Mâcon, Second Council of (585), 180Magdeburg, archbishopric, 126, 197-8Maieul (Majolus), abbat of Cluny, 174Mainz, 195; S. Boniface, archbishop of, 137-8Malmesbury, abbey, 115, 171Manichaeans, 104, 178Mansi, G. D., Italian theologian (1692-1769); his Conciliareferred to, 15 n., 17 n., 21 n., 76Maraba, catholicos of Persia, 99Mark, S., evangelist, 64Maron, John, founder of the Maronites, 84Maronite Church, 23, 89Marozia, paramour of Pope Sergius III., mother of Pope JohnXI., 196Marriage of the clergy, 25, 91, 119-20; in the Greek Church,85; marriage of spiritual relations forbidden, 177Martel, Charles, Frankish mayor of the palace, 135, 137, 144, 146Martial, S., monastery at Limoges, 174Martin, S., monastery at Tours, 168, 173Martin I., pope, 88Martin, S., bishop of Braga, 74Martyrdom of S. Adalbert, 125, 129; S. Boniface, 139, 202;Pope John, 31; S. Theodosia, 158; S. Wenceslas, 128-9Mary, the Blessed Virgin, 18, 80; images of, 156-7Mass, the, 15 n.; Mass of the presanctified, 179; the RomanMass, fifth to eighth century, 180-2: sixth century, 188-90;"ite, missa est," 190Maurice, emperor, 22, 62, 66Maurice, S., 125Maximus, orthodox African abbat and controversialist, 89, 108Meccah, 101Media, 93Medinah, 101Melkites, orthodox, in Egypt, 84, 110Mellitus, bishop, 176Melrose, monastery, 116Mennas, patriarch of Constantinople, 15, 17Merovech, son of Chilperich I., 43Merovingians.SeeMerwingsMerv, Nestorian Church of, 98Merwings, Frankish royal house, 43-7, 138, 144, 147, 196, 199;encourage literature, 51; their sins, 52-4: their age calledgolden by Mabillon, 57; decay of their kingdoms, 135Mesopotamia, national Church of, 13Methodius, S., patriarch of Constantinople (843-7), 12, 156Methodius, S., archbishop ofMoravia, 123-4, 128-9Metz, capital of Austrasia, 135; bishop of, 144Michael III., "the Drunkard," emperor, 192-3Mieczyslaw, king of Poland, 125Milan, archbishop of, 39; church of, 183Mir (Theodemir), king of the Suevi in Spain, 74Missale Francorum, 183Missions, important in this period, 2, 3; Byzantine, 6, 84;supported by the emperors, 23; missions from Rome, 62, 117,183-90; Nestorian, 6, 96-8; Monophysite, 24, 111; missionaryzeal of the Irish Church, 116, 121-2; missions of theninth century, 123; to the Bulgarians, 124; to the Slavs,124-9; to Northmen, 129-32; to Frisians, 136, 139; missionschecked by the iconoclastic controversy, 156; mission ofS. Augustine, 183-90; missionary wars of Charles the Great,139-42, and of the Saxon emperors, 197; zeal of Otto III. andSilvester II. for missions, 201-2Monasticism, in the East, 25, 161-3; its debt to S. Benedict,37; to S. Columban, 53; Irish, 53, 114; monasticism in Gaul,54, 171; a defence against the secularisation of the FrankishChurch, 57; in Persia, 99; in Scotland, 119; missionary fruitsof, 130; close connection with learning, 167; Alcuin's attitudeto, 168; decay in ninth century, 172; revival at Cluny, 173-5;the Studium at Constantinople, 161-3; kings become monks, 77, 145Mongols, 100Monophysites, Monophysitism, 23, 83, 85, 110, 156, 159;Eastern attempts at compromise rejected by Rome, 7-8;Justinian studies the question, 10-11, and condemns it, 15;its condemnation necessary to the acceptance of a logicallytenable creed, 19; Monophysite missions, 24, 111; Monophysitismin Abyssinia, 112; Arabia, 101; Armenia, 95; India, 97; Persia,98-9; Syria, 101Monothelites, Monothelitism, 22-3, 84-9, 159; its condemnationnecessary, 19; favoured the progress of Islam, 102; weakenedAfrican Christianity, 108Montanists, heretical followers of the second-century fanaticMontanus, 178Monte Cassino, monastery, 35, 39, 61, 145Monza, Lombard relics at, 