3 (return)
3/1 E.g. Ine, c. 74; Alfred, c. 42; Ethelred, IV. 4, Section 1.
3/2 Bract., fol. 144, 145; Fleta, I. c. 40, 41; Co. Lit. 126b; Hawkins, P.C., Bk. 2, ch. 23, Section 15.
3/3 Lib. I. c. 2, ad fin.
3 /4 Bract., fol. 144a, "assulto praemeditato."
4 (return)
4/1 Fol. 155; cf. 103b.
4/2 Y.B. 6 Ed. IV. 7, pl. 18.
4/3 Ibid., and 21 H. VII. 27, pl. 5.
4/4 D. 47. 9. 9.
7 (return)
7/1 xxi. 28.
7/2 [theta], ix. Jowett's Tr., Bk. IX. p. 437; Bohn's Tr., pp. 378, 379.
7/3 [theta], xv., Jowett, 449; Bohn, 397.
8 (return)
8/1 [iota alpha], xiv., Jowett, 509; Bohn, 495.
8/2 [theta], xii., Jowett, 443, 444; Bohn, 388.
8/3 [Greek words]. 244, 245.
8/4 l. 28 (11).
8/5 Solon.
8/6 "Si quadrupes pauperiem fecisse dicetur actio ex lege duodecim tabularum descendit; quae lex voluit, aut dari [id] quod nocuit, id ist, id animal, quod noxiam commisit; aut estimationem noxiae offerre." D. 9. 1. 1, pr.; Just. Inst. 4. 9; XII Tab., VIII. 6.
8/7 Gaii Inst. IV. Sections 75, 76; D. 9. 4. 2, Section 1. "Si servus furtum faxit noxiam ve noxit." XII Tab., XII.2. Cf. Just. Inst. 4.8, Section 7.
9 (return)
9/1 D. 39. 2. 7, Sections 1, 2; Gaii Inst. IV. Section 75.
9/2 "Noxa caput sequitur." D. 9. 1. 1, Section 12; Inst. 4.8, Section 5.
9/3 "Quia desinit dominus esse ubi fera evasit." D. 9. 1. 1, Section 10; Inst. 4. 9, pr. Compare May v. Burdett, 9 Q.B.101, 113.
10 (return)
10/1 D. 19. 5. 14, Section 3; Plin. Nat. Hist., XVIII. 3.
10/2 "In lege antiqua si servus sciente domino furtum fecit, vel aliam noxiam commisit, servi nomine actio est noxalis, nec dominus suo nomine tenetur." D. 9. 4. 2.
10/3 Gaius, Inst. IV. Section 77, says that a noxal action may change to a direct, and conversely, a direct action to a noxal. If a paterfamilias commits a tort, and then is adopted or becomes a slave, a noxal action now lies against his master in place of the direct one against himself as the wrong-doer. Just. Inst. 4. 8, Section 5.
11 (return)
11/1 LL. Alfred, c. 13; 1 Tylor, Primitive Culture, Am. ed., p. 285 et seq.; Bain, Mental and Moral Science, Bk. III. ch. 8, p. 261.
11/2 Florus, Epitome, II. 18. Cf. Livy, IX 1, 8, VIII. 39; Zonaras, VII. 26, ed. Niebuhr, vol. 43, pp. 98, 99.
12 (return)
12/1 Gaii Inst. IV. Section 81. I give the reading of Huschke: "Licere enim etiam, si fato is fuerit mortuus, mortuum dare; nam quamquam diximus, non etiam permissum reis esse, et mortuos homines dedere, tamen et si quis eum dederit, qui fato suo vita excesserit, aeque liberatur." Ulpian's statement, in D. 9. 1. 1, Section 13, that the action is gone if the animal dies ante litem contestatam, is directed only to the point that liability is founded on possession of the thing.
12/2 "Bello contra foedus suscepto."
12/3 Livy, VIII. 39: "Vir...haud dubie proximarum induciarum ruptor. De eo coacti referre praetores decretum fecerunt 'Ut Brutulus Papius Romanis dederetur."...Fetiales Romam, ut censuerunt, missi, et corpus Brutuli exanime: ipse morte voluntaria ignominiae se ac supplicio subtraxit. Placuit cum corpore bona quoque ejus dedi." Cf. Zonaras, VII. 26, ed. Niebuhr, vol. 43, p. 97: [Greek characters]. See further Livy, V. 36, "postulatumque ut pro jure gentium violato Fabii dederentur," and Ib. I. 32.
13 (return)
13/1 Livy, IX. 5, 8, 9, 10. "Nam quod deditione nostra negant exsolvi religione populum, id istos magis ne dedantur, quam quia ita se res habeat, dicere, quis adeo juris fetialium expers est, qui ignoret?" The formula of surrender was as follows: "Quandoque hisce homines injussu populi Romani Quiritium foedus ictum iri spoponderunt, atque ob eam rem noxam nocuerunt; ob eam rem, quo populus Romanus scelere impio sit solutus, hosce homines vobis dedo." Cf. Zonaras, VII. 26, ed. Niebuhr, vol. 43, pp. 98, 99.
13/2 De Orator. I. 40, and elsewhere. It is to be noticed that Florus, in his account, says deditione Mancini expiavit. Epitome, II. 18. It has already been observed that the cases mentioned by Livy seem to suggest that the object of the surrender was expiation, as much as they do that it was satisfaction of a contract. Zonaras says, Postumius and Calvinus [Greek characters]. (VII. 26, ed. Niebuhr, Vol. 43, pp. 98, 99.) Cf. ib. p. 97. Compare Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. IV. 43: "In legibus Numae cautum est, ut si quis imprudens occidisset hominem pro capite occisi et natis [agnatis? Huschke] ejus in concione offerret arietem." Id. Geor. III. 387, and Festus, Subici, Subigere. But cf. Wordsworth's Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin, note to XII Tab., XII. 2, p. 538.
