A. D.BritainSpainFranks and GermansItaly and ChurchEastern EmpireSaracen EmpirePersiaChina, Japan, IndiaA. D.617-685. The Northumbrian Supremacy: Northumbria, Mercia, and Wessex.617.Edwin embraces Christianity and becomes powerful. Began a basilica at York.The power of the mayors of the palaces increases by their being appointed regents over the countries conquered by Clotaire.618-907.China: Dynasty of Tang.622-625. Successful expeditions of Heraclius against the Persians.622. The Hegira, or Flight, ofMOHAMMED. He enters Medina, and is acknowledged as prophet and military sovereign.622. Invasion of Heraclius.623. The Greeks expelled from Spain.623-632. Conquers all Arabia.625625-638. Honorius I. Much money spent in building churches.627.Victory of Nineveh.625628-633. Dagobert I., King of all the Frankish realms.Africaand Asia, with the churches of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch, lost to the Christian world by the progress of Mohammedanism.628. Peace with Persia.628. Conquest of Madain; Chosroes flees; revolution; he is deposed and murdered byhis son.632-1492. SARACEN OR MOHAMMEDAN WARS.Peace with Constantinople.632-634. Abu Bekr, Mohammed’s father-in-law, succeeds as Caliph, and reigns from the Euphrates and Tigris to the Mediterranean.632-651. Yezdejird, the last king.633-655. Feuds among the Saxon Kings.633. Death of Dagobert I., and long minority rule of his sons.633. The Greeks defeated in Syria by the Arabs, under Khaled, who captures Damascus.The Arabs attack Persia and under Othman, completely subdue it.634-644. Omar. Egypt and part of Syria subdued.638.Council of Toledo; decree against the Jews.636-687. Continued decline and final decay of the Merovingians.636-652. Rotharis.Legislationof Rotharis and gradual formation of the Italian language.Invasionof the Slavs, who are repulsed.637.Captures Jerusalem. The Christians allowed the exercise of their religion—paying tribute. Omar founds a mosque at Jerusalem, which Moslems consider nearly as sacred as Mecca.637.Ctesiphon taken and sacked by the Arabs.640. The Slavs found the kingdom of Servia and Croatia.640. Alexandria captured by Amru, and its library burned.641-668. Constans II.644-655. Othman builds a fleet.645.Japan: Rise of the famous Fuji Wasa family, influential for 400 years.647. Amru captures Mauritania and nearly all northern Africa.649.Pope Martin I.648. Cyprus captured, and650656-675.Mercia, shakes off the yoke of Northumbria.653.Rhodes—complete destruction of the celebrated colossus.652.Persia passes under the Saracens.650662.Grimoald, Duke of Benevento, comes to aid Gondebert, but kills him and seizes the crown.661-680. Moawiah makes Damascus his capital, forms a navy; invades Sicily; besieges Constantinople.Northumbria declines, but Wessex and Mercia increase in power.664. Roman Christianity triumphs in England at the Council at Whitby.668-685.Constantine IV. (Pogonatus.)668-675.First siege of Constantinople by the Arabs—the Greek fire saves the city.675680-681.The sixth general council at Constantinople condemns the Monothelites.680.Kingdom of the Bulgarians founded between the Danube and the Balkan, lasts till 1018, when it is again a Greek province.675687-714.Pipin, Mayor of the Palace.685. Justinian II. breaks the truce with the Saracens, is defeated, and compelled to relinquish Armenia.The Alemani, Bavarians, Frisons, Thuringians and Saxons, while France is occupied with the dissensions of the mayors of the palace, shake off the Frankish yoke.697.Venice begins to have its Doges.696. Armenia subdued, and697-725.The provinces between the Black and Caspian Sea.698.Carthage razed, and the north coast of Africa completely subjugated.700711.Tarik lands at Gibraltar, gains a decisive victory at Xeres, 712, in which Rhoderic, the last of the Goths is killed.End of Gothic Monarchy of Spain.710.Emperor Justinian II. confirms the Roman See in its privileges.711.Battle of Xeres destroyed the kingdom of the Visigoths in Spain.700712. Constantine opposes the emperor Philippicus Bardanes in the question of the Monothelite heresy.712-744.Luitbrand, a great and virtuous prince. Luitbrand takes advantage of the civil broils in Italy, captures Ravenna and several cities from the pope.712. India: Abab conquest begins.713-714. Tarik and Musa complete the conquest of Spain. The Christians maintain themselves in the Asturias and Navarre.715. Death of Pipin, succeeded after a long struggle by his son.715. PopeGregory II.engages in controversy with the Emperor Leo the Isaurian over image-worship.715-741.Charles Martel.Complete master of the French monarchy.718-741.Leo III., the Isaurian.720-729. The Arabs invade France, but are several times defeated