“But yonder comes the powerful king of day,Rejoicing in the East..........”
“But yonder comes the powerful king of day,Rejoicing in the East..........”
he uses “king of day” for “sun”; and no one can fail to notice the pleasureable effect produced.
Chief Rhetorical Figures of Speech
But the new word images introduced must really be suited to add strength or beauty. Notice the contrast between these two descriptions of morning:
The saffron morn, with early blushes spread,Now rose refulgent from Tithonus’ bed,With new-born day to gladden mortal sight,And gild the courts of heaven with sacred light.—Pope’s Homer.
The saffron morn, with early blushes spread,Now rose refulgent from Tithonus’ bed,With new-born day to gladden mortal sight,And gild the courts of heaven with sacred light.—Pope’s Homer.
The sun had long since in the lapOf Thetis taken out his nap;And, like a lobster boiled, the mornFrom black to red began to turn.—Butler’s Hudibras.
The sun had long since in the lapOf Thetis taken out his nap;And, like a lobster boiled, the mornFrom black to red began to turn.—Butler’s Hudibras.
Principal Figures—The common figures are metaphor, simile, allegory, personification, apostrophe, euphemism, hyperbole, antithesis, epigram, irony, climax, onomatopœia (ŏn-ŏm-a-tō-pœ´-ĭ-a), and alliteration.
Simile.—A simile is a comparison between objects that are not of the same class, and usually expressed by eitherlikeoras.
Examples:—The warrior fought like a lion.
Examples:—His spear was like the mast of a ship.
Examples:—His wrath was as the storm.
Metaphor.—A metaphor is a comparison which is implied between two objects that are not of the same class. Unlike the simile, it does not state the resemblance, it takes that for granted and proceeds as if the two things were one—we no longer say, “He foughtlikea lion,” but, “Hewasa lion in the fight.”
Allegory.—Under which head fall Fables and Parables, is an extended Metaphor generally accompanied by Personification.
Example:—Bunyan’sPilgrim’s Progress; Spenser’sFaerie Queene.
Personification.—Attributes life to inanimate objects. It speaks of “Thechildhoodof a nation,” of “alearnedage” of “thethirstyground,” of “eagerdarts,” of “wingedwords.”
Apostrophe.—Is a Personification accompanied by an address, or an address to an absent person.
Example:—
Ye hills and dales, ye rivers, woods, and plains,And ye that live and move, fair creatures, tell.
Ye hills and dales, ye rivers, woods, and plains,And ye that live and move, fair creatures, tell.
Hyperboleis effective exaggeration.
Example:—
Her eye in heavenWould through the airy region stream so bright,That birds would sing and think it were not night.
Her eye in heavenWould through the airy region stream so bright,That birds would sing and think it were not night.
Antithesisis a contrast of words or thoughts.
Examples:—
Better be first, he said, in a little Iberian villageThan be second in Rome.
Better be first, he said, in a little Iberian villageThan be second in Rome.
Epigramis a short antithesis. It is often of the nature of a proverb.
Examples:—
Some are too foolish to commit follies.The child is father of the man.
Some are too foolish to commit follies.The child is father of the man.
Ironyis hidden satire.
Example:—
’Tis pretty, sure, and very probable,That eyes, that are the frail’st and softest things,Should be called tyrants, butchers, murderers.
’Tis pretty, sure, and very probable,That eyes, that are the frail’st and softest things,Should be called tyrants, butchers, murderers.
Metonymy.—Metonymy is a figure of rhetoric in which the name of one object is put for another, the two being so related that the mention of one recalls the other.
Examples:—
He writes a good hand (handwriting).Death fell in showers (bullets).The kettle boils (water).The pen is mightier than the sword (intelligence vs. force).
He writes a good hand (handwriting).Death fell in showers (bullets).The kettle boils (water).The pen is mightier than the sword (intelligence vs. force).
Synecdocheoccurs where the part is taken for the whole, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made of it, where the person is designated by the most conspicuous trait of his character or the effect he produces.
Thus we may speak of “all hands being at work,” of so many “head” of cattle.
Climax.—Climax, or the rhetorical ladder, is the arrangement of a succession of words, or clauses, in such a way that the weakest may stand first; and that each in turn may rise in importance and make a deeper impression on the mind than that which preceded it.
Anti-climax reverses the order: this is often used in humorous writings.