14 (return)
14/1 D. 9. 4. 2
14/2 2 Tissot, Droit Penal, 615; 1 Ihering, Geist d. Roem. R., Section 14; 4 id. Section 63.
14/3 Aul. Gell. Noctes Attici, 20. 1; Quintil. Inst. Orat. 3. 6. 84; Tertull. Apol., c. 4.
14/4 Cf. Varro, De Lingua Latina, VI.: "Liber, qui suas operas in servitute pro pecunia, quam debeat, dum solveret Nexus vocatur."
15 (return)
15/1 D. 9. 1. 1, Section 9 But cf. 1 Hale, P.C. 420.
15/2 D. 9. 4. 2, Section 1.
15/3 D. 9. 1. 1, Sections 4, 5.
16 (return)
16/1 D. 4. 9. 1, Section 1; ib. 7, Section 4.
16/2 Gaius in D. 44. 7. 5, Section 6; Just. Inst. 4. 5, Section 3.
16/3 D. 4. 9. 7, pr.
17 (return)
17/1 See Austin, Jurisp. (3d ed.) 513; Doctor and Student, Dial. 2, ch. 42.
17/2 Cf. L. Burgund. XVIII.; L. Rip. XLVI. (al. 48).
17/3 See the word Lege, Merkel, Lex Salica, p. 103. Cf. Wilda, Strafrecht der Germanen, 660, n. 1. See further Lex Salica, XL.; Pactus pro tenore pacis Child. et Chloth., c. 5; Decretio Chlotharii, c. 5; Edictus Hilperichi, cc. 5, 7; and the observations of Sohm in his treatise on the Procedure of the Salic Law, Sections 20, 22, 27, French Tr. (Thevenin), pp. 83 n., 93, 94, 101-103, 130.
17/4 Wilda, Strafrecht, 590.
18 (return)
18/1 Cf. Wilda, Strafrecht, 660, n. 1; Merkel, Lex Salica, Gloss. Lege, p. 103. Lex Saxon. XI. Section 3: "Si servus perpetrato facinore fugerit, ita ut adomino ulterius inveniri non possit, nihil solvat." Cf. id. II. Section 5. Capp. Rip. c. 5: "Nemini liceat servum suum, propter damnum ab illo cuibet inlatum, dimittere; sed justa qualitatem damni dominus pro illo respondeat vel eum in compositione aut ad poenam petitori offeret. Si autem servus perpetrato scelere fugerit, ita ut a domino paenitus inveniri non possit, sacramento se dominus ejus excusare studeat, quod nec suae voluntatis nec conscientia fuisset, quod servus ejus tale facinus commisit."
18/2 L. Saxon. XI. Section 1.
18/3 Lex Angl. et Wer. XVI.: "Omne damnum quod servus fecerit dominus emendet."
19 (return)
19/1 C. 3; 1 Thorpe, Anc. Laws, pp. 27, 29.
19/2 C. 74; 1 Thorpe, p. 149; cf. p. 118, n. a. See LL. Hen. I., LXX. Section 5.
19/3 C. 24; 1 Thorpe, p. 79. Cf. Ine, c. 42; 1 Thorpe, p. 129.
19/4 C. 13; 1 Thorpe, p. 71.
19/5 1 Tylor, Primitive Culture, Am. ed., p. 286.
20 (return)
20/1 Cf. Record in Molloy, Book 2, ch. 3, Section 16, 24 Ed. III.: "Visum fuit curiae, quod unusquisque magister navis tenetur respondere de quacunque transgressione per servientes suos in navi sua facta." The Laws of Oleron were relied on in this case. Cf. Stat. of the Staple, Ed. III., Stat. 2, c. 19. Later, the influence of the Roman law is clear.
20/2 Quon. Attach., c. 48, pl. 10 et seq. Cf. The Forme and Maner of Baron Courts, c. 62 et seq.
21 (return)
21/1 Forme and Maner of Baron Courts, c. 63.
21/2 C. 64. This substantially follows the Quoniam Attachiamenta, c. 48, pl. 13, but is a little clearer. Contra, Fitzh. Abr. Corone, Pl. 389, 8 Ed. II.
22 (return)
22/1 Fitzh. Abr. Barre, pl. 290.
22/2 Mitchil v. Alestree, 1 Vent. 295; S.C. 2 Lev. 172; S.C. 3 Keb. 650. Cf. May b. Burdett, 9 Q.B.101, 113.
22/3 May v. Burdett, 9 Q.B.101.
22/4 Mason v. Keeling, 12 Mod. 332, 335; S.C. 1 Ld. Raym. 606, 608.
23 (return)
23/1 Williams, J. in Cox v. Burbidge, 13 C.B. N.S. 430, 438. Cf. Willes, J. in Read v. Edwards, 17 C.B. N.S. 245, 261.
23/2 Mason v. Keeling, 1 Ld. Raym. 606, 608.