and driven back by Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine.722.Boniface consecrated bishop of Germany.720. India: Parsees settle at Bombay.725730.Gregory excommunicates the emperor.726.Edict forbidding image worship.725732.Charles Martel gains the decisive victory ofTourswhich saves the liberties and religion of Europe.731. PopeGregory III.732.Saracens defeated by Charles Martel at Tours.739. Alfonso founds the kingdom of Leon which maintains its independence till 1230.Carlovingian Dynasty749-756.Aistulf.750751.With Pipin the Short (741-768), Charles Martel’s son, the Carolingians became kings of the Franks.752.He defeats the Greek exarchs, and demands a tribute from Rome.750. Savage civil wars among Saracens.Caliphate of Bagdad under the Abbasides(750-1258).750End of the Greek Exarchate755-794.Offa, King of Mercia, overthrows the armies of Sussex, Kent, Wessex and founds the Abbey of Bath and of St. Albans.755-1031.Caliphate at Cordova.754-756. Pipin makes two expeditions into Italy and bestows the exarchate upon the pope, thus laying the foundation of the temporal power of the Papacy.755.Saracen Empire divided. Abderrahman, escaped to Spain, and founded there the755-787. Abderrahman having escaped from Bagdad, wrests Spain from the caliphate of the Abbassides—establishes a military government.756.Commencement of the pope’s temporal power under the auspices of Pipin, who bestows on Stephen the exarchate of Ravenna. Didier, the last king, quarrels with Pope Adrian, 772, at whose request Charlemagne crosses the Great St. Bernard from Geneva, takes Pavia, dethrones Didier, and thus, 774,ends the Kingdom of the Lombardswhich had lasted 206 years.756.The exarchate of Ravenna lost.756.Caliphate of Cordova.762. Bagdad becomes the seat of Caliphs the center of commerce, and rises to great opulence and splendor.763-80.China: Incessant Tartar invasion.768-814. CHARLEMAGNE, and Carloman, the former one of the greatest monarchs, becomes sole ruler upon the death of Carloman, 771.768. PopeStephen III.772. PopeHadrian I., whom Charlemagne confirms in possession of Pipin’s donation.775789.First landing of Northmen in Britain.787.The seventh general council at Nice, in which the doctrine of the Iconoclasts was condemned.787.Irene restores the worship of images.786.Haroun-al-Raschid, Caliph at Bagdad. The Empire broke into a number of separate States at his death.Arabart flourishing, and Arab civilization at its zenith.775791-842. Alphonso II., the Chaste, defeats and expels the Arabs, who invade his dominions, and from this time may be dated the realindependence of the Christians.795.PopeLeo III.Image-worship condemned by Synod of Frankfort.797-802.Irene reigns alone, after killing her own son.794.Japan: Kioto becomes the capital.800800. Charlemagne or Charles the Great crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III. The Holy Roman Empire founded. It included all France, Germany, Spain to the Ebro, Italy to Benevento, several isles of the Mediterranean, and the greater portion of Pannonia.801.Negotiations with Charlemagne respecting a marriage with him and a union of the two empires.800-855. India: Rise of the Rajput states.800802. Egbert, King of Wessex.802. Irene is deposed by Nicephorus, and banished to Lesbos—died 803.802-811. Nicephorus.803-806. The Saracens defeat the Greeks, ravage Asia Minor, capture Cyprus, and compel Nicephorus to pay a tribute.806.Charlemagne divides the empire between his three sons, two of whom die, 810, 811.808.Descent of the Normans or Northmen upon France.Many bishoprics founded—Great increase of monastic institutions.811.Nicephorus is defeated and killed by Crunnus, King of the Bulgarians.813. National assembly at Aix. Louis co-ruler. Charlemagne dies there 814.813-820. Leo, the Armenian.813-833. Mamun. The reign of this prince may be regarded as the Augustan period of Arabian literature.814-840. Louis, the Pious, crowned emperor at Rheims, 816, by Pope Stephen IV.817. Louis divides the empire between his three sons, and, 823, a fourth, Lothaire, is associated in the empire.Immediately after the reigns of Haroun-al-Raschid and Mamun the power of the caliphs began to decline.820. Second invasion of the Normans.820-829. Michael II., the Stammerer.823. Crete lost to the Arabs, and Sicily to the African Aglabites.825827.Egbert becomes king of all England.830.Rebellion of Louis’s three sons, and succession of quarrels between them till Louis’s death—Field of lies at Alsace, 833—Louis is deposed, but soon restored.829-842.Theophilus.827.Saracens landed in Sicily and gradually conquered it.825833.El Motassem, Caliph.Struggle with Byzantine Empire continued throughout the century. Mohammedan