy.[142]Vā-renn´.[143]Ve-en´.[144]San Men-oo´.[145]The French spelling isReims.[146]Shar-tr´, town, fifty miles south-west of Paris, on the left bank of the Eure.[147]Bō-vay´, fifty-five miles by rail north-north-west of Paris, on the route from Paris to Calais.[148]Bell rung thrice daily in Catholic countries, at the sound of which the faithful pray.[149]Vee-ve lays Ang-lay("Long live the English").[150]Kas-tel-no´.[151]See p.218.[152]Maud-wee´.[153]Bay-toon´.[154]Soo-val´kee.[155]Oss-o-vets.[156]John Lothrop Motley (1814-77), American historian, whose most famous work,The Rise of the Dutch Republic, was published in 1856.[157]Ancient city of Bavaria, 95 miles north-west of Munich, the capital.[158]City of Bavaria, on the Lech, tributary of the Danube. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries it was the great centre of trade between Northern Europe, Venice, and the Levant.[159](1533-84.) Known as "the Silent." He headed the opposition in the Netherlands to Philip of Spain, and became the founder of the Dutch Republic. He was assassinated.[160]Le-air´, town, 10 miles south-east of Antwerp, at the confluence of the Great and Little Nethe.[161]Nā´teh.[162](1653-1702.) Frequently defeated the French between 1690 and 1694, and in 1702, almost single-handed, fought a French fleet in the West Indies for five days. He died from injuries received in the battle.[163](1705-81.) His chief battle was a victory over the French in Quiberon Bay (1759)—one of the most daring and successful actions on record.[164](1750-1810.) The great friend of Nelson, to whom he was second in command at Trafalgar.[165](1726-99.) His greatest exploit was a crushing defeat inflicted on the French, from whom he took six ships, on "the glorious First of June" 1794, off Ushant.[166](1724-1816.) He won many naval victories.[167](1697-1762.) Not only a great fighting admiral, but a circumnavigator of the globe. The story of hisVoyage Round the Worldis still worth reading.[168]Quoted fromFighting in Flanders, by E. R. Powell.[169]A neutral state which receives in its territory troops belonging to one or other of the armies engaged in war, keeps such troops in its own hands until the end of the war, and must prevent them from escaping. It clothes and feeds them, and the expenses so incurred are made good at the end of the war by the Power to which the troops belong.
[1]See p. 89, vol. i.
[1]See p. 89, vol. i.
[2]See chaps. x. and xi., vol. i.
[2]See chaps. x. and xi., vol. i.
[3]See p.8.
[3]See p.8.
[4]See p.5.
[4]See p.5.
[5]See p. 199, vol. i.
[5]See p. 199, vol. i.
[6]This is really the same word as "sepoys," by which the native soldiers in India were first known to Europeans.
[6]This is really the same word as "sepoys," by which the native soldiers in India were first known to Europeans.
[7]Original inhabitants of Algeria and Morocco. Three-fifths of the Algerians are Berbers.
[7]Original inhabitants of Algeria and Morocco. Three-fifths of the Algerians are Berbers.
[8]Village of Somersetshire, famous for its limestone cliffs and caves.
[8]Village of Somersetshire, famous for its limestone cliffs and caves.
[9]Born 1475, died 1524.
[9]Born 1475, died 1524.
[10]Kon-day.
[10]Kon-day.
[11]Bànsh.
[11]Bànsh.
[12]Mō-būzh.
[12]Mō-būzh.
[13]May-ze-air.
[13]May-ze-air.
[14]See map, p.19.
[14]See map, p.19.
[15]Shar-leh-rwa´.
[15]Shar-leh-rwa´.
[16]Ski (shē) are long, narrow pieces of wood, from 7 to 12 feet in length and from 2½ to 3 inches wide, which are bound to the feet with leather straps, and are used for travelling rapidly over snow. The Chasseurs Alpins—that is, the French soldiers who operate in the Alps—wear ski.
[16]Ski (shē) are long, narrow pieces of wood, from 7 to 12 feet in length and from 2½ to 3 inches wide, which are bound to the feet with leather straps, and are used for travelling rapidly over snow. The Chasseurs Alpins—that is, the French soldiers who operate in the Alps—wear ski.