23/3 In the laws of Ine, c. 42 (1 Thorpe, Anc. Laws, 129), personal liability seems to be imposed where there is a failure to fence. But if an animal breaks hedges the only remedy mentioned is to kill it, the owner to have the skin and flesh, and forfeit the rest. The defendant was held "because it was found that this was for default of guarding them,...for default of good guard," in 27 Ass., pl. 56, fol. 141, A.D. 1353 or 1354. It is much later that the reason is stated in the absolute form, "because I am bound by law to keep my beasts without doing wrong to any one." Mich. 12 Henry VII., Keilway, 3b, pl. 7. See, further, the distinctions as to a horse killing a man in Regiam Majestatem, IV, c. 24.
24 (return)
24/1 Fol. 128.
24/2 Cf. 1 Britton (Nich.), 6a, b, 16 (top paging 15, 39); Bract., fol. 136b; LL. Alfred, c. 13 (1 Thorpe, Anc. Laws, p. 71); Lex Saxon., Tit. XIII.; Leg Alamann., Tit. CIII. 24.
25 (return)
25/1 Fleta, I. 26, Section 10; Fitzh. Abr. Corone, pl. 416. See generally Staundforde, P.C., I. c. 2, fol. 20 et seq.; 1 Hale, P.C. 410 et seq.
25/2 Doctor and Student, Dial. 2, c. 51.
25/3 Plowd. 260.
25/4 Jacob, Law Dict. Deodand.
25/5 Y.B. 30 & 31 Ed. I., pp. 524, 525; cf. Bract., fol. 136b.
26 (return)
26/1 Fitzh. Abr. Corone, pl. 403.
26/2 Bract. 122; 1 Britton (Nich.), top p. 16; Fleta, Ic. 25, Section 9, fol. 37.
26/3 1 Hale, P.C. 423.
26/4 1 Rot. Parl. 372; 2 Rot. Parl. 345, 372a, b; 3 Rot. Parl. 94a, 120a, 121; 4 Rot. Parl. 12a, b, 492b, 493. But see 1 Hale, P.C. 423.
26/5 1 Black Book of the Admiralty, 242.
27 (return)
27/1 Cf. Ticonderoga, Swabey, 215, 217.
27/2 China, 7 Wall. 53.
28 (return)
28/1 Doctor and Student, Dial. 2, c. 51.
28/2 1 Roll. Abr. 530 (C) 1.
29 (return)
29/1 3 Black Book of Adm. 103.
29/2 Malek Adhel, 2 How. 210, 234.
30 (return)
30/1 3 Kent, 218; Customs of the Sea, cap. 27, 141, 182, in 3 Black Book of the Admiralty, 103, 243, 245.
31 (return)
31/1 3 Kent's Comm. 188.
31/2 Clay v. Snelgrave, 1 Ld. Raym. 576, 577; S.C. 1 Salk. 33. Cf. Molloy, p. 355, Book II. ch. 3, Section 8.
31/3 "Ans perdront lurs loers quant la nef est perdue." 2 Black Book, 213. This is from the Judgments of the Sea, which, according to the editor (II., pp. xliv., xlvii.), is the most ancient extant source of modern maritime law except the decisions of Trani. So Molloy, Book II. ch. 3, Section 7, p. 354: "If the ship perishes at sea they lose their wages." So 1 Siderfin, 236, pl. 2.
32 (return)
32/1 3 Black Book, pp. lix., lxxiv.
32/2 3 Black Book, 263. It should be added, however, that it is laid down in the same book that, if the vessel is detained in port by the local authorities, the master is not bound to give the mariners wages, "for he has earned no freight."
32/3 Lipson v. Harrison, 2 Weekly Rep. 10. Cf. Louisa Jane, 2 Lowell, 295.
32/4 3 Kent's Comm. (12th ed.), 218; ib. 138, n. 1.
32/5 3 Kent, 218.
32/6 Justin v. Ballam, 1 Salk. 34; S.C. 2 Ld. Raym. 805.
33 (return)
33/1 D. 20. 4. 5 & 6; cf. Livy, XXX. 38.
33/2 Pardessus, Droit. Comm., n. 961.
33/3 3 Keb. 112, 114, citing 1 Roll. Abr. 530.
34 (return)
34/1 Godbolt, 260.
34/2 3 Colquhoun, Roman Civil Law, Section 2196.
35 (return)
35/1 Lex Salica (Merkel), LXXVII.; Ed. Hilperich., Section 5.
36 (return)
36/1 See Lecture III., ad fin.
39 (return)
39/1 Cf. 2 Hawk. P.C. 303 et seq.; 27 Ass. 25.
40 (return)
40/1 2 Palgrave, Commonwealth, cxxx., cxxxi.
41 (return)
41/1 Butler, Sermons, VIII. Bentham, Theory of Legislation (Principles of Penal Code, Part 2, ch. 16), Hildreth's tr., p. 309.
41/2 General View of the Criminal Law of England, p. 99.
43 (return)
43/1 Wharton, Crim. Law, (8th ed.) Section 8, n. 1.
43/2 Ibid., Section 7.
43/3 Even the law recognizes that this is a sacrifice. Commonwealth v. Sawin, 2 Pick. (Mass.) 547, 549.
47 (return)
47/1 Cf. 1 East, P.C. 294; United States v. Holmes, 1 Wall. Jr. 1; 1 Bishop, Crim. Law, Sections 347-349, 845 (6th ed.); 4 Bl. Comm. 31.
51 (return)
51/1 Art. 223.
51/2 General View of the Criminal Law of England, p. 116.
53 (return)
53/1 Harris, Criminal Law, p. 13.
53/2 Steph. Dig. Crim. Law, Art. 223, Illustration (6), and n. 1.
56 (return)
56/1 4 Bl. Comm. 192.
57 (return)
57/1 Cf. 4 Bl. Comm. 197.
