A. D.United StatesGreat BritainSpain and PortugalFranceItaly and Church1787. Warren Hastings impeached.1788.Charles IV., King.1787. First assembly of Notables. Lafayette commander of the national guards.1789. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President.1789-1799. FRENCH REVOLUTION.1792. War with Germany. France declared a republic. Battle ofValmy.1793. Washington re-elected. Neutrality in regard to France.1793.First Coalition against France: Directed by England,which forms alliances with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prussia, Austria, Portugal and Tuscany; all Europe except Sweden, Denmark and Turkey.1793. King and Queen beheaded. Reign of Terror.HAMILTON1757-1804.1795.The Directorate.1795.NAPOLEON BONAPARTE commands the army.1797.John Adams, second president.1797.NELSON destroys French fleet near Alexandria.1796. Alliance with France; war against England.1796. War in Italy.1797.Napoleon in Austria.1798.Second Coalition against France:Alliances of England with Russia, Naples, Sicily, Turkey and Austria—Prussia, Holland and Belgium, neutral.1798. Expedition to Egypt.1798. Roman republic proclaimed by the French.1799. Swiss campaign.18001800. Union of England.1800. Battle of Marengo.1801. THOMAS JEFFERSON, third president.SIR WALTER SCOTT(1771-1832).Madame de Staël(1766-1817).1802-1815.NAPOLEONIC WARS.1802.Napoleon, President of the Italian Republic.1803. Purchase of Louisiana.1803. Successful war in India.1803. Purchases neutrality with the French by a subsidiary treaty; declares war against England, 1804.JOHN MARSHALL1755-1835.1804-1814.First French Empire.Napoleon I., Emperor of the French.BICHAT(1771-1802).1804.Code Napoleon published.1805.Third Coalition against France:formed by England; alliances with Sweden, Russia and Austria—Prussia unfortunately neutral.1805. Napoleon defeated at Trafalgar.1805.Battle of Trafalgar.1805. May 26, Bonaparte crowned King of Italy, at Milan. Naval defeat at Trafalgar. Austrian campaign; battle of Austerlitz. Peace of Presburg.1805. Napoleon crowned King of Italy.WORDSWORTH(1770-1850).CUVIER(1769-1832).1806.Fourth Coalition against France:England, Russia, Prussia, Saxony and Sweden.1806. British Orders in Council and Napoleon’s decrees seriously impair American commerce.1807.Bill for the abolition of the slave trade, passed.1807.Invasion of Portugal.1806.Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine.Victories of Auerstädt and Jena over the Prussians. Berlin decree against British commerce.1808. Madrid taken by the French. Joseph Bonaparte, King.1808. Rome annexed by Napoleon to the kingdom of Italy.1809. James Madison, fourth president.1809.Fifth Coalition against France:England, Austria, Spain and Portugal.1809. Papal states annexed to France.1810. Continental peace except with Spain.1810.Emperor marries Maria Louisa of Austria.1811. Napoleon II., King of Rome, born.1812-1814. WAR OF 1812, between United States and Great Britain.1812. Battle of Salamanca.1812. Disastrous war against Russia. The Poles declared a nation by Napoleon. Diet of Warsaw.1813.Sixth Great Coalition against France and General Insurrection of the Nations of Europe Against French Dominion:England, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria after the Congress of Prague, with 800,000 men; against France, Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine and Denmark, with about 400,000 men.1813. Perry’s victory on Lake Erie.1814. City of Washington burned by the British.1814. Ferdinand VII., restored.1814. Allies enter Paris.House of Bourbon.1814. Fall of Napoleon. Kingdom ceases.1815. British defeated at New Orleans.1815. WELLINGTON victorious at Waterloo. The Allies enter Paris, and Napoleon is banished to St. Helena.1815. Union of Portugal and Brazil under John VI.1815. Napoleon returns from Elba.Hundred Days’ war.Abdication of Napoleon.1815. Kingdom