FOOTNOTE:

FOOTNOTE:[1]An unpublished memorandum presented in manuscript by President YÃ¼ Yu-jÃªn of the ControlYÃ¼anto the author in Chungking, September 1940. It consists of nine folios, not numbered, with a chart. It is entitledChan Shih Chien-ch'a K'ai-lÃ¼eh(An Outline of War-time Controlment), and is dated August, XXVIII (1939). The present extract is folios 1-A to 4-B.

[1]An unpublished memorandum presented in manuscript by President YÃ¼ Yu-jÃªn of the ControlYÃ¼anto the author in Chungking, September 1940. It consists of nine folios, not numbered, with a chart. It is entitledChan Shih Chien-ch'a K'ai-lÃ¼eh(An Outline of War-time Controlment), and is dated August, XXVIII (1939). The present extract is folios 1-A to 4-B.

Since the outbreak of war, theYÃ¼an, together with other offices of the Government, was moved from Nanking to Chungking. In order to adapt itself to the circumstances, its organization was readjusted. A "Board of Legislative Study" was established, while the six sections of General Affairs, Editing, Book-Collection, Printing, Receipt and Transmission,[2]and Archive, all subordinate to the Secretariat, were merged into four departments. Moreover, a "Committee on Administrative Procedure" and two new sections, called the first and the second, were added to the main body of theYÃ¼an.

The functions

The present organization

1.Acceptance of people's petitions and investigations:Number of petitions received in this period....[Number is omitted from original report.]Number of cases in which delegates were sent out to investigate....[Number omitted.]Number of cases in which other offices were charged to investigate....[Number omitted.](Those petitions which were either outside the function of control or false in thedescription of facts were remarked upon and preserved by the committees.)2.Motions:Number of impeachments moved121Number of censures moved149Number of propositions moved2343.Supervisions of Civil Service Examinations:Number of Higher Examinations supervised2Number of Common Examinations supervised5Number of Special Examinations supervised344.Supervisions of the relief of sufferers from natural calamities:Total number55.Inspections:[A detailed enumeration of inspections performed and results accomplished is here omitted.]6.Cooperation with other offices:[The detailed summary is omitted.]

The functions of audit, as performed by the Ministry of Audit, are founded upon the Auditing Act. The old Auditing Act, however, is too tradition-bound and therefore inconvenient. The necessity of revision is especially pressing in war-time. In the spring of 1938, the Ministry prepared a draft Act and submitted it to the LegislativeYÃ¼an. The latter adopted this and published a New Auditing Act. According to the New Auditing Act, the Ministry is charged with three functions of internal checking (interior auditing), auditing (post-auditing) and supervision. These functions include:

i.Supervision of the execution of the budgets;ii.Scrutiny of orders of receipt and payment;iii.Scrutiny of computations and balance sheets;iv.Control of illegal or unfaithful conduct in financial affairs.

i.Supervision of the execution of the budgets;

ii.Scrutiny of orders of receipt and payment;

iii.Scrutiny of computations and balance sheets;

iv.Control of illegal or unfaithful conduct in financial affairs.

Two merits of the New Auditing Act should be mentioned. In the first place, emphasis has been laid upon visiting auditing. For instance, the work of internal checking is not limited to the supervision of the receipts and disbursements of the State Treasury by the scrutiny and indorsement of the receiving and paying orders; but even receiving and paying vouchers of Government offices have been made ineffective, unless scrutinized and indorsed by auditors stationed in the offices by the Ministry. Owing to the vastness of the area of China, and owing also to the limited number of workers available in this line, this systemis not universally applicable. Only offices in which the work of receiving and paying is especially heavy find such auditors present. As for auditing, the Government offices were formerly obliged only to submit to the Ministry accounting reports which they themselves had prepared. It is different now. The New Act ordains that auditors should be sent out periodically by the Ministry to visit the Government offices and scrutinize their books and vouchers. Or in each year, some offices should be selected to be thus scrutinized. The duties of supervision were not clearly defined, but they now include the following items: (a) the supervision of the revenue and expenditures of the offices; (b) the scrutiny of cash, bills, and bonds in the offices; (c) the supervision of the construction of buildings and of the purchase or sale of the property attached to the offices; (d) the supervision of the drawing and repayment of bonds and the destruction of bonds returned; (e) joint-administration with the financial departments of other offices; and (f) the scrutiny of other administrative affairs related to finance.

Secondly, the New Auditing Act ordains that the Ministry of Audit is directly responsible for the auditing of financial affairs of the offices of different ranks of the Central Government, while that of the local governments is under the charge of local auditing offices, subordinate to the Ministry.

[A detailed narrative of the war-time work of the ministry is omitted.]

Before the outbreak of war, the Ministry had established auditing offices in the Provinces of Kiangsu, Chekiang, Hupeh, Shensi and Honan and in the city of Shanghai, and one sub-office for the Tientsin-Pukow Railway. The office of Shanghai concurrently took charge of the auditing affairs of the Nanking-Shanghai Railway; and that of Hupeh, the affairs of the Peiping-Hankow Railway. In 1938 the offices of Hunan, Kweichow and Szechwan were established. In July 1939, a conference of auditors was held in Chungking. All auditors sent out now returned to attend it. They reported on their work, assisted the auditors in the Ministry, and discussed with them the directions of war-time auditing. In October, Mr. Lin YÃ¼n-kai, the Minister of Audit, visited Szechwan, Shensi, Kansu, and Chinghai to inspect the audit work going on in Shensi and Szechwan and at the same time to examine the local financial conditions as a step toward the extension of the auditing system.