69Moors, heathen, of fifth century, 103; Muhammadan, in Spainand Gaul, 73, 146Moraliaof Gregory the Great, 63Moravia, 124, 127-9Mosaics at Constantinople and Ravenna, 26Mozarabic rite, Christian liturgy which survived the Moorishoccupation and is still in use in Spain, 189Mugurrah (Nubia), visited by missionaries, 111Muhammad (Mohammed), the prophet, 101Muhammad II., conqueror of Constantinople in 1453, 27Muhammadans, Muhammadanism, theocratic ideal of, 139-40;absorb the attention of the Eastern emperors, 143;contributes to the iconoclastic movement, 158; conquests, 84;conquest of Arabia, etc., 112; Merv, 98; Persia, 99; Syria,101; Egypt, 102; Africa, 5, 108-9; Soudan, 111; Spain,72-3, 77-8, 146; defeated in Gaul by Charles Martel, 146
Naples, 143Narses, general of Justinian, 32, 34, 61Nationalism, a complicating factor in theological controversy, 9;nationalism of the Spanish Church, 73; nationalism andheresy, 110Negus, title of the ruler of Abyssinia, 111Nerses III., Armenian "Catholicos," 84-5Nestorians, Nestorianism, 9, 23, 83; missions, 6, 96-8; inArmenia, 95; in Persia, 93-6, 98-9; Nestorianism andMuhammad, 101; Nestorian "Church of the East" 96Neustria, Western Frankish kingdom, 43, 135-6, 146Neutra (in modern Hungary), Christian Church at, 127Nevers, S. Columban at, 56Nicaea, First General Council (325), 89; Seventh General Council(787), 165Nicene Creed, 193Nicephorus I., emperor, 80Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinople, 160Nicetius, bishop of Trier, 47, 86Nicolas I., pope, 124, 191-6Nîmes, 75, 77, 146Nisibis, Nestorian school of theology at, 95-6Nobadae, a people of the Soudan, converted, 111Nona, bishop of, 125Normans, 150, 172, 196Northmen, ravages of, 169; pillage Hamburg, 130; converted,129-33.SeeDanesNorthumbria, 116-17; schools of, 116, 167.SeeDeiraNorway, conversion of, 121, 131-2Nubia, missionaries in, 111
Odilo, abbat of Cluny, 174Odo, S., abbat of Cluny, 163, 171-5Oecumenical Councils, canons collected, 194; the Eighthdisputed, 193-4.SeeGeneral CouncilsOecumenical patriarch, 65-6Olaf, king of Sweden (in 853), 130Olaf Trigvason, king of Norway (995-1000), 121, 132-3.Olaf, S., king of Norway (1017-29), 132Olaf, Norse king of Dublin, 132Olga, S., a "ruler of Russia," baptized, 126Omar, Khalif, 101Ommeyads, dynasty of Khalifs, descended from Omeyya, 156Orange, synod at (529), 72Ordination, anointing the hands at, 183Origen, his doctrines condemned, 16; Origenists, 15-16Oswald, king of Northumberland, 116Oswald, bishop of Worcester, 119Oswiu, king of Northumbria, 117Otto I., emperor, revives the Empire and reforms the papacy,197; ecclesiastical policy in Germany and Italy, 198-9;patron of Gerbert, 200; overlord of Poland, 125; Slavmissions, 126; intervenes in Bohemia, 129; and Denmark, 131Otto II., emperor, 199, 201Otto III., emperor, 125, 198-202Ouen, S., bishop of Rouen, 58
Paderborn, 152Palestine, Church in, 15-16, 100.SeeJerusalem, SyriaPallium, its significance, 67-8; sent to S. Boniface, 137;to S. Ansgar, 130Pannonia, 124Papacy and the popes: Papacy rises as the Empire decays, 4;wins political power, 5, 61, 149; acquires rights of jurisdiction,31; popes act as envoys of Arian Gothic kings, 15, 31;papal elections confirmed by the emperor or the exarch, 34, andcontrolled by the Saxon emperors, 199; papacy supportedby the Benedictines, 37, as afterwards by the Cluniacs, 173-5;degradation of the papacy in sixth century, 39; papalinfallibility not dreamt of in sixth century, 39-40, nor in theearly tenth, 197; growth of new ideals, popes begin to intervenein politics, 61; pope styled "oecumenical archbishop andpatriarch," 65; papal power increases in Africa, 