58 (return)
58/1 Reg. v. Hibbert, L.R. 1 C.C. 184.
59 (return)
59/1 Reg. v. Prince, L.R. 2 C.C. 154.
59/2 Commonwealth v. Hallett, 103 Mass. 452.
60 (return)
60/1 Stephen, Dig. Cr. Law, Art. 223, Illustr. (5); Foster, 294, 295.
60/2 Cf. Gray's case, cited 2 Strange, 774.
60/3 Steph. Dig., Art. 223, Illustr. (1).
60/4 Steph. Dig., Art. 223, Illustr. (8).
60/5 Rex v. Mastin, 6 C.&P. 396. Cf. Reg. v. Swindall, 2 C. & K. 230.
60/6 4 Bl. Comm. 192.
62 (return)
62/1 Steph. Dig. Cr. Law, Art. 225.
62/2 Rex v. Shaw, 6 C.&P. 372.
62/3 Rex v. Oneby, 2 Strange, 766, 773.
62/4 Rex v. Hayward, 6 C.&P. 157.
63 (return)
63/1 Commonwealth v. Walden, 3 Cush. (Mass.) 558. Cf. Steph. Gen. View of the Crim. Law, 84.
64 (return)
64/1 2 Bishop Crim. Law, Section 14 (6th ed.).
64/2 Glanv., Lib. XIV. c. 4.
64/3 Bract., fol. 146b.
64/4 Ibid.
64/5 2 East, P.C., c. 21, Sections 7, 8, pp. 1027, 1031.
66 (return)
66/1 1 Bishop, Crim. Law, Section 735 (6th ed.).
66/2 Reg. v. Dilworth, 2 Moo. & Rob. 531; Reg. v. Jones, 9 C.&P. 258. The statement that a man is presumed to intend the natural consequences of his acts is a mere fiction disguising the true theory. See Lecture IV.
67 (return)
67/1 Reg. v. Taylor, 1 F. & F. 511.
67/2 Reg. v. Roberts, 25 L. J. M. C. 17; S.C. Dearsly, C., C. 539.
68 (return)
68/1 Lewis v. The State, 35 Ala. 380.
69 (return)
69/1 See M'Pherson's Case, Dearsly & Bell, 197, 201, Bramwell, B.
69/2 Cf. 1 Bishop, Crim. Law, Sections 741-745 (6th ed.).
71 (return)
71/1 2 Bishop, Crim. Law, Section 758 (6th ed.).
73 (return)
73/1 Cf. Stephen, General View of Criminal Law of England, 49 et seq.
73/2 Cf. Stephen, General View, 49-52; 2 East, P.C. 553.
74 (return)
74/1 Rex v. Cabbage, Russ. & Ry. 292.
74/2 Cf. 4 Bl. Comm. 224; Steph. Dig. Crim. Law, Arts. 316, 319.
74/3 Cf. 4 Bl. Comm. 227, 228.
75 (return)
75/1 1 Starkie, Cr. Pl. 177. This doctrine goes further than my argument requires. For if burglary were dealt with only on the footing of an attempt, the whole crime would have to be complete at the moment of breaking into the house. Cf. Rex v. Furnival, Russ. & Ry. 445.
81 (return)
81/1 See Lecture VII.
82 (return)
82/1 Austin, Jurisprudence (3d ed.), 440 et seq., 474, 484, Lect. XX., XXIV., XXV.
84 (return)
84/1 Lib. I. c. 2, ad fin.
85 (return)
85/1 Hist. English Law, I. 113 (bis), n.a; Id., ed. Finlason, I. 178, n. 1. Fitzherbert (N.B. 85, F.) says that in the vicontiel writ of trespass, which is not returnable into the king's court, it shall not be said quare vi et armis. Cf. Ib. 86, H.
85/2 Milman v. Dolwell, 2 Camp. 378; Knapp v. Salsbury, 2 Camp. 500; Peafey v. Walter, 6 C.&P. 232; Hall v. Fearnley, 3 Q.B. 919.
85/3 Y.B. 6 Ed. IV. 7, pl. 18, A.D. 1466; cf. Ames, Cases in Tort, 69, for a translation, which has been followed for the most part.
87 (return)
87/1 Y.B. 21 Hen. VII. 27, pl. 5, A.D. 1506.
87/2 Cf. Bract., fol. 136 b. But cf. Stat. of Gloucester, 6 Ed. I. c. 9; Y.B. 2 Hen. IV. 18, pl. 8, by Thirning; Essays in Ang. Sax. Law, 276.
87/3 Hobart, 134, A.D. 1616.
87/4 Sir T. Jones, 205, A.D. 1682.
87/5 1 Strange, 596, A.D. 1723.
87/6 2 Keyes, 169, A.D. 1865.
88 (return)
88/1 Anonymous, Cro. Eliz. 10, A.D. 1582.
88/2 Sir T. Raym. 467, A.D. 1682.
88/3 Scott v. Shepherd, 2 Wm. B1. 892, A.D. 1773.
88/4 3 East, 593. See, further, Coleridge's note to 3 Bl. Comm. 123; Saunders, Negligence, ch. 1, Section I; argument in Fletcher v. Rylands, 3 H.&C. 774, 783; Lord Cranworth, in S.C., L.R. 3 H. L. 330, 341.
90 (return)
90/1 Ex. gr. Metropolitan Railway Co. v. Jackson, 3 App. Cas. 193. See M'Manus v. Crickett, 1 East, 106, 108.