of Two Sicilies restored.1816. U. S. Bank incorporated.1816. Bombardment of Algiers. The Bey compelled to abolish slavery.Talleyrand(1754-1838).1817.James Monroe, President.1817. Slave trade abolished.First passage of the Atlantic by steam effected by the Savannah, of New York, to Liverpool.1818. France joins in Holy Alliance.1819. Florida purchase.1820-1830.George IV.1819. Ferdinand of Spain sells Florida to the United States.1821-1829.War of Grecian Independence. Greeks, aided by England, Russia, and France vs. Turks.1821-1829.1821. Monroe re-elected. Missouri Compromise bill passed.1823.TheCanningministry.1821. Death of Napoleon at St. Helena.1821. Austrian invasion of Italy.1824. Visit of Lafayette.1824.Charles X., King.18251825. Erie Canal opened. Protective tariff enacted. J. Q. Adams, President.GEORGE STEPHENSON(1781-1848).1825. Death of Ferdinand after reign of sixty-six years.DANIEL WEBSTER1782-1852.1827. Treaty between Russia and Turkey respecting Greece.1828. Wellington ministry. Irish disturbances.1829.Andrew Jackson, President.1830.William IV., King. Difficulties with China.1830.Salic law abolished.1830.Algiers taken by the French. Revolution and abdication of Charles X. Louis Philippe, King.1831. Northeastern boundary between the United States and British provinces established.1832.Reform Billpassed.1831. Abolition of hereditary peerage in France.1831-1833. Formation of Young Italy party by Mazzini.1833. President Jackson re-elected. Bank deposits removed from the U. S. Bank.1833. Isabella II., Queen of Spain. Portugal a constitutional monarchy.1836. Spain: The queen regent adopts the constitution of 1812.1836. Insurrection attempted by Louis Napoleon at Strasburg.1837. Independence of Texas acknowledged. Martin Van Buren, President.1837. VICTORIA, Queen.1837. The monasteries in Spain dissolved.H. DE BALZAC(1799-1850).EMERSON1803-1882.1840. War with China over the opium trade. War in Syria; Great Britain an ally of Austria and Turkey.1841. W. H. Harrison, President. Death of Harrison and succession of John Tyler.1841. Chinese war ended.1842.Insurrection in Barcelona.Guizot(1832-1848).MORSE1791-1872.THOMAS CARLYLE1795-1884.1843. King Otho of Greece compelled to accept a constitution.1845.Texas annexed to the U. S. Treaty with China. James K. Polk, President.1844. Daniel O’Connell’s trial. Sentence reversed by the House of Lords.1844. War with Morocco.The Second Republic.1846-1848.War with Mexico.The Oregon treaty with Great Britain settling the northwestern boundary of the United States.1846. Repeal of the English corn-laws.1846. Civil war in Portugal.VICTOR HUGO1802-1885.1847. Severe famine in Ireland.1848. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ends Mexican War. Gold discovered in California.1848. Civil war in Ireland. Habeas Corpus Act suspended.1848. Abdication of Louis Philippe, and a republic proclaimed. Louis Napoleon, President. Bloody insurrection in Paris.1848. Rising of the great Italian cities in revolution. Roman republic overthrown.A. D.Scandinavia, Holland, Belgium, SwitzerlandGermanyPrussia and PolandRussiaOttomans, China, India, JapanSCHILLER(1759-1805).1786. Prussia: Death of Frederick the Great. Frederick William II.1787.War with the Turks.1787.Disastrous war with Austria and Russia.1792. Sweden: Gustavus IV.1792. War with France.1793.First Coalition against France: Directed by England,which forms alliances with Russia, Sardinia, Spain, Naples, Prussia, Austria, Portugal and Tuscany; all Europe except Sweden, Denmark and Turkey.1793. Second partition of Poland by Russia and Prussia.GOETHE(1749-1832).1794. Polish revolt at Cracow. Revolt under Kosciuszko.1795. Holland conquered and the Batavian Republic proclaimed.1795. Final partition of Poland; extinction of the kingdom.1796-1797. Napoleon’s Italian campaign.1797.Napoleon’s Austrian campaign. Peace of Campo Formio in