107-8; papacypreserves the traditions of the Empire, 143; alliance of thepapacy with the Karlings, 147; growth of the temporal power,143, 149; beginning of the Papal States, 149; loss of theBulgarian Church, 134; papacy foments strife between the Slavsand Constantinople, 125; popes oppose iconoclastic emperors,157; pope crowns Charles the Great emperor, 152-3; NicolasI. claims to be the source of the Empire, 192; degeneracy of thepopes in ninth and tenth centuries, 172, 196-7, 199; papalmonarchy grows in theory at the time of its practical weakness,191; papacy supports its claims by the forged decretals, 194-6;papacy reformed by the Saxon emperors, 197, 199-202; list ofpopes, 205-8.SeeRomePaschasius Radbertus, abbat of Corbie (died about. 865), 170Passau, see of, 138Patriarchates, the five, 24; question of supremacy, 90; theirjurisdictions not considered unalterable, 91; patriarchal rightsover the Bulgarian Church, 124; Illyria lost to Rome, 157.SeeAlexandria, Antioch, Constantinople, Jerusalem, Rome"Patrician of the Romans," title conferred on Pippin the Short,148; borne by Charles the Great, 152Patrick, S., 57, 113-14, 183"Patrimony of S. Peter," 65, 148Paul the Deacon, 62 n., 65, 134, 167Paul, patriarch of Constantinople, 164Paul of Samosata, 80Paul the Silentiary, 25-6Paulicians, 80, 156Pelagius, founder of the Pelagian heresy in fifth century, 72Pelagius, I., pope, 16, 21, 34, 39-40, 107Pelagius II., pope, 62, 64-6Persecution of Catholics by Arians, 32, 74-5, 103-5; of Catholicsby Moslems, 78; in the iconoclastic controversy, 155, 158,165; of Jews, 77; of Nestorians by Muhammadans, 99Persia, 12, 22-3, 80, 83, 110; the Church in, 93-5, 98-9; kingsof, 93-5, 100, 102Peter, S., 117, 120;Confessioof, 152; patrimony of, 65, 148;Charles the Great's gift of lands to, 151; popes act in the nameof, 148-50Peter the Stammerer, bishop of Alexandria, 8Phantasiasts, 86Philae, temple of, 111Phocas the Cappadocian, emperor, 22Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, 124, 192-4Picts, heathens in Scotland, 114, 116Pippin the Short, Frankish king, 150; anointed by S. Boniface(751), 139, 147; by Pope Stephen II. (754), 148; relationswith the papacy, 144, 147-9; donation of, 149, 151, 194Poictiers, Battle of, 146Poland, conversion of, 125Pomerania, 125Poppo, bishop, missionary to the Danes, 131Posen, bishopric of, 125Pragmatic Sanction of Justinian for the government of Italy, 33-4Prague, see of (bishopric, 973; archbishopric, 1343), 125, 129Primasius, sixth-century theological writer in Africa, 106Privilegiato monasteries granted by Gregory the Great, 69;to the Cluniacs, 173-4Procession of the Holy Ghost, Double (i.e. from the Fatherand the Son), 76, 80-1, 193-4Proconsularis (i.e. Africa Proconsularis, the modern Tunisand Tripoli), 104Procopius, 11, 26, 91 n., 94, 100, 112Prussians, missions to, 125, 129Pseudo-Isidorian decretals, 195Pyrrhus, Monothelite heresiarch, 89, 108
Quicunque vult, 81-2Quierzy (on the Oise), donation of, 151Quini-sextan Council at Constantinople (in Trullo), 85, 89-92
Rabanus Maurus, 81Radegund, S., Frankish princess, 51; monastery of, 171Ratramnus of Corbie (died 868), 170Ravenna, 85, 147, 149, 151, 201; Odowakar's capital, captured byGoths, 29; recaptured by Belisarius, 30; mosaics at, 26;archbishopric, 68, 157Reccared, Wisigothic king in Spain, 73, 75-6, 80Recceswinth, Wisigothic king in Spain, 76Regensburg (Ratisbon), Bohemians baptized at, 128; seeof, 129, 138; Council of (792), 79Remigius, S., baptizes Chlodowech, 43Remismond, Suevic king in Spain, 73Reparatus, bishop of Carthage, 106Reunion of Eastern and Western Church (in 519), 10; sought byJustinian, 