91 (return)
91/1 1 Ld. Raym. 38; S.C. Salk. 637; 4 Mod. 404; A.D. 1695.
92 (return)
92/1 2 Wm. Bl. 892. Cf. Clark v. Chambers, 3 Q.B.D. 327, 330, 338.
92/2 7 Vt, 62.
93 (return)
93/1 Smith v. London & South-Western Railway Co., L.R. 6 C.P. 14, 21. Cf. S.C., 5 id. 98, 103, 106.
93/2 Sharp v. Powell, L.R. 7 C.P. 253. Cf. Clark v. Chambers, 3 Q.B.D. 327, 336-338. Many American cases could be cited which carry the doctrine further. But it is desired to lay down no proposition which admits of controversy, and it is enough for the present purposes that Si home fait un loyal act, que apres devint illoyal, ceo est damnum sine injuria. Latch, 13. I purposely omit any discussion of the true rule of damages where it is once settled that a wrong has been done. The text regards only the tests by which it is decided whether a wrong has been done.
94 (return)
94/1 Mitchil v. Alestree, 1 Ventris, 295; S.C., 3 Keb. 650; 2 Lev. 172. Compare Hammack v. White, 11 C.B. N.S. 588; infra, p. 158.
95 (return)
95/1 Harvey v. Dunlop, Hill & Denio, (Lalor,) 193.
95/2 See Lecture II. pp. 54, 55.
97 (return)
97/1 cf. Hobart v. Hagget, 3 Fairf. (Me.) 67.
98 (return)
98/1 See Bonomi v. Backhouse, El. Bl. & El. 622, Coleridge, J., at p. 640.
99 (return)
99/1 3 Levirtz, 87, A.D. 1681.
99/2 Compare the rule as to cattle in Y.B. 22 Edw. IV. 8, pl. 24, stated below, p. 118.
100 (return)
100/1 Disc. 123, pr.; 124, Sections 2, 3. As to the historical origin of the latter rule, compare Lecture V.
101 (return)
101/1 Lecture I, pp. 3, 4.
101/2 Lib. I. c. 2, ad. fin.
101/3 Fol. 155.
101/4 Bro. Trespass, pl. 119; Finch, 198; 3 Bl. Comm. 118, 119.
101/5 See Brunner, Schwurgerichte, p. 171.
101/6 An example of the year 1195 will be found in Mr. Bigelow's very interesting and valuable Placita Anglo-Normanica, p. 285, citing Rot. Cur. Regis, 38; S.C. ? Abbr. Plac., fol. 2, Ebor. rot. 5. The suit was by way of appeal; the cause of action, a felonious trespass. Cf. Bract., fol. 144 a.
102 (return)
102/1 An example may be seen in the Year Book, 30 & 31 Edward I. (Horwood), p. 106.
103 (return)
103/1 6 Ed. IV. 7, pl. 18.
103/2 Popham, 151; Latch, 13, 119, A.D. 1605.
104 (return)
104/1 Hobart, 134, A.D. 1616.
104/2 3 East, 593.
105 (return)
105/1 1 Bing. 213, A.D. 1823.
105/2 6 Cush. 292.
106 (return)
106/1 Morris v. Platt, 32 Conn. 75, 84 et seq., A.D. 1864.
106/2 Nitro-glycerine Case (Parrot v. Wells), 15 Wall. 524, 538.
106/3 Hill & Denio, (Lalor,) 193; Losee v. Buchanan, 51 N.Y. 476, 489.
107 (return)
107/1 Vincent v. Stinehour, 7 Vt. 62. See, further, Clayton, 22, pl. 38; Holt, C.J., in Cole v. Turner, 6 Mod. 149; Lord Hardwicke, in Williams v. Jones, Cas. temp. Hardw. 298; Hall v. Fearnley, 8 Q.B. 919; Martin, B., in Coward v. Baddeley, 4 H.&N. 478; Holmes v. Mather, L.R. 10 Ex. 261; Bizzell v. Booker, 16 Ark. 308; Brown v. Collins, 53 N.H. 442.
107/2 Blyth v. Birmingham Waterworks Co., 11 Exch. 781, 784; Smith v. London & South-Western Ry. Co., L.R. 5 C.P. 98, 102. Compare Campbell, Negligence, Section 1 (2d ed.), for Austin's point of view.
109 (return)
109/1 cf. Bro. Corone, pl. 6; Neal v. Gillett, 23 Conn. 437, 442; D. 9. 2. 5, Section 2; D. 48. 8. 12.
113 (return)
113/1 I Thorpe, p. 85; cf. LL. Hen. I., c. 88, Section 3.
113/2 Spofford v. Harlow, 3 Allen, 176.
114 (return)
114/1 See 27 Ass., pl. 56, fol. 141; Y.B. 43 Edw. III. 33, pl. 38. The plea in the latter case was that the defendant performed the cure as well as he knew how, without this that the horse died for default of his care. The inducement, at least, of this plea seems to deal with negligence as meaning the actual state of the party's mind.
115 (return)
115/1 Hobart, 134.
115/2 See Knight v. Jermin, Cro. Eliz. 134; Chambers v. Taylor, Cro. Eliz. 900.
115/3 32 Conn. 75, 89, 90.
116 (return)
116/1 Y.B. 12 Hen. VIII. 2 b, Pl. 2.
116/2 Keilway, 46 b.
116/3 L.R. 3 H.L. 330, 339; L.R. 1 Ex. 265, 279-282; 4 H.&C. 263; 3 id. 774.
117 (return)
117/1 See Card v. Case, 5 C.B. 622, 633, 634.
