Footnotes1.Cf.A. Ernout,Le Parler de Préneste, Paris, 1905.2. The relation between Latin and the Italic dialects may be illustrated by an extract or two from them with a Latin translation. An Umbrian specimen may be taken from one of the bronze tablets found at Iguvium, which reads in Umbrian: Di Grabouie, saluo seritu ocrem Fisim, saluam seritu totam Iiouinam (Iguvinian TablesVI, a. 51), and in Latin: Deus Grabovi, salvam servato arcem Fisiam, salvam servato civitatem Iguvinam. A bit of Oscan from the Tabula Bantina (Tab. Bant. 2, 11) reads: suaepis contrud exeic fefacust auti comono hipust, molto etanto estud, and in Latin: siquis contra hoc fecerit aut comitia habuerit, multa tanta esto.3.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, IX, 782, furnishes a case in point.4.Cf.G. Mohl,Introduction à la chronologie du Latin vulgaire, Paris, 1899.5. Pauly-Wissowa,Real-Encyclopadie, IV, 1179ff.6. Marquardt,Römische Staatsverwaltung, II, p. 463.7.Cf.,e.g., Pirson,La langue des inscriptions Latines de la Gaule, Bruxelles, 1901; Carnoy,Le Latin d'Espagne d'après les inscriptions, Bruxelles, 1906; Hoffmann,De titulis Africæ Latinis quæstiones phoneticæ, 1907; Kuebler,Die lateinische Sprache auf afrikanischen Inschriften(Arch, für lat. Lex., vol. VIII), and Martin,Notes on the Syntax of the Latin Inscriptions Found in Spain, Baltimore, 1909.8.Cf.L. Hahn,Rom und Romanismus im griechisch-römischen Osten(esp. pp. 222-268), Leipzig, 1906.9.Proceedings of the American Philological Association, XXIX (1898), pp. 31-47. For a different theory of the results of language-conflict,cf.Gröber,Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, I, pp. 516, 517.10. A very interesting sketch of the history of the Latin language in this region may be seen in Ovide Densusianu'sHistoire de la langue Roumaine, Paris, 1902.11. Gorra,Lingue Neolatine, pp. 66-68.12. Gröber,Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, pp. 517 and 524.13.Cf.Gröber inArchiv für lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik, I, p. 210ff.14.Is Modern-Language Teaching a Failure?Chicago, 1907.15.Cf.Abbott,History of Rome, pp. 246-249.16. Schuchardt,Vokalismus des Vulgärlateins, I, 103ff.17.Cf.Gröber,Archiv für lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik, I, 45.18. Thielmann,Archiv, II, 48ff.; 157ff.19. From the "Laws of the Twelve Tables" of the fifth century B.C. See Bruns,Fontes iuris Romani antiqui, sixth edition, p. 31.20.Appendix Probi, in Keil'sGrammatici Latini, IV, 197ff.21. "The Accent in Vulgar and Formal Latin," inClassical Philology, II (1907), 445ff.22. Bücheler,Carmina Latina epigraphica, No. 53. The originals of all the bits of verse which are translated in this paper may be found in the collection whose title is given here. Hereafter reference to this work will be by number only.23. No. 443.24. No. 92.25. No. 128.26. No. 127.27. No. 876.28. No. 1414.29. No. 765.30. No. 843.31. No. 95.32. No. 1578.33. Nos. 1192 and 1472.34. No. 1037.35. No. 1039.36. G. W. Van Bleek, Quae de hominum post mortem eondicione doceant carmina sepulcralia Latina.37. No. 1495.38. No. 1496.39. No. 86.40. No. 1465.41. No. 1143.42. No. 1559.43. No. 1433.44. No. 225.45. No. 143.46. No. 83.47. No. 1500.48. No. 190.49. No. 244.50. No. 1499.51. No. 856.52. Society and Politics in Ancient Rome, p. 183.53. No. 562.54. No. 52.55. No. 1251.56. No. 106.57. No. 967.58. No. 152.59. No. 1042.60. No. 1064.61. No. 98.62. Bücheler,Carmina Latino epigraphica, No. 899.63. No. 19.64. No. 866.65. No. 863.66. No. 937.67. No. 949.68. No. 943.69. No. 945.70. No. 354.71.