11; nominal, after the Photian Schism, 194Rheims, 195-6, 200-1Rimbert, S., archbishop of Bremen, 130-1Rome, Church and patriarchate of, 24, 65-6, 157; insists onobsolete claims, 14; its supremacy repudiated at Constantinople,85, 90; quarrel with Constantinople over theEcthesisandType, 98; authorises the missions of S. Augustine, 117,and S. Boniface, 136-9; attitude of S. Boniface to, 139;connection with Ireland, 113-15, 122; with the East, 123; withEngland, 117, 120-1; assumes the political rights of theexarchate, 148-9; Eucharist, 179; councils at (680), 88;(731), 157; (863), 192.SeeChurch (Western), PapacyRome, city of, its peculiar history, 143; dominated by the localnobles, 196Romulus Augustulus, 29Rügen, isle of, 127Rule of Bangor, 54-5; of Basil, reformed by Theodore theStudite, 163; of S. Benedict, 35, 58-9, 69, 119, 121, 171,173, 175; of Cluny, 174-5; of S. Columban, 55, 171Rupert, S., missionary in Bavaria, 135Russia, conversion of, 6, 126-7; modern Russian Church, 95
Sabas, S., 15Sabbas, archimandrite of the Studium, 162Sabellians, followers of the heretic Sabellius (third century), 178Sacramentaryof Pope Gelasius I. (492-6), 182-3; of Gregory theGreat, 182Sacraments, 176-181Saints, Celtic "age of saints," 53; Merwing, 51; images ofthe, 156-7Salzburg, archbishopric, 127, 135, 138Samaritans, 100Samarkand, Nestorian bishopric of, 98Sancho the Great, king of Navarre (970-1035), 78Sapor II., king of Persia, 93Saracens, 77, 158, 172; in Africa, 109; in Spain and Gaul, 146.SeeMuhammadans.Saxons, 135; forcible conversion by Charles the Great, 140-2,197; the Saxons in Britain, 113, 117-18, 176; "Old"Saxons of the Continent, 180Schism between East and West, formal beginning due toMonophysitism, 8; schism of 484-519, 68; schism of 649-81 causedby theEcthesisandType, 88; steps towards, 149; the Photian,192-4Schleswig, converted, 130Scholarship, 5, 38, 55.SeeLearningScholastica, S., sister of S. Benedict, 37Scilly Isles, 132Scotland, Church in, 114, 116-17, 119Scotus, Johannes.SeeJohn the ScotSebert, king of the East Saxons, 176Seleucia, see of, 93Semi-Pelagianism, 72, 81Septimania, 77, 146Serbia, Church of, 124Serbian Church, 23, 84Sergius I., pope, 91Sergius I., patriarch of Constantinople, 83, 87Sermons, 64-5, 120, 163, 185, 188Severus, Monophysite patriarch of Antioch, 10, 15, 86Severus, patriarch of Aquileia, 62Sigambrians, a Teutonic tribe, allied to the Franks, 43Sigebert (Sigibert), Frankish king of Austrasia, 43, 54, 75Silvester II., pope, 7, 125, 200-2Simplicius, pope, 8Siricius, pope, 195Slaves, slavery, 130; freed by Gregory the Great, 65; Jewsenslaved in Spain, 77Slavs, 44, 84; Charles the Great allied with heathen, 141;conversion of, 123-9; attacked by Otto I., 197Smbat, supposed author of the PaulicianKey of Truth, 80Soissons, 139, 195Sophia, S., the Church of the Divine Wisdom, at Constantinople,25-7; Church of, at Kiev, 127Sophronius, patriarch of Jerusalem, 87Soracte, monastery, 145Spain, 172, 196; Gregory the Great active in, 65; invaded bythe Franks, 74; Dagobert I. influential in, 44; Charles theGreat in, 140; conflict of Arianism and Catholicism in,48; Catholicism wins, 62-3, 73, 75; conquered by theMuhammadans, 77-8; Church has to contend with Islam, 72;Catholicism survives in the North, 78; Eucharist, 179; Spanishrite, 183; literature, 73Squillace, monastery, 38-9Stephen II. (or III.), pope, 148-9Stephen III. (or IV.), pope, 151Stephen, king of Hungary, 201Strathclyde, early British Church of, 113Studium, the, monastery at Constantinople, 161-3Stylites, 25Subiaco, S. Benedict at, 35Suevi (a Teutonic confederate people) in Gaul, 41.SeeMir,RemismondSweden, missions to, 129-30Syagrius, bishop of Autun, 49, 67 n.Symmachus, Senator, father-in-law of Boethius, executed, 32Syntagma, a collection of canons, compiled, 85, 178Syria, 100-1, 156; Syrian Church, Monophysite and Nestorian, 9;National Church, 13; monks disregard the Fifth GeneralCouncil, 20; Jacobites in, 23, 84; Adoptianism in, 79;Monophysitism, 110; Monothelitism, 89; Muhammadan invasion, 108