In the spring of 1939, the Ministry prepared "An Outline for the Execution of War-time Audits" which was passed and enacted by the Supreme National Defense Council. There are eleven items, to be carried out in several periods, in this outline. A part of them are required by the New Auditing Act, while the rest are the new work arising from the war. They are as follows:

a.Auditing prefectural [hsien] finance: A prefecture, on the authority of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Constitution, is the unit of self-government; and whenever the self-government is accomplished, China becomes constitutional. This being the case, the prefectural finance actually concerns the future of the country and the people. Therefore, beginning from 1939, the Ministry introduced the auditing of prefectural finance. It ordered the provincial offices to have the prefectures make monthly reports on their revenue and expenditure. The reports should be submitted to the provincial auditing offices which will also send out delegates to scrutinize the accounting records of some selected prefectures as well as to investigate the prefectural financial organizations, the taxation system, and the sorts of taxes. Up to June 1940, there have been 84 prefectures selected for such investigation.b.The auditing of the Central Government Offices in the provinces and cities where no auditing offices have been established: In such cases, the Ministry has appointed the auditing offices of neighboring localities to take charge. But the Ministry has taken over the auditing affairs of Chungking for the moment. Meantime, plans have been made to establish auditing offices in Kwangsi, Fukien, etc.c.The auditing of the receipts and disbursements of public treasuries: Since October 1939, when the Public Treasury Act came into force, the Ministry has sent delegates to the State Treasury Bureau to scrutinize and indorse the accounting vouchers, and the provincial offices have sent delegates to Provincial Treasuries as well.d.The auditing of special funds: As a rule, the institutes in charge of special funds have from time to time submitted their reports on their receipts and disbursements to the Ministry. Since 1939, the Ministry has also sent delegates to examine strictly these funds.e.Itinerant auditing: The present economic conditions do not permit the Ministry to establish auditing offices in all the government-owned concerns. But itinerant auditing,after the model of circuit courts, has been introduced since 1939. The Suchow-Kunming and YÃ¼nnan-Burma Railways have been thus examined. The provincial offices have also applied this system to the business offices.f.The visiting auditing: The system of visiting auditing has been developed gradually. Delegates have been stationed in Sufferers' Relief Committee, City Government of Chungking, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economics, and Ministry of Communications. Other delegates have been sent out to visit some selected offices who have submitted their accounting reports.g.The supervision of the revenue of government offices: Salt Tax and Commodities Tax have been scrutinized.h.The supervision of clothing, provisions, and other military supplies: Since the outbreak of war, the amount of clothing, provisions, etc. purchased by the military authorities has greatly increased. The delegates from the Ministry are always present on the occasions of signing contracts, announcing the bids, deciding the winning bidder, and delivering the goods. If the supplies are purchased in the provinces, the provincial offices are in charge of the supervision.i.The supervision of mass purchase and constructions: The delegates from the Ministry or its provincial offices are always present on the occasions of signing contracts, announcing the bids, deciding the winning bidder, and delivering the goods or completing constructions when there are any mass purchases or sales of government-owned property or any construction work.j.The financial scrutiny of the war-time provisional organizations: There are huge sums of receipts and disbursements in such organizations as the "Joint Emergency Air Raid Relief Office of Chungking" and the general office of the "National Committee for Soldiers' Comfort," so that their auditing affairs are made the charge of the delegates from the Ministry.k.The supervision of the payment, preservation, and usage of contributions of all sorts: National Salvation Bonds, Aviation Contribution, and all other contributions donated by the Chinese at home and abroad have been scrutinized by the Ministry delegates.

b.The auditing of the Central Government Offices in the provinces and cities where no auditing offices have been established: In such cases, the Ministry has appointed the auditing offices of neighboring localities to take charge. But the Ministry has taken over the auditing affairs of Chungking for the moment. Meantime, plans have been made to establish auditing offices in Kwangsi, Fukien, etc.

c.The auditing of the receipts and disbursements of public treasuries: Since October 1939, when the Public Treasury Act came into force, the Ministry has sent delegates to the State Treasury Bureau to scrutinize and indorse the accounting vouchers, and the provincial offices have sent delegates to Provincial Treasuries as well.

d.The auditing of special funds: As a rule, the institutes in charge of special funds have from time to time submitted their reports on their receipts and disbursements to the Ministry. Since 1939, the Ministry has also sent delegates to examine strictly these funds.

e.Itinerant auditing: The present economic conditions do not permit the Ministry to establish auditing offices in all the government-owned concerns. But itinerant auditing,after the model of circuit courts, has been introduced since 1939. The Suchow-Kunming and YÃ¼nnan-Burma Railways have been thus examined. The provincial offices have also applied this system to the business offices.

f.The visiting auditing: The system of visiting auditing has been developed gradually. Delegates have been stationed in Sufferers' Relief Committee, City Government of Chungking, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Economics, and Ministry of Communications. Other delegates have been sent out to visit some selected offices who have submitted their accounting reports.

g.The supervision of the revenue of government offices: Salt Tax and Commodities Tax have been scrutinized.