rule firmly established in Egypt.837. Ethelwolf succeeds to the throne.841.Battle of Frontenai between Lothaire, Charles and Louis; Louis is defeated.837. Wars with the Saracens.840.Arabs sailed up the Tiber to Rome. Sacked St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s.840.Bhoga master of the country from Gwalior to the Himalayas.842. Ramiro I., King of Orildo.843.Partition of the Carlovingian Empire at Verdun,when properly begins the history of France, Germany and Italy as separate states.842. Empress Theodora restores image worship.Though the political power of the Bagdad Caliphate continued to decline, during the whole of the ninth century the eastern capital continued to be the chief center of learning, literature and culture in striking contrast with the west.Great Stone Temple at Ellora about this period.The Treaty of Verdun was originally merely a family contract, made without regard to national differences. In Louis’ kingdom, however, the German element was in the majority; in that of Charles the Romance element prevailed. Thus there developed, in the course of the following centuries, from the East Frankish element the German, from the West Frankish the French nationality. The East Franks called their language, in contrast to the Latin used by the educated clergy, the deutsche, i. e. the language of the people, and gradually those who spoke Deutsche came to be called Deutsche, or German.FranceGermanyItaly843-987. Carolingian Kings of France.843-911. Carolingians in Germany.843-875. Carolingians in Italy.844.Irruption of the sea kings.843-877. Charles the Bald obtains France; boundaries: the Meuse, Saone, Rhone, Scheldt and Ebro.843-876. Louis the German obtains Germany to the Rhine, with Mayence, Spires and Worms.843-855. Lothaire, Emperor, obtains Italy and Lotharingia, or Lorraine.The empire, hard pressed by Arabs, Bulgarians, and Magyars. The Emperors Nicephorus Phocas and John Zimisces, whom Theophano, widow of Romanus II. (died 962), placed on the throne, partially reconquered the provinces which the Arabs and Bulgarians had torn from the empire.The power of the monarchs declines, and the nobles become independent. The empire by the almost universal system of division and subdivision, is broken up into an immense number of feudal states.
A. D.BritainEastern EmpireSaracen EmpirePersiaChina, Japan, India617-685. The Northumbrian Supremacy: Northumbria, Mercia, and Wessex.617.Edwin embraces Christianity and becomes powerful. Began a basilica at York.618-907.China: Dynasty of Tang.622-625. Successful expeditions of Heraclius against the Persians.622. The Hegira, or Flight, ofMOHAMMED. He enters Medina, and is acknowledged as prophet and military sovereign.622. Invasion of Heraclius.623-632. Conquers all Arabia.625627.Victory of Nineveh.628. Peace with Persia.628. Conquest of Madain; Chosroes flees; revolution; he is deposed and murdered byhis son.632-1492. SARACEN OR MOHAMMEDAN WARS.Peace with Constantinople.632-634. Abu Bekr, Mohammed’s father-in-law, succeeds as Caliph, and reigns from the Euphrates and Tigris to the Mediterranean.632-651. Yezdejird, the last king.633-655. Feuds among the Saxon Kings.633. The Greeks defeated in Syria by the Arabs, under Khaled, who captures Damascus.The Arabs attack Persia and under Othman, completely subdue it.634-644. Omar. Egypt and part of Syria subdued.637. Captures Jerusalem. The Christians allowed the exercise of their religion—paying tribute. Omar founds a mosque at Jerusalem, which Moslems consider nearly as sacred as Mecca.637. Ctesiphon taken and sacked by the Arabs.640. The Slavs found the kingdom of Servia and Croatia.640. Alexandria captured by Amru, and its library burned.641-668. Constans II.644-655. Othman builds a fleet.645.Japan: Rise of the famous Fuji Wasa family, influential for 400 years.647. Amru captures Mauritania and nearly all northern Africa.648. Cyprus captured, and650656-675.Mercia, shakes off the yoke of Northumbria.653.Rhodes—complete destruction of the celebrated colossus.652.Persia passes under the Saracens.661-680. Moawiah makes Damascus his capital, forms a navy; invades Sicily; besieges Constantinople.Northumbria declines, but Wessex and Mercia increase in power.668-685.Constantine IV. (Pogonatus.)668-675.First siege of Constantinople by the Arabs—the Greek fire saves the city.675680.Kingdom of the Bulgarians founded between the Danube and the Balkan, lasts till 1018, when it is again a Greek province.685. Justinian II. breaks the truce with the Saracens, is defeated, and compelled to relinquish Armenia.696. Armenia subdued, and697-725.The provinces between the Black and Caspian Sea.698.Carthage razed, and the north coast