[17]See diagram p.15
[17]See diagram p.15
[18]Leen-ye´.
[18]Leen-ye´.
[19]Katr-bráh.
[19]Katr-bráh.
[20]Dove. A German aeroplane is so called.
[20]Dove. A German aeroplane is so called.
[21]Slight arch or upward bend.
[21]Slight arch or upward bend.
[22]Subaltern, officer below the rank of captain.
[22]Subaltern, officer below the rank of captain.
[23]Place in East Prussia, also known as Tannenberg. A battle was fought there in 1410, when the Teutonic Knights, who were then masters of East Prussia, suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the Russians.
[23]Place in East Prussia, also known as Tannenberg. A battle was fought there in 1410, when the Teutonic Knights, who were then masters of East Prussia, suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the Russians.
[24]Ab´sant(give a nasal sound to then.)
[24]Ab´sant(give a nasal sound to then.)
[25]The Peninsular War was fought between August 1808 and June 1814. Wellington, the British general, drove the French out of Spain into France, and in March 1814 invaded that country and reached Toulouse.
[25]The Peninsular War was fought between August 1808 and June 1814. Wellington, the British general, drove the French out of Spain into France, and in March 1814 invaded that country and reached Toulouse.
[26]Kosh-tsyūsh´ko, born 1746, died 1817. In 1794 he raised the standard of Polish independence at Cracow, defeated the Russians, and defended Warsaw for two months. He was defeated, and, after being imprisoned, was released and retired to Switzerland, where he died.
[26]Kosh-tsyūsh´ko, born 1746, died 1817. In 1794 he raised the standard of Polish independence at Cracow, defeated the Russians, and defended Warsaw for two months. He was defeated, and, after being imprisoned, was released and retired to Switzerland, where he died.
[27]P´shé-mee-sell.
[27]P´shé-mee-sell.
[28]Var´show.
[28]Var´show.
[29]Nā-ref´.
[29]Nā-ref´.
[30]Var´tay.
[30]Var´tay.
[31]Goom-bin´-nen.
[31]Goom-bin´-nen.
[32]See p. 80, vol. i.
[32]See p. 80, vol. i.
[33]See p. 44, vol. i.
[33]See p. 44, vol. i.
[34]Chechs. Pronounce thechunderlined as in the Scottish word "loch."
[34]Chechs. Pronounce thechunderlined as in the Scottish word "loch."
[35]Soo-val´kee.
[35]Soo-val´kee.
[36]Kov´no.
[36]Kov´no.
[37]M'lā´var.
[37]M'lā´var.
[38]Hollow balls of iron filled with explosives, and burst by means of a lighted fuse. They are usually thrown at the enemy by hand. The grenadiers were so called because they were specially trained to throw grenades.
[38]Hollow balls of iron filled with explosives, and burst by means of a lighted fuse. They are usually thrown at the enemy by hand. The grenadiers were so called because they were specially trained to throw grenades.
[39]See p. 63, vol. i.
[39]See p. 63, vol. i.
[40]The German name of St. Petersburg was changed to the Russian form, Petrograd, by order of the Tsar on September 1.
[40]The German name of St. Petersburg was changed to the Russian form, Petrograd, by order of the Tsar on September 1.
[41]See p. 32, vol. i.
[41]See p. 32, vol. i.
[42]130 miles south-east of Belgrade. It was the birthplace of Constantine the Great.
[42]130 miles south-east of Belgrade. It was the birthplace of Constantine the Great.
[43]See map on p. 8, vol. i.
[43]See map on p. 8, vol. i.
[44]The greatest of all the Russian Tsars; born 1672, died 1725. He travelled abroad for two years, during which he learned shipbuilding in Holland and England. It was he who built St. Petersburg in order to have "a window looking out on Europe."
[44]The greatest of all the Russian Tsars; born 1672, died 1725. He travelled abroad for two years, during which he learned shipbuilding in Holland and England. It was he who built St. Petersburg in order to have "a window looking out on Europe."
[45]Great industrial town of Russian Poland, about 75 miles south-west of Warsaw.
[45]Great industrial town of Russian Poland, about 75 miles south-west of Warsaw.
