Lincoln Assassinated, and Beginning of Reconstruction.—On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated and Andrew Johnson became president. With the succession of Johnson the era of reconstruction, political and social, begins. The outcome of political reconstruction was the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments to the Constitution of the United States, the impeachment of Andrew Johnson, and a long list of acts to protect and assist the freedmen of the South. The outcome of social reconstruction was the rise of the Ku Klux Klan, the passage and use of the Force Act, and the dreadful condition of affairs which ruined the South for a decade.
In the North the effect of such measures was to split the Republican party and put seven presidential candidates in the field in 1872. One represented the Temperance party; another the Labor party, denouncing Chinese labor and the non-taxation of Government land; a third was the Liberal Republican, demanding union, amnesty, and civil rights, accusing Grant of packing the Supreme Court in the interests of corporations, and calling for a repeal of the Ku Klux laws. The Liberal[645]Republicans having chosen Horace Greeley as their candidate, the Democrats accepted and indorsed him. But he pleased neither party, and the discontented Liberals and the discontented Democrats each chose a candidate of their own. The Republicans nominated Grant and elected him.
Election of Hayes Decided by an Electoral Commission.—His second term (1873-1877) was the nadir of our politics, both state and national, and ended with the disputed election and the rise of the Independent or “Greenback party,” demanding the repeal of the act for the resumption of specie payments and the issue of the United States “greenback” notes, convertible into bonds, as the currency of the country. Double returns and doubtful returns from the Southern states put the votes of thirteen electors in dispute. As the House was Democratic and the Senate Republican, the joint rule under which the electoral votes had been counted since 1865 could not be adopted. A compromise was necessary, and on January 29, 1877, the Electoral Commission of five Senators, five Representatives, and five judges of the Supreme Court was created to decide on the doubtful returns. Of the fifteen, eight were Republicans and seven Democrats, and by a strict party vote the thirteen electoral votes were given to the Republicans and Rutherford B. Hayes declared elected.
Resumption of Specie Payments by the Government.—The memorable events of his term (1877-1881) were the resumption of specie payments on January 1, 1879; the passage of the Bland Silver Bill, restoring the silver dollar to the list of coins, making it legal tender, and providing for the coinage of not less than two million nor more than four million each month; and the rapid growth of the National or Greenback Labor party. Hayes was followed in 1881 by James A. Garfield, whose contest with the Senators from New York over the distribution of patronage led to his assassination by the hand of a crazy applicant for office. Chester A. Arthur then became President, was followed in 1885 by Grover Cleveland, who was succeeded in 1889 by Benjamin Harrison, who was in turn succeeded in 1893 by Grover Cleveland.
The presidential campaign of 1896 was one of the most exciting and important that has ever taken place. It was a contest respecting principles, and party platforms never received more attention. The amount of financial and political literature distributed and read was enormous, and political speeches, almost without number, were delivered. The cooperation of very many gold standard Democrats greatly increased the Republican strength and McKinley and Hobart were elected by a large majority of the electoral votes and by a plurality of over six hundred thousand of the popular vote.
McKinley and the Spanish-American War.—The administration of President McKinley was notable in many respects, and marked a new era in the foreign policy of the United States. Chief of the events was the Spanish-American war, which was precipitated in 1898, largely through the cruel treatment of the Cuban people by the mother country, Spain. Public opinion in the United States had been much divided in regard to the Cuban difficulties, but the division was in no sense sectional and a majority believed that war was not only justifiable but inevitable.
On February 15, 1898, the United States battleshipMainewas destroyed in Havana harbor, and many believed this to have been the work of the Spaniards. Thereupon a congress was held, and a resolution passed demanding the withdrawal of Spain from Cuba. But before the message could be delivered, the American minister in Madrid received his passports and the Spanish government declared war. On April 22, Rear-Admiral Sampson began the blockade of Havana and the northern coast of Cuba with his North Atlantic squadron.