Examples:—
I came, I saw, I conquered.Since concord was lost, friendship was lost, fidelity was lost, liberty was lost—all was lost.We have petitioned, we have remonstrated, we have supplicated, we have prostrated ourselves before the throne.—Patrick Henry.
I came, I saw, I conquered.Since concord was lost, friendship was lost, fidelity was lost, liberty was lost—all was lost.We have petitioned, we have remonstrated, we have supplicated, we have prostrated ourselves before the throne.—Patrick Henry.
Alliterationrepeats the same sound in words for the purpose of adding to the euphony.
Examples:—
Silently out of the room there glided the glistening savage,Bearing the serpent’s skin and seeming himself like a serpent,Winding his sinuous way in the dark to the depths of the forest.
Silently out of the room there glided the glistening savage,Bearing the serpent’s skin and seeming himself like a serpent,Winding his sinuous way in the dark to the depths of the forest.
*Onomatopœiaemphasizes the meaning by adapting the sound to the sense.
Example fromCataract of Lodore:—
And sounding and bounding and rounding,And bubbling and troubling and doubling,And grumbling and rumbling and tumbling,And clattering and battering and shattering.
And sounding and bounding and rounding,And bubbling and troubling and doubling,And grumbling and rumbling and tumbling,And clattering and battering and shattering.
* Name-making; the formation of words in imitation of the sounds made by the things signified: as, buzz, hiss, peewit, etc. It is held by some philologists that all language had its origin in onomatopœia, words formed by this principle being the most natural, and readily suggesting the actions or objects producing the sounds which the words are intended to represent.
Euphemismis the form of expression by which bad or dangerous things are spoken of in gracious terms. As an example we say death is “parting” or “falling asleep.”
Emphasis, or Inversion, adds greatly to the precision as well as vigor of style when temperately used. That is, when thepredicateorobjectare much more impressive or mentally prominent than thesubjectthey may with advantage precede it.
Any special emphasis may justify inversion. It is frequently used to indicate a swift or abrupt action—Commands frequently assume this form and owe to it half their force.
Examples:—
Great is Diana of the Ephesians,Sweet is the breath of morn.Low she lies who blessed our eyes.Silver and gold have I none.Go he shall. Stay not here.Up goes the fool, and gets sent down again.
Great is Diana of the Ephesians,Sweet is the breath of morn.Low she lies who blessed our eyes.Silver and gold have I none.Go he shall. Stay not here.Up goes the fool, and gets sent down again.
All forms of language composition are either Prose or Poetry; and these in turn are subdivided rhetorically into certain well-recognized special forms. The following classification shows at a glance the most important of these:
Letter Writing.—Business and public letters, social letters, ceremonial letters and notes.
Narration.—Letters, journals, memoirs, biographies, history, travel, news, fiction.
Description.—Descriptions of external objects, of character and its development, of intellectual processes.
Exposition.—Essays, treatises, editorials, reviews, criticisms.
Argument.—Argumentative essays, debates, briefs, etc.
Persuasion or Oratory.—Orations, addresses, lectures, sermons.
Epic and Narrative Poetry.—The great epics, metrical romances, metrical tales, ballads, pastorals, idylls, etc.
Dramatic(including all narrative poetry which presents actors as speaking and acting for themselves).—Tragedy, comedy, farce, opera, melodrama, mask, interlude, etc.
Lyric.—Odes, sacred and secular songs, elegy, sonnets, simple lyrics.
Didactic.—Moral essays in verse, satiric poetry, etc.
Aletteris a written communication on any subject from one person to another. In other words, it is written conversation, or “speaking by the pen.” Letters deserve very careful attention, for no species of composition is more generally used by all classes of persons. Remember that the letter “bespeaks the person,” and that many will judge of a person’s character and attainments from his correspondence.
The first endeavor of a writer should be to express himself as easily and naturally as in conversation, though with more method and conciseness.
So, before you begin to write a letter, arrange in your mind the ideas you wish to convey; then express them as if you were talking to the person to whom you are writing.
Divisions of a Letter.—In every business or social letter there are five things to consider: theheading, theintroduction, thebody of the letter, thecomplimentary close, and thesignature. Business letters should have an introductory address before the salutation.