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, IV, 6892.72. Bücheler, No. 928.73. No. 333.74. No. 931.75. No. 933.76. No. 38.77. No. 270.78. Habeat scabiem quisquis ad me venerit novissimus.79. Rex erit qui recte faciet, qui non faciet non erit.80.Gallos Cæsar in triumphum ducit, idem in curiam;Galli bracas deposuerunt, latum clavom sumpserunt.81.Brutus quia reges eiecit, consul primus factus est;Hic quia consoles eiecit, rex postremo factus est.82. Salva Roma, salva patria, salvus est Germanicus.83.Cf.Schmid, "Der griechische Roman,"Neue Jahrb., Bd XIII (1904), 465-85; Wilcken, inHermes, XXVIII, 161ff., and inArchiv f. Papyrusforschung, I, 255ff.; Grenfell-Hunt,Fayûm Towns and Their Papyri(1900), 75ff., andRivista di Filologia, XXIII, Iff.84. Some of the important late discussions of the Milesian tale are by Bürger,Hermes(1892), 351ff.; Norden,Die antike Kunstprosa, II, 602, 604, n.; Rohde,Kleine Schriften, II, 25ff.; Bürger,Studien zur Geschichte d. griech. Romans, I (Programm von Blankenburg a. H., 1902); W. Schmid,Neue Jahrb. f. d. klass. Alt.(1904), 474ff.; Lucas, "Zu den Milesiaca des Aristides,"Philologus, 61 (1907), 16ff.85. On the origin of theprosimetrum cf.Hirzel,Der Dialog, 381ff.; Norden,Die antike Kunstprosa, 755.86.Cf.Rosenbluth,Beiträge zur Quellenkunde von Petrons Satiren. Berlin, 1909.87. This theory in the main is suggested by Rohde,Der griechische Roman, 2d ed., 267 (Leipzig, 1900), and by Ribbeck,Geschichte d. röm. Dichtung, 2d ed., III, 150.88.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. III, pp. 1926-1953. Mommsen's text with a commentary has been published by H. Blümner, inDer Maximaltarif des Diocletian, Berlin, 1893. A brief description of the edict may be found in the Pauly-WissowaReal-Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, under "Edictum Diocletiani," and K. Bücher has discussed some points in it in theZeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft, vol. L (1894), pp. 189-219 and 672-717.89. The method of arrangement may be illustrated by an extract from the first table, which deals with grain and vegetables.90. The present-day prices which are given in the third column of these two tables are taken from Bulletin No. 77 of the Bureau of Labor, and from the majority and minority reports of the Select Committee of the U.S. Senate on "Wages and Prices of Commodities" (Report, No. 912, Documents, Nos. 421 and 477). In setting down a number to represent the current price of an article naturally a rough average had to be struck of the rates charged in different parts of the country. Bulletin No. 77, for instance, gives the retail price charged for butter at 226 places in 68 different cities, situated in 39 different States. At one point in Illinois the price quoted in 1906 was 22 cents, while at a point in Pennsylvania 36 cents was reported, but the prevailing price throughout the country ranged from 26 to 32, so that these figures were set down in the table. A similar method has been adopted for the other items. A special difficulty arises in the