which Austria cedes Belgium and Lombardy receiving Venetia.1796. Unsuccessful war with Persia.1798.Second Coalition against France:Alliances of England with Russia, Naples, Sicily, Turkey and Austria—Prussia, Holland and Belgium, neutral.1798. Swiss revolution. Helvetian Republic declared.1798. Prussia: Frederick William III.1798. War with the French in Egypt.18001801. Danish fleet at Copenhagen defeated by Nelson.1801.Alexander I.1803.End of the Holy Roman Empire.Frances II.1803. Insurrection of Mamelukes at Cairo.1803.India: Great Mahratta War.1804. The Emperor of Germany assumes the title of Emperor of Austria.1804. War with Persia.Confederation of the Rhine.Prussia henceforth the center of the German federate system.HEGEL(1770-1831).1805.Third Coalition against France:formed by England; alliances with Sweden, Russia and Austria—Prussia unfortunately neutral.1805. Battle of Austerlitz.Napoleon Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine.1806.Fourth Coalition against France:England, Russia, Prussia, Saxony and Sweden.1806. Louis Bonaparte, King of Holland.1807.Victories of Eylau and of Friedland are followed by the peace of Tilsit in which Prussia loses her Polish territories.1807.Treaty of Tilsit.1807.War against Russia and England.1808. Denmark: Frederick VI.BEETHOVEN(1770-1827).1809. Sweden: Charles XIII.; Bernadotte becomes prince royal.1809. Battles of Eckmühl, Aspern and Wagram. Peace of Vienna. Austria cedes territory to Russia, Bavaria and France.1810. Holland joined to France.A. VON HUMBOLDT(1769-1859).1812. The Poles declared a nation by Napoleon. Diet of Warsaw.1812. Russian campaign. Invasion of Napoleon. Moscow burned.1813.Sixth Great Coalition against France and General Insurrection of the Nations of Europe Against French Dominion:England, Russia, Prussia, Sweden and Austria after the Congress of Prague, with 800,000 men; against France, Italy, the Confederation of the Rhine and Denmark, with about 400,000 men.1813. War of German independence. Battle of Leipsic. Bonaparte driven to the Rhine.1813. Servia invaded by Turkish army.1814. Union of Holland and Belgium.1814.Union of Sweden and Norwayas two kingdoms under one monarch.1814. Malta falls to England.1815. William I., King of Netherlands.Battle of Waterlooand defeat of Napoleon.1815.Congress of Vienna effects the political reconstruction of Europe.Germanic Confederation organized.1815. Joins the “Holy Alliance”: Russia, Prussia and Austria, later joined by France. Poland united to Russia.1817. Population 28,000,000.1818. Sweden:Charles XIV.(Bernadotte).1818. Napoleon’s son made Duke of Reichstadt.1818. TheZollvereinformed.Metternich(1773-1859).1819. Death of Marshal Blucher.1819. Establishment of military colonies. Liberty of the press in Poland nullified.1821-1829.War of Grecian Independence. Greeks, aided by England, Russia, and France vs. Turks.1821-1829.1821. Congress of monarchs at Laybach.1822.Greek declaration of independence. Massacre of Scio and capture of Acropolis of Athens by patriots.18251826.Nicholas I.crowned at Moscow. War against Persia.1826. Greece: Missolonghi and Athens (1827) taken by the Turks.1828. Russia: War declared against Turkey. By the peace of Turkmantchai, Persian Armenia is acquired.1830.Belgium revolts from Holland, and is declared independent by the Great Powers.1829-1834. Prussia, Bavaria, and finally all Germany, save Austria, unite in a Zollverein or Customs-Union, which gave great impetus to trade and helped towards national unity.1831. Leopold I., King of the Belgians.New constitution for Denmark, Sleswick and Holstein; with representative local councils.1831. Austria interferes in Italian affairs.1832.Poland made part of Empire.1832.Kingdom of Greece founded.1836. Visit of the Emperor of Russia. Ferdinand I., Emperor.1839.Christian VIII. succeeds.1838. Commercial treaty with England.1838. Smuggling