Meanwhile Dewey, who had been stationed at Hong-Kong with the American squadron, was ordered to begin operations, and sailed to Manila Bay in the Philippines. He entered Manila Bay early Sunday morning, May 1, 1898. The Spanish fleet lying in the harbor was protected by the guns of the batteries at Cavité, a few miles from Manila.
The Spaniards knew that he had left Hong-Kong, but he came sooner than he was expected and caught them unawares. He had planned to do this so that he might choose his own time for attack. As soon as he reached Manila Bay he opened upon the Spanish fleet a terrible fire of shot and shell. His fire was answered vigorously from the war vessels and the shore batteries, but the guns of the enemy were not well aimed and their shot did little damage. After a sharp fight of about two hours Dewey withdrew his fleet, in order, it is said, to give his men time for breakfast, but more likely to see how his ammunition was holding out.
After three hours he returned to the attack. By this time most of the Spanish vessels were in flames. An hour later the Spanish batteries “were silenced and the ships sunk or burned and deserted.” In the conflict the Spaniards lost every vessel and hundreds of men were killed, wounded, and missing. No American was killed and but seven wounded; while no American vessel was seriously damaged.
The battle of Manila is one of the great naval actions of history; never before had so much been won with so little loss of life and ships. Congress made Dewey a Rear Admiral, gave him a vote of thanks, and voted him a sword. Soon after the war he was made Admiral, the highest rank in the navy.
About the same time the Spanish Admiral, Cervera, had left the Cape Verde Islands en route for Santiago, where he arrived on May 19. Strict watch was kept by Sampson to prevent the escape of the enemy, and theMerrimacwas sunk at night to block the Spanish squadron in the harbor, but the ship drifted too far to prevent Cervera’s exit. This difficult feat was intrusted to Ensign Richmond P. Hobson and six men. They performed their dangerous task, notwithstanding a severe fire from the Spanish land batteries. They were captured, but Admiral Cervera was so moved by their bravery that he sent word to the Americans that they were safe and would be well treated.
SUMMARY OF SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR, 1898
CausesUnderlying:Sympathy for the oppressed Cubans. The “reconcentrados,” people driven into the towns by Weyler, died by thousands, and Americans who aided them are arrested and their property destroyed.The proximity of Cuba and its geographical position make its situation of great importance to the United States.Destruction of American property.Publication of a letter of the Spanish Minister, in which he speaks slightingly of President McKinley.Immediate:The blowing up of the battleshipMaine.Treaty and ResultsThe Treaty of Paris, December 10, 1898, stipulated as follows:Spain gives up title to Cuba.Spain cedes Porto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States.The United States gives Spain $20,000,000.The direct cost of the war to the United States is about $130,000,000.Soldiers killed, 430. A large number die of disease.The United States becomes the guardian of Cuba.An increase in our navy and standing army.The war in the Philippines.The question of territorial expansion in our politics.
CausesUnderlying:Sympathy for the oppressed Cubans. The “reconcentrados,” people driven into the towns by Weyler, died by thousands, and Americans who aided them are arrested and their property destroyed.The proximity of Cuba and its geographical position make its situation of great importance to the United States.Destruction of American property.Publication of a letter of the Spanish Minister, in which he speaks slightingly of President McKinley.Immediate:The blowing up of the battleshipMaine.
Causes
Underlying:
Sympathy for the oppressed Cubans. The “reconcentrados,” people driven into the towns by Weyler, died by thousands, and Americans who aided them are arrested and their property destroyed.
The proximity of Cuba and its geographical position make its situation of great importance to the United States.
Destruction of American property.
Publication of a letter of the Spanish Minister, in which he speaks slightingly of President McKinley.
Immediate:
The blowing up of the battleshipMaine.