of Africa completely subjugated.700711.Battle of Xeres destroyed the kingdom of the Visigoths in Spain.712. India: Abab conquest begins.718-741. Leo III., the Isaurian.720. India: Parsees settle at Bombay.725726.Edict forbidding image worship.732. Saracens defeated by Charles Martel at Tours.750750. Savage civil wars among Saracens.Caliphate of Bagdad under the Abbasides(750-1258).755-794. Offa, King of Mercia, overthrows the armies of Sussex, Kent, Wessex and founds the Abbey of Bath and of St. Albans.755. Saracen Empire divided. Abderrahman, escaped to Spain, and founded there the756. The exarchate of Ravenna lost.756. Caliphate of Cordova.762. Bagdad becomes the seat of Caliphs the center of commerce, and rises to great opulence and splendor.763-80.China: Incessant Tartar invasion.775789.First landing of Northmen in Britain.787.Irene restores the worship of images.786.Haroun-al-Raschid, Caliph at Bagdad. The Empire broke into a number of separate States at his death.Arabart flourishing, and Arab civilization at its zenith.797-802.Irene reigns alone, after killing her own son.794. Japan: Kioto becomes the capital.800801.Negotiations with Charlemagne respecting a marriage with him and a union of the two empires.800-855. India: Rise of the Rajput states.802. Egbert, King of Wessex.802. Irene is deposed by Nicephorus, and banished to Lesbos—died 803.802-811. Nicephorus.803-806. The Saracens defeat the Greeks, ravage Asia Minor, capture Cyprus, and compel Nicephorus to pay a tribute.811. Nicephorus is defeated and killed by Crunnus, King of the Bulgarians.813-820. Leo, the Armenian.813-833. Mamun. The reign of this prince may be regarded as the Augustan period of Arabian literature.Immediately after the reigns of Haroun-al-Raschid and Mamun the power of the caliphs began to decline.820-829. Michael II., the Stammerer.823. Crete lost to the Arabs, and Sicily to the African Aglabites.825827.Egbert becomes king of all England.827.Saracens landed in Sicily and gradually conquered it.833. El Motassem, Caliph.Struggle with Byzantine Empire continued throughout the century. Mohammedan rule firmly established in Egypt.837. Ethelwolf succeeds to the throne.837. Wars with the Saracens.840.Arabs sailed up the Tiber to Rome. Sacked St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s.840.Bhoga master of the country from Gwalior to the Himalayas.842. Empress Theodora restores image worship.Though the political power of the Bagdad Caliphate continued to decline, during the whole of the ninth century the eastern capital continued to be the chief center of learning, literature and culture in striking contrast with the west.Great Stone Temple at Ellora about this period.The empire, hard pressed by Arabs, Bulgarians, and Magyars. The Emperors Nicephorus Phocas and John Zimisces, whom Theophano, widow of Romanus II. (died 962), placed on the throne, partially reconquered the provinces which the Arabs and Bulgarians had torn from the empire.A. D.SpainFranks and GermansItaly and ChurchThe power of the mayors of the palaces increases by their being appointed regents over the countries conquered by Clotaire.623. The Greeks expelled from Spain.625625-638. Honorius I. Much money spent in building churches.628-633. Dagobert I., King of all the Frankish realms.Africaand Asia, with the churches of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch, lost to the Christian world by the progress of Mohammedanism.633. Death of Dagobert I., and long minority rule of his sons.638.Council of Toledo; decree against the Jews.636-687. Continued decline and final decay of the Merovingians.636-652. Rotharis.Legislationof Rotharis and gradual formation of the Italian language.Invasionof the Slavs, who are repulsed.649.Pope Martin I.650662. Grimoald, Duke of Benevento, comes to aid Gondebert, but kills him and seizes the crown.664. Roman Christianity triumphs in England at the Council at Whitby.675680-681.The sixth general council at Constantinople condemns the Monothelites.687-714. Pipin, Mayor of the Palace.The Alemani, Bavarians, Frisons, Thuringians and Saxons, while France is occupied with the dissensions of the mayors of the palace, shake off the Frankish yoke.697.Venice begins to have its Doges.700711.Tarik lands at Gibraltar, gains a decisive victory at Xeres, 712, in which Rhoderic, the last of the Goths is killed.End of Gothic Monarchy of Spain.710.Emperor Justinian II. confirms the Roman See in its privileges.712. Constantine opposes the emperor Philippicus Bardanes in the question of the Monothelite heresy.712-744.Luitbrand, a great and virtuous prince. Luitbrand takes advantage of the civil broils in Italy, captures Ravenna and several cities