carried on extensively.1839-1842.China: Opium War with Great Britain. Hong Kong ceded to latter.1840. William I. abdicates as King of Holland.RICHARD WAGNER1813-1883.1840. Frederick William, King.1843. Greece: King Otho compelled to accept constitution, Sept. 15.1845.Emperor visits England.1844. China: Commercial treaty with United States.1847. Austria takes possession of Cracow.1848. Holland receives a constitution.Denmark: Frederick VII., King; revolt of Schleswig-Holstein.1848. Revolution in Hungary.Francis Joseph, Emperor. Kossuth withdraws his army from Vienna.1848. Insurrection in Berlin.
Great Events of Period.Continued rapid advancement of science, inventions and discoveries. Increased philanthropic effort and intellectual enlightenment. Unification of Italy. Commercial treaties with China and Japan. American Civil War. Union of Austria and Hungary. Franco-Prussian War. Establishment of the German Empire.
A. D.United StatesSpain and PortugalGreat BritainFranceItaly and ChurchHolland, Belgium, Switzerland, ScandinaviaThe German ConfederationRussiaTurkey, Greece, China, India, JapanA. D.PrussiaAustria1849.Zachary Taylor, President. Railroad from Boston to New York.1849.Mooltan in India taken.1848-1852.Second Republic.1849.Catania, Syracuse, and Palermo taken by assault.Mazzini’s proclamation of provisional government.Victor Emanuel, King. Rome surrenders to the French; Garibaldi leaves city. Bourbon rule begins.1849.The king declines the Imperial Crown. Armistice between Prussia and Denmark.1849.New constitution promulgated.1849.Aids Austria in subduing Hungary.18501850. Attempted invasion of Cuba by filibusters. Death of President Taylor; Millard Fillmore, President. Texas boundary settled. Fugitive Slave Law passed.1850. The war in Lahore ended. The Punjab annexed to the British Crown.1850-1853.Kafir War in South Africa.1850. Jerome Bonaparte, Field-Marshal.1850. Denmark: Bloody battle of Idstedt, between the Danes and Schleswig-Holsteiners.1850. Treaty of peace with Denmark. New constitution for Prussia.1850. Harbor of Sebastopol completed.1850. Turkey: Insurrection in Bosnia.1850-1864.China: Taiping rebellion.18501851. Erie railway opened. Charleston Convention. Kossuth arrives in New York.1851. Death of Dodoy, “Prince of Peace.”1851. Continuance of the Kafir war. Kossuth visits England.1851.Louis Kossuthsentenced to death at Pesth.1852-1870.Second Empire.1852.Napoleon III.declared Emperor.1852. CAVOUR becomes Prime Minister in Piedmont.1852. Emperor of Austria visits Emperor of Prussia.1852. Greece: Convention of London by England, France, Prussia, Bavaria and Greece in reference to the affairs of Greece.1852.Turkey: War between the Turks and Montenegrins.1853. Franklin Pierce, President. Gadsden Purchase.1853. Queen Victoria visits Ireland. Kafir war ended.1853. Denmark: Parliament prorogued and a “fundamental” law issued.1853.Belgium: Marriage of the Duke of Brabant, heir-apparent of the throne, and the Archduchess Maria.Holland: The first chamber adopts the much-disputed law on religious liberty.1853. Plot to overthrow the government.1853. War declared against Turkey.1854. Treaty with Japan. Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed. Ostend Manifesto issued.1854. Military insurrection under O’Donnell.1854-1856. CRIMEAN WAR. Treaty of alliance with France.1854. War declared against Russia.1854. Treaty with Austria, offensive and defensive.1854. Alliance with England and France.1854-1856. CRIMEAN WAR. Russia vs. Turkey aided by Great Britain, France and Sardinia.1854. War with France and England. Siege of Sebastopol. Battle of Balak-lava.1854. Japan: Treaty with the United States.1855. Panama Railroad completed. Troubles in Kansas.1855. British fleet bombards and partially destroys Canton, China.1855. Important concordant between Italy and Austria.1855. Death of Nicholas I. Alexander