readjustments after Seven Years' War,384-388;Charles III and José de Gálvez,384-387;expulsion of Jesuits,386;the Provinciali Internas,386-387;new dioceses,387;the intendancies,387;the Russian menace,388;Alta California founded,380-394;communication with New Mexico,391-392;explorations in Northern Pacific,394-395;Louisiana under Spain,395-402;ceded,382,395;hostility to transfer,396;O'Reilly'scoup d'état,397;development of the province,397-402;Spain in the American Revolution,515-517;Gálvez's conquests,515-516;English campaign against St. Louis,516;Florida restored to Spain,535-538.Spice Islands,24,46,68.Spillberg, Dutch freebooter on the Pacific,240.Spotswood, Governor Alexander, expedition to the Blue RidgeMountains,313.Springfield founded,149.Squanto,138-319.Stamford founded,150.Stamp Act,433; opposition and resistanceto,434-436; repealed,437.Stamp Act Congress,436-437.Standish, Captain Miles, at Leyden,137;commanding expedition to Cape Ann,141.Staple Act of 1663,180-181.Stark, Gen. John,461,495-496.State governments, organization,546;types,546;variations from type,547;selection of judiciary,548;courts,548;state of Vermont,548;western state-making,549.Statute of Henry VIII regarding trials for treason,442.Stephen, negro, with Vaca,44.Stirling, Sir Thomas,484,490,500.Stone, William, governor of Maryland,162.Stoner, pioneer in Kentucky.413,417.Stony Point, captured by Wayne,511.Strabo, his conception of the world,1.Strait of Anian,24,25,67-68.Straits of Magellan,25.Stuart, John, British Indian superintendent,407,412.Stuyvesant, Peter, director of Curaçao172;director-general of New Netherlands,172;struggle over representation,172-173;conquest of New Sweden,177;difficulties with the English,177-178.Suaque Indians, Sinaloa,239.Suffolk Resolves,452.Sugar,340-341.Sugar Act,430-431.Sullivan, Gen. John, at Long Island.484;in Northern New York,487;at Trenton,490,491;at Brandywine,500;at Germantown,502;at Newport,510;expedition against the Iroquois,515.Sully, French minister,79.Sulpicians, in the Illinois country,91,101.Sumter, Thomas, South Carolina leader in the Revolution,526,527,529.Superstitions in New England,220.Surinam,197.Swannendael, Dutch settlement,170.Swanson and McGillivray, traders in Florida,407.Sweden, alliance with France,80;expansion movement,174-175;settlements on the Delaware,175;conquest of New Sweden by Dutch,175-176.Swiss migration to South Carolina,321;to North Carolina,321;to Georgia,321.Sylvius, Æneas,General History and Geography,7.Tabasco, Mexico,33.Tacuba, Mexico,28.Tadoussac, fur trading settlement,85,87.Tagus River,10,13.Talon, first intendant of New France,92;administrative activities,92-93,96.Tamaulipas, Mexico.SeeHausteca, Pánuco, Nuevo Santander.Tamaral, Father, Jesuit missionary in Lower California,307.Tampa Bay, DeSoto at,41.Tampico (San Estéban), Mexico,37.Tangaxoan, Tarascan chief,36.Tano Indians,246.Tápia, Cristóbal de, attempt to investigate Cortés,34.Tápia, Fernando de, Otomi chief in, conquest of Querétaro,39.Tápia, Gonzalo de, Jesuit missionary in Sinaloa,237.Tarahumare Indians,242;revolt of,246.Tarascans, Mexican tribe,28,36.Taraval, Father, Jesuit missionary in Lower California,307.Tarleton, Sir Banastre,525,526,528.Tartary, travelers' report of,3.Tea controversy,447-449.Tegesta, Florida,64.Tehuantepec, Mexico,36.Tehueco Indians, Sinaloa,239.Tejas (Texas) Indians,245.Tennessee, settlement of eastern,414-416;stimulated by North Carolina troubles,414-415;the Watauga settlement,415;the Watauga Association,415-416;middle,418-419;Cumberland settlement,419;Davidson County, North Carolina,419.Terán, Domingo de, governor of Texas,251.Terreros, Don Pedro de, gift to Apache missions,299.Texas, Pineda coasts,26;Vaca crosses,41;Moscoso in,41;Coronado in Panhandle,45;Espejo crosses,72;Castaño de Sosa crosses,72;Oñate crosses Panhandle,73;La Salle's colony in,98-100;Tonty