117/2 See Lecture I. p. 23 and n. 3.
117/3 Mitten v. Fandrye, Popham, 161; S.C., 1 Sir W. Jones, 136; S.C., nom. Millen v. Hawery, Latch, 13; id. 119. In the latter report, at p. 120, after reciting the opinion of the court in accordance with the text, it is said that judgment was given non obstant for the plaintiff; contrary to the earlier statement in the same book, and to Popham and Jones; but the principle was at all events admitted. For the limit, see Read v. Edwards, 17 C.B. N.S. 245.
118 (return)
118/1 Y.B. 22 Edw. IV. 8, pl. 24.
118/2 Popham, at p. 162; S.C., Latch, at p. 120; cf. Mason v. Keeling, 1 Ld. Raym. 606, 608. But cf. Y.B. 20 Edw. IV. 10, 11, pl. 10.
118/3 Latch, at p. 120. This is a further illustration of the very practical grounds on which the law of trespass was settled.
118/4 12 Mod. 332, 335; S.C., 1 Ld. Raym. 606, 608.
118/5 12 Mod. 335; Dyer, 25 b, pl. 162, and cas. in marg.; 4 Co. Rep. 18 b; Buxendin v. Sharp, 2 Salk. 662; S.C., 3 Salk. 169; S.C., nom. Bayntine v. Sharp, 1 Lutw. 90; Smith v. Pelah, 2 Strange, 264; May v. Burdett, 9 Q.B. 101; Card v. Case, 5 C.B. 622.
119 (return)
119/1 12 Mod. 335. See Andrew Baker's case, 1 Hale, P.C. 430.
119/2 Besozzi v. Harris, 1 F.&F. 92.
119/3 See Fletcher v. Rylands, L.R. I Ex. 265, 281, 282; Cox v. Burbridge, 13 C.B. N.S. 430, 441; Read v. Edwards, 17 C.B. N.S. 245, 260; Lee v. Riley, 18 C.B. N.S. 722; Ellis v. Loftus Iron Co., L.R. 10 C.P. 10; 27 Ass., pl. 56, fol. 141; Y.B. 20 Ed. IV. 11, pl. 10; 13 Hen. VII. 15, pl. 10; Keilway, 3 b, pl. 7. Cf. 4 Kent (12th ed.), 110, n. 1, ad fin.
120 (return)
120/1 2 Ld. Raym. 909; 13 Am. L.R. 609.
120/2 See Grill v. General Iron Screw Collier Co., L.R. 1 C.P. 600, 612, 614.
120/3 Railroad Co. v. Lockwood, 17 Wall. 357, 383.
121 (return)
121/1 L.R. 1 C.P. 300.
121/2 See Gorham v. Gross, 125 Mass. 232, 239, bottom.
121/3 Minor v. Sharon, 112 Mass. 477, 487.
122 (return)
122/1 See Winsmore v. Greenbank, Willes, 577, 583; Rex v. Oneby, 2 Strange, 766, 773; Lampleigh v. Brathwait, Hobart, 105, 107; Wigram, Disc., pl. 249; Evans on Pleading, 49, 138, 139, 143 et seq.; Id., Miller's ed., pp. 147, 149.
123 (return)
123/1 See Detroit & Milwaukee R. R. Co. v. Van Steinburg, 17 Mich. 99, 120.
123/2 In the small-pox case, Minor v. Sharon, 112 Mass. 477, while the court ruled with regard to the defendant's conduct as has been mentioned, it held that whether the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence in not having vaccinated his children was "a question of fact, and was properly left to the jury." p. 488.
124 (return)
124/1 Metropolitan Railway Co. v. Jackson, 3 App. Cas. 193, 197.
125 (return)
125/1 See Kearney v. London, Brighton & S. Coast Ry. Co., L.R. 5 Q.B. 411, 414, 417; S.C., 6 id. 759.
125/2 Byrne v. Boadle, 2 H. & C. 722.
125/3 See Skinnier v. Lodon, Brighton, & S. Coast Ry. Co., 5 Exch. 787. But cf. Hammack v. White, 11 C.B. N.S. 588, 594.
127 (return)
127/1 7 American Law Review, 654 et seq., July, 1873.
128 (return)
128/1 Callahan v. Bean, 9 Allen, 401.
128/2 Carter v. Towne, 98 Mass. 567.
128/3 Lovett v. Salem & South Danvers R. R. Co., 9 Allen, 557.
128/4 Back v. Stacey, 2 C.&P. 465.
128/5 Cf. Beadel v. Perry, L.R. 3 Eq. 465; City of London Brewery Co. v. Termant, L.R. 9 Ch. 212, 220; Hackett v. Baiss, L.R. 20 Eq. 494; Theed v. Debenham, 2 Ch. D. 165.
135 (return)
135/1 Williamson v. Allison, 2 East, 446.
136 (return)
136/1 Leather v. Simpson, L.R. 11 Eq. 398, 406. On the other hand, the extreme moral view is stated in Weir v. Bell, 3 Ex. D. 238, 243.
138 (return)
138/1 As to actual knowledge and intent, see Lecture II. p. 57.
141 (return)
141/1 Cf. Knight v. German, Cro. Eliz. 70; S.C., ib. 134.
141/2 Mitchell v. Jenkins, 5 B.&Ad. 588, 594; Turner v. Ambler, 10 Q.B. 252, 257, 261.
142 (return)
142/1 Redfield, C. J. in Barron v. Mason, 31 Vt. 189, 197.
142/2 Mitchell v. Jenkins, 5 B.&Ad. 588, 595.