II., Emperor.ROBERT BROWNING(1812-1889).1856. Peace with Russia.1856. Hungarians granted amnesty.1856. Destruction of Sebastopol docks. Evacuation of Crimea.1857. Dred Scott decision. James Buchanan, President. Great financial panic.1857-1858.Sepoy Mutiny.Sepoys vs. English.1857-1858. Sepoy Mutiny.1857-1860.China: Second war with Great Britain.1859.John Brown captures Harpers Ferry.1859.War with Morocco.1858. Completion of the Atlantic telegraph cable.1859.THE WAR OF ITALIAN LIBERATION. Sardinia-Piedmont and France vs. Austria.1859.Sweden: Oscar I., died July 8; succeeded by his son Charles XV.1859.THE WAR OF ITALIAN LIBERATION.1858. Partial emancipation of the serfs.Peace after battle of Solferino.1860. South Carolina passes ordinance of secession.1860. Defeat of the Moors.1860. Rebellion in India subdued. Neutrality proclaimed during the American Civil War.1860. Commercial treaty with England.1860.Garibaldilands in Sicily, and assumes dictatorship.1861-1865. AMERICAN CIVIL WAR. Federal Government of United States vs. Southern Confederacy. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President.1861. Annexation of Santo Domingo. Intervention in Mexico.1861. Victor Emanuel II., King of Sardinia, first King of Italy.1861.William I., King.1861. New constitution for the Austrian monarchy.TENNYSON(1809-1892).1862. Great distress caused by American Civil War.1862. Garibaldi establishes a provisional government.1862. BISMARCK, Premier.1862. Amnesty to political offenders in Hungary.1862. Nesselrode, Chancellor.1862. Bloody conflict between Servians and Turks in Belgrade.1863.Battle of Gettysburg.DARWIN1809-1882.1863. The French occupy Mexico.1863. Denmark: Christian IX. succeeds Frederick VII.1863. King resolves to govern without parliament. Congress of German sovereigns at Frankfort. “One Federal State” proposed.1863. Termination of serfdom.1864. Rupture with Peru.1864. Maximilian accepts Mexican crown.1864. Florence made capital of Italy.1864. Peace between Denmark and the allies, to whom Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg are surrendered.1864. DANISH WAR. Austria and Prussia vs. Denmark.1864. Emigration of Caucasian tribes into Turkey.1864. George of Denmark becomes King of Greece.1865. Assassination of President Lincoln; Andrew Johnson, President.1865. Dispute with Chile.1865. Fenian outbreaks in Ireland.British and French governments rescind their recognition of the Confederate States of America.1865. Ionian Isles made over to Greece.1865. Leopold II. succeeds his father, Leopold I. in Belgium.1866. Civil Rights Bill passed. Atlantic telegraph completed.1866. Military insurrection headed by General Prim.1866. Austrian War. Venetia proclaimed a part of Italy.1866-1871.North German Confederation.1866.AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR. Prussia with smaller North German States and Italy vs. Austria, Hanover, Saxony and South German States.1866. Inauguration of trial by jury. War with Bokhara.Austria-Hungary1867. General amnesty proclamation. Purchase of Alaska.1867. Death of Marshal O’Donnell.1867. Great exposition in Paris.1867. Garibaldi and the Papal States.1867. North German Constitution accepted.1867. Autonomy for Hungary announced. Emperor crowned King of Hungary.1867. Alaska sold to the United States.1868. Burlingame treaty with China.1868. Queen deposed.1868.Gladstone, PremierPASTEUR1822-1895.HELMHOLTZ1821-1894.1868. Japan: End of the Shogunate. Restoration of the Mikado.1869. U. S.Grant, President. Union Pacific railway opened for traffic.1869. Vatican Council opened at Rome.1870. Isabella II. abdicates; Amadeus, King.1870. Irish Land Act passed.1870.Third Republic.1870-1871.FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR. France vs. Prussia supported by all German States including South.Battle of Sedan.Surrender of Metz.1870. Rome is annexed to Italy and declared the capital.HENRIK IBSEN1828-1908.1870-1871. FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR. Battle of Sedan.1870. Concordat with Rome suspended.1871. Sagasta, Prime Minister.HERBERT SPENCER(1820-1903).1871. Capitulation of Paris. Peace ratified.1871- ——.House of Hohenzollern.1871.King of Prussia proclaimed Emperor of Germany.1871. New German Empire recognized.1871. Electric telegraph between Russia and Japan.1871. Japan: Feudalism abolished.