in,99;map,99;expeditions from New Mexico to Jumanos,243-244,246;beginnings of El Paso,245;the La Junta missions,245;Azcué crosses Rio Grande,248;Cerro de la Plata,248;Bosque-Larios expedition,248;the Querétaro friars,248-249;search for LaSalle's colony,249;eastern Texas occupied (De León and Massanet),249-251;and then abandoned,251;map,250;Hurtado in western Texas,291;advance of the Coahuila frontier,292;plans to reoccupy Texas,292;new French intrusion,278,283;St. Denis in Mexico,278,292;eastern Texas reoccupied (Ramón, Espinosa, Margil),293;San Antonio founded (Olivares, Alarcón),293-295;map,294;French invasion (Blondel),279,295;the Aguayo expedition,296-297;Texas won for Spain,297;expansion of Texas,297;Rivera's inspection,297;San Antonio strengthened,298;Apache wars,298;Tonkawa and Apache missions,298-299;the Gulf coast occupied (Nuevo Santander),299;western boundary,300;the Texas-Louisiana boundary,300;the Lower Trinity fortified,301;readjustment after 1763,385;explorations of Parrilla and Escandón,385;Rubí's tour,385;eastern outposts abandoned,385,400;Gil Ybarbo,400;De Mézières among the northern tribes,401;Croix, Ugalde, and the Apache War,401;communication with Louisiana and New Mexico (Vial),402.Thirty Years' War,80.Thomson, Charles, secretary of Second Continental Congress,541.Three Rivers, Canada,257,419.Ticonderoga, captured,462;an American base,487;abandoned,493-494.Tidewater, Atlantic, settled in16th and17th centuries,52-231,passim.Tierra Firme, Las Casas' Utopian colony in,23.Tiguex,45.Tlascala, resistance to Cortés,33.Tlascaltecan Indians (Tlascalans),28,59;used as colonists,59-66.Tobacco industry in English colonies,121,122-125,130,183-184,188,228,313,333-334;Tobago Island,252;granted to the Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery,132;captured by De Grasse,531;given to France,537.Tobar, discovers Moqui pueblos,45.Tocobago, Florida,64.Toledo, victory over English at St. Kitts,252.Tololotlán, Rio de, Mexico,37.Tolosa, Juan de, founder of Zacatecas,55.Toltecs, Nahua tribe, settle in Valley of Mexico,27.Toluca, Merico,53,75.Tonkawa, missions in Texas,209.Tonty, soldier with La Salle,8,9;fur trader,265,275,276.Tópia, Mexico,56.Tordesulas, Treaty of,11.Tories.SeeLoyalists.Torres, Admiral Don Rodrigo de,363.Tortola Island, captured by the English,207.Tortuga Island, occupied by French,94;occupied by the English,133.Toscanelli, Florentine geographer, influence on Columbus,7;map,7.Touacara Indians, Oklahoma.283.Townshend Acts,438-443.Townshend, Charles, policy,438.Trans-Alleghany settlement, English, before the French and IndianWar,413;Boone, Croghan, Finley, and other pioneers,413-414;the Appalachian barrier,414;the Indian barrier,414;Indian cessions,414.Transylvania, Kentucky,417,418,549.Treasure ships, Spanish, routes of,62.Treasury, United States,465.Treasury Board, United States,544.Treaty of Tordesulas,11;of Breda,86,197;of 1604 between England and Spain,114;of 1650 between New Netherlands and New England Confederation,177;of Pyrenees,232;of Ryswick,266-267;of Utrecht,273;of Aix-la-Chapelle,366;of Paris, 1763,382-383;of Lochaber,412;of alliance with France,508;at end of American Revolution,532-548.Trent, Council of,52.Trenton, battle of,491.Treviño, Baltasar, founder of Zacatecas,55.Tribunal de la Santa Hermandad,53.Trinidad, Guatemala, population,75.Trinidad Bay, California, discovery of,395.Trinidad Island, West Indies,262;granted to the Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery,132.Trinity River, Texas,301,400.Trujillo, Honduras,38,252.Tryon, Governor of North Carolina,415.Tunica Indians,410.Turkish Empire, rise of, supposed effect on trade routes,5;opposition of Charles V to westward advance of,16.Turk's Island, settled,152;attacked,269.Turnbull Dr., colonizes East Florida,309.Tuscarora War,271,320.Twenty Reasons, by Father Las Casas,50.Ugalde, Juan