[46]Frā-meh-ree´.
[46]Frā-meh-ree´.
[47]Place 35 miles west of Kandahar, Afghanistan; the scene of a British defeat by the Afghans, July 27, 1880.
[47]Place 35 miles west of Kandahar, Afghanistan; the scene of a British defeat by the Afghans, July 27, 1880.
[48]Leh-kā-to´.
[48]Leh-kā-to´.
[49]Kam-bray´.
[49]Kam-bray´.
[50]Lon-dreh-see´(nnasal).
[50]Lon-dreh-see´(nnasal).
[51]Dū-play´(b. 1697, d. 1763), governor of the French Indies. It was Clive's brilliant defence of Arcot which brought about the failure of his plans and led to his recall.
[51]Dū-play´(b. 1697, d. 1763), governor of the French Indies. It was Clive's brilliant defence of Arcot which brought about the failure of his plans and led to his recall.
[52]Mā-rwāé.
[52]Mā-rwāé.
[53]General Officer Commanding.
[53]General Officer Commanding.
[54]Royal Horse Artillery.
[54]Royal Horse Artillery.
[55]British general (b. 1761, d. 1809), hero of the famous retreat from Astorga to Corunna (1809). He was shot at the moment when the British, in sight of the sea, faced about and drove off the French, and was buried in the citadel at Corunna, in the north-west of Spain. See the famous verses,Burial of Sir John Moore, by Wolfe.
[55]British general (b. 1761, d. 1809), hero of the famous retreat from Astorga to Corunna (1809). He was shot at the moment when the British, in sight of the sea, faced about and drove off the French, and was buried in the citadel at Corunna, in the north-west of Spain. See the famous verses,Burial of Sir John Moore, by Wolfe.
[56]San-kan-tan´(then's are sounded nasally).
[56]San-kan-tan´(then's are sounded nasally).
[57]Toor-nay´.
[57]Toor-nay´.
[58]Reigned from 463 to 481; the father of Clovis, who founded the kingdom of the Franks. His capital was at Tournai.
[58]Reigned from 463 to 481; the father of Clovis, who founded the kingdom of the Franks. His capital was at Tournai.
[59]On the Buffalo River, Natal; scene of heroic stand by a handful of the 24th Regiment after the Zulus had cut up our troops (January 22, 1879).
[59]On the Buffalo River, Natal; scene of heroic stand by a handful of the 24th Regiment after the Zulus had cut up our troops (January 22, 1879).
[60]Privates are only promoted to this rank for gallantry on the field.
[60]Privates are only promoted to this rank for gallantry on the field.
[61]Royal Army Medical Corps.
[61]Royal Army Medical Corps.
[62]Every regiment of every army has a flag which we call the "regimental colours." British colours are usually of silk, with tassels of mixed crimson and gold, and are carried on a staff eight feet seven inches long, surmounted by a golden crown on which stands a lion. The colours are carried on parade by two junior lieutenants, and are guarded by two sergeants and two privates. The flag itself is of the colour of the facings of the regiment, except when these are white, in which case the body of the flag is not plain white all over, but bears upon it the Cross of St. George. Whatever the colour, the flag carries in its upper corner the Union Jack, and in the centre the crown and title of the regiment, around which are the devices or badges or distinctions of the regiment, and the names of the battles in which it has played a gallant part. The flag of a regiment is the outward and visible sign of its honour and renown, and to lose it in battle is considered a great disgrace. It is always held in great reverence, and when too old for further service it is set up on the walls of a cathedral or church. Probably in your own town there are one or more of these tattered and perhaps bullet-torn colours, along with flags captured from an enemy. In the old days every regiment marched into battle with its colours proudly flying, and there were many stirring fights for the flag. Nowadays our soldiers do not take their colours into battle. The Russians and Germans, however, do so.