A. D.United StatesSpain and PortugalGreat BritainFranceItaly and Church1849.Zachary Taylor, President. Railroad from Boston to New York.1849.Mooltan in India taken.1848-1852.Second Republic.1849.Catania, Syracuse, and Palermo taken by assault.Mazzini’s proclamation of provisional government.Victor Emanuel, King. Rome surrenders to the French; Garibaldi leaves city. Bourbon rule begins.18501850. Attempted invasion of Cuba by filibusters. Death of President Taylor; Millard Fillmore, President. Texas boundary settled. Fugitive Slave Law passed.1850. The war in Lahore ended. The Punjab annexed to the British Crown.1850-1853.Kafir War in South Africa.1850. Jerome Bonaparte, Field-Marshal.1851. Erie railway opened. Charleston Convention. Kossuth arrives in New York.1851. Death of Dodoy, “Prince of Peace.”1851. Continuance of the Kafir war. Kossuth visits England.1852-1870.Second Empire.1852.Napoleon III.declared Emperor.1852. CAVOUR becomes Prime Minister in Piedmont.1853. Franklin Pierce, President. Gadsden Purchase.1853. Queen Victoria visits Ireland. Kafir war ended.1854. Treaty with Japan. Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed. Ostend Manifesto issued.1854. Military insurrection under O’Donnell.1854-1856. CRIMEAN WAR. Treaty of alliance with France.1854. War declared against Russia.1855. Panama Railroad completed. Troubles in Kansas.1855. British fleet bombards and partially destroys Canton, China.1855. Important concordant between Italy and Austria.ROBERT BROWNING(1812-1889).1856. Peace with Russia.1857. Dred Scott decision. James Buchanan, President. Great financial panic.1857-1858.Sepoy Mutiny.Sepoys vs. English.1859.John Brown captures Harpers Ferry.1859.War with Morocco.1858. Completion of the Atlantic telegraph cable.1859.THE WAR OF ITALIAN LIBERATION. Sardinia-Piedmont and France vs. Austria.1860. South Carolina passes ordinance of secession.1860. Defeat of the Moors.1860. Rebellion in India subdued. Neutrality proclaimed during the American Civil War.1860. Commercial treaty with England.1860.Garibaldilands in Sicily, and assumes dictatorship.1861-1865. AMERICAN CIVIL WAR. Federal Government of United States vs. Southern Confederacy. ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President.1861. Annexation of Santo Domingo. Intervention in Mexico.1861. Victor Emanuel II., King of Sardinia, first King of Italy.TENNYSON(1809-1892).1862. Great distress caused by American Civil War.1862. Garibaldi establishes a provisional government.1863.Battle of Gettysburg.DARWIN1809-1882.1863. The French occupy Mexico.1864. Rupture with Peru.1864. Maximilian accepts Mexican crown.1864. Florence made capital of Italy.1865. Assassination of President Lincoln; Andrew Johnson, President.1865. Dispute with Chile.1865. Fenian outbreaks in Ireland.British and French governments rescind their recognition of the Confederate States of America.1865. Ionian Isles made over to Greece.1866. Civil Rights Bill passed. Atlantic telegraph completed.1866. Military insurrection headed by General Prim.1866. Austrian War. Venetia proclaimed a part of Italy.1867. General amnesty proclamation. Purchase of Alaska.1867. Death of Marshal O’Donnell.1867. Great exposition in Paris.1867. Garibaldi and the Papal States.1868. Burlingame treaty with China.1868. Queen deposed.1868.Gladstone, PremierPASTEUR1822-1895.1869. U. S.Grant, President. Union Pacific railway opened for traffic.1869. Vatican Council opened at Rome.1870. Isabella II. abdicates; Amadeus, King.1870. Irish Land Act passed.1870.Third Republic.1870-1871.FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR. France vs. Prussia supported by all German States including South.Battle of Sedan.Surrender of Metz.1870. Rome is annexed to Italy and declared the capital.1871. Sagasta, Prime Minister.HERBERT SPENCER(1820-1903).1871. Capitulation of Paris. Peace ratified.A. D.Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, ScandinaviaThe German ConfederationRussiaTurkey, Greece, China, India, JapanPrussiaAustria1849. The king declines the Imperial Crown. Armistice between Prussia and Denmark.1849. New constitution promulgated.1849. Aids Austria in subduing Hungary.18501850. Denmark: Bloody battle of Idstedt, between the Danes and Schleswig-Holsteiners.1850. Treaty of peace with Denmark. New constitution for Prussia.1850. Harbor of Sebastopol completed.1850. Turkey: Insurrection in Bosnia.1850-1864.China: Taiping rebellion.1851.Louis Kossuthsentenced to death at Pesth.1852. Emperor of Austria visits Emperor of Prussia.1852. Greece: Convention of London by England, France, Prussia, Bavaria and Greece in reference to the affairs of Greece.1852.Turkey: War between the Turks and Montenegrins.1853. Denmark: Parliament prorogued and a “fundamental” law issued.1853.Belgium: Marriage of the Duke of Brabant, heir-apparent of the throne, and the Archduchess Maria.Holland: The first chamber adopts the much-disputed law on religious liberty.1853. Plot to overthrow the government.1853. War declared against Turkey.1854. Treaty with Austria, offensive and defensive.1854. Alliance with England and France.1854-1856. CRIMEAN WAR. Russia vs. Turkey aided by Great Britain, France and Sardinia.1854. War with France and England. Siege of Sebastopol. Battle of Balak-lava.1854. Japan: Treaty with the United States.1855. Death of Nicholas I. Alexander II., Emperor.1856. Hungarians granted amnesty.1856. Destruction of Sebastopol docks. Evacuation of Crimea.1857-1858. Sepoy Mutiny.1857-1860.China: Second war with Great Britain.1859.Sweden: Oscar I., died July 8; succeeded by his son Charles XV.1859.THE WAR OF ITALIAN LIBERATION.1858. Partial emancipation of the serfs.Peace after battle of Solferino.1861.William I., King.1861. New constitution for the Austrian monarchy.1862. BISMARCK, Premier.1862. Amnesty to political offenders in Hungary.1862. Nesselrode, Chancellor.1862. Bloody conflict between Servians and Turks in Belgrade.1863. Denmark: Christian IX. succeeds Frederick VII.1863. King resolves to govern without parliament. Congress of German sovereigns at Frankfort. “One Federal State” proposed.1863. Termination of serfdom.1864. Peace between Denmark and the allies, to whom Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg are surrendered.1864. DANISH WAR. Austria and Prussia vs. Denmark.1864. Emigration of Caucasian tribes into Turkey.1864. George of Denmark becomes King of Greece.1865. Leopold II. succeeds his father, Leopold I. in Belgium.1866-1871.North German Confederation.1866.AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR. Prussia with smaller North German States and Italy vs. Austria, Hanover, Saxony and South German States.1866. Inauguration of trial by jury. War with Bokhara.Austria-Hungary1867. North German Constitution accepted.1867. Autonomy for Hungary announced. Emperor crowned King of Hungary.1867. Alaska sold to the United States.HELMHOLTZ1821-1894.1868. Japan: End of the Shogunate. Restoration of the Mikado.HENRIK IBSEN1828-1908.1870-1871. FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR. Battle of Sedan.1870. Concordat with Rome suspended.1871- ——.House of Hohenzollern.1871.King of Prussia proclaimed Emperor of Germany.1871. New German Empire recognized.1871. Electric telegraph between Russia and Japan.1871. Japan: Feudalism abolished.