[353]15 Ch. II., ch. 7. 18 Ch. II., ch. 2. 20 Ch. II., ch. 7. 22nd & 23rd Ch. II., ch. 2.
[354]Petty’s “Political Survey of Ireland,” p. 70, andib.“Report from the Council of Trade,” pages 117, 118. Sir W. Temple, vol. iii, pp. 22, 23, that England was evidently a loser by the prohibition of cattle.
Dr. Smith’s “Memoirs of Wool,” vol. ii, p. 337, that the English have since sufficiently felt the mischiefs of this proceeding.
[355]3 and 4 Anne, ch. 8.
[356]4 Inst., 349. Matth. Paris, anno. 1172, pp. 121, 220. Vit. H. 2. Pryn, against the 4 Inst., c. 76, pp. 250, 252. Sir John Davis’s Hist., p. 71. Lord Lyttleton’s Hist. of, H. 2. vol. iii., pp. 89, 90. 7 Co., 22, 23. 4th Black, 429.
[357]Cooke’s 4th Inst., 351.
[358]Anderson on Commerce, vol. i., p. 174.
[359]3rd Edward IV., ch. 4.
[360]The part of this law which mentions that it shall be determinable, at the King’s pleasure, has the prohibition for its object, and does not lessen the force of the argument in favour of Ireland.
[361]4th Edward IV., ch. 1.
[362]Anderson on Commerce, vol. i., p. 285.
[363]Ib., p. 319.
[364]3rd James, ch. 6.
[365]12th Ch. II., ch.
[366]12th Ch. II., ch. 18.
[367]13th and 14th Ch. II., ch. 11.
[368]Ib., ch. 18.
[369]12th Ch. II., ch. 27.
[370]Ir. Act, 13th H. VIII, ch. 2.
[371]28th H. VIII., ch. 17.
[372]Ch. 10.
[373]The necessity of encouraging the people of Ireland to manufacture their own wool appears by divers statutes to have been the sense of the legislature of both kingdoms for some centuries.
[374]Ir. Act of 17 and 18 Ch. II., ch. 15.
[375]Carte, vol. ii., p. 344.
[376]15th Ch. II., ch. 7.
[377]22nd and 23rd Ch. II., ch. 26.
[378]Sugar, tobacco, cotton, wool, indigo, steel or Jamaica wood, fustick or other dying wood, the growth of the said plantations.
[379]4th Geo. II., ch. 15; 6th Geo. II., ch. 15; 4th Geo. II., ch. 15.
[380]The articles in the last note, and also rice, molasses, beaver skins, and other furs, copper ore, pitch, tar, turpentine, masts, yards, and bowsprits, pimento, cocoa-nuts, whale fins, raw silk, hides and skins, pot and pearl ashes, iron and lumber.
[381]From the 24th of June, 1778, it shall be lawful to export from Ireland directly into any of the British plantations in America or the West Indies, or into any of the settlements belonging to Great Britain on the coast of Africa, any goods being the produce or manufacture of Ireland (wool and woollen manufactures in all its branches, mixed or unmixed, cotton manufactures of all sorts, mixed or unmixed, hats, glass, hops; gunpowder, and coals only excepted); and all goods, &c., of the growth, produce, or manufacture of Great Britain which may be legally imported from thence into Ireland (woollen manufacture in all its branches and glass excepted), and all foreign certificate goods that may be legally imported from Great Britain into Ireland. Two of the principal manufactures are excepted, and one of them closely connected with, if not a part of, the linen manufacture.—18th Geo. III., ch. 55.
[382]This appears by the English Acts (3 and 4 Anne, ch. 10, 8 Anne, ch. 1, 2 Geo. II., ch. 35), giving bounties on the importation of those articles into Great Britain.
[383]Sir William Petty mentions that “the English who have lands in Ireland were forced to trade only with strangers, and became unacquainted with their own country, and that England gained more than it lost by a free commerce (with Ireland), as exporting hither three times as much as it received from hence,” and mentions his surprise at their being debarred from bringing commodities from America directly home, and being obliged to bring them round from England, with extreme hazard and loss.—“Political Survey of Ireland,” p. 123.
[384]22nd and 23rd Ch. II., ch. 26, sec. 11.
[385]Sir John Davis and Sir Edward Cooke.
[386]‘Ημισυ γαρ τ’ ἀρετῆς ἀποαίνυται δόυλιον ἧμαρ.
[387]Sic utere tuo, alienum non lædas.
[388]Sir William Petty’s “Political Survey of Ireland,” p. 19.
[389]Sir William Temple, vol. iii., p. 7.
[390]The Act of Explanation.
[391]15 Ch. II.
[392]Sir W. Petty, p. 9.
[393]Ib. pp. 9 and 110.
[394]Sir W. Petty, p. 89.
[395]Ib., pp. 9 and 10.
[396]Ib, pp. 34, 71, 125.
[397]15 Ch. II., ch. 7.
[398]Carte, vol. ii., pp. 425 to 428, 465.
[399]Archb. Bishop King’s State, 209. James II., in his speech from the throne in Ireland, recommended the repeal of the Act of Settlement.
[400]Their demands in 1642 were the restitution of all the plantation lands to the old inhabitants, repeal of Poyning’s Act, &c.—Macaulay’s Hist., vol. iii, p. 222. In the meeting called a parliament, held by James in Ireland, they repealed the Acts of Settlement and Explanation, passed a law that the Parliament of England cannot bind Ireland, and against writs of error and appeal to England.