Treaty and ResultsThe Treaty of Paris, December 10, 1898, stipulated as follows:Spain gives up title to Cuba.Spain cedes Porto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States.The United States gives Spain $20,000,000.The direct cost of the war to the United States is about $130,000,000.Soldiers killed, 430. A large number die of disease.The United States becomes the guardian of Cuba.An increase in our navy and standing army.The war in the Philippines.The question of territorial expansion in our politics.
Treaty and Results
The Treaty of Paris, December 10, 1898, stipulated as follows:
Spain gives up title to Cuba.
Spain cedes Porto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States.
The United States gives Spain $20,000,000.
The direct cost of the war to the United States is about $130,000,000.
Soldiers killed, 430. A large number die of disease.
The United States becomes the guardian of Cuba.
An increase in our navy and standing army.
The war in the Philippines.
The question of territorial expansion in our politics.
LAND AND SEA ENGAGEMENTS
On June 21, Major-General Shafter arrived off Santiago and successfully landed his troops at Baiquiri, and three days later the Spaniards were driven back from Sevilla. General Shafter then began his attack on Santiago, whither the Spaniards had retreated. Operations began on July 1. The severest fighting took place at San Juan Hill and El Caney, a garrisoned post, where a body of five hundred Spaniards offered a desperate resistance for some hours. By sundown the hills on which the enemy were posted, including San Juan, were occupied by the Americans. The attacking force consisted of regular infantry and dismounted cavalry, with an irregular corps of mounted men known as the Rough Riders. The latter, under the command of Colonels Leonard Wood and Roosevelt, took a prominent part in the fight. On July 4 the city was summoned to surrender, but without success. In the meanwhile Admiral Cervera’s squadron had been ordered to sea by the Madrid government. He accordingly left Santiago harbor the same day at nine a. m. with the object of[647]effecting its escape by keeping close to the western shore. The American fleet, temporarily under Schley’s command, at once engaged the Spaniards, and by two o’clock succeeded in burning, beaching, or capturing all the enemy’s vessels. After this Santiago surrendered, July 17, and Spain sued for peace. It was arranged that Spain should evacuate Cuba, should cede Porto Rico to the United States, as well as her islands in the Antilles, and one of the Ladrones, and should leave the United States in the possession of Manila. In 1899 a treaty was signed, and Spain evacuated Cuba, the Philippines, and other islands for an indemnity of twenty million dollars.
Insurrection in the Philippine Islands.—A day or two after the final vote on the treaty a body of Philippines under Amilio Aguinaldo, a native of great ability, attacked the American defenses at Manila. The next day the Americans returned the attack, and for nearly a year there was a resistance to the American rule on the part of the tribes which Aguinaldo represented. These tribes belonged to the Tagals, a Malay race. They are in a minority as regards the whole population, but are among the most intelligent. By the close of the year 1899 the organized resistance on the part of the Tagals appeared to be nearly ended, and the army of Aguinaldo reduced to marauders and bandits, and the insurrection against the authority and sovereignty of the United States was ended in July, 1902, after the capture and surrender of the insurgent leader.
Assassination of McKinley and Succession of Roosevelt.—Shortly after his re-election to a second term, on September 6, 1901, the country was shocked by the assassination of President McKinley by an anarchist named Czolgosz. This was the third time in the history of the country that the chief executive was stricken down by the hand of an assassin. The Vice-President, Theodore Roosevelt, then succeeded to the presidency and continued, in all essential details, the policy of his lamented predecessor.
Under President Roosevelt, a champion of administrative reform and the regulation of commercial trusts, the status of Cuba was settled; progress was made in the Philippines; the navy was very greatly strengthened; the Isthmian Canal question was solved in favor of the Panama route, and the Republic of Panama recognized; and the President reasserted with emphasis the Monroe Doctrine as the key to foreign policy. The Alaska boundary was fixed by a mixed commission. The United States took part with the European powers in armed intervention at Peking in 1899; and an arbitration treaty with Great Britain and other countries was arranged for.
