Names and Lineage of SovereignsBegan to ReignYears of AgeL’gth of ReignDeathCharacterPrincipal StatesmenChief WarriorsEvents of ReignANGLO-SAXON KINGSEGBERT (775?-837)—Son of Alcmund, descended from Inigisil, brother to Ina, king of West Saxons.801...37Natural causes.Possessed all the qualities required in a warrior....The king.—Ethelwolf.—Kenneth.The kingdoms of the Heptarchy united, and take the name of England.ETHELWOLF (—— -358)—Son of Egbert.838...20Natural causes.Pious, wise, valiant and clement. A lover of peace, and zealous for religion.Athelstan.Wolfhere.—Ethelhelm.—Ceorle.Tithes instituted; London plundered by the Danes; England becomes tributary to the Holy See.ETHELBALD—Son of Ethelwolf.858...2Natural causes.Neither pious nor valiant.Swithun, Bishop of Winchester.Osric.Scots defeated by the Britons.ETHELBERT—Son of Ethelwolf.860...6Natural causes.Sweet-tempered, wise, pious and valiant....The king.Winchester burnt by the Danes.ETHELRED I. (871).—Brother to Ethelbert.866...6Killed in the battle of Wittingham.Pious, valiant, prudent, and just....Young Alfred.Battles of Aston and Basing—York taken.ALFREDThe Great(849-901).—Brother to Ethelred, and son of Ethelwolf.8722228By a contraction of the nerves.A great sovereign, warrior, legislator, politician and scholar....The king.—Oddune, earl of Devonshire.University of Oxford founded. Juries instituted. England divided into shires, tithings and hundreds.EDWARDthe Elder(870?-924).—Second son of Alfred the Great.9001725Natural causes.Equal to his father—his love for learning and lenity excepted....The king.Northumberland and East Anglia united to the crown. University of Cambridge founded. Battles of Temsford and Malden.ATHELSTAN (895?-941).—Natural son of Edward the Elder.9252016Natural causes.Possessed uncommon virtues; wise, valiant, and just.Turketul, Chancellor.Guy of Warwick.Constantine III. of Scotland and six Irish and Welsh kings killed at battle of Brunanburh.EDMUNDthe Pious(923-946).—Eldest legitimate son of Edward the Elder.941257Assassinated by Leolf, while feasting at Puckle-kirk.Pious, valiant and just, and much respected by his people....The king.Cumberland and Westmoreland given up to Malcolm, king of Scotland.EDRED (—— -955?).—Second legitimate son of Edward the Elder.948297Natural causes.Pious and valiant, but too obsequious to his council.Aldheim, Archbishop of Canterbury.The king.Northumbrian Danes reduced.EDWY (939?-959).—Eldest son of Edmund the Pious.955174Died of grief on brother being set up in his stead.Hated the monks, and persecuted them, which caused a rebellion.Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury.Prince Edgar.Rebellion of the Mercians.EDGAR (943?-975).—Brother to Edwy.9591316Natural causes.Pacific, active, wise, and industrious.Ethelwold....King of Wales, Ireland and the Isle of Man, recognize Edgar for their sovereign.EDWARDthe Martyr(961?-978).—Eldest son of Edgar.975153Assassinated by order of his step-mother Elfrida.Amiable and sweet-tempered.Dustan.......ETHELRED II. (Sweyn) (—— -1016).—Brother to Edward the Martyr, and son of the beautiful Elfrida.9791237Natural causes.Cowardly, indolent, and avaricious.Siricius, Archbishop of Canterbury.Prince Edmund. Alfric.Arabic figures introduced. Sweyn, king of Denmark, conquers England.EDMUND,Ironside(989-1017).—Eldest son of Ethelred II.1016261Assassinated by order of Edric.Valiant and prudent.Edric, Earl of Wilts....Massacre of the Danes. England divided between Edward and Canute I.DANISH KINGSCANUTE I. (995-1035).—Son of Sweyn, King of Denmark.1017...19Natural causes.A great king; humble, just, and truly religious.Thurkell, Duke of East Anglia.—Urick, Duke of Northumberland.Godwin, Earl of Kent.Parents prohibited selling their children. End of the Danish war of two hundred years.HAROLD I. (1040- ——)—Second son of Canute I., by Queen Alfwen.1036303Occasioned by intemperance.Impious, unjust, dissolute and mean.Earl Godwin.Godwin, Earl of Kent.Paper first used in England.CANUTE II. (1019-1042).—Third son of Canute I., by Emma of Normandy.1039292By excessive eating.To the vices of Harold I., he added that of cruelty.Earl Godwin.Leofric, Duke of Mercia....SAXON KINGSEDWARDthe Confessor(1004-1066).—Son of Edmund Ironside.10414024Natural causes.Honored as a great saint; of a mild and peaceful temper; was charitable, but had no great genius.Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury—Harold.Siward, Duke of Northumberland.Common law of England established. Westminster Abbey founded.HAROLD II. (1022-1066).—Son of Earl Godwin, by the eldest daughter of Canute I.1065...1Killed in the battle of Hastings.A valiant warrior.Morcar, Earl of Northumberland.Gurth and Leofwin, the king’s brothers.Battle of Hastings, Norman conquest.NORMAN KINGSWILLIAMthe Conqueror(1027-1087).