[62]Every regiment of every army has a flag which we call the "regimental colours." British colours are usually of silk, with tassels of mixed crimson and gold, and are carried on a staff eight feet seven inches long, surmounted by a golden crown on which stands a lion. The colours are carried on parade by two junior lieutenants, and are guarded by two sergeants and two privates. The flag itself is of the colour of the facings of the regiment, except when these are white, in which case the body of the flag is not plain white all over, but bears upon it the Cross of St. George. Whatever the colour, the flag carries in its upper corner the Union Jack, and in the centre the crown and title of the regiment, around which are the devices or badges or distinctions of the regiment, and the names of the battles in which it has played a gallant part. The flag of a regiment is the outward and visible sign of its honour and renown, and to lose it in battle is considered a great disgrace. It is always held in great reverence, and when too old for further service it is set up on the walls of a cathedral or church. Probably in your own town there are one or more of these tattered and perhaps bullet-torn colours, along with flags captured from an enemy. In the old days every regiment marched into battle with its colours proudly flying, and there were many stirring fights for the flag. Nowadays our soldiers do not take their colours into battle. The Russians and Germans, however, do so.
[63]Kū-ray´, French parish priest.
[63]Kū-ray´, French parish priest.
[64]Leel, 26 miles north-north-east of Arras, and 155 miles by rail north by east of Paris.
[64]Leel, 26 miles north-north-east of Arras, and 155 miles by rail north by east of Paris.
[65]Am´e-enz, 84 miles north of Paris, on the Somme.
[65]Am´e-enz, 84 miles north of Paris, on the Somme.
[66]San Nah-zair´, 40 miles west of Nantes.
[66]San Nah-zair´, 40 miles west of Nantes.
[67]Reh-tel´, 23 miles south-west of Mezières.
[67]Reh-tel´, 23 miles south-west of Mezières.
[68]Shah-tō´ Sa-lăn´(nnasal).
[68]Shah-tō´ Sa-lăn´(nnasal).
[69]Lon-vee´(nnasal), 40 miles north-north-west of Metz.
[69]Lon-vee´(nnasal), 40 miles north-north-west of Metz.
[70]Ain, joins the Oise (Waz) near Compiègne (Kom-pe-ain´).
[70]Ain, joins the Oise (Waz) near Compiègne (Kom-pe-ain´).
[71]La Fair.
[71]La Fair.
[72]Lon(nnasal).
[72]Lon(nnasal).
[73]Reemz.
[73]Reemz.
[74]Voo-ze-ay´.
[74]Voo-ze-ay´.
[75]See page25.
[75]See page25.
[76]Tributary of the Seine (right bank), rising in the Langres plateau.
[76]Tributary of the Seine (right bank), rising in the Langres plateau.
[77]Gweez.
[77]Gweez.
[78]Kom-pe-ain´.
[78]Kom-pe-ain´.
[79]Swa-son´(nnasal).
[79]Swa-son´(nnasal).
[80]Nair-ee´.
[80]Nair-ee´.
[81]Mo-ran´(nnasal).
[81]Mo-ran´(nnasal).
[82]Oork, tributary of the Marne. From this stream flows the canal of Ourcq to Paris (67 miles).
[82]Oork, tributary of the Marne. From this stream flows the canal of Ourcq to Paris (67 miles).
[83]Fon-ten-blō´(fountain of beautiful water), town 37 miles south-south-east of Paris. It contains a famous palace beloved of French kings, and its forest, the most beautiful in France, covers 66 square miles.
[83]Fon-ten-blō´(fountain of beautiful water), town 37 miles south-south-east of Paris. It contains a famous palace beloved of French kings, and its forest, the most beautiful in France, covers 66 square miles.
[84]Quoted fromNelson's History of the War, by John Buchan.
[84]Quoted fromNelson's History of the War, by John Buchan.
[85]Named after the Prussian general August von Goeben (1816-80). He commanded the 8th Army Corps in the Franco-German War, and distinguished himself at Gravelotte and elsewhere.
[85]Named after the Prussian general August von Goeben (1816-80). He commanded the 8th Army Corps in the Franco-German War, and distinguished himself at Gravelotte and elsewhere.
[86]Emperor William the Great.
[86]Emperor William the Great.
[87]U stands forUnterwasserboot—under-water boat.
[87]U stands forUnterwasserboot—under-water boat.
[88]The various classes of British submarines are indicated by a letter of the alphabet. Boats of the oldest class constructed are lettered A.
[88]The various classes of British submarines are indicated by a letter of the alphabet. Boats of the oldest class constructed are lettered A.
