[15:]Brunetti: Cod. Diplom. Toscan. Docum. Nos. 6-10.
[16:]Idem. Docum. No. 43.
[17:]Liutprandi: Leg. Long. Prolog. Anni XVI. et XV. et al. Vid.Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. I., P. II., p. 15, et seq.
[18:]Liutprandi: Leg. Prolog. Anni XIII. Vid.Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. I., P. II., p. 15.
[19:]Crimoaldi: Leg. Prolog. Vid.Muratoriop. cit. Tom. I., P. II., p. 49.
[20:]Liutprandi: Leg. Prolog. ad Lib. III. Vid.Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. I., Pars II., p. 15.
[21:]Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., T. II., Pars II.
[22:]Savigny: Gesch. des röm. Rechts im Mittelalter, S. 422 et al.
[23:]Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. I., Pars II., p. 15.
[24:]Paulus Diaconus: De Gest. Langobard., Lib. III., cap. 16.
[25:]Brunetti: Cod. Diplom. Toscan. Docum. No. 6, anni 715.
[26:]Ibid.: Cod. Diplom. Toscan. Docum. No. 8, anni 715.
[27:]Ibid.: Docum. No. 11, anni 716.
[28:]Ibid.: Docum. No. 50, anni 756.
[29:]Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. I., Pars II., p. 192E.
[30:]Muratori: Antiq. Ital. Diss. II., p. 186.
[31:]Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. II., Pars II., p. 409.
[32:] In a donation to "Aimo Voltarius, abitator castrii Viterbii." Vid,Troya: Della Condizione, etc., p. 361. Docum. No. 6, anni 775.
[33:]Ughelli: Italia Sacra, Tom. III., p. 28.
[34:]Ibid.: Tom. II., p. 145.
[35:] The wordpalatiumin the signification offiscusis perhaps more frequently used by the Frankish kings than by the Lombard. See aprivilegiumgranted to the nuns of the Posterla di Pavia by Lothar I. in the year 839, in which it appears that any one infringing its privileges must pay seventy pounds of the best gold, to be applied "medietatem Palatio nostro, et medietatem parti ejusdem monasterii." Vid.Muratori: Antiq. Ital. Diss. XVI., Tom I., P. I., p. 233. Also several diplomas of Charles the Fat, and others make use of the same term. The wordcameraforfiscusas the imperial treasury, was probably not used before the time of Lewis II.; the first authentic use of it in that sense being probably a diploma of that monarch of the year 894, where he says that one hundred pounds of gold are to be paid "medietatem Imperiali Camere et medietatem suprataxatae Angilberge." Vid.Muratori: loc. cit. p. 234.
[36:] FromOtto of Freising, De Gest. Freder., Lib I., cap. 31, we know that the same distribution took place in Hungary, which was divided into seventycomitates; "et de omni justitia ad Fiscum Regium duas lucri partes cedere, tertiam tantum Comiti remanere."
[37:]Charlemagne: Leg. Lomb. Nos. 127 and 128.
[38:] Lex No. 128.
[39:]Muratori: Diss. Ant. Ital. Dissert. VIII., Tom. I., P. I., p. 96.
[40:]Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. II., Pars II.
[41:] In illustration of this fact I will cite the names of some of the various taxes, dues and privileges, mention of which is found in the old documents. The feudal character of these will be apparent to the reader. Following the rough division indicated in the text, we have:
I. Under heading "Fines and Forfeitures":
1. Forfaturae:Forisfacturae,Multae (Mulcte),Freda,e.g. Leudis (Leudum) for homicide.Penalties and compositions for crime.
2. Scadentiae:Excadentia,Bona caduca.Publicumfalls heir to various classes of individuals. Cf. Leg.Rhotari, No. 158 et al.