h.The supervision of clothing, provisions, and other military supplies: Since the outbreak of war, the amount of clothing, provisions, etc. purchased by the military authorities has greatly increased. The delegates from the Ministry are always present on the occasions of signing contracts, announcing the bids, deciding the winning bidder, and delivering the goods. If the supplies are purchased in the provinces, the provincial offices are in charge of the supervision.

i.The supervision of mass purchase and constructions: The delegates from the Ministry or its provincial offices are always present on the occasions of signing contracts, announcing the bids, deciding the winning bidder, and delivering the goods or completing constructions when there are any mass purchases or sales of government-owned property or any construction work.

j.The financial scrutiny of the war-time provisional organizations: There are huge sums of receipts and disbursements in such organizations as the "Joint Emergency Air Raid Relief Office of Chungking" and the general office of the "National Committee for Soldiers' Comfort," so that their auditing affairs are made the charge of the delegates from the Ministry.

k.The supervision of the payment, preservation, and usage of contributions of all sorts: National Salvation Bonds, Aviation Contribution, and all other contributions donated by the Chinese at home and abroad have been scrutinized by the Ministry delegates.

Many considerable results have been achieved since the execution of the above items from January 1939, to date. The "Auditing Plan for 1941" has already been prepared by the Ministry. When it is passed by the SupremeNational Defense Council, it will come into force from January of next year.

FOOTNOTES:[1]Continuation of Appendix I (E), p.313; this comprises folios 5-A to 9-A with chart.[2]A formal agency for the receipt and registry of incoming communications, and of verification and transmission of outgoing ones.

[1]Continuation of Appendix I (E), p.313; this comprises folios 5-A to 9-A with chart.

[2]A formal agency for the receipt and registry of incoming communications, and of verification and transmission of outgoing ones.

These laws, a fundamental charter for local self-government, were approved and promulgated by the 14th Regular Meeting of the Supreme National Defense Council, August 31, 1939. For the Generalissimo's lecture on the same subject, see Appendix III (C), p.388.

1. Eachhsienis a self-administrative unit. Its size and area are determined by customs and history but subject to the demarcation of the National Government.

2. There are three to six classes ofhsien, classified according to area, population, and conditions of economy, culture, and communications. The classifications are to be worked out by the Provincial Government and subject to the approval of the Ministry of Interior.

3. Regulations governinghsienadministration are to be promulgated by the National Government.

4. Eachhsienis divided intohsiang, and eachhsiangis further divided intopaoandchia. If ahsienis too large, it may be first divided intoch'Ã¼to be under the charge of several bureaus. Education institutions, police, public health and tariff offices should be distributed in accordance with above-mentioned divisions.

5. Eachhsienand eachhsiangis a legal person.

6. At the age of twenty, a man or woman of Chinese nationality, after living in thehsienfor six months or more, or having possessed a residence for more than one year, is qualified as a citizen of thathsien. He or she has the right of suffrage, recall, initiative, and referendum in thishsien. The following persons are disqualified:

a.Those who are deprived of citizenship by the National Government.b.Those who owe governmental money.c.Those who have been imprisoned for [political] corruption[2]or forgery.d.Those who are not allowed to possess personal property.e.Those who are opium or other poisonous smokers.

a.Those who are deprived of citizenship by the National Government.

b.Those who owe governmental money.

c.Those who have been imprisoned for [political] corruption[2]or forgery.

d.Those who are not allowed to possess personal property.

e.Those who are opium or other poisonous smokers.

7. There shall be one magistrate (hsien-chang) for eachhsien. His duties are:

a.To supervise the local administration of the wholehsienunder the control of the Provincial Government.b.To carry out Provincial or Central Government orders under the supervision of the Provincial Government.

a.To supervise the local administration of the wholehsienunder the control of the Provincial Government.

b.To carry out Provincial or Central Government orders under the supervision of the Provincial Government.

8. TheHsienGovernment consists of the following departments:

a.Civil Affairs Department.b.Financial Department.c.Educational Department.d.Reconstruction Department.e.Land Affairs Department.f.Social Affairs Department.

a.Civil Affairs Department.

b.Financial Department.

c.Educational Department.

d.Reconstruction Department.

e.Land Affairs Department.

f.Social Affairs Department.

The number of departments and the distribution of functions are determined by the Provincial Government in accordance with the class and necessities [of thehsien], and registered with the Ministry of the Interior.

9. In theHsienGovernment there are to be secretaries, department heads, advisors, police officers, clerks and technicians. The number of such staff and their salaries are to be determined by the Provincial Government and subject to the approval of the Ministry of the Interior.

10. The examination, training, appointing, and discharging of a magistrate or of general staffs are to be done according to the promulgated National law.

11. There shall be aHsienCouncil (hsien chÃªng hui) which is to be convened every two weeks. The following matters should be settled in this Council:

a.Cases brought out by theHsienPeople's Council.b.Other important matters concerninghsienpolicies.

a.Cases brought out by theHsienPeople's Council.

b.Other important matters concerninghsienpolicies.

(The regulations governing theHsienCouncil are promulgated by the Ministry of the Interior.)

12. TheHsienCouncil meeting can be held before the establishment of theHsienPeople's Council.

13. Regulations concerning ahsienshall be drafted by the Provincial Government and submitted to the ExecutiveYÃ¼anfor its approval through the Ministry of the Interior.