In a second term (1905-1909) President Roosevelt maintained his popularity by the same policy. In 1906 an insurrection broke out in Cuba, and in October American troops again took possession of the island. When confidence had been restored the United States authorities withdrew.
President Taft and the Rise of the Progressives.—In 1908 the Republican, Taft, defeated Bryan, the Democratic candidate. Mr. Roosevelt had refused to be a candidate again and was instrumental in securing Mr. Taft’s nomination. President Taft was elected on a Rooseveltian programme of anti-trust legislation and promises of a reduced tariff. In 1910-1911 attempts were made at a Reciprocity of Duties Treaty with Canada, so as to establish freer trade between the two countries. The Canadian general election of 1911 gave an emphatic negative to the proposal.
During the latter part of 1912 a renewed insurrection in Mexico brought about strained diplomatic relations with that country.
In Ohio, Minnesota, and Indiana, however, Democratic governors were elected, and these results pointed to a political reaction in the West, largely owing to supposed inequities in the tariff and to the dominance of trusts.
In 1910 an “insurgent” or progressive section, to which Mr. Roosevelt adhered, formed itself within the Republican party; and the state elections in November resulted in a Democratic triumph without a parallel since that of the year 1890.
Democrats Restored to Power under Leadership of Woodrow Wilson.—In 1913 Woodrow Wilson swept the country on a Democratic programme, having a clear majority over the two Republican ex-presidents (Roosevelt and Taft) opposed to him. His election was fought chiefly on the tariff question, his main argument being that some industries were receiving unfair protection at the expense of others.
Shortly after the inauguration of President Wilson (May 31, 1913), the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, providing for the direct election of Senators by the people of the states, instead of by their respective legislatures, became effective. On October 3, of the same year, the Underwood Tariff Act became a law. Following this, on December 23, the Currency and Banking Bill, providing regional reserve banks throughout the country, was signed.
In 1914 the continued insurrectionary conditions in Mexico led to the seizure of the custom house at Vera Cruz by a United States fleet, resulting in an American loss of eighteen marines killed and seventy wounded. Subsequently diplomatic representatives of the republics of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile (popularly known as the “A B C powers”) offered their services as mediators, were accepted by the United States and the troops withdrawn. The temporary lull, however, thus brought about was soon succeeded by a series of struggles between the provisional Mexican government and the insurrectionists, led by Francisco Villa, which have ever since continued with little abatement. In 1916 the border raids of the Mexican bandits resulted in so many outrages upon American lives and property that the President was compelled to order United States troops to the Rio Grande for the protection of our citizens, and finally a detachment under General Pershing was sent into Mexican territory.
The important La Follette Seaman’s bill, to promote the welfare of American seamen and provide for their safety at sea, was approved[648]March 4, 1915; and, in the same year (February 20), the Panama-Pacific Exposition was opened at San Francisco. On November 12, the United States assumed a protectorate of the Republic of Hayti.
PRESIDENT WILSON LEAVING THE EXECUTIVE OFFICES
PRESIDENT WILSON LEAVING THE EXECUTIVE OFFICES
During 1916 the Republic of Santo Domingo likewise passed under an American protectorate and the Rural Credits Bill became a law, whereby a system of Farm Loan Banks was created.
From the very beginning of the European war the administration of President Wilson was brought face to face with numerous intricate and several critical diplomatic situations growing out of that titanic conflict. The relationship of the United States, as a neutral nation, to the belligerent countries engaged in this war gave rise to more difficult and significant issues than any other president was compelled to meet since the time of Lincoln, if indeed, it has not been unprecedented in our entire history.
President Wilson Re-elected and His Policies Approved.—At the national election, in November, 1916, President Wilson was re-elected over his opponent, Charles E. Hughes. Following his re-election (December, 1916) the President proffered the services of this government to the belligerent powers of Europe in an effort to re-establish peace between these great contending coalitions. In spite of foreign complications, the year 1916 closed a period of unparalleled industrial and commercial prosperity for the United States, and more than ever confirmed its position as a great world power, with an immense field of new possibilities and corresponding duties.