—Son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, by his mistress Harlotte.10664021Death occasioned by heat at the burning of Mantes.Possessed great bodily strength, a great soul and an elevated mind, and a prodigious genius; and governed the English with a heavy hand.Odo, Bishop of Bayeaux. Fitzosborne, Earl of Hereford.Malcolm, King of Scotland.Tower of London built. Doomsday book. Bishoprics created.WILLIAMRufus(1056-1100).—Second son of William the Conqueror.10873113Accidentally shot by Sir Walter Tyrrell, in New Forest.Courageous and vicious to a high degree.Herbert—Lozinga.Earl of Northumberland—Duke of Normandy.First Holy War. Westminster Hall built. Reduction of the Welsh.HENRY I. (1068-1135).—Brother of William Rufus.11003235Death occasioned by eating too many lampreys.Handsome, brave, sober, cruel, avaricious, and unclean.Archbishop Anselm. Bishop of Salisbury.Earl of Flanders.Normandy conquered. First Parliament.STEPHEN (1105-1154).—Son of Stephen, Earl of Blois, and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror.11353119Natural causes.In person majestic; his air placid and insinuating. Possessed great courage, an elevated genius, and sound judgment.William of Ypres.Earl of Gloucester.Canon law introduced.PLANTAGENETSHENRY II. (1133-1189).—Eldest son of Geoffrey, Earl of Anjou, and of the Empress Maud. Heir to Henry I.11542135Natural, before the High Altar at Chinon.Brave, generous, magnificent, clement, just, prudent, ambitious, lustful, and violent in anger.Thomas à Becket, Lord Chancellor.Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke.King takes possession of Ireland. Judicial circuits established.RICHARD I. (1157-1199).—Second son of Henry II.11893310Killed by a cross-bowman, at the siege of Chalus.Brave to a high degree; but possessed no other virtue.Bishop of Durham—Longchamp, Bishop of Ely.The king, surnamed Cœur de Lion.London divided into companies. King joins the Crusade.KingJOHN (1166-1216).—Brother to Richard I.11993317Died of grief for having lost his rich baggage.Witty, hot-headed and hasty. After his first transports, soft, indolent, fearful and wavering.Archbishop of Hubert, Chancellor.Prince Arthur.Phillip II. of France takes possession of Normandy. War with the barons. Magna Charta signed.HENRY III. (1207-1272).—King John’s eldest son.1216956Natural causes.Inconstant, capricious and prodigal of his money; continent and averse to cruelty.William, Earl of Pembroke, Hugh de Burgh, Bishop of Winchester.Simon, Earl of Leicester. Prince Edward.Intestine wars. Westminster Abbey rebuilt.EDWARD I. (1239-1307).—Eldest son of Henry III.12723335Natural causes.A good king and father, a formidable enemy, and a great captain; chaste, just, prudent and moderate.Giffard Archbishop of York.Llewellyn, Prince of Wales.Wales united to England. Mariner’s compass invented.EDWARD II. (1284-1327).—Eldest son of Edward I.13072320Murdered by Gourney and Maltravers at Berkley Castle.Handsome shaped, but had neither the capacity of warrior, statesman, or man of genius.Pierce Gaveston—Hugh de Spencer.Guy, Earl of Warwick.King abdicates the throne. Courts of Nisi Prius established.EDWARD III. (1312-1377).—Son of Edward II.13271450Died of the St. Anthony’s fire at Sheen.An excellent prince; gentle, beneficent, and valiant.Mortimer, Earl of March.Edward, the Black Prince—Sir Richard Knowles.Battles of Cressy and Poictiers. Order of the Garter instituted.RICHARD II. (1366-1400).—Son of Edward the Black Prince, and grandson of Edward III.13771122Murdered by Exton, at Pontefract Castle, by order of Henry IV.Handsomest monarch in the world. Kind, magnificent, soft, timid, of little genius, and a slave to his favorites.Richard de Vere, Duke of Ireland. A. Neville, Archbishop of York.H. Percy, surnamed Hotspur—John of Gaunt.Wat Tyler’s insurrection. King deposed.HOUSE OF LANCASTERHENRY IV. (1366?-1413).—Son of John of Gaunt, and grandson of Edward III.13993214Died of a dropsy.Courageous, prudent, vigilant, and extremely jealous of his throne, which he obtained by unwarrantable means.R. Neville, Earl of Westmoreland.Sir John Oldcastle.Battle of Shrewsbury.HENRY V. (1388-1422).—Eldest son of Henry IV.1413249Natural causes.A good soldier and politician; had an elevated genius; was extremely ambitious, and inclined to cruelty.Beaufort, Duke of Exeter.Duke of Gloucester, Wodehouse Gam.Battle of Agincourt. Siege of Rouen.HENRY VI. (1421-1471).—Son of Henry V.14229 m.39Dethroned. Afterwards killed, by order of Edward IV.Just, chaste, temperate, pious and patient; but had a weak mind.Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, Duke of Suffolk, Duke of Somerset.Joan of Arc, Duke of Bedford, Lord Talbot, R. Neville, Earl of Warwick.Battles of Crevant, Verneuil, St. Albans, and Towton. Siege of Orleans.HOUSE OF YORKEDWARD IV. (1441-1483).—Son of Richard, Duke of York; descendant of Edward III.14611922Death occasioned by excessive eating.One of the handsomest men in England, but after crowned was a voluptuary.Earl Rivers.Admiral Coulon.Printing first in use.EDWARD V. (1470-1483).