The Heading.—The heading consists of the name of theplaceat which the letter is written, and thedate. If you write from a city like St. Louis, Boston, or New York, give the door[735]number, the name of the street, of the city, and of the state. If you are at a hotel or a school, its name may take the place of the door number and the name of the street. If in a small country place, give your postoffice address, the name of the county, and that of the state.
The date consists of the month, the day of the month, and the year.
Leave at least one inch vacant on the top of the first page.
Put on the first line, and to the right, your own postofficeaddress; and, either on the same line or on the next, thedate—that is, the month, day, and year, thus:
25 Endicott Street, Boston, Mass.,August 6, 1904.
The Introduction.—The introduction consists of theaddress—the name, the title, and the place of business or the residence of the one addressed—and thesalutation.
TheSalutationand theComplimentary Closeshould be appropriate to the person addressed. (See list of forms ofSalutation and Complimentary Closeonpage 737).
Titles of respect and courtesy should appear in the address. PrefixMr.to a man’s name;Messrs.to the names of several gentlemen;Missto that of a young lady;Mrs.to that of a married lady. PrefixDr.to the name of a physician, but neverMr.Dr.;Rev.to the name of a clergyman, orRev. Mr.if you do not know his christian name;Rev. Dr.if he is a Doctor of Divinity, or writeRev.before the name andD. D.after it.
Salutations vary with the station of the one addressed, or the writer’s degree of intimacy with him. Strangers may be addressed asSir,Rev. Sir,General,Madam, etc.; acquaintances asDear Sir,Dear Madam, etc.; friends asMy dear Sir,My dear Madam,My dear Jones, etc.; and near relatives and other dear friends asMy dear Wife,My dear Boy,Dearest Ellen, etc. Examples:
Mr. William C. Jones,Washington, D. C.
Dear Sir:Your letter, etc.
American Book Co.,New York City.
Dear Sirs:Kindly send, etc.
The Body.—Begin the body of the letter at the end of the salutation, and on thesameline, if the introduction consists of four lines—you may do so even if the introduction consists of but three—in which case the comma after the salutation should be followed by a dash; otherwise, on the linebelow. (See general observations as to subject matter, style, etc.)
The Conclusionconsists of thecomplimentary closeand thesignature. The forms of the complimentary close are many, and are determined by the relation of the writer to the one addressed. In letters of friendship may be usedYour sincere friend;Yours affectionately;Your loving sonordaughter, etc. In business letters, useYours;Yours truly;Truly yours;Yours respectfully;Very respectfully yours, etc. In official letters useI am,with respect,your obedient servant;I have the honor to be your obedient servant, etc.
The complimentary close often forms part of the last paragraph; at other times it stands separately, and then it usually begins about the middle of the line. Example:
Very sincerelyMary E. Shattuck.
A married woman should sign her own given name, but indicate her proper title of address; thus:
Mrs. J. F. Martin.
The Superscription, on the outside of the envelope, is the same as the address, consisting of the name, the titles, and the full directions of the one addressed. It should be written very plainly, and include the town, county, state, and country, if it goes abroad.
The number of the postoffice box, or the door number and the name of the street, or the name of the county, may stand at the lower left-hand corner.
Style of Letters.—It makes a considerable difference in our style whether we write as officials or business men, or as individual members of society.
The style should be determined in some measure by the nature of the subject, but in a still greater degree by the relative positions of the writer and the person addressed. On important subjects, the composition is expected to be forcible and impressive, on lighter subjects, easy and vivacious; in condolence, tender and sympathetic; in congratulation, lively and joyous. To superiors, it should be respectful; to inferiors, courteous; to friends, familiar; and to relatives, affectionate.
We may, therefore, usefully distinguish letters into three kinds—officialorbusinessletters andpersonalorsocialletters, andceremonial lettersornotes.
Official or Business Letters.—These include all those written by a person in the capacity of an officer, a professional man, a merchant, a tradesman, etc. They are classed together because they are mainly subject to the same rules.
In writing business letters, the following rules should be observed:
1. Be veryclear, so that your exact meaning cannot fail to be understood at first sight. Read your letter over with close attention to see that all your thoughts are correctly, fully, and clearly expressed.
2. Take care that thehandwritingbe legible, else you may getbootsforbooks,matchesforhatchetsorlatches,two poniesinstead ofone hundred pansies.
3. Bebriefand to the point; business men have no time to waste.
4. Confine yourself tostrict business. If you wish to add matters of friendship, it is well to write them on a separate leaf, that the business portion may be separately filed.