[401]3rd and 4th Anne, ch. 8.
[402]Sir W. Petty’s “Survey.”
[403]Ib., p. 117.
[404]Order 14th March, 1698, Lords’ Journ., vol. xvi. Eng. Com. Journs., 18th Jan., 1698, vol. xii., p. 440.
[405]The Commissioners of Trade, in their representation dated 11th November, 1697, relating to the trade between England and Ireland, advise a duty to be laid upon the importation of oil, upon teasles, whether imported orgrowingthere, and uponall the utensilsemployed in the making any woollen manufactures, on the utensils of worsted combers, and particularly a duty by the yard upon all cloth and woollen stuffs, except friezes, before they are taken off the loom. Eng. Com. Journ., vol. x., p. 428.
[406]See in theAppendixan account of those articles imported from England into Ireland for ten years, commencing in 1769, and ending in 1778.
[407]Com. Journ., vol. iii., pp. 348, 548.
[408]Sir W. Petty’s “Political Survey,” p. 123.
[409]Sir W. Temple, vol. iii., p. 11.
[410]Lord’s Journ., 16th Feb., 1697.
[411]Lord’s Journ., 19th Feb., 1697.
[412]See Dr. Smith’s “Wealth of Nations.”
[413]The consumption of our own people is the best and greatest market for the product and manufactures of our own country. Foreign trade is but a part of the benefit arising from the woollen manufacture, and the least part; it is a small article in respect to the benefit arising to the community, and Dr. Smith affirms that all the foreign markets of England cannot be equal to one-twentieth part of her own.—Dr. Smith’s “Memoirs of Wool,” vol. ii., pp. 113, 529, 530, and 556, from theBritish Merchantand Dr. Davenant.
[414]Address of Eng. Commons,ante.
[415]King’s Stat., pp. 160, 161.
[416]Eng. Com. Journ., vol. xii., pp. 514, 523, 528.
[417]Vol. iii., p. 8.
[418]See Sir John Davis’s “Discourses,” pp. 5, 6, 194.
[419]Summary of Imports and Exports to and from Ireland, laid before the British House of Commons in 1779.
[420]Those states are least able to pay great charges for public disbursements whose wealth resteth chiefly in the hands of the nobility and gentry.—Bac., vol. i., p. 10; Smith’s “Wealth of Nations,” vol. ii., p. 22.
[421]A very judicious friend of mine has, with great pains and attention, made a calculation of the numbers of people in Ireland in the year 1774, and he makes the numbers of people to amount to 2,325,041; but supposes his calculation to be under the real number. I have, therefore, followed the calculation commonly received, which makes their number amount to 2,500,000. He computes, as has been before mentioned, the persons who reside in houses of one hearth, to be 1,877,220. Those find it very difficult to pay hearth money, and are thought to be unable to pay any other taxes. If this is so, according to this calculation, there are but 447,821 people in Ireland able to pay taxes.
[422]Ireland was much more numerous in 1685 than at any time, after the Revolution, during that century, there having been a great waste of people in the rebellion at that era.
[423]12 Ch. II., ch. 4. Eng.
[424]Yet, in favour of Great Britain, old and new drapery imported into Ireland from other countries are subject to duties equal to a prohibition. Ir. Act 14th and 15th, Ch. II., ch. 8.
[425]On every piece of old drapery exported, containing thirty-six yards, and so for a greater or lesser quantity, 3s.4d., and of new drapery 9d., for the subsidy of alnage and alnager’s fee. See 17th and 18th Ch. II., ch. 15. Ir. But the English have taken off these and all other duties from their manufactures made or mixed with wool. Eng. Act 11 and 12 W. III., ch. 20.
[426]30 per cent. by the British acts of 9 and 10 Anne, ch. 39., and 12 Anne, ch. 9.
[427]This tax isad valorem, and the linen not valued.
[428]Brit. Act, 9 Anne, ch. 12.
[429]Hence it is that the price of wool in England is said to be 50 per cent. below the market price of Europe.—Smith’s “Memoir’s of Wool.”
[430]12 Ch. II., ch. 5. 3 and 4 Anne, ch. 4. 4 and 5 W. and M., ch. 5.
[431]7 G. I., ch. 7.
[432]When the commercial restraints of Ireland are the subject, a source of occasional and ruinous restrictions ought not to be passed over. Since the year 1740, there have been twenty-four embargoes in Ireland, one of which lasted three years.
[433]The common law of England.
[434]Heads of bills for passing into a law the Habeas Corpus Act, and that for making the tenure of judges during good behaviour, have repeatedly passed the Irish House of Commons, but were not returned.
[435]The Eng. Act of Ch. II, ch. —, calls the importation of cattle from Ireland a common nuisance.
[436]This number of Irishmen was computed to have served in the fleets and armies of Great Britain during the last war.
[437]The furs of Canada, the indigo of Florida, the sugars of Dominica, St. Vincent, and the Grenadas, with every other valuable production of those acquisitions Ireland was prohibited to receive but through another channel. Her poverty scarcely gathered a crumb from the sumptuous table of her sister.
Transcriber’s Note:Foonote 86 appears on pagelxviiof the text, but there is no corresponding marker on the page.