from the pope.713-714. Tarik and Musa complete the conquest of Spain. The Christians maintain themselves in the Asturias and Navarre.715. Death of Pipin, succeeded after a long struggle by his son.715. PopeGregory II.engages in controversy with the Emperor Leo the Isaurian over image-worship.715-741.Charles Martel.Complete master of the French monarchy.720-729. The Arabs invade France, but are several times defeated and driven back by Eudes, Duke of Aquitaine.722.Boniface consecrated bishop of Germany.725730.Gregory excommunicates the emperor.732.Charles Martel gains the decisive victory ofTourswhich saves the liberties and religion of Europe.731. PopeGregory III.739. Alfonso founds the kingdom of Leon which maintains its independence till 1230.Carlovingian Dynasty749-756.Aistulf.750751.With Pipin the Short (741-768), Charles Martel’s son, the Carolingians became kings of the Franks.752.He defeats the Greek exarchs, and demands a tribute from Rome.End of the Greek Exarchate755-1031.Caliphate at Cordova.754-756. Pipin makes two expeditions into Italy and bestows the exarchate upon the pope, thus laying the foundation of the temporal power of the Papacy.755-787. Abderrahman having escaped from Bagdad, wrests Spain from the caliphate of the Abbassides—establishes a military government.756.Commencement of the pope’s temporal power under the auspices of Pipin, who bestows on Stephen the exarchate of Ravenna. Didier, the last king, quarrels with Pope Adrian, 772, at whose request Charlemagne crosses the Great St. Bernard from Geneva, takes Pavia, dethrones Didier, and thus, 774,ends the Kingdom of the Lombardswhich had lasted 206 years.768-814. CHARLEMAGNE, and Carloman, the former one of the greatest monarchs, becomes sole ruler upon the death of Carloman, 771.768. PopeStephen III.772. PopeHadrian I., whom Charlemagne confirms in possession of Pipin’s donation.775787.The seventh general council at Nice, in which the doctrine of the Iconoclasts was condemned.791-842. Alphonso II., the Chaste, defeats and expels the Arabs, who invade his dominions, and from this time may be dated the realindependence of the Christians.795.PopeLeo III.Image-worship condemned by Synod of Frankfort.800800. Charlemagne or Charles the Great crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III. The Holy Roman Empire founded. It included all France, Germany, Spain to the Ebro, Italy to Benevento, several isles of the Mediterranean, and the greater portion of Pannonia.806. Charlemagne divides the empire between his three sons, two of whom die, 810, 811.808.Descent of the Normans or Northmen upon France.Many bishoprics founded—Great increase of monastic institutions.813. National assembly at Aix. Louis co-ruler. Charlemagne dies there 814.814-840. Louis, the Pious, crowned emperor at Rheims, 816, by Pope Stephen IV.817. Louis divides the empire between his three sons, and, 823, a fourth, Lothaire, is associated in the empire.820. Second invasion of the Normans.825830.Rebellion of Louis’s three sons, and succession of quarrels between them till Louis’s death—Field of lies at Alsace, 833—Louis is deposed, but soon restored.841. Battle of Frontenai between Lothaire, Charles and Louis; Louis is defeated.842. Ramiro I., King of Orildo.843.Partition of the Carlovingian Empire at Verdun,when properly begins the history of France, Germany and Italy as separate states.The Treaty of Verdun was originally merely a family contract, made without regard to national differences. In Louis’ kingdom, however, the German element was in the majority; in that of Charles the Romance element prevailed. Thus there developed, in the course of the following centuries, from the East Frankish element the German, from the West Frankish the French nationality. The East Franks called their language, in contrast to the Latin used by the educated clergy, the deutsche, i. e. the language of the people, and gradually those who spoke Deutsche came to be called Deutsche, or German.FranceGermanyItaly843-987. Carolingian Kings of France.843-911. Carolingians in Germany.843-875. Carolingians in Italy.844.Irruption of the sea kings.843-877. Charles the Bald obtains France; boundaries: the Meuse, Saone, Rhone Scheldt and Ebro.843-876. Louis the German obtains Germany to the Rhine, with Mayence, Spires and Worms.843-855. Lothaire, Emperor, obtains Italy and Lotharingia, or Lorraine.The power of the monarchs declines, and the nobles become independent. The empire by the almost universal system of division and subdivision, is broken up into an immense number of feudal states.
NOTE: The comparative outline of the History of Nations is continued byTable IX.
EGYPT’S STORY SCULPTURED IN ETERNAL ROCKS