Any organizations which are not mentioned in the regulations should not be established.

14. Regulations governing thehsienadministration shall be drafted by the Provincial Government and registered in the Ministry of the Interior.

15. TheHsienPeople's Council is organized by the members of the Council who are elected from People's Representative Committee. Eachhsiangelects one member. Representatives of public organizations may be recognized as members, but the number of such members should not comprise more than one-third of the whole Council.

16. The chairman of the Council should be elected from its members.

17. The bylaws and the duties of the Council shall be dealt with separately.

18.Hsienrevenue consists of the following items:

a.Part of the land tax.b.Surtax on the land tax.c.Thirty per cent of the stamp tax.d.Taxes on land after improvement.e.Part of the business taxes.f.Income from public properties.g.Income from public enterprises.h.Other legal taxes.

a.Part of the land tax.

b.Surtax on the land tax.

c.Thirty per cent of the stamp tax.

d.Taxes on land after improvement.

e.Part of the business taxes.

f.Income from public properties.

g.Income from public enterprises.

h.Other legal taxes.

19. Funds required for the execution of Provincial Government orders shall be provided from the National Treasury or the Provincial Treasury. Local collection of such funds is prohibited.Hsienwhich are financially self-sufficient may resort to their own treasuries to meet educational and administrative expenses.Hsienwith scanty population and most of their area uncultivated may be subsidized by both the Provincial and National Treasuries.

20. Extra expenses for reconstruction shall be collected by a means of floating loans with the approval of theHsienPeople's Council and the Provincial Government.

21. The incomes and expenses of thehsienproper shall be the independent responsibility of theHsienGovernment.

22. If theHsienPeople's Council has not been established, the budgets and financial statements shall be examined by theHsienCouncil and then submitted to the Provincial Government by the Magistrate.

23. After the establishment of theHsienPeople's Council, the budgets and the financial statements shall be examined by this Council first and then be submitted to the Provincial Government. In case of emergency the Magistrate may submit such documents to the Provincial Government directly.

24. Eachch'Ã¼is constituted by fifteen to thirtyhsiang.

25. TheCh'Ã¼Bureau, a subsidiary office ofhsien, represents theHsienGovernment to perform the educational and administrative work. If thehsienis not divided intoch'Ã¼then this work is done by the special officers sent by theHsienGovernment.

26. There shall be oneCh'Ã¼Chief (ch'Ã¼-chang) and two to five advisers in eachch'Ã¼. Their duties are to take charge of civil, reconstruction, educational and military affairs. They shall be trained and examined before appointment.

27. There shall be police stations in eachch'Ã¼under the supervision of theCh'Ã¼Chief.

28. A Rural Reconstruction Committee is to be formed in ach'Ã¼. The members of this committee shall be elected from among the popular persons in thatch'Ã¼. TheCh'Ã¼Chief shall concurrently be Chairman of the Committee.

29. Eachhsiangis constituted by six to fifteenpao. [SeeArt. 45ff.]

30. Systems ofhsiangandpao chiaare to be worked out by theHsienGovernment and submitted to the Provincial Government. They must be registered with the Ministry of the Interior.

31. There shall be oneHsiangChief (hsiang-chang) and one to two Assistant Chiefs (fu-hsiang-chang) in eachhsiangoffice. They shall be persons possessing the following qualifications:

a.Those who have passed the ordinary examinations.b.Those who have served in the Delegated Appointment[4]capacity.c.Those who have graduated from Middle and Normal schools.d.Those who have contributed service for the public good.

a.Those who have passed the ordinary examinations.

b.Those who have served in the Delegated Appointment[4]capacity.

c.Those who have graduated from Middle and Normal schools.

d.Those who have contributed service for the public good.

32. There shall be four sections in eachhsiangto take charge of the civil, economic, educational affairs and police service. Each section has one chief and several secretaries. One of the secretaries shall take charge of controlment. Thehsiangstaff shall be selected from among the primary school teachers. If thehsiang'sfinancial resources are insufficient these sections may be amalgamated into one office.

33. The tenure ofHsiangChiefs shall be two years, with permissible re-election.

34. The officesHsiangChief, the headmaster of the primary school, and officer of militia[5]may be delegated to one person. If thehsiangpossesses sufficient financial resources, the headmaster of the primary school shall not be allowed to hold other office.

35. Plans initiated by thehsiangitself must be passed by theHsiangCouncil meeting before they are adopted.

36. TheHsiangChief shall act as the chairman of the Hsiang Council Meeting. Every section chief is required to attend the Meeting. Thepaochiefs must also attend this Meeting.

37. The procedure of training ofHsiangChiefs and otherhsiangstaff shall be dealt with separately.

38. The members of theHsiangPeople's Council shall be elected from thePaoPeople's Council. Eachpaoshall elect two members.

39. TheHsiangChief may act as the chairman of theHsiangPeople's Council provided that he has been elected by the Council as the Chief.

40. The bylaws and the duties of theHsiangPeople's Council shall be dealt with separately.

41. Thehsiang'srevenue consists of the following items:

a.All legal taxes.b.Income from public properties.c.Income from public enterprises.d.Subsidiary funds.e.Special incomes to be collected with the approval of theHsienGovernment.

a.All legal taxes.

b.Income from public properties.

c.Income from public enterprises.

d.Subsidiary funds.

e.Special incomes to be collected with the approval of theHsienGovernment.