5. Writegrammatical and idiomaticEnglish, and paragraph and punctuate as in other kinds of writing.
Personal and Social Letters.—Under this head may be placed those letters written by any person in his private capacity as an individual. Such letters may be dictated by friendship, by charity or kindness, by politeness, by respect, by gratitude, by self-interest, or by any other reasonable motive.
Among these are the following:
Letters of Friendshipare such as are dictated by mutual affection between relatives and friends. They should be natural, easy, frank, without the least affectation. “I wish you to open to me your soul, not your library,” said Mme. de Sévigné, who wrote exquisitely herself. Such letters may treat of any subject of common interest to the parties concerned. Their language is that of the heart. Kindness, affection, charity, good-nature should dictate, prudence and common sense supervise them.
Letters of Congratulationare written on occasion of the New Year, a birthday, a preferment, or when a friend has met with some uncommon good fortune, and should be dictated by genuine friendship and sincere esteem, and expressed modestly without any exaggerated praise.
Letters of Condolence.—These require great skill and care. Act like the humane surgeon who touches the wound gently, and only to heal it. If your correspondent knows the sad news already, sympathize sincerely with him. If you are to announce the bad news yourself, prepare the way slowly; state the news as delicately as you can. Express your grief again before you conclude.
Letters of Introduction or Recommendationrequire special prudence. Think first whether it is proper to write such a letter at all for such a person. Avoid two dangers: do not offend the applicant for a recommendation, do not deceive your correspondent by exaggerated praise of the one recommended.
If the applicant isworthystate his merits, express reasonable confidence in him. If he isunworthyor doubtfully worthy, give him a letter which he will prefer not to present; for every such letter is an open letter, which the bearer is expected to read before delivering.
A letter of introduction or recommendation should never be sealed, as the bearer to whom it is given ought to know the contents.
Letters of Petitionshould be modest and every way moderate. Ingratiate yourself in a manly way; state your reasons briefly but forcibly; show your appreciation of the trouble your correspondent may be put to in consequence of the favor; promise gratitude.
In answering such letters favorably be brief and show your pleasure at rendering the little service asked. In refusing show how reluctantly you do so; give good reasons for it. Express your hope of finding, some other time, a better opportunity of showing your affection or esteem.
Letters of Thanksshould never be neglected when a favor has been received. Express your appreciation both of the favor and of the kindness with which it was bestowed. Hope for an opportunity, not of repaying the person, but of showing your gratitude.
Ceremonial Letters and Notes.—Under this heading may be classed notes ofinvitation,acceptance, andregret, both formal and informal.
Informalinvitations, acceptances, and regrets are simply friendly notes written always in thefirstperson. They vary in form to suit the occasion. They should be cordial in tone, but brief, and are in better taste when confined to the subject of the invitation, outside items being permissible only under special circumstances which may require their mention.
An informal invitation should never, under any circumstances, be answered in the third person.
Invitation:—
30 Rampart St.,May 4th, 1917.Dear Mr. Brooks:We would be very pleased to have you dine with us on Monday next, the 12th, at seven o’clock, if disengaged.Cordially yours,Helen Clements.
30 Rampart St.,
May 4th, 1917.
Dear Mr. Brooks:
We would be very pleased to have you dine with us on Monday next, the 12th, at seven o’clock, if disengaged.
Cordially yours,Helen Clements.
Acceptance:
Eastern Point,April 29th, 1917.Dear Mrs. Clements:I will be most happy to dine with you on Monday, the 12th, at seven o’clock.Faithfully yours,Arthur Brooks.
Eastern Point,
April 29th, 1917.
Dear Mrs. Clements:
I will be most happy to dine with you on Monday, the 12th, at seven o’clock.
Faithfully yours,Arthur Brooks.
Formalnotes are always expressed in the third person, and all answers to such should correspond in form and style.
Although invitations to large affairs are usually printed from engraved plates, a few forms are here given, principally to show the correct forms of reply to the several kinds of invitation.
Invitation to a reception:
Mr. and Mrs. Charles L. Harringtonrequest the pleasure of your companyon Thursday evening, November tenth,from eight until eleven o’clock,
896 Fifth Avenue.
Acceptance:
Miss Evelyn Hallaccepts with pleasureMr. and Mrs. Charles L. Harrington’sinvitation for Thursday evening,November tenth.