3. Lagan (Laganum).Seizure of shipwrecked goods by the state. Examples morecommon after year 1000 A. D.
II. Under the head of "Taxes and Privileges":
1.Onera Publica, or Angariae (Perangariae), Factiones publicae.a. Heribannum: Penalty for avoidance of military service.Cf.Charlemagne, Leges, No. 23 et al.b. Heribergum: Hospitality toMissiof emperor or king. Cf.Charlemagne, Leges, No. 128 et al.c. Mansionaticum (Mansiones, Evectio): Lodging for king andhis ministers.Conjectum was a pro rata tax on a district so as to meet theexpense. Cf.Lud. Pius, Leg. Nos. 54, 24, et al. loc.Tractoria gave specification of what should be provided in eachcase. For Formula, v.Marcolfo, Lib. I.d. Veredi (Paraveredi): Horses and beasts of burden for kingand ministers. Cf. in Capitular. Reg. Franc. saepe. Capit.Lud. II., Ad Missos, etc.Census vehicularius, fiscalis or publicus was post to carry, freeof expense, king's letters, etc.e. Foderum (Fodrum): Support of a king and his army inpassing through a district. Cf. many privileges and exemptionsto different churches and monasteries. Articles of the Peace ofConstance. Some privileges to private persons.
2.Teloneum.a. Pedagium: General word fortollson streets, roads,bridges, etc.[Greek: alpha]. Pontaticum, for bridges.[Greek: beta]. Portaticum, for gates.[Greek: gamma]. Platiaticum, for license to sell in market.[Greek: delta]. Casaticum, for houses.Cf.OthoII., Diploma to Monast. Volturno a. 983, et al. loc.b. Ripaticum: General word for tolls and taxes for transport bywater. Cf. Diploma of Berenger II. v.Ughelli, Italia Sacra,Tom. V. Also a Privilegium of Charlemagne, anno 787. v.Ughelli, Italia Sacra, Tom. V., a. 787. This privilegiumconfirms the laws of Liutprand, and shows how much theinhabitants of Como had to pay in various places in moving saltdown the rivers of Lombardy.[Greek: alpha]. Paliscitura,[Greek: beta]. Trasitura,[Greek: gamma]. Navium ligatura.Wharfage dues.[Greek: delta]. Portonaticum, harbor dues.[Greek: epsilon]. Curatura, probably a tax on certainmerchandise.[Greek: zeta]. Passagio, probably same as preceding, butpossibly a tax in favor of those going to the Holy Land.
8.Auxilia(Occasiones) (dues from vassals):a. Praestitiones.b. Dona.c. Gratuita.d. Mutua.More common after the year 1000 A.D.; but, for an example in theyear 878, see a Diploma of Lewis II., published byPuricelliin his Monumenti della Basilica Arnbrosiana.
III. Under head of "lands owned by Crown or Publicum":
1.Terra Censualis. Holder of t.c. owed these duties:a. Glaudaticum,b. Escaticum,c. Herbaticum,d. Datio,e. Alpaticum,f. Agrarium.Payments for right to pasture cattle and swine on public lands.Cf. Chron. da Volturno, a. 972. Chron. Farfensis. Privileg. Lud.Pii, et al. loc.g. Terraticum, amount of produce given for right to cultivate.h. Pascuarium, payment for sheep pastured on the public land.i. Boazia, tax levied on every pair of oxen; probably notdeveloped before XII. century.
The taxes and so forth mentioned in this list are by no means all that were levied, but are a fair representation of them. After the year 1000 their feudal character is even more strongly marked.
[42:] This statement, while true of all integral parts of the Lombard kingdom, must, however, be modified in regard to the great duchies of Spoleto and Beneventum, which were under a different system of internal government from the kingdom of Lombardy proper—were, in fact, small tributary kingdoms under great dukes enjoying practically royal powers. The Duchy of Beneventum seems to have been divided intogastaldata, divisions of territory similar to thecivitatesof Lombardy, but presided over by a gastald instead of by aduxorcomes. In the charter of division made between the dukes of Beneventum and of Salerno in the year 851—v.Muratori, Ant. Ital. Diss. X.—are mentioned "integra gastaldata, seu ministeria Tarentum, Latinianum, Cusentia, etc." And, at an earlier date,Paulus Diaconus—De Gest. Long., Lib. V., cap. 29—tells of a certain "Alzeconis Dux de Bulgaris," to whom Grimoald, Duke of Beneventum, gives "ad habitandum … Lepianum, Bovianum et Inferniam, et aliis cum suis territoriis civitates; ipsumque Alzeconem mutato dignitatis nomine, de duce gastaldium vocari praecepit."
[43:] v.Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. III., Pars II., p. 162D.
[44:]Liutprandi: Leg. Lib. VI., Leg. 29. v.Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. I., Pars II.