42. The procedure of purchasing properties shall be dealt with separately.

43. The bylaws of theHsiang TreasuryCommittee shall be dealt with separately.

44. The financial report prepared by thehsiangoffice shall be submitted to theHsienGovernment. The expenses of thehsiangshall be included in thehsien'sfinancial report after audit.

45. Eachpaois constituted of six to fifteenchia.

46. Public primary schools, cooperatives, and warehouses[6]shall be established within two or threepaowhere the population is dense. ThePaoChief shall be in charge of these institutions. Reserves of eachpaoshall be trained separately.

47. There shall be onePaoChief (pao-chang) and one assistantPaoChief (fu-pao-chang) in eachpao. They are elected by thePaoPeople's Council. And they must be chosen from among persons with the following qualifications:

a.Those who have graduated from middle schools.b.Persons who have worked more than one year in Government.c.Those who have been specially trained.d.Those who are active in social work.

a.Those who have graduated from middle schools.

b.Persons who have worked more than one year in Government.

c.Those who have been specially trained.

d.Those who are active in social work.

Before the time of election, thePaoChief may be recommended by thehsiangoffice to theHsienGovernment for appointment.

48. The tenure of thePaoChief shall be two years; he may be re-elected.

49. The offices ofPaoChief, headmaster of thepaoprimary school, and militia officer may be delegated to one person. When thepao'sfinancial resources are sufficient the headmaster is not allowed to hold other office.

50. There shall be two to four secretaries in eachpaoto take charge of the political, educational, cultural affairs, and police service. Thepaostaff shall be elected from among the primary school teachers. If thepao'sfinancial resources are not sufficient, there shall be only one person to take care of all these activities.

51. The procedure of training of thepaooffice staff shall be dealt with separately.

52. One representative of each family is required to be present at thePaoPeople's Council (pao-min ta-hui) meeting. The bylaws and the duties of this council shall be dealt with separately.

53. Eachchiaconsists of six to fifteen families.

54. There shall be oneChiaChief (chia-chang) in eachchia. He is elected by the Family Chiefs Council and is registered with thehsiangoffice through thepao.

55. There shall be established a Family Chiefs Council andChiaPeople's Council in eachchia.

56. The old names of the streets may be used as the names ofpao.

57. The bylaws ofpaoandchiashall be dealt with separately.

58. The controlment procedure forpaoandchiashall be dealt with separately.

59. The present bylaws shall become effective after the date of promulgation.

60. If any item in these regulations conflicts with the National laws, it shall be null.

FOOTNOTES:[1]Chung-yang HsÃ¼n-lien T'uan [Central (Kuomintang) Training Corps],Hsien Ko-chi TzÅ-chih Kang-yao[Regulations Concerning the Organization of the Various Classifications ofHsien], Chungking, XXVIII (1939); these regulations are also found in Chung-yang HsÃ¼an-ch'uan Pu [Central Publicity Board],Hsien-cheng yÃ¼ Ti-fang TzÅ-chih[Constitutional Government in Relation to Local Self-Government], Chungking, XXVIII (1939), p. 37-44.[2]The practice termedsqueezeon the coast.[3]In some areas termed thechÃªn.[4]A level in the National civil service.[5]The chuang-ting-tui tui-chang, heading a local force of able-bodied citizens; the regular rank is not specified.[6]In Far Eastern English parlance,godown.

[1]Chung-yang HsÃ¼n-lien T'uan [Central (Kuomintang) Training Corps],Hsien Ko-chi TzÅ-chih Kang-yao[Regulations Concerning the Organization of the Various Classifications ofHsien], Chungking, XXVIII (1939); these regulations are also found in Chung-yang HsÃ¼an-ch'uan Pu [Central Publicity Board],Hsien-cheng yÃ¼ Ti-fang TzÅ-chih[Constitutional Government in Relation to Local Self-Government], Chungking, XXVIII (1939), p. 37-44.

[2]The practice termedsqueezeon the coast.

[3]In some areas termed thechÃªn.

[4]A level in the National civil service.

[5]The chuang-ting-tui tui-chang, heading a local force of able-bodied citizens; the regular rank is not specified.

[6]In Far Eastern English parlance,godown.

The chart facing this page is a composite of various official charts to which the author was allowed access in Chungking. Revisions cover changes down to the opening of 1941.

Chart of Government Organization

The chart facing this page is a composite of various official charts to which the author was allowed access in July and August 1940.

Chart of Kuomintang Organization

Proclaimed June 16, 1938, amended by the Fourth Meeting of the Corps' Provisional Central Managing Board, July 17, 1939, this is the fundamental charter of the most significant Kuomintang auxiliary to appear in many years.

1. The name of the organization is the San Min Chu I Youth Corps.

2. The object of the Corps is to unite and train young people, to enforce the San Min Chu I, to defend the nation, and to bring national rebirth.

3. All Chinese youths, male or female, aged between 16 to 25, vowing to abide by the Corps constitution, can become members of the Corps upon the payment of the membership fee.

Members of the Managing Boards of various subordinate Corps agencies and other Headquarters officials specially admitted are not restricted by the above rule. Members who pass 25 years of age can still retain their membership in the Corps.

4. Two members of the Corps must propose and second a member before the latter can become eligible. The new member must also be approved by the Sectional Corps and Troop and his name registered in the Central Corps Headquarters.