—Eldest son of Edward IV.1483122 m.Smothered by order of Richard, Duke of Gloucester....Richard, Duke of Gloucester.Lord Hastings.Richard’s usurpation.RICHARD III. (1452-1485).—Brother to Edward IV.1483302Killed in the battle of Bosworth Field.Small, ugly and crooked backed; dissembling and cruel, yet sagacious and brave.Lord Stanley.Henry, Earl of Richmond. Duke of Buckingham.Battle of Bosworth Field.HOUSE OF TUDORHENRY VII. (1457-1509).—Son of Margaret, Countess of Richmond; descendant of John of Gaunt.14852824By consumption.A wise and able prince; pious, chaste, temperate and just; but insatiably covetous.Cardinal Morton, Sir Edward Poynings.Lord Lovell.Discovery of America.HENRY VIII. (1491-1547).—Second son of Henry VII.15091838Natural causes.Comely, but very corpulent; brave, candid and liberal; versed in music, philosophy, and divinity; yet was cruel and presumptuous.Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas More, Fox, Cromwell.Duke of Norfolk—Earl of Surrey. Lord Maxwell.The Reformation. Monasteries dissolved.EDWARD VI. (1537-1553).—Son of Henry VIII., by Jane Seymour.154796Of a consumption.Sweet tempered, and had a great genius.Seymour, Duke of Somerset—Dudley, Earl of Warwick.Lord Russell.Religious insurrection.QueenMARY (1516-1558).—Daughter of Henry VIII., by Catharine of Aragon.1553385Of a dropsy.Small capacity, bigoted, revengeful and cruel.Gardiner, Chancellor.Duke of Savoy.Catholic religion restored.QueenELIZABETH (1533-1603).—Daughter of Henry VIII., by Anne Boleyn.15582545Natural causes.Tolerably handsome; had a noble air, and great affability; celebrated for her wit, judgment, economy, policy, sincerity, justice, liberality, and magnificence.Robert Dudley, Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Burleigh.Admiral Howard—Sir Francis Drake. Sir F. Vere. Sir P. Sidney.Mary Queen of Scots executed. Spanish Armada destroyed. Protestant religion restored.HOUSE OF STUARTJAMES I. (1566-1625).—Son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley; and great-grandson of Margaret, daughter of Henry VII.16033722Of an ague.Learned and pacific, but wavering and undetermined.Robert Car, Earl of Somerset. George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. Earl of Salisbury.Sir Horace Vere.Union of the crowns of England and Scotland. Gunpowder plot.CHARLES I. (1600-1649).—Third son of James I.16252524Beheaded near the windows of the banqueting house, Whitehall.Religious, sober, chaste, affable and courageous; had great penetration and judgment, but too fond of prerogative.Earls of Portland and Strafford—Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury.Earl of Essex. Sir T. Fairfax, Earl of Manchester.Battles of Edge Hill, Tadcaster and Gisborough.COMMONWEALTH declared May 19.1649...11......Oliver Cromwell.Admiral Blake, General Monk.Charles I. beheaded. Royal power usurped. Battle of Dunbar.HOUSE OF STUARTCHARLES II. (1630-1685).—Eldest son of Charles I.16602925Supposed to have been poisoned.Extremely liberal and affable; had a sprightly and witty genius, and a wonderful conception.Earl of Clarendon.Duke of York. Earl of Sandwich.Restoration of monarchy. Plague and fire in London. Royal Society founded.JAMES II. (1633-1701).—Brother to Charles II.1685523Natural, having abdicated the throne.A kind father, husband and master; more pious than resolute, and too submissive to his ministers.Chancellor Jeffries.Duke of Monmouth.King abdicates the throne. Revolution.WILLIAM (1650-1702) and MARY (1662-1694).—William, Prince of Orange, (Holland). Mary, eldest daughter of James II., by Anne Hyde.1688W. 37 M. 26W. 14 M. 6Mary died of the smallpox; William, by a fall from his horse.Mary, pious and amiable; had an air of grandeur, without pride or affectation. William, not comely in person, had a great genius, was a good statesman and warrior.Earl of Sunderland. Earl of Tankerville.Russell, Shovel, Ginkle.Bank of England established. Siege of Namur. Battles of Boyne and La Hogue. Treaty of Ryswick.QueenANNE (1685-1714).—Second daughter of King James II., and consort of George, Prince of Denmark.17023712Natural causes.In private life, virtuous, charitable and pious; as a sovereign, easy, kind and generous.Lords Godolphin and Cowper—Earl of Oxford. Harcourt. Bollingbroke.Duke of Marlboro’—Sir G. Rook, Ormund—Benbow.Battles of Blenheim and Ramilles. Scotch union.HOUSE OF HANOVERGEORGE I. (1660-1727).—Eldest son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, and Princess Sophia, daughter of Frederick V., of Bohemia.17145413Died of a lethargic disorder, at Osnaburg.Unostentatious and familiar; a circumspect general; a wise and virtuous prince.Dukes of Newcastle and Devonshire. Lords Townsend and Carteret.Earl of Mar. Duke of Argyle. Lord Cobham.Insurrection in favor of the Pretender. Septennial parliament.GEORGE II. (1683-1760).