case of beef, where the price varies according to the cut. The price of wheat is not given in the extant fragment of the edict, but has been calculated by Blümner from statements in ancient writers. So far as the wages of the ancient and modern workman are concerned we must remember that the Roman laborer in many cases received "keep" from his employer. Probably from one-third to three-sevenths should be added to his daily wage to cover this item. Statistics published by the Department of Agriculture show that the average wage of American farm laborers per month during 1910 was $27.50 without board and $19.21 with board. The item of board, therefore, is three-sevenths of the money paid to the laborer when he keeps himself. One other point of difference between ancient and modern working conditions must be borne in mind in attempting a comparison. We have no means of knowing the length of the Roman working day. However, it was probably much longer than our modern working day, which, for convenience' sake, is estimated at eight hours.91. Wholesale price in 1909.92. Receives "keep" also.93. Eight-hour day assumed.94.Cf.Report of the Commissioner of Labor, pp. 622-625. In England between one-third and one-fourth;cf.Bulletin, No. 77, p. 345.95.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, II, 5489.96. Wilmanns,Exempla Inscriptionum Latinarum, 1772.97.Ibid., 2037.98.Ibid., 1859.99.Ibid., 2054.100.Ibid., 2099.101. 23:48f.102.Cic., ad Att., 5.21. 10-13; 6.1. 5-7; 6.2.7; 6.3.5.103. 6.17.104.Captivi, 489ff.105.Livy, 38. 35.106. Plautus,Pseudolus, 189.107. Some of the most important discussions of workmen's guilds among the Romans are to be found in Waltzing'sEtude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les Romains, 3 vols., Louvain, 1895-9; Liebenam'sZur Geschichte und Organisation des römischen Vereinswesen, Leipzig, 1890; Ziebarth'sDas Griechische Vereinswesen, Leipzig, 1896, pp. 96-110; Kornemann's article, "Collegium," in the Pauly-WissowaReal Encyclopadie. Other literature is cited by Waltzing, I, pp. 17-30, and by Kornemann, IV, columns 479-480.108.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, XI, 5047.109.Ibid., V, 7906.110.Ibid., III, p. 953.111.Ibid., VIII, 14683.112.Ibid., III, 3583.113.Ibid., XIV, 2112.114.Ibid., XIV, 326.115.E.g., Clodius and Milo.116. Lucan, 4. 814ff.; Velleius, 2. 48; Pliny, Nat. Hist., 7. 116ff.117. Cicero, Brutus, 122, 210, 214.118.Ibid., 280.119. Cicero,Epist. ad Fam., 2. 1.120. Cicero,Phil., 2. 45f.121. Cicero,ad Att., 1. 14. 5.122.Ibid., 1. 14. 5.123.Ibid., 2. 12. 2.124.Ibid., 2.7.3; 2.8.1; 2.12.2.125. Suet.,Julius, 52.126.Ad Att., 2. 19. 3.127.Ad fam., 2.4.128.Ibid., 2.6.129.Ibid., 8. 4. 2.130. Dio's account (40. 61) of Curio's course seems to harmonize with this interpretation.131. "Cicero,ad fam., 8.10.4.132. White's Civil Wars of Appian, 2.27.133. Cicero,ad fam., 8.6.5.134. Valerius Maximus, 9.1.6.135. Vell. Pat., 2.48.136. Civil Wars, 2.30.137.Ad Att., 6.9.4.138. Civil Wars of Appian, 2.31.139. Velleius Paterculus, 2.48.140. Cæsar, Civil War, 1. 12.141.Ibid., 1.182142.Ibid., 2.23.143.Ibid., 2.42.144.Pharsalia, 4. 807-824.145. Cicero,Epistulæ ad famiares, 11.27.146. Cicero,Epist. ad fam., 11.28.147. 12.46.1.148. Apicius, 4.174.149.Naturalis Historia, 12.13.
1.Cf.A. Ernout,Le Parler de Préneste, Paris, 1905.