5. New members must take an oath before admittance, as follows:

"I hereby swear that I promise to abide by the principles of San Min Chu I, to obey the order of the Corps Leader, to abide by the constitution of the corps, to act according to the principles of the New Life Movement, to be ever loyal to the Principles, to work for all other people, to stand firm against all hardships, and to be prepared to sacrifice my all. I promise that if I fail to perform the above duties, I will be willing to receive the severest punishments."

6. The private life of the members should be in conformity with the regulations fixed by the Corps.

7. Members of the Corps who die in service or who lose their profession because of service in the Corps will receive pensions or other relief. The detailed procedure will be fixed later.

8. Members, upon a change of profession or job, or upon removal to other localities, must register with their identification cards at the local Corps Headquarters.

9. The system of organization of the Corps is as follows: the Central Corps Headquarters, the Branch Corps, the Divisional Corps, the Sectional Corps, the Divisional Troop, the Sectional Troop.

10. Besides the above, the Corps may organize other sub-organizations according to the nature of the locality, the profession of the members, etc. The details will be further fixed.

11. The Corps Leader is the highest executive of the Corps, and is concurrently the Party Chief of the Kuomintang [Chiang K'ai-shek].

12. The Corps Leader is the chairman in the All-Corps Representative Assembly, and has the power to veto a resolution already passed by the Assembly; he also has the power to finally sanction all resolutions passed by the Central Managing Board and the Central Controlment Board.

13. The All-Corps Representative Assembly may be held every two years. At the discretion of the Corps Leader or the Central Managing Board, however, it may be postponed or a temporary meeting be held instead.

14. The works of the All-Corps Representative Assembly are:

a.to discuss and examine the report submitted by the Central Managing Board and the Central Controlment Board.b.to fix plans for the Corps activities.c.to discuss motions proposed by the Corps Leader.

a.to discuss and examine the report submitted by the Central Managing Board and the Central Controlment Board.

b.to fix plans for the Corps activities.

c.to discuss motions proposed by the Corps Leader.

15. The Meeting of Representatives of the Branch Corps may be held once a year. At the discretion of the Central Managing Board, however, the Meeting may be postponed or a temporary Meeting be held instead.

16. The duties of the Meeting of Representatives of the Branch Corps are:

a.to examine and discuss the reports submitted by the Managing Board and the Controlment Board of the Branch Corps.b.to fix plans for the Branch Corps activities.

a.to examine and discuss the reports submitted by the Managing Board and the Controlment Board of the Branch Corps.

b.to fix plans for the Branch Corps activities.

17. The Meeting of Members of the Sectional Corps is held every six months. At the discretion of the Managing Board of the Branch Corps, it may be postponed or a temporary meeting be held instead. If the number of members of the Section is too big or if the communication system is unfavorable, a Meeting of the Representatives of the Sectional Corps may be held.

18. The duties of the Meeting of the Members of the Sectional Corps are:

a.to examine and discuss the reports submitted by the Managing Board and the Controlment Board of the Sectional Corps.b.to fix plans for the Sectional Corps Activities.

a.to examine and discuss the reports submitted by the Managing Board and the Controlment Board of the Sectional Corps.

b.to fix plans for the Sectional Corps Activities.

19. The Meeting of Members of the Divisional Troop is to take place every three months. At the discretion of its Managing Board, it may be postponed, or a temporary meeting be called.

20. The duties of the Meeting of Members of the Divisional Troop are:

a.to examine the reports submitted by the Leader of the Divisional Troop.b.to fix the plans for the Divisional Troop activities.

a.to examine the reports submitted by the Leader of the Divisional Troop.

b.to fix the plans for the Divisional Troop activities.

21. Meetings for the Members of the Sectional Troop will be held every week, to be presided over by the Leaders of the Sectional Troop. Unless specially permitted, these meetings must not be postponed. During these meetings, reports concerning politics, the Troop activities, discussions, etc., will be read. New members are admitted through these meetings too, and plans for the Sectional Troop activities will be fixed.

22. The system of organization for the various Meetings of Members or Meetings of Representatives will be fixed later.

23. The Central Managing Board of the Central Corps Headquarters is formed by twenty-five to thirty-five managing directors, in addition to the nine to fifteen reserve members of the Managing Board.

24. The Central Managing Board has the following powers:

a.to execute the orders of the Corps Leader [Chiang K'ai-shek] and to execute the resolutions passed in the All-Corps Representative Assembly.b.to fix the plans for activities.c.to form various corps of lower rank, and to command or inspect their activities.d.to execute all resolutions submitted by the Central Controlment Board.e.to form a budget to regulate various financial questions of the Corps.

a.to execute the orders of the Corps Leader [Chiang K'ai-shek] and to execute the resolutions passed in the All-Corps Representative Assembly.

b.to fix the plans for activities.

c.to form various corps of lower rank, and to command or inspect their activities.

d.to execute all resolutions submitted by the Central Controlment Board.

e.to form a budget to regulate various financial questions of the Corps.

25. The Central Managing Board forms a Standing Managing Board consisting of nine Standing Managing Directors, appointed by the Corps Leader from among the twenty-five to thirty-five Managing Directors. This Standing Managing Board fulfills the duties of the Central Managing Board Meeting when the latter is not in session.