—Only son of George I., by Dorothy, daughter and heiress of the Duke of Zell.17274434Died instantly, by a sudden rupture of the heart, while in good health.Well-shaped, fair complexion; hasty, of moderate abilities, humane, liberal, temperate, and a scientific warrior.Sir R. Walpole. Mr. Sandys. Earl of Huntington. Duke of Bedford.Duke of Cumberland. Lord Anson. Earl of Stair. Gen. Wolfe.New style introduced. Battles of Dettingen, Culloden, and Minden. Peace of Aix La Chapelle.GEORGE III. (1738-1820).—Eldest son of Frederick and Augusta, Prince and Princess of Wales, and grandson of George II.17602259By the gradual exhaustion of nature, having been in state of continual mental derangement for nine years.His figure uniting strength and comeliness; his manners unassuming and liberal; hair light flaxen, eyes grey, eyebrows white, of moderate genius, and very pious.Chatham. North, Pitt, Fox.Rodney, Howe, Abercrombie—Nelson, Wellington.French and American Revolutions. Union with Ireland. Battles of Leipsic and Waterloo.GEORGE IV. (1762-1830).—Eldest son of George III., by his consort, Charlotte of Mecklenburg.1820589...............WILLIAM IV. (1765-1837).—Third son of George III.1830657Natural causes.A man of homely talents, immoral, tactless, but good hearted.Lord John Russell, Robert Peel, Lord Melbourne....Reform Bill passed by Parliament. Municipal Corporations Act. Establishment of the University of London.QueenVICTORIA (1819-1901).—Daughter of Edward, fourth son of George III., and Victoria Maria Louisa, daughter of Francis, duke of Saxe-Coburg.18371864Natural causes.A sagacious ruler, jealous of her royal prerogative, persistent, self-devoted, but greatly beloved.Lord Palmerston, Lord Derby, Disraeli, Gladstone, Rosebury, Salisbury.Generals Gordon, Roberts, Kitchener.Crimean war, Indian Mutiny, Zulu war, Boer war, Home Rule agitation. Australian Commonwealth bill. Imperialism strengthened. Marked literary achievements.HOUSE OF SAXE-COBURGEDWARD VII. (1841-1910).—Son of Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.1901609Natural causes.Lacked political training, but cultivated the arts of peace. Popular, but lacking in moral force....Lord Roberts, General Kitchener.King Edward and his Ministers were influential in establishing the Triple Entente, including England, France and Russia.GEORGE V. (1865- ——).—Son of Edward VII. and Queen Alexandra, daughter of Christian IX. of Denmark.191045......Without political training; like his father, his foreign policy almost wholly in the hands of a powerful ministry. Personally a notable sportsman and popular.Asquith, Lloyd-George, Cecil.Kitchener, French, Haig.England the leading and directing power of the Entente in the Great European war against the Germanic Allies.
Names and Lineage of SovereignsBegan to ReignYears of AgeL’gth of ReignDeathCharacterANGLO-SAXON KINGSEGBERT (775?-837)—Son of Alcmund, descended from Inigisil, brother to Ina, king of West Saxons.801...37Natural causes.Possessed all the qualities required in a warrior.ETHELWOLF (—— -358)—Son of Egbert.838...20Natural causes.Pious, wise, valiant and clement. A lover of peace, and zealous for religion.ETHELBALD—Son of Ethelwolf.858...2Natural causes.Neither pious nor valiant.ETHELBERT—Son of Ethelwolf.860...6Natural causes.Sweet-tempered, wise, pious and valiant.ETHELRED I. (871).—Brother to Ethelbert.866...6Killed in the battle of Wittingham.Pious, valiant, prudent, and just.ALFREDThe Great(849-901).—Brother to Ethelred, and son of Ethelwolf.8722228By a contraction of the nerves.A great sovereign, warrior, legislator, politician and scholar.EDWARDthe Elder(870?-924).—Second son of Alfred the Great.9001725Natural causes.Equal to his father—his love for learning and lenity excepted.ATHELSTAN (895?-941).—Natural son of Edward the Elder.9252016Natural causes.Possessed uncommon virtues; wise, valiant, and just.EDMUNDthe Pious(923-946).—Eldest legitimate son of Edward the Elder.941257Assassinated by Leolf, while feasting at Puckle-kirk.Pious, valiant and just, and much respected by his people.EDRED (—— -955?).—Second legitimate son of Edward the Elder.948297Natural causes.Pious and valiant, but too obsequious to his council.EDWY (939?-959).—Eldest son of Edmund the Pious.955174Died of grief on brother being set up in his stead.Hated the monks, and persecuted them, which caused a rebellion.EDGAR (943?-975).—Brother to Edwy.9591316Natural causes.Pacific, active, wise, and industrious.EDWARDthe Martyr(961?-978).—Eldest son of Edgar.975153Assassinated by order of his step-mother Elfrida.Amiable and sweet-tempered.ETHELRED II. (Sweyn) (—— -1016).—Brother to Edward the Martyr, and son of the beautiful Elfrida.9791237Natural causes.Cowardly, indolent, and avaricious.EDMUND,Ironside(989-1017).