[45:]Muratori: Ant. Ital. Diss. X., Vol. I., P. I., p. 121.
[46:]Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. III., p. 155A.
[47:] Ed.Rhotari: Leg. 23 and 24. v.Muratori: op. cit., Tom. I., Pars II.
[48:]Liutprandi: Leg. Lib. IV., 7.
[49:]Liutprandi, Leg. Lib. IV., 8, says: "Si homines de sub uno Judice, de duobus tamen Sculdahis causam habuerint, etc."
[50:]Paulus Diaconus: De Gest. Lang., Lib. VI., 24.
[51:]Muratori: Ant. Ital. Diss. X., Vol. I., Parte II., p. 116.
[52:]Ughelli: Italia Sacra, Tom. V.
[53:]Caroli Magni, Leg. Lomb. 36: "Ut nullus homo in Placito Centenarii neque ad mortem, neque ad libertatem suam amittendam, aut res reddendas vel mancipia judicetur. Sed ea omnium in praesentia Comitum, vel Missorum nostrorum, judicentur."
[54:]Liutprandi: Leg. Lib. V., 15.
[55:] Chronicon Fontanellense, Cap. I. v.Muratori: Ant. Ital. Diss. X., Vol. I., Parte I., p. 117.
[56:]Rachis, a decree of—existing in the Monast. of Bobbio. v.Muratori: Aut. tal. Diss., Vol. I., Part I., p. 118 (Diss. X.).
[57:]Liutprandi Ticinensis: Historia, Lib. I., cap. 10. v.Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital. II., p. 431.Pertz, Monum.; Script., Tom. III.
[58:] The opposite sides of the question are ably presented bySavigny: Geschichte des Röm. Rechts, etc., Vol. I., p. 230 et seq. (trans.), andHegel; Städteverfassung v. Italien, etc., I., page 470, note.
[59:] It is difficult to find an English word which intelligently renders the various names for these freemen in their judicial capacity, used by the different nations, such asarimanni, rachinburgi, boni homines, etc. Most English writers make use of the German wordschöppen. I have taken the rendering "judicators" from Edward Cathcart, the translator of the first volume of Savigny's Geschichte des Römischen Rechts im Mittelalter.
[60:]Liutprandi: Leg. 25, Lib. IV., 7.
[61:]Rachis: Leg. No. 11.
[62:]Savigny: Geschichte, etc., Vol. I., p. 233, trans.
[63:] Preserved in the Archives of Farfa. Published by:Mabillon: Annales Ord. S. Benedicti, Tom. II., p. 154.Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. II., Pars II., p. 341.
[64:] We have confirmation of this from a document of the early part of the ninth century, which says: "De Vicariis et Centenariis qui magis propter cupiditatem quam propter justitiam faciendam saepissime placita tenent, et exinde populum minus affligunt, ita teneatur … ut videlicet in anno tria solummodo generalia placita observent et nullos eos amplius placita observare compellat." From Worms Capitulary ofLewis the Debonnair, a. 829, c. 5. Also compare: Capit. V., anni 819, Art. 14. Capit., Lib. IV., c. 57. (Baluzii, 616 infr., 788 supr.)Caroli Magni, Leg. Long. 69. (CancianiI., 157.)
[65:]Brunetti: Cod. Diplom. Toscan. Doc. No. 18.
[66:]Bouquet: Rerum Ghillicarum et Francicarum Scriptores.
[67:]Baluzii: Capit. Reg. Franc. a. 789, Tom. V., p. 746.
[68:] Capit. I., Art. 13, anni 813. v.Baluzii: Capit. Reg. Franc., Tom. I., p. 509.
[69:]Muratori: Ant. Ital. Diss. X., Vol. I., Pars I., p. 115.
[70:]Caroli Magni: Leg. Long. No. 92.
[71:]Sismondi: Rep. Ital. du Moyen Age, Vol. I., p. 268.
[72:] Capit. II., anni 819, Art. 2. v.Baluzii: Capit. Reg. Franc., Tom. I., p. 605.
[73:] Loc. cit. sup.
[74:]Caroli Magni: Leg. Long. No. 116.
[75:]Caroli Magni: Cap. Minora, anni 803, c. 20.