de, campaigns against Apaches,401.Ugarte, Juan de, Jesuit missionary and explorer in Lower California,306.Ulloa, Antonio de, Spanish governor of Louisiana,396-397.Ulloa, Francisco de, explores Pacific coast,44.Unalaska, rebellion of natives,388.Underwood, Captain John, raids Newfoundland,271.United Empire Loyalists,538.SeeLoyalists, Canada.University of Mexico,76;founding of,53.SeeEducation in Mexico.Unzaga y Amezaga, Luis de, Spanish governor of Louisiana,398.Urdaneta, Fray Andres de, discovers return route from Philippines,68.Uraba, Gulf of,38.Urdiñola, Francisco de, settlement of Saltillo,59;lieutenant-governor of Nueva Vizcaya,60;commission to conquer New Mexico,60.Ursulines, The, in New France,88.Usselincx, William, in the Dutch West-India Company,166;in Sweden,174-175.Utah Basin, explorers and traders in,291-292,392.Utatlán, Guatemala, submission to Cortés,38.Utrecht, Peace of,273,361.Uxmal, Maya settlement,27.Urribarri, Juan de, expedition to El Quartelejo,291.Vaca, Alonzo de, expedition to Quivira,243.Vaca, Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de, treasurer of colony of Florida,41;journey across continent,41,42;application for governorship of Florida,41.Valcárcel, Antonio de,alcalde mayorof Coahuila, foundsMonclova,248.Valcour Island, battle of,487-488.Valley Forge,.503.Valverde, governor of New Mexico, expedition across Arkansas River,295-296.Vandalia colony,412-413,418.Vane, Governor Harry, in the Hutchinsonian controversy,148;member of Committee of Trade, Plantations, and Foreign Affairs,153.Van Noort, Oliver, circumnavigation of the globe,164.Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen, patroon,170.Van Twiller, Wouter, director-general of New Netherlands,170.Vargas, Diego de, reconquest of New Mexico,246-247.Varkens Kill, settled,155.Vaudreuil, governor-general of New France,375,381.Vaughan, Sir William, land grant in Newfoundland,125.Velasco, Father, Jesuit missionary, in Sinaloa, writes grammar,237.Velasco, López de, author of geographical work on Spanish colonies,75.Velasco, Luis de, second viceroy of New Spain,53;promotes expansion,59,61-62,67,71.Velasquez, Diego, governor of Cuba,17;exploring expeditions,25,32;his contest with Cortés,33,34.Venables, conquest of Jamaica,253.Venetian Company,107.Vera Cruz, founding of,33,36,47;port of departure for expeditions to Florida,61,62;port for Spanish merchant fleet,66;population,75;capture of fleet by Heyn,252.Vera Paz, Central America,39.Veragua, Central America,28;dukedom of,32;Audiencia of,49.Vérendrye.SeeLa Vérendrye.Vergennes, Comte de, French minister, policy toward the AmericanRevolution,505-506,507;perfects an alliance,508;sends De Grasse to America,530;dealings with John Adams,532-533;treaty of peace,534-538.Vermont, German migration to,322;Scotch-Irish migration to,325;organization of,548-549.Vernon, Admiral Edward,361,363.Verrazano, exploring expedition,81.Vespucius, Americus, explorations of,24.Vetch, Colonel Samuel,272.Vial, Pedro, explorations in Southwest,402.Viceroyalties in Spanish America, New Spain and Peru,75-76.Victoria Garayana.SeePánuco.Vila, Captain Vicente, explores Northern Pacific,389.Villafañe, attempt to colonize Florida,61-62.Villalobos, López de, expedition to Philippines,47,67.Villazur, expedition to Platte River, 1720,279,284,291,296.Villiers, lieutenant-governor of Arkansas Post,398.Vincennes, founded,282;captured by Clark,514;reoccupied by British,514;retaken,514.Vining, E.J., identification of Fusang,2.Vinland, discovery of,2.Virgin Isles,341.Virginia, Jesuit mission in, 1570,65;Council of,113;settlement of,115-128;charter of 1606,116;Jamestown founded,116-117;John Smith,117;charter of 1609,117-118;the starving time,118;governorship of Gates,118;under Lord Delaware,118-119;Spanish resistance to,118-119;under Sir Thomas Dale,119-121;charter of 1612,120;first governorship of Berkeley,160;