—Eldest son of Ethelred II.1016261Assassinated by order of Edric.Valiant and prudent.DANISH KINGSCANUTE I. (995-1035).—Son of Sweyn, King of Denmark.1017...19Natural causes.A great king; humble, just, and truly religious.HAROLD I. (1040- ——)—Second son of Canute I., by Queen Alfwen.1036303Occasioned by intemperance.Impious, unjust, dissolute and mean.CANUTE II. (1019-1042).—Third son of Canute I., by Emma of Normandy.1039292By excessive eating.To the vices of Harold I., he added that of cruelty.SAXON KINGSEDWARDthe Confessor(1004-1066).—Son of Edmund Ironside.10414024Natural causes.Honored as a great saint; of a mild and peaceful temper; was charitable, but had no great genius.HAROLD II. (1022-1066).—Son of Earl Godwin, by the eldest daughter of Canute I.1065...1Killed in the battle of Hastings.A valiant warrior.NORMAN KINGSWILLIAMthe Conqueror(1027-1087).—Son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, by his mistress Harlotte.10664021Death occasioned by heat at the burning of Mantes.Possessed great bodily strength, a great soul and an elevated mind, and a prodigious genius; and governed the English with a heavy hand.WILLIAMRufus(1056-1100).—Second son of William the Conqueror.10873113Accidentally shot by Sir Walter Tyrrell, in New Forest.Courageous and vicious to a high degree.HENRY I. (1068-1135).—Brother of William Rufus.11003235Death occasioned by eating too many lampreys.Handsome, brave, sober, cruel, avaricious, and unclean.STEPHEN (1105-1154).—Son of Stephen, Earl of Blois, and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror.11353119Natural causes.In person majestic; his air placid and insinuating. Possessed great courage, an elevated genius, and sound judgment.PLANTAGENETSHENRY II. (1133-1189).—Eldest son of Geoffrey, Earl of Anjou, and of the Empress Maud. Heir to Henry I.11542135Natural, before the High Altar at Chinon.Brave, generous, magnificent, clement, just, prudent, ambitious, lustful, and violent in anger.RICHARD I. (1157-1199).—Second son of Henry II.11893310Killed by a cross-bowman, at the siege of Chalus.Brave to a high degree; but possessed no other virtue.KingJOHN (1166-1216).—Brother to Richard I.11993317Died of grief for having lost his rich baggage.Witty, hot-headed and hasty. After his first transports, soft, indolent, fearful and wavering.HENRY III. (1207-1272).—King John’s eldest son.1216956Natural causes.Inconstant, capricious and prodigal of his money; continent and averse to cruelty.EDWARD I. (1239-1307).—Eldest son of Henry III.12723335Natural causes.A good king and father, a formidable enemy, and a great captain; chaste, just, prudent and moderate.EDWARD II. (1284-1327).—Eldest son of Edward I.13072320Murdered by Gourney and Maltravers at Berkley Castle.Handsome shaped, but had neither the capacity of warrior, statesman, or man of genius.EDWARD III. (1312-1377).—Son of Edward II.13271450Died of the St. Anthony’s fire at Sheen.An excellent prince; gentle, beneficent, and valiant.RICHARD II. (1366-1400).—Son of Edward the Black Prince, and grandson of Edward III.13771122Murdered by Exton, at Pontefract Castle, by order of Henry IV.Handsomest monarch in the world. Kind, magnificent, soft, timid, of little genius, and a slave to his favorites.HOUSE OF LANCASTERHENRY IV. (1366?-1413).—Son of John of Gaunt, and grandson of Edward III.13993214Died of a dropsy.Courageous, prudent, vigilant, and extremely jealous of his throne, which he obtained by unwarrantable means.HENRY V. (1388-1422).—Eldest son of Henry IV.1413249Natural causes.A good soldier and politician; had an elevated genius; was extremely ambitious, and inclined to cruelty.HENRY VI. (1421-1471).—Son of Henry V.14229 m39Dethroned. Afterwards killed, by order of Edward IV.Just, chaste, temperate, pious and patient; but had a weak mind.HOUSE OF YORKEDWARD IV. (1441-1483).—Son of Richard, Duke of York; descendant of Edward III.14611922Death occasioned by excessive eating.One of the handsomest men in England, but after crowned was a voluptuary.EDWARD V. (1470-1483).—Eldest son of Edward IV.1483122 m.Smothered by order of Richard, Duke of Gloucester....RICHARD III. (1452-1485).—Brother to Edward IV.1483302Killed in the battle of Bosworth Field.Small, ugly and crooked backed; dissembling and cruel, yet sagacious and brave.HOUSE OF TUDORHENRY VII. (1457-1509).—Son of Margaret, Countess of Richmond; descendant of John of Gaunt.14852824By consumption.A wise and able prince; pious, chaste, temperate and just; but insatiably covetous.HENRY VIII. (1491-1547).—Second son of Henry VII.15091838Natural causes.Comely, but very corpulent; brave, candid and liberal; versed in music, philosophy, and divinity; yet was cruel and presumptuous.EDWARD VI. (1537-1553).—Son of Henry VIII., by Jane Seymour.154796Of a consumption.Sweet tempered, and had a great genius.QueenMARY (1516-1558).