On January 2, 1917, Congress re-assembled and began the consideration of important questions of national defense, railroads, and foreign policy growing out of the European war. In February, diplomatic relations were severed by the United States with Germany, and was succeeded in March by a declaration of armed neutrality on the part of our government.
Meanwhile great activity characterized all departments of the national government along lines of military preparedness, supported by unprecedented appropriations by Congress.
The supreme national industrial event of the Wilson administration, however, was the opening of the Panama Canal for navigation on August 14, 1914, and its use since that time as an instrumentality of world traffic.
Panama Canal.—This gigantic engineering project was designated by Count de Lesseps, of France, in 1879, and actual work began by the French Panama Canal Company, in 1881. Negotiations extending from 1901 to 1904 resulted in the taking over of the holdings of the French company by the United States, and work was started by United States government engineers in May of the latter year. Since that time the project has been steadily carried forward to completion.
The Canal is about fifty miles in length from deep water in the Caribbean Sea to deep water in the Pacific Ocean. The channel ranges in width from three hundred to one thousand feet. The average bottom width of the channel in this project is six hundred and forty-nine feet, and the minimum width is three hundred feet. The Canal has a minimum depth of forty-one feet. The time required for the passage of a ship of medium size through the entire length of the Canal is estimated at from nine and one-half to ten hours, and for larger vessels from ten and one-half to eleven hours.
The actual construction cost at present estimated for completing the Canal is $325,201,000, which includes $20,053,000 for sanitation and $7,382,000 for civil administration. These figures do not include the $50,000,000 paid to the New French Canal Company and to the Republic of Panama for property and franchises. Hence it is estimated that the total construction cost of the Canal to the United States will approximate $375,000,000.
CONTOUR MAP OF THE PANAMA CANAL AND CONNECTIONS
This map shows the general direction of the canal to be north and south; how it is brought into direct communication with the ports of the United States; and how it facilitates shipping to all parts of the world.
This map shows the general direction of the canal to be north and south; how it is brought into direct communication with the ports of the United States; and how it facilitates shipping to all parts of the world.
Large map(535 kB)
TABLE OF STATE AND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT
In all the States except Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming and the Territory of Alaska, the right to vote at general elections is restricted to males of twenty-one years of age and upward. Women in Illinois, Iowa and Michigan have a restricted vote and in several States may vote at school elections.