[76:] "Adjutores Comitum, qui meliores, et veraciores inveniri possunt."Lothar I.: Leg. No. 49. v.Muratori: Ant. Ital. Diss. X., Vol. I., Parte I., p. 112.
[77:]Caroli Magni: Capit. I., anni 809, Art. 22. v.Baluzii: Capit. Reg. Franc. I., 466 infr.
[78:]Lothar I.: Capit. anni 873, Art. 9. v.Baluzii: Capit. Reg. Franc. Tom. II., p. 232. Leg. No. 48. v.Muratori: Diss. X., Vol. I., P. I., p. 112.
[79:]Muratori: Ant. Ital. Diss. LXXVII., Tom. III., Parte II., p. 189.
[80:] Vid.Tommasio: Historia sanese, Lib. IV.;Ughelli: Italia Sacra, Tom. III., for this privilege.
[81:]Brunetti: Cod. Diplom. Toscan. No. 8, a. 715. A priest named Gunthram says: "Nec cumquam ab episcopum Senensem coridicionem habuimus, nisi, si de seculares causas nobis oppressio fiebat, veniebamus ad judicem Senensem, eo quod in ejus territorio sedebamus."
[82:]Brunetti: Cod. Diplom. Toscan. No, 8, a. 715. Germanus, a deacon, says: "Quoniam prelectus a plebe, cum epistola Warnefried [the Gastald of Siena] rogaturus ambulavi ad Luperceanum Aretine Ecclesie Episcopum et per eum consecratus sum."
[83:] For example see a judgment of the year 771, in the Archivio of Lucca. For which vid.Muratori: Ant. Ital. Diss. LXX., Tom. III., P. II., p. 184.
[84:] Good illustrations of all these statements are to be found in two documents in the Archivio Archivescovile of Lucca, of about the year 813. Vid.Muratori: Ant. Ital. Diss. LXX., Tom. III., Parte II., p. 184.
[85:] Codex Carolinus—Adriani I., Epist. Nos. LV., LXXIX., LXXII., L.
[86:]Ermoldi Nigelli: Poema. V.Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. II., Pars II.
[87:]Muratori: Ant. Ital. Diss, LXX., Vol. III., Parte II., p. 188.
[88:]Pertz: Monum. German., Tom. IV., p. 176.
[89:] It is true thatMuratori(Script. Rer. Ital., Tom. I., Pars II., p. 192) publishes a diploma to the monastery of Novantulanum, near Modena, purporting to be by Aistulf and of the year 753; and (in Ant. Ital. Diss. LXXI., Vol. III., P. II., p. 256) another by Desiderius to the monastery of Santa Giulia di Brescia, which seems to grant exemption and protection if not privilege. But in the first the formula employed is so exactly similar to that of the later Frankish documents issued for the same purpose, as immediately to excite suspicion; and in the second, Muratori himself finds something radically wrong with the chronology.
[90:] An even better example can be found among Charlemagne's diplomas, by referring to one granted by him to the church of Reggio, and published byUghelli: Italia Sacra, Tom. V., Appendice.
[91:] See a charter given by Lothaire to Pietro, bishop of Arezzo in 843, the year of the Treaty of Verdun, v.Muratori: Ant. Ital. Diss. LXX., Vol. III., Parte II., p. 196.
[92:] See a law of Lewis II. of 855, made in the Diet of Pavia. v.Muratori: Script. Rer. Ital., Tom I., P. II. (added to Leg. Lomb.).
[93:] Certain "dona," however, supposed to be voluntary, were always excepted. See a diploma of Louis of the year 854 to the monastery of St. Gall in Germany, where it describes the usual "dona" forallmonasteries as "Caballi duo cum scuteis et lanceis." v.Muratori: Ant. Ital. Diss. LXX., Vol. II., Part II., p. 204.
[94:] See aprivilegiumgiven by him in the year 877 to the nuns of the Posterla, Sta. Teodata at Pavia. v.Ughelli: Italia Sacra, Tom. V.
[95:]Muratori: Ant. Ital. Diss. LXX., Vol. III., Parte II., pp. 196, 197.
[96:] Probably the earliest of such privileges was one granted to the bishop of Modena by Guido in the year 892, and published byUghelli: Italia Sacra, Tom. II., p. 98.