—Daughter of Henry VIII., by Catharine of Aragon.1553385Of a dropsy.Small capacity, bigoted, revengeful and cruel.QueenELIZABETH (1533-1603).—Daughter of Henry VIII., by Anne Boleyn.15582545Natural causes.Tolerably handsome; had a noble air, and great affability; celebrated for her wit, judgment, economy, policy, sincerity, justice, liberality, and magnificence.HOUSE OF STUARTJAMES I. (1566-1625).—Son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley; and great-grandson of Margaret, daughter of Henry VII.16033722Of an ague.Learned and pacific, but wavering and undetermined.CHARLES I. (1600-1649).—Third son of James I.16252524Beheaded near the windows of the banqueting house, Whitehall.Religious, sober, chaste, affable and courageous; had great penetration and judgment, but too fond of prerogative.COMMONWEALTH declared May 19.1649...11......HOUSE OF STUARTCHARLES II. (1630-1685).—Eldest son of Charles I.16602925Supposed to have been poisoned.Extremely liberal and affable; had a sprightly and witty genius, and a wonderful conception.JAMES II. (1633-1701).—Brother to Charles II.1685523Natural, having abdicated the throne.A kind father, husband and master; more pious than resolute, and too submissive to his ministers.WILLIAM (1650-1702) and MARY (1662-1694).—William, Prince of Orange, (Holland). Mary, eldest daughter of James II., by Anne Hyde.1688W. 37 M. 26W. 14 M. 6Mary died of the smallpox; William, by a fall from his horse.Mary, pious and amiable; had an air of grandeur, without pride or affectation. William, not comely in person, had a great genius, was a good statesman and warrior.QueenANNE (1685-1714).—Second daughter of King James II., and consort of George, Prince of Denmark.17023712Natural causes.In private life, virtuous, charitable and pious; as a sovereign, easy, kind and generous.HOUSE OF HANOVERGEORGE I. (1660-1727).—Eldest son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, and Princess Sophia, daughter of Frederick V., of Bohemia.17145413Died of a lethargic disorder, at Osnaburg.Unostentatious and familiar; a circumspect general; a wise and virtuous prince.GEORGE II. (1683-1760).—Only son of George I., by Dorothy, daughter and heiress of the Duke of Zell.17274434Died instantly, by a sudden rupture of the heart, while in good health.Well-shaped, fair complexion; hasty, of moderate abilities, humane, liberal, temperate, and a scientific warrior.GEORGE III. (1738-1820).—Eldest son of Frederick and Augusta, Prince and Princess of Wales, and grandson of George II.17602259By the gradual exhaustion of nature, having been in state of continual mental derangement for nine years.His figure uniting strength and comeliness; his manners unassuming and liberal; hair light flaxen, eyes grey, eyebrows white, of moderate genius, and very pious.GEORGE IV. (1762-1830).—Eldest son of George III., by his consort, Charlotte of Mecklenburg.1820589......WILLIAM IV. (1765-1837).—Third son of George III.1830657Natural causes.A man of homely talents, immoral, tactless, but good hearted.QueenVICTORIA (1819-1901).—Daughter of Edward, fourth son of George III., and Victoria Maria Louisa, daughter of Francis, duke of Saxe-Coburg.18371864Natural causes.A sagacious ruler, jealous of her royal prerogative, persistent, self-devoted, but greatly beloved.HOUSE OF SAXE-COBURGEDWARD VII. (1841-1910).—Son of Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.1901609Natural causes.Lacked political training, but cultivated the arts of peace. Popular, but lacking in moral force.GEORGE V. (1865- ——).—Son of Edward VII. and Queen Alexandra, daughter of Christian IX. of Denmark.191045......Without political training; like his father, his foreign policy almost wholly in the hands of a powerful ministry. Personally a notable sportsman and popular.Names and Lineage of SovereignsPrincipal StatesmenChief WarriorsEvents of ReignANGLO-SAXON KINGSEGBERT (775?-837)—Son of Alcmund, descended from Inigisil, brother to Ina, king of West Saxons....The king.—Ethelwolf.—Kenneth.The kingdoms of the Heptarchy united, and take the name of England.ETHELWOLF (—— -358)—Son of Egbert.Athelstan.Wolfhere.—Ethelhelm.—Ceorle.Tithes instituted; London plundered by the Danes; England becomes tributary to the Holy See.ETHELBALD—Son of Ethelwolf.Swithun, Bishop of Winchester.Osric.Scots defeated by the Britons.ETHELBERT—Son of Ethelwolf....The king.Winchester burnt by the Danes.ETHELRED I. (871).—Brother to Ethelbert....Young Alfred.Battles of Aston and Basing—York taken.ALFREDThe Great(849-901).—Brother to Ethelred, and son of Ethelwolf....The king.—Oddune, earl of Devonshire.University of Oxford founded. Juries instituted. England divided into shires, tithings and hundreds.EDWARDthe Elder(870?-924).—Second son of Alfred the Great....The king.Northumberland and East Anglia united to the crown. University of Cambridge founded. Battles of Temsford and Malden.ATHELSTAN (895?-941).