26. The Corps Leader appoints a Secretary-General to the Central Managing Board from among the Standing Managing Directors, to direct all the affairs of the Board.

27. The various sub-organs of the Central Managing Board will be formulated later, together with their system of organization.

28. There are a Manager and a Vice-Manager in theOffice of the Secretary-General. They are nominated by the Secretary and appointed by the Corps Leader.

29. In every Department of the Central Managing Board there is a Commissioner and one or two Deputy Commissioners. They are appointed by the Corps Leader upon the nomination of the Secretary-General.

30. The Central Corps Headquarters has a Central Controlment Board of twenty-five to thirty-five members and nine to fifteen reserve members.

31. The duties of the Central Controlment Board are:

a.to inspect the progress of the Corps activities.b.to raise and examine all statements concerning any member who does not fulfill his duties.c.to audit all incomes and expenditures of the Corps.d.to direct Controlment Boards of lower rank in their work of inspection.

a.to inspect the progress of the Corps activities.

b.to raise and examine all statements concerning any member who does not fulfill his duties.

c.to audit all incomes and expenditures of the Corps.

d.to direct Controlment Boards of lower rank in their work of inspection.

32. The Central Controlment Board forms a Standing Controlment Board consisting of five members of the Controlment Board, appointed by the Corps Leader. This Standing Controlment Board shall function when the Controlment Board is not in session.

33. The Central Controlment Board has also a Secretary-General, appointed by the Corps Leader from among the Standing Controlment Board members. He shall direct the affairs of the Central Controlment Board.

34. The Central Controlment Board has various sub-organs, of which the system of organization will be fixed later.

35. Both the Central Managing Board and the Central Controlment Board will hold meetings every three months, to be presided over by the Corps Leader. Under special circumstances there may be temporary meetings or combined meetings for the two Boards.

36. The Branch Corps has a Managing Board consisting of seven to eleven members, besides the three to five reserve members.

37. The duties of the Branch Corps Managing Board are:

a.to execute the orders from the Central Corps Headquarters and the resolutions passed in the Meeting of the Representatives of the Branch Corps.b.to fix the plans for the activities of the Branch Corps.c.to command and inspect the works of the lower organs.d.to execute all resolutions submitted by the Branch Corps Controlment Board.e.to form a budget regulating the financial state of the Branch Corps.

a.to execute the orders from the Central Corps Headquarters and the resolutions passed in the Meeting of the Representatives of the Branch Corps.

b.to fix the plans for the activities of the Branch Corps.

c.to command and inspect the works of the lower organs.

d.to execute all resolutions submitted by the Branch Corps Controlment Board.

e.to form a budget regulating the financial state of the Branch Corps.

38. The Managing Board has a Secretary, appointed by the Corps Leader, from among the members of the Managing Board. He is to direct all affairs of the Managing Board.

39. The Managing Board has various sub-organs, the system of organization of which will be fixed later.

40. The Branch Corps has a Controlment Board consisting of three to five members with three reserve members.

41. The Controlment Board has a Secretary, appointed by the Corps Leader from among the Controlment Board members, to discharge all affairs of the Board.

42. The system of organization of the various sub-organs of the Controlment Board will be fixed later.

43. The duties of the Controlment Board are:

a.to inspect the progress of the activities done by the lower organs.b.to raise and examine statements concerning any member who rebels against the discipline of the Corps.c.to audit the budget and all financial statements of the Branch Corps.d.to direct the Controlment Boards of lower rank in their work of inspection.

a.to inspect the progress of the activities done by the lower organs.

b.to raise and examine statements concerning any member who rebels against the discipline of the Corps.

c.to audit the budget and all financial statements of the Branch Corps.

d.to direct the Controlment Boards of lower rank in their work of inspection.

44. The Managing Board of the Branch Corps should hold meetings every half-month. The Controlment Board should meet once every month. The meetings are to be presided over by the Secretaries. Under special circumstances, temporary sessions or combined meetings may be held.

45. The Branch Corps has also one to five Directors, appointed by the Corps Leader, to direct the affairs of the Branch Corps.

46. The Divisional Corps has three to five Managing Directors, who have power to command, direct, inspect, and examine the work done by the Divisional Corps, in accordance to the will of the higher Corps Headquarters.

47. There is a Secretary of the Divisional Corps, appointed by the Corps Leader from among the Managing Directors, whose duty it is to discharge all the affairs of the Divisional Corps.

48. The Managing Directors should perform their duties in various localities at various periods.

49. Whenever necessary, the Secretary of the Divisional Corps can call a Managing Directors' meeting.

50. A Divisional Corps will be formed when there are more than five Sectional Corps under it. But this may not take place if the Managing Board of the Branch Corps sees no necessity for such action.

51. The Sectional Corps has a Managing Board formed by three to five members and one to three reserve members, elected in the General Meeting of the Members of the Sectional Corps or in the Meeting of the Representatives of the Sectional Corps.

52. The duties of the Managing Board are:

a.to execute the orders of the higher Corps Headquarters and the resolutions passed in the Meeting of the Members of the Sectional Corps or the Meeting of the Representatives of the Sectional Corps.b.to fix the plans for activities.c.to direct and watch the activities of the lower organs.d.to form a budget and other financial statements.e.to execute the resolutions passed in the Meeting of the Controlment Board.f.to examine the work done by the Divisional Troops and Sectional Troops.

a.to execute the orders of the higher Corps Headquarters and the resolutions passed in the Meeting of the Members of the Sectional Corps or the Meeting of the Representatives of the Sectional Corps.

b.to fix the plans for activities.

c.to direct and watch the activities of the lower organs.

d.to form a budget and other financial statements.

e.to execute the resolutions passed in the Meeting of the Controlment Board.

f.to examine the work done by the Divisional Troops and Sectional Troops.