2. The relation between Latin and the Italic dialects may be illustrated by an extract or two from them with a Latin translation. An Umbrian specimen may be taken from one of the bronze tablets found at Iguvium, which reads in Umbrian: Di Grabouie, saluo seritu ocrem Fisim, saluam seritu totam Iiouinam (Iguvinian TablesVI, a. 51), and in Latin: Deus Grabovi, salvam servato arcem Fisiam, salvam servato civitatem Iguvinam. A bit of Oscan from the Tabula Bantina (Tab. Bant. 2, 11) reads: suaepis contrud exeic fefacust auti comono hipust, molto etanto estud, and in Latin: siquis contra hoc fecerit aut comitia habuerit, multa tanta esto.
3.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, IX, 782, furnishes a case in point.
4.Cf.G. Mohl,Introduction à la chronologie du Latin vulgaire, Paris, 1899.
5. Pauly-Wissowa,Real-Encyclopadie, IV, 1179ff.
6. Marquardt,Römische Staatsverwaltung, II, p. 463.
7.Cf.,e.g., Pirson,La langue des inscriptions Latines de la Gaule, Bruxelles, 1901; Carnoy,Le Latin d'Espagne d'après les inscriptions, Bruxelles, 1906; Hoffmann,De titulis Africæ Latinis quæstiones phoneticæ, 1907; Kuebler,Die lateinische Sprache auf afrikanischen Inschriften(Arch, für lat. Lex., vol. VIII), and Martin,Notes on the Syntax of the Latin Inscriptions Found in Spain, Baltimore, 1909.
8.Cf.L. Hahn,Rom und Romanismus im griechisch-römischen Osten(esp. pp. 222-268), Leipzig, 1906.
9.Proceedings of the American Philological Association, XXIX (1898), pp. 31-47. For a different theory of the results of language-conflict,cf.Gröber,Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, I, pp. 516, 517.
10. A very interesting sketch of the history of the Latin language in this region may be seen in Ovide Densusianu'sHistoire de la langue Roumaine, Paris, 1902.
11. Gorra,Lingue Neolatine, pp. 66-68.
12. Gröber,Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, pp. 517 and 524.
13.Cf.Gröber inArchiv für lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik, I, p. 210ff.
14.Is Modern-Language Teaching a Failure?Chicago, 1907.
15.Cf.Abbott,History of Rome, pp. 246-249.
16. Schuchardt,Vokalismus des Vulgärlateins, I, 103ff.
17.Cf.Gröber,Archiv für lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik, I, 45.
18. Thielmann,Archiv, II, 48ff.; 157ff.
19. From the "Laws of the Twelve Tables" of the fifth century B.C. See Bruns,Fontes iuris Romani antiqui, sixth edition, p. 31.
20.Appendix Probi, in Keil'sGrammatici Latini, IV, 197ff.
21. "The Accent in Vulgar and Formal Latin," inClassical Philology, II (1907), 445ff.
22. Bücheler,Carmina Latina epigraphica, No. 53. The originals of all the bits of verse which are translated in this paper may be found in the collection whose title is given here. Hereafter reference to this work will be by number only.
23. No. 443.
24. No. 92.
25. No. 128.
26. No. 127.
27. No. 876.
28. No. 1414.
29. No. 765.
30. No. 843.
31. No. 95.
32. No. 1578.
33. Nos. 1192 and 1472.
34. No. 1037.
35. No. 1039.
36. G. W. Van Bleek, Quae de hominum post mortem eondicione doceant carmina sepulcralia Latina.
37. No. 1495.
38. No. 1496.
39. No. 86.
40. No. 1465.
41. No. 1143.
42. No. 1559.
43. No. 1433.
44. No. 225.
45. No. 143.
46. No. 83.
47. No. 1500.
48. No. 190.
49. No. 244.
50. No. 1499.
51. No. 856.
52. Society and Politics in Ancient Rome, p. 183.
53. No. 562.
54. No. 52.
55. No. 1251.
56. No. 106.
57. No. 967.
58. No. 152.
59. No. 1042.
60. No. 1064.
61. No. 98.
62. Bücheler,Carmina Latino epigraphica, No. 899.
63. No. 19.
64. No. 866.
65. No. 863.
66. No. 937.
67. No. 949.
68. No. 943.
69. No. 945.
70. No. 354.
71.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, IV, 6892.