—Natural son of Edward the Elder.Turketul, Chancellor.Guy of Warwick.Constantine III. of Scotland and six Irish and Welsh kings killed at battle of Brunanburh.EDMUNDthe Pious(923-946).—Eldest legitimate son of Edward the Elder....The king.Cumberland and Westmoreland given up to Malcolm, king of Scotland.EDRED (—— -955?).—Second legitimate son of Edward the Elder.Aldheim, Archbishop of Canterbury.The king.Northumbrian Danes reduced.EDWY (939?-959).—Eldest son of Edmund the Pious.Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury.Prince Edgar.Rebellion of the Mercians.EDGAR (943?-975).—Brother to Edwy.Ethelwold....King of Wales, Ireland and the Isle of Man, recognize Edgar for their sovereign.EDWARDthe Martyr(961?-978).—Eldest son of Edgar.Dustan.......ETHELRED II. (Sweyn) (—— -1016).—Brother to Edward the Martyr, and son of the beautiful Elfrida.Siricius, Archbishop of Canterbury.Prince Edmund. Alfric.Arabic figures introduced. Sweyn, king of Denmark, conquers England.EDMUND,Ironside(989-1017).—Eldest son of Ethelred II.Edric, Earl of Wilts....Massacre of the Danes. England divided between Edward and Canute I.DANISH KINGSCANUTE I. (995-1035).—Son of Sweyn, King of Denmark.Thurkell, Duke of East Anglia.—Urick, Duke of Northumberland.Godwin, Earl of Kent.Parents prohibited selling their children. End of the Danish war of two hundred years.HAROLD I. (1040- ——)—Second son of Canute I., by Queen Alfwen.Earl Godwin.Godwin, Earl of Kent.Paper first used in England.CANUTE II. (1019-1042).—Third son of Canute I., by Emma of Normandy.Earl Godwin.Leofric, Duke of Mercia....SAXON KINGSEDWARDthe Confessor(1004-1066).—Son of Edmund Ironside.Robert, Archbishop of Canterbury—Harold.Siward, Duke of Northumberland.Common law of England established. Westminster Abbey founded.HAROLD II. (1022-1066).—Son of Earl Godwin, by the eldest daughter of Canute I.Morcar, Earl of Northumberland.Gurth and Leofwin, the king’s brothers.Battle of Hastings, Norman conquest.NORMAN KINGSWILLIAMthe Conqueror(1027-1087).—Son of Robert, Duke of Normandy, by his mistress Harlotte.Odo, Bishop of Bayeaux. Fitzosborne, Earl of Hereford.Malcolm, King of Scotland.Tower of London built. Doomsday book. Bishoprics created.WILLIAMRufus(1056-1100).—Second son of William the Conqueror.Herbert—Lozinga.Earl of Northumberland—Duke of Normandy.First Holy War. Westminster Hall built. Reduction of the Welsh.HENRY I. (1068-1135).—Brother of William Rufus.Archbishop Anselm. Bishop of Salisbury.Earl of Flanders.Normandy conquered. First Parliament.STEPHEN (1105-1154).—Son of Stephen, Earl of Blois, and Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror.William of Ypres.Earl of Gloucester.Canon law introduced.PLANTAGENETSHENRY II. (1133-1189).—Eldest son of Geoffrey, Earl of Anjou, and of the Empress Maud. Heir to Henry I.Thomas à Becket, Lord Chancellor.Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke.King takes possession of Ireland. Judicial circuits established.RICHARD I. (1157-1199).—Second son of Henry II.Bishop of Durham—Longchamp, Bishop of Ely.The king, surnamed Cœur de Lion.London divided into companies. King joins the Crusade.KingJOHN (1166-1216).—Brother to Richard I.Archbishop of Hubert, Chancellor.Prince Arthur.Phillip II. of France takes possession of Normandy. War with the barons. Magna Charta signed.HENRY III. (1207-1272).—King John’s eldest son.William, Earl of Pembroke, Hugh de Burgh, Bishop of Winchester.Simon, Earl of Leicester. Prince Edward.Intestine wars. Westminster Abbey rebuilt.EDWARD I. (1239-1307).—Eldest son of Henry III.Giffard, Archbishop of York.Llewellyn, Prince of Wales.Wales united to England. Mariner’s compass invented.EDWARD II. (1284-1327).—Eldest son of Edward I.Pierce Gaveston—Hugh de Spencer.Guy, Earl of Warwick.King abdicates the throne. Courts of Nisi Prius established.EDWARD III. (1312-1377).—Son of Edward II.Mortimer, Earl of March.Edward, the Black Prince—Sir Richard Knowles.Battles of Cressy and Poictiers. Order of the Garter instituted.RICHARD II. (1366-1400).—Son of Edward the Black Prince, and grandson of Edward III.Richard de Vere, Duke of Ireland. A. Neville, Archbishop of York.H. Percy, surnamed Hotspur—John of Gaunt.Wat Tyler’s insurrection. King deposed.HOUSE OF LANCASTERHENRY IV. (1366?-1413).—Son of John of Gaunt, and grandson of Edward III.R. Neville, Earl of Westmoreland.Sir John Oldcastle.Battle of Shrewsbury.HENRY V. (1388-1422).—Eldest son of Henry IV.Beaufort, Duke of Exeter.Duke of Gloucester, Wodehouse Gam.Battle of Agincourt. Siege of Rouen.HENRY VI. (1421-1471).—Son of Henry V.Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, Duke of Suffolk, Duke of Somerset.Joan of Arc, Duke of Bedford, Lord Talbot, R. Neville, Earl of Warwick.Battles of Crevant, Verneuil, St. Albans, and Towton. Siege of Orleans.HOUSE OF YORKEDWARD IV. (1441-1483).—Son of Richard, Duke of York; descendant of Edward III.Earl Rivers.Admiral Coulon.Printing first in use.EDWARD V. (1470-1483).