53. The Managing Board has a Secretary, appointed by the Corps Leader from among the members of the Managing Board, to discharge all the affairs of the Managing Board.

54. The system of organization of the various sub-organs of the Managing Board will be formulated later.

55. The Sectional Corps has a Controlment Board formed by three members and one reserve member. Under special circumstances, there is sometimes only one Controller without any Controlment Board.

56. The Controlment Board has one Secretary, appointed by the Corps Leader from among the members of the Controlment Board, who is to discharge all affairs of the Board.

57. The duties of the Controlment Board are:

a.to inspect the works done by the Sectional Corps, and by the Divisional and Sectional Troops under the Sectional Corps.b.to raise and examine statements concerning members who rebel against the Corps discipline.c.to audit financial statements of the Sectional Corps and those of the Divisional and Sectional Troops under it.

a.to inspect the works done by the Sectional Corps, and by the Divisional and Sectional Troops under the Sectional Corps.

b.to raise and examine statements concerning members who rebel against the Corps discipline.

c.to audit financial statements of the Sectional Corps and those of the Divisional and Sectional Troops under it.

58. The Managing Board and the Controlment Board of the Sectional Corps will hold separate meetings once every half-month. The respective Secretaries shall preside. Under special conditions they can call for temporary sessions.

59. The Divisional Troop has a Leader and an Assistant Leader, elected from among the Leaders and Assistant Leaders of the Sectional Troop and by themselves.

60. The Divisional Troop executes the orders of the superior organs and the resolutions passed in the All-Corps Representative Assembly. The Divisional Troop also directs and examines the work of the members.

61. The Sectional Troop is the basic organization of the San Min Chu I Youth Corps. It is formed by eight to fifteen members, with a Leader and an Assistant Leader elected by the members themselves.

62. The chief duties of the Sectional Troop are:

a.to execute the orders of all superior organs and all resolutions passed in the Sectional Troop Meeting.b.to call for new members and to collect the fees.c.to train and examine every member.d.to read books, to propagate San Min Chu I and its policies, to distribute publicity literature.e.to participate in all social activities.f.to investigate political and social conditions.

a.to execute the orders of all superior organs and all resolutions passed in the Sectional Troop Meeting.

b.to call for new members and to collect the fees.

c.to train and examine every member.

d.to read books, to propagate San Min Chu I and its policies, to distribute publicity literature.

e.to participate in all social activities.

f.to investigate political and social conditions.

63. All extra-Corps organs holding more than three members may form special Groups, upon the sanction of the Sectional Troop. Their duty is to execute the principles of the Corps and to watch the work of the members. Whenever necessary, the chief of the Group may attend the Sectional Corps Meetings.

64. Unless already specified, the members of the Managing Boards of the various Corps and Troops are elected in the General Meeting or the Meeting of Representatives of the respective Corps and Troops. Before the General Meeting or the Meeting of Representatives, the members of the Managing Boards are appointed by the Corps Leader.

65. The duration of service of members of the Managing and Controlment Boards of the Central Corps Headquarters is two years. That of members of the corresponding Boards of the other Corps is one year. That of the Leaders and Assistant Leaders of the two Corps is six months. All of them can be re-elected.

66. All members should obey the following commandments:

a.All questions may be freely discussed. But no dispute is allowed, once the final resolution is passed.b.It is not allowed to rebel against the principles of the New Life Movement.c.It is prohibited to reveal the secrets of the Corps.d.It is prohibited for members to join other organizations.e.It is prohibited to criticize unfavorably the Kuomintang and the Corps, or to plot against other members.f.It is prohibited to express one's ideas too freely upon current events, especially those that are against the resolved plans or policies of the Kuomintang or the Corps.g.. It is prohibited to form other organizations within the Corps.

a.All questions may be freely discussed. But no dispute is allowed, once the final resolution is passed.

b.It is not allowed to rebel against the principles of the New Life Movement.

c.It is prohibited to reveal the secrets of the Corps.

d.It is prohibited for members to join other organizations.

e.It is prohibited to criticize unfavorably the Kuomintang and the Corps, or to plot against other members.

f.It is prohibited to express one's ideas too freely upon current events, especially those that are against the resolved plans or policies of the Kuomintang or the Corps.

g.. It is prohibited to form other organizations within the Corps.

67. Those who are proved to act against the above rules will e punished in the following ways:

a.warningb.demeritc.cross-questioningd.expulsione.other appropriate punishments.

a.warning

b.demerit

c.cross-questioning

d.expulsion

e.other appropriate punishments.

68. Every member must pay a membership fee of ten cents on entering the Corps.

69. A monthly contribution of ten cents is required of every member. Under special circumstances other contributions may be called for.

70. This Constitution may be amended, with the approval of the Corps Leader, in the All-Corps Representative Assembly or in the Meeting of the Central Managing Board.

71. The Constitution is enforced upon the day of announcement, having been approved by the Corps Leader.

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