72. Bücheler, No. 928.
73. No. 333.
74. No. 931.
75. No. 933.
76. No. 38.
77. No. 270.
78. Habeat scabiem quisquis ad me venerit novissimus.
79. Rex erit qui recte faciet, qui non faciet non erit.
80.
Gallos Cæsar in triumphum ducit, idem in curiam;Galli bracas deposuerunt, latum clavom sumpserunt.
Gallos Cæsar in triumphum ducit, idem in curiam;Galli bracas deposuerunt, latum clavom sumpserunt.
Gallos Cæsar in triumphum ducit, idem in curiam;
Galli bracas deposuerunt, latum clavom sumpserunt.
81.
Brutus quia reges eiecit, consul primus factus est;Hic quia consoles eiecit, rex postremo factus est.
Brutus quia reges eiecit, consul primus factus est;Hic quia consoles eiecit, rex postremo factus est.
Brutus quia reges eiecit, consul primus factus est;
Hic quia consoles eiecit, rex postremo factus est.
82. Salva Roma, salva patria, salvus est Germanicus.
83.Cf.Schmid, "Der griechische Roman,"Neue Jahrb., Bd XIII (1904), 465-85; Wilcken, inHermes, XXVIII, 161ff., and inArchiv f. Papyrusforschung, I, 255ff.; Grenfell-Hunt,Fayûm Towns and Their Papyri(1900), 75ff., andRivista di Filologia, XXIII, Iff.
84. Some of the important late discussions of the Milesian tale are by Bürger,Hermes(1892), 351ff.; Norden,Die antike Kunstprosa, II, 602, 604, n.; Rohde,Kleine Schriften, II, 25ff.; Bürger,Studien zur Geschichte d. griech. Romans, I (Programm von Blankenburg a. H., 1902); W. Schmid,Neue Jahrb. f. d. klass. Alt.(1904), 474ff.; Lucas, "Zu den Milesiaca des Aristides,"Philologus, 61 (1907), 16ff.
85. On the origin of theprosimetrum cf.Hirzel,Der Dialog, 381ff.; Norden,Die antike Kunstprosa, 755.
86.Cf.Rosenbluth,Beiträge zur Quellenkunde von Petrons Satiren. Berlin, 1909.
87. This theory in the main is suggested by Rohde,Der griechische Roman, 2d ed., 267 (Leipzig, 1900), and by Ribbeck,Geschichte d. röm. Dichtung, 2d ed., III, 150.
88.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. III, pp. 1926-1953. Mommsen's text with a commentary has been published by H. Blümner, inDer Maximaltarif des Diocletian, Berlin, 1893. A brief description of the edict may be found in the Pauly-WissowaReal-Encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, under "Edictum Diocletiani," and K. Bücher has discussed some points in it in theZeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft, vol. L (1894), pp. 189-219 and 672-717.
89. The method of arrangement may be illustrated by an extract from the first table, which deals with grain and vegetables.
90. The present-day prices which are given in the third column of these two tables are taken from Bulletin No. 77 of the Bureau of Labor, and from the majority and minority reports of the Select Committee of the U.S. Senate on "Wages and Prices of Commodities" (Report, No. 912, Documents, Nos. 421 and 477). In setting down a number to represent the current price of an article naturally a rough average had to be struck of the rates charged in different parts of the country. Bulletin No. 77, for instance, gives the retail price charged for butter at 226 places in 68 different cities, situated in 39 different States. At one point in Illinois the price quoted in 1906 was 22 cents, while at a point in Pennsylvania 36 cents was reported, but the prevailing price throughout the country ranged from 26 to 32, so that these figures were set down in the table. A similar method has been adopted for the other items. A special difficulty arises in the case of beef, where the price varies according to the cut. The price of wheat is not given in the extant fragment of the edict, but has been calculated by Blümner from statements in ancient writers. So far as the wages of the ancient and modern workman are concerned we must remember that the Roman laborer in many cases received "keep" from his employer. Probably from one-third to three-sevenths should be added to his daily wage to cover this item. Statistics published by the Department of Agriculture show that the average wage of American farm laborers per month during 1910 was $27.50 without board and $19.21 with board. The item of board, therefore, is three-sevenths of the money paid to the laborer when he keeps himself. One other point of difference between ancient and modern working conditions must be borne in mind in attempting a comparison. We have no means of knowing the length of the Roman working day. However, it was probably much longer than our modern working day, which, for convenience' sake, is estimated at eight hours.