[89]Seaport, military station, and capital of German East Africa, fifty miles south of Zanzibar.
[89]Seaport, military station, and capital of German East Africa, fifty miles south of Zanzibar.
[90]Goods such as arms, ammunition, explosives, and other articles for use in war. If a neutral tries to send such goods to a state which is at war, they may be seized by the enemy of that state. Nations at war give notice of what kinds of goods they will not allow their enemy to receive. These goods are known as contraband of war.
[90]Goods such as arms, ammunition, explosives, and other articles for use in war. If a neutral tries to send such goods to a state which is at war, they may be seized by the enemy of that state. Nations at war give notice of what kinds of goods they will not allow their enemy to receive. These goods are known as contraband of war.
[91]The foam at the cutwater of the ship.
[91]The foam at the cutwater of the ship.
[92]One knot = 1-1/7 miles.
[92]One knot = 1-1/7 miles.
[93]Channel about 18 miles wide, some 7 miles north-east of Heligoland.
[93]Channel about 18 miles wide, some 7 miles north-east of Heligoland.
[94]All the big guns that can be brought to bear are fired together.
[94]All the big guns that can be brought to bear are fired together.
[95]"Our Lady;" the great historical cathedral of Paris.
[95]"Our Lady;" the great historical cathedral of Paris.
[96]Gal-le-ay´ne.Born 1849; commander-in-chief in Madagascar (1896-1905).
[96]Gal-le-ay´ne.Born 1849; commander-in-chief in Madagascar (1896-1905).
[97]Bwā d'Boo-lon´(nnasal), the great public park (2,158 acres) of Paris.
[97]Bwā d'Boo-lon´(nnasal), the great public park (2,158 acres) of Paris.
[98]Shŏn-te-ye´.
[98]Shŏn-te-ye´.
[99]Say-zân´.
[99]Say-zân´.
[100]Ar-gon´.
[100]Ar-gon´.
[101]Huge explosive shells which send up a dense mass of black smoke. Our soldiers also call them "coal boxes" or "Jack Johnsons."
[101]Huge explosive shells which send up a dense mass of black smoke. Our soldiers also call them "coal boxes" or "Jack Johnsons."
[102]Koo-lom´mee-ay.This was the most southerly point reached by the main body of von Kluck's army. His cavalry patrols reached the banks of the Seine.
[102]Koo-lom´mee-ay.This was the most southerly point reached by the main body of von Kluck's army. His cavalry patrols reached the banks of the Seine.
[103]Mo.
[103]Mo.
[104]Page198.
[104]Page198.
[105]La Fer-tā´.
[105]La Fer-tā´.
[106]Scottish noble who murdered King Duncan (1040) and became king in his stead. He reigned seventeen years, but was slain in battle (1057) by Malcolm, Duncan's son.
[106]Scottish noble who murdered King Duncan (1040) and became king in his stead. He reigned seventeen years, but was slain in battle (1057) by Malcolm, Duncan's son.
[107]Near Dunkeld, in Perthshire.
[107]Near Dunkeld, in Perthshire.
[108]Hill of the Sidlaws, Perthshire, eight miles north-east of Perth.
[108]Hill of the Sidlaws, Perthshire, eight miles north-east of Perth.
[109]La fair shom-peh-nwaz´.
[109]La fair shom-peh-nwaz´.
[110]Fock.Born 1851; was professor of strategy and tactics at the French School of War.
[110]Fock.Born 1851; was professor of strategy and tactics at the French School of War.
[111]Non-see´(nnasal).
[111]Non-see´(nnasal).
[112]Boss´ū-ā.Born 1627, died 1704.
[112]Boss´ū-ā.Born 1627, died 1704.
[113]Shā-tō´ Te-er-ree´.
[113]Shā-tō´ Te-er-ree´.
[114]Born 1621, died 1695. HisFableswere published in 1668. They have been translated into almost every European language.
[114]Born 1621, died 1695. HisFableswere published in 1668. They have been translated into almost every European language.
[115]Say.
[115]Say.
[116]Bosh, term of contempt used by the French for the Germans, and meaning fools or blockheads.
[116]Bosh, term of contempt used by the French for the Germans, and meaning fools or blockheads.