Tarasius, patriarch of Constantinople, 164Tartars, 96-7Tauresium, 91.SeeJustiniana PrimaTebessa (in modern Algeria), monastery, 106Thaddeus, Studite monk, 162Theandric energy, 87, 89Theodebert I., Frankish king, 47Theodelind, Lombard queen, 56, 69, 134-5Theoderic III., king of Neustria, 146Theodora, empress (842), wife of Theophilus, 165Theodora, paramour of Pope John X., mother of Marozia, 196Theodore of Mopsuestia, 16-18Theodore of the Studium (or the Studite), S., 124, 156, 160-4Theodore of Tarsus, 115, 117, 169Theodoret of Cyrrhus, 16-18Theodoric the Ostrogoth, king of Italy, 29; his tolerantecclesiastical policy, 30; executes Symmachus and Boethius, 32;aims at a united Italy, 60Theodoric II., Frankish king of Burgundy, son of Childebert II., 56Theodosia, S., 158Theodosius II., emperor, 67Theology, important in this period, 1; the predominant interestin the literature, 5; the theology of statesmen andmilitary men, 9, 87; theology at Constantinople, 8, 156;iconoclastic, 158-9; theology of S. John Damascene, 159-60Theophanes, Greek chronicler (758-817), 111Theophilus, emperor, 165Thessalonica, 67-8, 123Theudberga, wife of Chlothochar, king of Lotharingia, 191Theudis, Wisigothic king in Spain, 74Thomas of Edessa, 99Thormod, missionary priest in Iceland, 132Thorwald Kothransson, Icelander, 132Thrace, Paulicianism in, 80"Three Chapters," controversy of the, 16-20, 22, 62-3, 72, 99, 106-7Thuringia(ns), 135-8Tiberius II., emperor, 22Tithes, 140Toledo, cathedral of, 76; councils, 72; Third Synod (of 589), 76,80; Fourth (of 633), 81; Sixteenth (of 695), 77Tomeof S. Leo, 63Tomi, monks of, 14Tonnenna, Victor of, 106-7Totila, Gothic king, 37Tours, 168; battle of,seePoictiers.See alsoGregory of ToursTransubstantiation, 171Trier (Trèves), archbishop of, 192Trullian Council (691) at Constantinople, 85, 89-92Tunis, survival of the Church of, 110Type, issued by Constans II., 88Tzani, Asiatic people, converted, 94
Unity, the central idea of the period, 2, 154, 203; need ofunity in the Church, 70"Universal bishop," title declined by Gregory the Great, 66;Cluniac ideal, 175Urban II., pope (1088-99), 174
Vandals, 197; in Gaul, 41; in Africa, 103-5Venantius Fortunatus, bishop of Poictiers, 51, 75Veni Creator Spiritus, 81Venice, 143, 151, 157Victor, bishop of Carthage, 108Victor of Tonnenna (Victor Tununensis), 106-7Victor Vitensis, 104-5Vienne, 186Vigilists, 15.SeeAkoimetai.Vigilius, pope, 17, 20, 39-40, 106Vivarium, monastery of, 38Vladimir, S., of Russia, 126-7
Wales, Church of, 113, 118, 122; West Wales (i.e. Cornwall), 113Wallachian Church, 23Wamba, Wisigothic king in Spain, 76Wandrille, S., 57Wenceslas of Bohemia, S., 128-9Wends, missions to the, 126Whitby, Synod of (664), 116Wilfrith (Wilfrid) of Ripon, S., 88, 117-18, 121, 169Willehad, archbishop of Bremen, 142William of Aquitaine, founder of the abbey of Cluny, 173Willibald, biographer of S. Boniface, 138Willibrord, S., Northumbrian missionary in Frisia, 136Winfrith of Crediton (S. Boniface), 121, 136-40, 142Wisigoths in Spain, 73-8; corruption of society, 73-4; acceptCatholicism, 5, 62-3, 73, 75; their monarchy falls before theMoors, 146Würzburg, 138, 147
York, school of, 116, 167
Zacharias, pope, 147Zacharias, patriarch of Jerusalem, 101Zeno, emperor, 7