91. Wholesale price in 1909.
92. Receives "keep" also.
93. Eight-hour day assumed.
94.Cf.Report of the Commissioner of Labor, pp. 622-625. In England between one-third and one-fourth;cf.Bulletin, No. 77, p. 345.
95.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, II, 5489.
96. Wilmanns,Exempla Inscriptionum Latinarum, 1772.
97.Ibid., 2037.
98.Ibid., 1859.
99.Ibid., 2054.
100.Ibid., 2099.
101. 23:48f.
102.Cic., ad Att., 5.21. 10-13; 6.1. 5-7; 6.2.7; 6.3.5.
103. 6.17.
104.Captivi, 489ff.
105.Livy, 38. 35.
106. Plautus,Pseudolus, 189.
107. Some of the most important discussions of workmen's guilds among the Romans are to be found in Waltzing'sEtude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les Romains, 3 vols., Louvain, 1895-9; Liebenam'sZur Geschichte und Organisation des römischen Vereinswesen, Leipzig, 1890; Ziebarth'sDas Griechische Vereinswesen, Leipzig, 1896, pp. 96-110; Kornemann's article, "Collegium," in the Pauly-WissowaReal Encyclopadie. Other literature is cited by Waltzing, I, pp. 17-30, and by Kornemann, IV, columns 479-480.
108.Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, XI, 5047.
109.Ibid., V, 7906.
110.Ibid., III, p. 953.
111.Ibid., VIII, 14683.
112.Ibid., III, 3583.
113.Ibid., XIV, 2112.
114.Ibid., XIV, 326.
115.E.g., Clodius and Milo.
116. Lucan, 4. 814ff.; Velleius, 2. 48; Pliny, Nat. Hist., 7. 116ff.
117. Cicero, Brutus, 122, 210, 214.
118.Ibid., 280.
119. Cicero,Epist. ad Fam., 2. 1.
120. Cicero,Phil., 2. 45f.
121. Cicero,ad Att., 1. 14. 5.
122.Ibid., 1. 14. 5.
123.Ibid., 2. 12. 2.
124.Ibid., 2.7.3; 2.8.1; 2.12.2.
125. Suet.,Julius, 52.
126.Ad Att., 2. 19. 3.
127.Ad fam., 2.4.
128.Ibid., 2.6.
129.Ibid., 8. 4. 2.
130. Dio's account (40. 61) of Curio's course seems to harmonize with this interpretation.
131. "Cicero,ad fam., 8.10.4.
132. White's Civil Wars of Appian, 2.27.
133. Cicero,ad fam., 8.6.5.
134. Valerius Maximus, 9.1.6.
135. Vell. Pat., 2.48.
136. Civil Wars, 2.30.
137.Ad Att., 6.9.4.
138. Civil Wars of Appian, 2.31.
139. Velleius Paterculus, 2.48.
140. Cæsar, Civil War, 1. 12.
141.Ibid., 1.182
142.Ibid., 2.23.
143.Ibid., 2.42.
144.Pharsalia, 4. 807-824.
145. Cicero,Epistulæ ad famiares, 11.27.
146. Cicero,Epist. ad fam., 11.28.
147. 12.46.1.
148. Apicius, 4.174.
149.Naturalis Historia, 12.13.