[117]Ma´sh-e-ray.
[117]Ma´sh-e-ray.
[118]The French Senate is the upper chamber of the French Parliament, and roughly corresponds with our House of Lords. The members, however, are not peers, for republican France does not possess a peerage.
[118]The French Senate is the upper chamber of the French Parliament, and roughly corresponds with our House of Lords. The members, however, are not peers, for republican France does not possess a peerage.
[119]Ay-per´nay, near the left bank of the Marne. It is a great centre of the champagne trade. The wine is stored in vaults hewn out of the chalk on which the town is built.
[119]Ay-per´nay, near the left bank of the Marne. It is a great centre of the champagne trade. The wine is stored in vaults hewn out of the chalk on which the town is built.
[120]£7,000 (£1 = 25 francs).
[120]£7,000 (£1 = 25 francs).
[121]Gallery dug by engineers, in which an explosive is placed and fired.
[121]Gallery dug by engineers, in which an explosive is placed and fired.
[122]Kray-on´.
[122]Kray-on´.
[123]Sweep.
[123]Sweep.
[124]Vail.
[124]Vail.
[125]Brain.
[125]Brain.
[126]Kon-day´(nnasal).
[126]Kon-day´(nnasal).
[127]Moo-lan´(nnasal).
[127]Moo-lan´(nnasal).
[128]Born 1606, died 1669; one of the greatest of painters, and the glory of the Dutch school. Many of his pictures are in deep shade, and suggest the mystery that lies under the surface of things seen.
[128]Born 1606, died 1669; one of the greatest of painters, and the glory of the Dutch school. Many of his pictures are in deep shade, and suggest the mystery that lies under the surface of things seen.
[129]Five miles north-west of Laon.
[129]Five miles north-west of Laon.
[130]Prussian military order (Maltese cross of iron edged with silver). It has been awarded in profusion during the present war. More than 30,000 German soldiers are said to have received it during 1914.
[130]Prussian military order (Maltese cross of iron edged with silver). It has been awarded in profusion during the present war. More than 30,000 German soldiers are said to have received it during 1914.
[131]He was, of course, misinformed. The nearest German troops to Paris on September 14th, 1914, were at Compiègne, about 43 miles away.
[131]He was, of course, misinformed. The nearest German troops to Paris on September 14th, 1914, were at Compiègne, about 43 miles away.
[132]See Vol. 1., p. 170.
[132]See Vol. 1., p. 170.
[133]Bay-for´.
[133]Bay-for´.
[134]Bartholdi, French sculptor (1834-1904). The statue of Liberty referred to is 200 feet high, and was presented in 1886 to the United States by the French Government to mark the hundredth year of American independence. It stands on Bedloe's Island, at the mouth of New York harbour.
[134]Bartholdi, French sculptor (1834-1904). The statue of Liberty referred to is 200 feet high, and was presented in 1886 to the United States by the French Government to mark the hundredth year of American independence. It stands on Bedloe's Island, at the mouth of New York harbour.
[135]Ā-pee-nal´.
[135]Ā-pee-nal´.
[136]Tool.
[136]Tool.
[137]See p.215.
[137]See p.215.
[138]Sar-eye´.
[138]Sar-eye´.
[139]San Mee-yel´.
[139]San Mee-yel´.
[140]Vo-āvre.
[140]Vo-āvre.
[141]In French,tête-de-pont, a fortified position covering that end of a bridge nearest to the enemy.
[141]In French,tête-de-pont, a fortified position covering that end of a bridge nearest to the enemy.
[142]Vā-renn´.
[142]Vā-renn´.
[143]Ve-en´.
[143]Ve-en´.
[144]San Men-oo´.
[144]San Men-oo´.
[145]The French spelling isReims.
[145]The French spelling isReims.
[146]Shar-tr´, town, fifty miles south-west of Paris, on the left bank of the Eure.
[146]Shar-tr´, town, fifty miles south-west of Paris, on the left bank of the Eure.
[147]Bō-vay´, fifty-five miles by rail north-north-west of Paris, on the route from Paris to Calais.
[147]Bō-vay´, fifty-five miles by rail north-north-west of Paris, on the route from Paris to Calais.