143 (return)
143/1 See Burton v. Fulton, 49 Penn. St. 151.
144 (return)
144/1 Rolfe, B. in Fouldes v. Willoughby, 8 Meeson & Welsby, 540.
145 (return)
145/1 Supra, pp. 115 et seq.
147 (return)
147/1 See, e.g., Cooley, Torts, 164.
147/2 Rex v. Dixon, 3 Maule & Selwyn, 11, 15; Reg. v. Hicklin, L.R. 3 Q.B. 360; 5 C.&P. 266, n.
148 (return)
148/1 Aleyn, 35; Style, 72; A.D. 1648.
149 (return)
149/1 1 Kent (12th ed.), 467, n. 1; 6 Am. Law Rev. 723-725; 7 id. 652.
149/2 2 Wm. Bl. 892, A.D. 1773; supra, p. 92; Addison on Torts (4th ed.), 264, citing Y.B. 37 Hen. VI. 37, pl. 26, which hardly sustains the broad language of the text.
151 (return)
151/1 Compare Crouch v. London & N. W. R. Co., 14 C.B. 255, 283; Calye's Case, 8 Co. Rep. 32; Co. Lit. 89 a, n. 7; 1 Ch. Pl. (lst ed,), 219, (6th ed.), 216, 217; 7 Am. Law Rev. 656 et seq.
151/2 But cf. The Pawashick, 2 Lowell, 142.
151/3 Gibson v. Stevens, 8 How. 384, 398, 399; Barnett v. Brandao, 6 Man. & Gr. 630, 665; Hawkins v. Cardy, 1 Ld. Raym. 360.
151/4 Pickering v. Barkley, Style, 132; Wegerstoffe v. Keene, 1 Strange, 214, 216, 223; Smith v. Kendall, 6 T. R. 123, 124.
155 (return)
155/1 Card v. Case, 5 C.B. 622, 634. Cf. Austin (3d ed.), 513.
156 (return)
156/1 Rylands v. Fletcher, L.R. 3 H.L. 330; supra, p. 116.
156/2 See Marshall v. Welwood, 38 N.J. (9 Vroom), 339; 2 Thompson, Negligence, 1234, n. 3.
157 (return)
157/1 Gorham v. Gross, 125 Mass. 232; supra, p. 117.
158 (return)
158/1 Mitchil v. Alestree, 1 Vent. 295; S.C., 3 Keb. 650; 2 Lev. 172; supra, p. 94.
158/2 Hammack v. White, 11 C.B. N.S. 588.
166 (return)
166/1 Laband, Vermogensrechtlichen Klagen, Section 16, pp. 108 et seq.; Heusler, Gewere, 487, 492. These authors correct the earlier opinion of Bruns, R. d. Besitzes, Section 37, pp. 313 et seq., adopted by Sohm in his Proc. d. Lex Salica, Section 9. Cf. the discussion of sua in writs of trespass, &c. in the English law, at the end of Lecture VI. Those who wish short accounts in English may consult North Amer. Rev., CX. 210, and see Id., CXVIII. 416; Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law, pp. 212 et seq. Our knowledge as to the primitive form of action is somewhat meagre and dependent on inference. Some of the earliest texts are Ed. Liutpr. 131; Lex Baiw., XV. 4; L. Frision. Add. X.; L. Visig., V.5. I; L. Burg., XLIX. I, 2. The edict of Liutprand, dealing with housebreaking followed by theft of property left in charge of the householder, lays down that the owner shall look to the bailee alone, and the bailee shall hold the thief both for the housebreaking and for the stolen goods. Because, as it says, we cannot raise two claims out of one causa; somewhat as our law was unable to divide the severing a thing from the realty, and the conversion of it, into two different wrongs. Compare, further, Jones, Bailm. 112; Exodus xxii. 10-12; LL. Alfred, 28; I Thorpe, Anc. L., p. 51; Gaii Inst., III. Sections 202-207.
167 (return)
167/1 XXXI. 16.
168 (return)
168/1 "Peterit enim rem suam petere [civiliter] ut adiratam per testimonium proborum hominum, et sic consequi rem suam quamvia furatam. . . Et non refert utrum res que ita subtracta fuit extiterit illius appellantis propria vel alterius, dum tamen de custodia sua." Bract., fol. 150 b, 151; Britton (Nich. ed.), I. 59, 60 [23 b], De Larcyns; cf. ib. 67 [26 b]; Fleta, fol. 5i, L. I. c. 38, Section 1.
169 (return)
169/1 Y.B. 21 & 22 Ed. I. 466-468, noticed in North Amer. Rev., CXVIII. 421, n. (So Britton [26 b], "Si il puse averreer la perte.") This is not trover. The declaration in detinue per inventionem was called "un newfound Haliday" in Y.B. 33 Hen. VI. 26, 27; cf. 7 Hen. VI. 22, pl. 3; Isack v. Clarke, I Rolle, R. 126, 128.
169/2 Y.B. 2 Ed. IV. 4, 5, pl. 9; 21 Hen. VII. 39, pl. 49; Bro. Trespass, pl. 216, 295.
169/3 2 Wms. Saund. 47, n. 1. See above, p. 167.
170 (return)
170/1 Notes to Saunders, Wilbraham v. Snow, note (h).
170/2 Y.B. 11 Hen. IV. 23, 24. See, further, Y.B. 8 Ed. IV. 6, pl. 5; 9 Ed. IV. 34, pl. 9; 3 Hen. VII. 4, pl. 16; 20 Hen. VII. 1, pl. 1; 21 Hen. VII. 14 b, pl. 23; 13 Co. Rep. 69; 1 Roll. Abr. 4(I), pl. I; F. N. B. 86, n. a; supra, p. 167.