Dinner invitation:
Mr. and Mrs. Henry W. Kingrequest the pleasure ofMr. and Mrs. Mayhew Marbury’scompany at dinneron Tuesday evening, April tenth,at eight o’clock,
40 Maple Avenue.
Acceptance:
14 West Street,March 31st, 1917.Mr. and Mrs. Mayhew Marburyaccept with pleasureMr. and Mrs. Henry W. King’sinvitation to dinner onTuesday evening, April tenth,at eight o’clock.
14 West Street,
March 31st, 1917.
Mr. and Mrs. Mayhew Marburyaccept with pleasureMr. and Mrs. Henry W. King’sinvitation to dinner onTuesday evening, April tenth,at eight o’clock.
Additional Suggestions.—Always use good paper and black ink. Decorated or highly colored writing papers are in poor taste. Plain white or slightly tinted paper of medium weight is best.
All letters and notes should be written legibly and neatly, carefully punctuated, and absolutely correct as to spelling.
All letters and notes, with a few special exceptions, require a prompt acknowledgment of receipt, if not an immediate answer.
This is especially the case in business letters and those containing enclosures of any kind.
All letters and notes should be courteous. To inferiors in station be kindly; to superiors, respectful; and to equals, friendly.
All letters and notes asking information should be re-read immediately before answering.
Titles in the United States are either official or academic.
OFFICIAL TITLES
To the President of the United States, an official letter commences,Sir.
Conclusion:I have the honor to remain your most obedient servant.
Salutation of a social letter:My dear Mr. President.
Conclusion:I have the honor to remain most respectfully[orsincerely]yours.
Inscription on envelope:President Woodrow Wilson.
To the Vice-President, an official letter begins,Sir, orDear Sir.
Conclusion:I have, Sir, the honor to remain your most obedient servant.
Salutation of a social letter:My Dear Mr. Marshall.
Conclusion: as given for president.
Inscription on envelope:The Vice-President, Thomas R. Marshall.
To a Justice of the Supreme Court, an official letter begins and concludes as in the case of a vice-president.
Salutation of a social letter:Dear Mr. Justice White, orDear Justice White.
Conclusion:Believe me, truly[ormost sincerely]yours, etc.
Inscription on envelope:Mr. Justice Edward D. White.
To a Senator, an official letter begins and concludes as to a vice-president.
Salutation of a social letter:My Dear Senator Lewis.
Conclusion: as given for a justice.
Inscription on envelope:Senator Hamilton LewisorTo the Hon. Hamilton Lewis.
To a Member of the House of Representatives, an official letter begins as to a senator.
Conclusion: as in the case of a vice-president.
Salutation of a social letter:My dear Mr. Clark.
Conclusion: as given for a justice.
Inscription on envelope:Hon. Champ Clark.
To a Member of the Cabinet, an official letter begins and concludes as to a vice-president.
The salutation and conclusion of a social letter are as in the case of a member of the House of Representatives.
Inscription on envelope:Honorable Robert Lansing, Secretary of State.
To the Governor of a State, an official letter begins:Sir.
Conclusion:I have the honor, Sir, to remain your obedient servant.
A social letter begins:Dear Governor McCallorDear Mr. McCall.
Conclusion:Believe me, truly[ormost sincerely]yours.
Inscription on envelope:Governor[orHon.]Samuel W. McCall.
To a Mayor, an official letter begins:SirorYour Honor.
Conclusion: Same as a governor.
Social letter begins:My dear Mayor RockwoodorDear Mr. Rockwood.
Conclusion: Same as a governor.
Inscription on envelope:His Honor the Mayor of Cambridge, Wendell D. Rockwood.
CLERICAL TITLES
The Pope—His Holiness Pope Benedict XV.
To a Roman Catholic Archbishop, an official or a social letter begins:Most Reverend and Dear Sir.
Conclusion:I have the honor to remain your humble servant.
Inscription on envelope:The Most Reverend John J. Keane, Archbishop of Dubuque, Iowa.
To A Cardinal, whether official or social, a letter begins:Your Eminence.
Conclusion: as to an archbishop.
Inscription on envelope:His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons.
To a Roman Catholic Bishop, either an official or a social letter begins:Right Reverend and Dear Sir.
Conclusion: as to an archbishop.