[148]Bell rung thrice daily in Catholic countries, at the sound of which the faithful pray.
[148]Bell rung thrice daily in Catholic countries, at the sound of which the faithful pray.
[149]Vee-ve lays Ang-lay("Long live the English").
[149]Vee-ve lays Ang-lay("Long live the English").
[150]Kas-tel-no´.
[150]Kas-tel-no´.
[151]See p.218.
[151]See p.218.
[152]Maud-wee´.
[152]Maud-wee´.
[153]Bay-toon´.
[153]Bay-toon´.
[154]Soo-val´kee.
[154]Soo-val´kee.
[155]Oss-o-vets.
[155]Oss-o-vets.
[156]John Lothrop Motley (1814-77), American historian, whose most famous work,The Rise of the Dutch Republic, was published in 1856.
[156]John Lothrop Motley (1814-77), American historian, whose most famous work,The Rise of the Dutch Republic, was published in 1856.
[157]Ancient city of Bavaria, 95 miles north-west of Munich, the capital.
[157]Ancient city of Bavaria, 95 miles north-west of Munich, the capital.
[158]City of Bavaria, on the Lech, tributary of the Danube. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries it was the great centre of trade between Northern Europe, Venice, and the Levant.
[158]City of Bavaria, on the Lech, tributary of the Danube. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries it was the great centre of trade between Northern Europe, Venice, and the Levant.
[159](1533-84.) Known as "the Silent." He headed the opposition in the Netherlands to Philip of Spain, and became the founder of the Dutch Republic. He was assassinated.
[159](1533-84.) Known as "the Silent." He headed the opposition in the Netherlands to Philip of Spain, and became the founder of the Dutch Republic. He was assassinated.
[160]Le-air´, town, 10 miles south-east of Antwerp, at the confluence of the Great and Little Nethe.
[160]Le-air´, town, 10 miles south-east of Antwerp, at the confluence of the Great and Little Nethe.
[161]Nā´teh.
[161]Nā´teh.
[162](1653-1702.) Frequently defeated the French between 1690 and 1694, and in 1702, almost single-handed, fought a French fleet in the West Indies for five days. He died from injuries received in the battle.
[162](1653-1702.) Frequently defeated the French between 1690 and 1694, and in 1702, almost single-handed, fought a French fleet in the West Indies for five days. He died from injuries received in the battle.
[163](1705-81.) His chief battle was a victory over the French in Quiberon Bay (1759)—one of the most daring and successful actions on record.
[163](1705-81.) His chief battle was a victory over the French in Quiberon Bay (1759)—one of the most daring and successful actions on record.
[164](1750-1810.) The great friend of Nelson, to whom he was second in command at Trafalgar.
[164](1750-1810.) The great friend of Nelson, to whom he was second in command at Trafalgar.
[165](1726-99.) His greatest exploit was a crushing defeat inflicted on the French, from whom he took six ships, on "the glorious First of June" 1794, off Ushant.
[165](1726-99.) His greatest exploit was a crushing defeat inflicted on the French, from whom he took six ships, on "the glorious First of June" 1794, off Ushant.
[166](1724-1816.) He won many naval victories.
[166](1724-1816.) He won many naval victories.
[167](1697-1762.) Not only a great fighting admiral, but a circumnavigator of the globe. The story of hisVoyage Round the Worldis still worth reading.
[167](1697-1762.) Not only a great fighting admiral, but a circumnavigator of the globe. The story of hisVoyage Round the Worldis still worth reading.
[168]Quoted fromFighting in Flanders, by E. R. Powell.
[168]Quoted fromFighting in Flanders, by E. R. Powell.
[169]A neutral state which receives in its territory troops belonging to one or other of the armies engaged in war, keeps such troops in its own hands until the end of the war, and must prevent them from escaping. It clothes and feeds them, and the expenses so incurred are made good at the end of the war by the Power to which the troops belong.
[169]A neutral state which receives in its territory troops belonging to one or other of the armies engaged in war, keeps such troops in its own hands until the end of the war, and must prevent them from escaping. It clothes and feeds them, and the expenses so incurred are made good at the end of the war by the Power to which the troops belong.