States and Popular NameRequirements as to CitizenshipPersons Excluded from Suffrage(in italic)Previous Residence RequiredGovernorsLegislaturesMembers’ TermsElec-toral Vote, 1916In StateIn Co.In TownIn Pre-cinctSalariesLength Term YearsAnn. or Bien.Limit of SessionSalaries of MembersSena-torsRepre-senta-tivesAlabama“Lizard”Citizen of United States or alien who has declared intention.Convictedof treason or other felonies, idiots, vagrants, insane.2 years1 year3 mos.3 mos.$ 7,5004Quad.50 days$4.00 per diem4412AlaskaCitizen of the United States, male or female.Aliensand Indians.1 year...30 days30 days7,0004Bien.60 days$15.00 per diem420ArizonaCitizen of the United States, male or female.Idiot,insane, felon* (b).1 year30 days30 days30 days4,0002Bien.60 days$7.00 per diem223Arkansas“Bear”Citizen of the United States or alien who has declared intention.Idiots,insane, convicted of felony, failure to pay poll tax.1 year6 mos.30 days30 days5,0002Bien.60 days$6.00 per diem429California“Golden”Citizen, male or female, by nativity, naturalization 90 days prior to election (d).Idiots,insane, embezzlers of public moneys, convicted of infamous crime.*1 year90 days...30 days10,0004Bien.None$1,000 term4213Colorado“Centennial”Citizen, native or naturalized, male or female.Felons,insane.1 year90 days30 days10 days5,0002Bien.90 days$1,000 term426Connecticut“Nutmeg”Citizen of the United States.Convictedof heinous crime.1 year...6 mos....5,0002Bien.None$300 term227Delaware“Diamond”Citizen of the United States.Insane,paupers, felons.*1 year3 mos....30 days4,0004Bien.60 days$5.00 per diem423Dist. of Col.Seefoot noteon following page..................................0Florida“Flower”Citizen of the United States.Idiots,duelists, felons.1 year6 mos.6 mos.6 mos.6,0004Bien.60 days$6.00 per diem426Georgia“Cracker”Citizen of the United States.Felons,idiots and insane.6 mos.6 mos.......5,0002Ann.50 days$4.00 per diem2214HawaiiCitizen of the United States.Idiots,insane, felons(j).1 year......3 mos.7,0004Bien.60 days$600 session420IdahoCitizen of the United States, male or female.Idiots,insane, felons, bigamists.6 mos.30 days......5,0002Bien.60 days$5.00 per diem224Illinois“Prairie”Citizen of the United States (e).Convictedof crime.1 year90 days30 days30 days12,0004Bien.None$3,500 annum4229Indiana“Hoosier”Citizen of the United States or alien who has declared intention (g).Convictedof infamous crime.(b)6 mos....60 days30 days8,0004Bien.61 days$6.00 per diem4215Iowa“Hawkeye”Citizen of the United States (k).Idiots,insane, felons.6 mos.60 days10 days10 days5,0002Bien.None$1,000 session4213Kansas“Sunflower”Citizen of the United States, male or female, or alien who has declared intention.Convictedof treason or felony, insane.6 mos.30 days30 days10 days5,0002Bien.50 days$3.00 per diem4210Kentucky“Blue Grass”Citizen of United States (a).Felons,idiots and insane.1 year6 mos....60 days6,5004Bien.60 days$10.00 per diem4213Louisiana“Creole”Citizen of United States (c).Idiots,insane, felons.*2 years1 year...6 mos.5,0004Bien.60 days$5.00 per diem4410Maine“Pine Tree”Citizen of the United States.Paupers,insane, Indians.*‡3 mos.3 mos.3 mos.3 mos.3,0002Bien.None$300 annum226Maryland“Old Line”Citizen of the United States.Felons,lunatics, bribers.1 year6 mos.6 mos.1 day4,5004Bien.90 days$5.00 per diem428Massachusetts“Bay”Citizen (a).Paupers.*1 year6 mos.6 mos.6 mos.10,0001Ann.None$1,000 annum1118Michigan“Wolverine”Citizen of the United States or alien who declared intention two years and six months prior to November 8, 1894 (c).Indianswith tribal relations.6 mos.20 days20 days20 days5,0002Bien.None$800 annum2215Minnesota“North Star”Citizen of United States (a).Felons,insane, Indians.‡6 mos.30 days30 days30 days7,0002Bien.90 days$1,000 session4212Mississippi“Bayou”Citizen of the United States.Insane,idiots, Indians not taxed, felons, bigamists.