Inscription on envelope:To the Right Reverend Philip J. Garrigan, Bishop of Sioux City, Iowa.
To A Protestant Bishop, an official letter begins as in the case of a Roman Catholic bishop. A social letter begins:Dear Bishop Lawrence.
Conclusion:I have the honor to remain your obedient servant, orI remain respectfullyorsincerely yours.
Address on envelope: The same as to a Roman Catholic bishop.
To an Archbishop of the Anglican Church, an official letter begins:My Lord Archbishop, may it please your Grace.
Conclusion:I remain, My Lord Archbishop, your Grace’s most obedient servant.
Salutation of a social letter:My dear Lord Archbishop.
Conclusion:I have the honor to remain, my dear Lord Archbishop.
Inscription on envelope:The Most Rev. His Grace the Archbishop of York.
To an Anglican Bishop, an official letter begins:My Lord.
Conclusion:I have the honor to remain your Lordship’s obedient servant.
Salutation of a social letter:My Dear Lord Bishop.
Conclusion:I have the honor to remain, my dear Lord Bishop, faithfully yours.
Inscription on envelope:To the Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Oxford.
ENGLISH TITLES OF ROYALTY, NOBILITY AND OFFICE
The following list illustrates the various titles used for the different ranks among individuals either in the complimentary address or superscription on the envelope:
1.In Letters or Conversation.
2.The Directions of Letters.
The Royal Family
The King—
1. Sir; Most Gracious Sovereign; May it please your Majesty.
2. To the King’s Most Excellent Majesty.
The Sons and Daughters, Brethern and Sisters of Sovereigns—
1. Sir, or Madam, May it please your Royal Highness.
2. To His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales.
To Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Cambridge.
Other Branches of the Royal Family—
1. Sir, or Madam, May it please your Highness.
2. To His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge; or, To Her Highness the Princess Mary of Cambridge.
The Nobility
A Duke, or Duchess—
1. My Lord, or My Lady, May it please your Grace.
2. To His Grace the Duke of Bedford; or, To Her Grace the Duchess of Bedford.
A Marquis, or Marchioness—
1. My Lord, or My Lady, May it please your Lordship, or May it please your Ladyship.
2. To the Most Noble the Marquis, or Marchioness, of Westminster.
An Earl or Countess—The same.
To the Right Honorable the Earl, or Countess, of Shrewsbury.
A Viscount or Viscountess—
1. My Lord, or Madam, May it please your Lordship, or, May it please your Ladyship.
2. To the Right Honorable Viscount, or Viscountess, Lifford.
A Baron or Baroness—The same.
To the Right Honorable, the Lord Wensleydale, or The Lady St. John.
The Widow of a Noblemanis addressed in the same style, with the introduction of the word Dowager in the superscription of her letters.
To the Right Hon. the Dowager Countess of Chesterfield.
The Sons of Dukes and Marquises, and the Eldest Sons of Earls, have, by courtesy, the titles of Lord and Right Honorable; and all the daughters have those of a Lady and Right Honorable.
The Younger Sons of Earls, and the Sons and Daughters of Viscounts and Barons, are styledHonorable.
Official Members of the State
A Member of His Majesty’s Most Honorable Privy Council—
1. Sir, or My Lord, Right Honorable Sir, or My Lord, as the case may require.
2. To the Right Honorable ——,[14]His Majesty’s Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.
Ambassadors and Governors—
1. Sir, or My Lord, as the case may be; May it please your Excellency.
2. To his Excellency the French (or other) Ambassador.
3. To his Excellency ——,[14]Lieutenant General and General Governor of that part of the United Kingdom called Ireland.
Judges—
1. My Lord, May it please your Lordship.
2. To the Right Honorable ——, Lord Chief Justice of England.
The Lord Mayor of London,York, orDublin,and the Lord Provost of Edinburgh, during office—The same.
1. My Lord, May it please your Lordship.
2. To the Right Honorable ——, Lord Mayor of London. To the Right Honorable ——, Lord Provost of Edinburgh.
The Lord Provostof every other town in Scotland is styled Honorable.
The Mayors of all Corporations(excepting the preceding Lord Mayors), and the Sheriffs, Aldermen, and the Recorder of London, are addressed Right Worshipful; and the Aldermen and Recorders of other Corporations, and the Justices of the Peace, Worshipful.