—Eldest son of Edward IV.Richard, Duke of Gloucester.Lord Hastings.Richard’s usurpation.RICHARD III. (1452-1485).—Brother to Edward IV.Lord Stanley.Henry, Earl of Richmond. Duke of Buckingham.Battle of Bosworth Field.HOUSE OF TUDORHENRY VII. (1457-1509).—Son of Margaret, Countess of Richmond; descendant of John of Gaunt.Cardinal Morton, Sir Edward Poynings.Lord Lovell.Discovery of America.HENRY VIII. (1491-1547).—Second son of Henry VII.Cardinal Wolsey, Sir Thomas More, Fox, Cromwell.Duke of Norfolk—Earl of Surrey. Lord Maxwell.The Reformation. Monasteries dissolved.EDWARD VI. (1537-1553).—Son of Henry VIII., by Jane Seymour.Seymour, Duke of Somerset—Dudley, Earl of Warwick.Lord Russell.Religious insurrection.QueenMARY (1516-1558).—Daughter of Henry VIII., by Catharine of Aragon.Gardiner, Chancellor.Duke of Savoy.Catholic religion restored.QueenELIZABETH (1533-1603).—Daughter of Henry VIII., by Anne Boleyn.Robert Dudley, Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Burleigh.Admiral Howard—Sir Francis Drake. Sir F. Vere. Sir P. Sidney.Mary Queen of Scots executed. Spanish Armada destroyed. Protestant religion restored.HOUSE OF STUARTJAMES I. (1566-1625).—Son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley; and great-grandson of Margaret, daughter of Henry VII.Robert Car, Earl of Somerset. George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. Earl of Salisbury.Sir Horace Vere.Union of the crowns of England and Scotland. Gunpowder plot.CHARLES I. (1600-1649).—Third son of James I.Earls of Portland and Strafford—Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury.Earl of Essex. Sir T. Fairfax, Earl of Manchester.Battles of Edge Hill, Tadcaster and Gisborough.COMMONWEALTH declared May 19.Oliver Cromwell.Admiral Blake, General Monk.Charles I. beheaded. Royal power usurped. Battle of Dunbar.HOUSE OF STUARTCHARLES II. (1630-1685).—Eldest son of Charles I.Earl of Clarendon.Duke of York. Earl of Sandwich.Restoration of monarchy. Plague and fire in London. Royal Society founded.JAMES II. (1633-1701).—Brother to Charles II.Chancellor Jeffries.Duke of Monmouth.King abdicates the throne. Revolution.WILLIAM (1650-1702) and MARY (1662-1694).—William, Prince of Orange, (Holland). Mary, eldest daughter of James II., by Anne Hyde.Earl of Sunderland. Earl of Tankerville.Russell, Shovel, Ginkle.Bank of England established. Siege of Namur. Battles of Boyne and La Hogue. Treaty of Ryswick.QueenANNE (1685-1714).—Second daughter of King James II., and consort of George, Prince of Denmark.Lords Godolphin and Cowper—Earl of Oxford. Harcourt. Bollingbroke.Duke of Marlboro’—Sir G. Rook, Ormund—Benbow.Battles of Blenheim and Ramilles. Scotch union.HOUSE OF HANOVERGEORGE I. (1660-1727).—Eldest son of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, and Princess Sophia, daughter of Frederick V., of Bohemia.Dukes of Newcastle and Devonshire. Lords Townsend and Carteret.Earl of Mar. Duke of Argyle. Lord Cobham.Insurrection in favor of the Pretender. Septennial parliament.GEORGE II. (1683-1760).—Only son of George I., by Dorothy, daughter and heiress of the Duke of Zell.Sir R. Walpole. Mr. Sandys. Earl of Huntington. Duke of Bedford.Duke of Cumberland. Lord Anson. Earl of Stair. Gen. Wolfe.New style introduced. Battles of Dettingen, Culloden, and Minden. Peace of Aix La Chapelle.GEORGE III. (1738-1820).—Eldest son of Frederick and Augusta, Prince and Princess of Wales, and grandson of George II.Chatham. North, Pitt, Fox.Rodney, Howe, Abercrombie—Nelson, Wellington.French and American Revolutions. Union with Ireland. Battles of Leipsic and Waterloo.GEORGE IV. (1762-1830).—Eldest son of George III., by his consort, Charlotte of Mecklenburg..........WILLIAM IV. (1765-1837).—Third son of George III.Lord John Russell, Robert Peel, Lord Melbourne....Reform Bill passed by Parliament. Municipal Corporations Act. Establishment of the University of London.QueenVICTORIA (1819-1901).—Daughter of Edward, fourth son of George III., and Victoria Maria Louisa, daughter of Francis, duke of Saxe-Coburg.Lord Palmerston, Lord Derby, Disraeli, Gladstone, Rosebury, Salisbury.Generals Gordon, Roberts, Kitchener.Crimean war, Indian Mutiny, Zulu war, Boer war, Home Rule agitation. Australian Commonwealth bill. Imperialism strengthened. Marked literary achievements.HOUSE OF SAXE-COBURGEDWARD VII. (1841-1910).—Son of Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha....Lord Roberts, General Kitchener.King Edward and his Ministers were influential in establishing the Triple Entente, including England, France and Russia.GEORGE V. (1865- ——).—Son of Edward VII. and Queen Alexandra, daughter of Christian IX. of Denmark.Asquith, Lloyd-George, Cecil.Kitchener, French, Haig.England the leading and directing power of the Entente in the Great European war against the Germanic Allies.