*2 years1 year1 year1 year5,0004Bien.None$500 session4410MissouriCitizen of the United States or alien who has declared intention.Felons(b).1 year60 days60 days...5,0004Bien.70 days$5.00 per diem4218Montana“Mountain”Citizen of the United States, male or female.Felons,idiots, insane‡ (b).1 year30 days......5,0004Bien.60 days$10.00 per diem424NebraskaCitizen of the United States or alien who has declared intention (a).Felons,insane.6 mos.40 days10 days10 days2,5002Bien.60 days$10.00 session228Nevada“Silver”Citizen of the United States, male or female.Idiots,insane, felons.6 mos.30 days30 days30 days7,0004Bien.60 days$600 term2-423New Hampshire“Granite”Citizen of United States (a).Paupers,insane, idiots, felons.6 mos.6 mos.6 mos.6 mos.3,0002Bien.None$200 term224New Jersey“Jersey Blue”Citizen of the United States.Idiots,paupers, insane, felons(b).1 year5 mos.......10,0003Ann.None$500 annum3114New MexicoCitizen of United States (a).Idiots,insane, felons.†1 year90 days...30 days5,0005Bien.60 days$5.00 per diem423New York“Empire”Citizen who shall have been a citizen for ninety days prior to election.1 year4 mos.30 days30 days10,0002Ann.None$1,500 annum2145North Carolina“Old North”Citizen of the United States.Idiots,lunatics, felons.2 years6 mos.4 mos.4 mos.5,0004Bien.60 days$4.00 per diem2212North Dakota“Sioux”Citizen of United States (a).Felons,insane, tribal Indians.1 year6 mos.90 days90 days5,0002Bien.60 days$5.00 per diem425Ohio“Buckeye”Citizen of United States (a).Idiots,insane, and felons(b).1 year30 days20 days20 days10,0002Bien.None$1,000 annum2224OklahomaCitizen of United States (a).Felons,idiots, insane*‡1 year6 mos....30 days4,5004Bien.60 days$6.00 per diem4210Oregon“Sunset”Citizen of the United States, male or female, or alien who declared intention more than one year prior to election.Idiots,insane, convicted of felony, U. S. soldiers and sailors.6 mos.30 days...30 days5,0004Bien.40 days$3.00 per diem425Pennsylvania“Keystone”Citizen of the United States at least one month.Felons,non-taxpayers.1 year......2 mos.10,0004Bien.None$1,500 session2238Porto RicoCitizen of United States (f).Felons,insane(b).1 year...1 year...8,0004Ann.60 days$5.00 per diem420Rhode Island“Little Rhody”Citizen of the United States.Paupers,lunatics, felons.2 years...6 mos....3,0002Ann.60 days$5.00 per diem225South Carolina“Palmetto”Citizen of United States (h).Felons,insane, paupers.2 years1 year4 mos.4 mos.3,0002Ann.40 days$200 term429South Dakota“Coyote”Citizen of the United States or alien who has declared intention.Insane,felons, U. S. soldiers, seamen and marines.6 mos.30 days10 days10 days3,0002Bien.60 days$5.00 per diem225Tennessee“Volunteer”Citizen of the United States.Felons,failure to pay poll tax.1 year6 mos.......4,0002Bien.75 days$4.00 per diem2212Texas“Lone Star”Citizen of the United States or alien who has declared intention.Idiots,lunatics, felons, U. S. soldiers, marines and seamen.1 year6 mos.6 mos....4,0002Bien.90 days$5.00 per diem4220UtahCitizen of the United States, male or female.Idiots,insane, felons(b).1 year4 mos....60 days6,0004Bien.60 days$4.00 per diem424Vermont“Green Mountain”Citizen of the United States.Thoselacking approbation of local board of civil authority.1 year3 mos.3 mos.3 mos.2,5002Bien.None$4.00 per diem224Virginia“Old Dominion”Citizen of the United States.Idiots,lunatics, paupers(b) (i).2 years1 year1 year30 days5,0004Bien.60 days$500 session4212Washington“Evergreen”Citizen of the United States, male or female.Idiots,lunatics, felons.‡1 year90 days30 days30 days6,0004Bien.60 days$5.00 per diem427West Virginia“Panhandle”Citizen of the United States.Idiots,lunatics, felons.1 year60 days60 days...5,0004Bien.45 days$4.00 per diem428Wisconsin“Badger”Citizen of United States (a).Insane,felons, tribal Indians.1 year...10 days10 days5,0002Bien.None$500 annum4213WyomingCitizen of the United States, male or female.Idiots,insane, felons, unable to read State Constitution.1 year60 days10 days10 days4,0004Bien.40 days$8.00 per diem423