170/3 Fitz. Abr. Barre, pl. 130; Y.B. 9 Ed. IV. 34, pl. 9; 12 Am. Law Rev. 694.
171 (return)
171/1 2 Steph. Comm. (6th ed.), 83, cited Dicey, Parties, 353; 2 Bl. Comm. 453; 2 Kent, 585. As the bailee recovered the whole value of the goods, the old reason, that he was answerable over, has in some cases become a new rule, (seemingly based on a misunderstanding,) that the bailee is a trustee for the bailor as to the excess over his own damage. Cf. Lyle v. Barker, 5 Binn. 457, 460; 7 Cowen, 68l, n.; White v. Webb, 15 Conn. 302, 305; in the order cited. (Thence the new rule has been extended to insurance recovered by a bailee. 1 Hall, N. Y. 84, 91; 3 Kent's Comm. (12th ed.), 371, 376, n. 1 (a).) In this form it ceases to be a reason for allowing the action.
171/2 Y.B. 48 Ed. III. 20, pl. 8; Bro. Trespass, pl. 67. Cf. 1 Britton (Nich. ed.), 67 [26 b]; Y.B. 6 Hen. VI1. 12, pl. 9; 12 Ed. IV. 13, pl. 9; 12 Am. Law Rev. 694.
172 (return)
172/1 Y.B. 22 Ed. IV. 5, pl. 16.
172/2 2 Rolle, Abr. 569, Trespass, 5. Cf. Y.B. 20 Hen. VII. 5, pl. 15; 21 Hen. VII. 39, pl. 49; Clayton, 135, pl. 243; 2 Wms. Saund. 47 e (3d ed.).
172/3 Bro. Trespass, pl, 67 in marg.; cf. Ed. Liutpr. 131, cited supra, p. 166, n.
172/4 In one instance, where, against the opinion of Brian, the bailor was allowed to sue for damage to the chattel by a stranger, the action seems to have been case. Y.B. 12 Ed. IV. 13, pl. 9; cf. the margin of the report.
173 (return)
173/1 Gordon v. Harper, 7 T. R. 9; Lord v. Price, L. IL 9 Ex. 54; Muggridge v. Eveleth, 9 Met. 233. Cf. Clayton, 135, pl. 243.
173/2 Nicolls v. Bastard, 2 C. M. & R. 659, 660; Manders v. Williams, 4 Exch. 339, 343, 344; Morgan v. Ide, 8 Cush. 420; Strong v. Adams, 30 Vt. 221, 223; Little v. Fosseft, 34 Me. 545.
173/3 2 Camp. 464; cf. Mears v. London & South-Western Railway Co., 11 C.B. N.S. 849, 854.
173/4 Addison, Torts (4th ed.), 364.
174 (return)
174/1 Wms. Pers. Prop., 26 (5th ed.), 27 (7th ed.).
174/2 Booth v. Wilson, I B. & Ald. 59; Y.B. 48 Ed. III. 20, pl. 8; 11 Hen. IV. 17, pl. 39; 11 Hen. IV. 23, 24, pl. 46 (Tre. "ou d'apprompter"); 21 Hen. VII. 14b, pl. 23; Godbolt, 173, pl. 239; Sutton v. Buck, 2 Taunt. 302, 309; Burton v. Hughes, 2 Bing. 173; Nicolls v. Bastard, 2 C. M. & R. 659, 660; Manders v. Williams, 4 Exch. 339, 343, 344; 2 Wms. Saund., note to Wilbraham v. Snow; 2 Kent, 585, 568, 574; Moran v. Portland S. P. Co., 35 Me. 55. See, further, Lecture VI. ad fin.
175 (return)
175/1 Cf. Lord v. Price, L.R. 9 Ex. 54, 56, supra, p. 172.
175/2 Supra, p. 167.
175/3 Lib. X. c. 13; cf. I., c. 8.
175/4 "Is qui rem commodatam accepit, ad ipsam restituendam tenetur, vel ejus precium, si forte incendio, ruins, naufragio, ant latronum, vel hostium incursu, consumpta fuerit vel deperdita, substracts, vel ablata." Fol. 99 a, b. This has been thought a corrupt text (Guterbock, Bracton, by Coxe, p. 175; 2 Twiss, Bract. Int. xxviii.), but agrees with Glanvill, supra, and with Fleta, L. II. c. 56, Section 5.
175/5 Bract., fol. 62 b, c. 28, Section 2; Fleta, L. II. e. 59, Section 4, fol. 128. Cf. Just. Inst. 3. 24, Section 5; ib. 15, Section 2.
176 (return)
176/1 Y.B. 8 Ed. II. 275; Fitz. Detinue, pl. 59.
176/2 2 Ld. Raym. 909.
176/3 Y.B. 13 Ed. IV. 9, pl. 5. See Lecture VI.
176/4 29 Ass. 163, pl. 28.
176/5 Cf. Ratcliff v. Davis, Yelv. 178; Cro. Jac. 244; Noy, 137; 1 Bulstr. 29.
176/6 Y.B. 33 Hen. VI. 1, pl. 3. This case is cited and largely relied on in Woodlife's Case, infra; Southcote v. Bennett, infra; Pickering v. Barkley, Style, 132 (24 Car. I., covenant on a charter-party); and Morse v. Slue, infra; in short, in all the leading cases on bailment.