How many ways doth theOmoplataor Shoulder-Blade move, and what are its Muscles?
TheOmoplatamoves upward, downward, forward, and backward, by the means of four proper Muscles, which are theTrapezius, theRhomboides, the properLevator, and the lesserPectoral, orSerratus Minor Anticus.
TheTrapeziusorCucullarishath its beginning in the back part of theOcciput, or hinder part of the Head, in the Spines of the six lowerVertebra'sof the Neck, and of the nine upper of the Back, in passing from whence it is implanted in the Spine of theOmoplataor Shoulder-Blade, and the external part of theClavicula, as far as theAcromion. This Muscle produceth many Motions by reason of its different Fibres, drawing the Shoulder-Blade obliquely upward, downward, and forward.
TheRhomboidesis situated over theTrapezius, its rise being in theApophysesof the three lowerVertebra'sof the Neck, and of the three upper of the Back, but it is afterward join'd to the wholeBasisor Root of theOmoplata, which it draws backward.
The properLevatorcommenceth in theTransverse Apophysesof the four firstVertebra'sof the Neck, by different Progressions, but is afterward re-united, and inserted in the upper Corner of theOmoplata, which it draws upward.
Thelesser Pectoral, orSerratus Minor Anticus, is situated under the greatPectoral, its rise being by Digitation or Indenting in the second, third, and fourth of the upper Ribs, and its Insertion in theApophysis Coracoidesof the Shoulder-Blade, which it draws forward.
How many Motions are there in theHumerus, or Arm; which be they, and what are its Muscles?
The Arm performs all sorts of Motions by the help of nine Muscles: For it is lifted up by theDeltoidesand theInfra-Spinatus; it is depress'd by theLargissimus, and theRotundus Major; it is drawn forward by thePectoralis Major, and theCoracoideus; it is drawn backward by theInfra-Spinatus, and theRotundus Minor. It is drawn near the Ribs by theSubscapularis, and its circular Motion is performed when all these Muscles act together successively.
TheDeltoidesorTriangularhath its beginning in the whole Spine of theOmoplata, theAcromion, and half theClavicula, and by its point cleaves with a strongTendonto the middle of the Arm.
TheInfra-Spinatustakes its rise in the Cavity that lies above the Spine of theOmoplata, which it fills, passing over theAcromion, until it is join'd to the Neck of the Shoulder-Bone, which it surrounds with a largeTendon.
TheLargissimus, otherwise call'dAni-scalptor, covers almost the whole Back, proceeding from a large and Nervous Stock, in the third and fourth lowerVertebraof the Back, the fiveVertebra'sof the Loins, the Spine of theOs Sacrum, the hinder part of the Lip of the Hip-Bone, and the external part of the lower Bastard-Ribs, in passing from whence it insinuates it self into the lower Corner of theOmoplata, as also into the upper and inner part of theHumerus.
TheRotundus Major, orTeres Major, having its Origin in the external Cavity of the lower Corner of theOmoplata, is confounded with theLargissimus, and adheres with it by the sameTendonto the upper and inner part of theHumerus, a little below the Head.
The greaterPectoralhath its Source in half theClavicula, on the side of theSternum; covers the fore-part of the Breast, and is fasten'd by a short, broad, and nervousTendon, to the top of the Shoulder-Bone, on the inside, between theBicepsand theDeltoides.
TheCoracoideusorCoracobrachyæus, beginning in theApophysis Coracoidesof theOmoplataor Shoulder-Blade, adheres to the middle of the Arm on the inside, which with thePectoralit draws forward.
TheInfra-Spinatusfills the Cavity which lies below the Spine of theOmoplata, its Origine being in the lower Rib of theOmoplata, from whence it passeth between the Spine and theRotundus Minor, to cleave to the Neck of the Shoulder-Bone, which it embraceth, and draws backward.
TheRotundus Minor, orTeres Minor, proceeds from the lower Rib of theOmoplata, and adheres to the Neck of the Shoulder-Bone with theInfra-Spinatusto draw it in like manner backward.
TheSub-scapularisorImmersusis situated entirely under theOmaplata, proceeding from the internal Lip of theBasisor Root of the sameOmoplata, and being terminated in the Neck of the Arm-Bone, which it causeth to lie close to the Ribs.
How many Motions are there in theCubitusor Elbow, and what are its Muscles?
TheCubitusorUlnais endu'd with two sorts of Motions,viz.that of Flection and that ofExtension, the former being perform'd by the help of two Muscles, that is to say, theBiceps, and theBrachiæus Internus; and the later by eight others, which are theLongus, theBrevis, theBrachiæus Externus, and theAnconeus.
TheBicepsis a Muscle with two Heads, one whereof proceeds from theApophysis Coracoides, and the other from the Cartilaginous edge of theGlenoidCavity of theOmoplataor Shoulder-Blade: These two Heads descend along the fore-part of the Arm, and are united in one and the same Body, from whence springs forth a Ligament, which is inserted in a tuberosity situated in the upper and fore-part of theRadius.
TheBrachiæus Internusis a small fleshy Muscle, lying hid under theBiceps, which takes its rise in the upper and fore-part of theHumerus, and is implanted in the upper and inner-part of theRadius, to bend the Elbow with theBiceps.
The first of the four Extenders is theLongushaving two Sources,viz.one situated in the lower Rib of theOmoplata, near its Neck, and the other descending to the hinder-part of the Arm, till it is tyed to theOlecranumorAncon, by a strongAponeurosis, which is common thereto, with theBrevis, and theBrachiæus Externus.
TheBrevisor short Muscle of the Elbow arising from the hinder and upper-part of theHumerus, is fasten'd to theOlecranumwith theLongus.
TheBrachiæus Externusis a fleshy Muscle which proceeds from the hinder part of theHumerus, and adheres to theOlecranumwith theBrevisand theLongus.
TheAnconeusorCubitalisbeing situated behind the Fold of theCubitus, is the least Muscle of all; it springs from the Extremity of the Arm-Bone, at the end of theBrevisand theLongus, and in descending is inserted between theRadiusand theCubitusorUlna, three or four Fingers breadth below theOlecranum.
How many Muscles hath theRadius, and which are its Motions?
TheRadiusis endu'd with a twofold Motion by the means of four Muscles: Of these theRotundusandQuadratuscause that ofPronation, as theLongusand theBrevisthat ofSupination.
ThePronator Superior Rotundus, or round Muscle of theRadius, commenceth from the innerApophysisof the Shoulder-Bone, in a very fleshy Stock, and is terminated obliquely by a MembranousTendonin the middle and exterior part of theRadius.
ThePronator Inferior Quadratus, springing forth from the bottom and inside of theCubitus, is fixt in the lower and outward part of theRadiusby a Tail as large as its Head. This Muscle lying hid under the others near the Wrist, is that which jointly with theRotundus, turns the Arm with the Palm of the Hand downward, which is the Motion ofPronation.
TheLongusis the first of theSupinators, whose Origine is three or four Fingers breadth above the externalApophysisof the Arm-Bone; from whence it passeth along theRadius, and cleaves to the inner-part of its lowerApophysis.
TheBrevis, or the second of theSpinatorsarising from the lower part of theInferior Condylus, and the external of theHumerus, is twisted round about theRadius, going forward from the hinder-part till it is united to its upper and forepart. This Muscle, with theLongus, serves to turn the Arm and the Palm of the Hand upward, and produceth the Motion ofSupination.
How many sorts of Motions belong to the Wrist, and what are its Muscles?
Two several Motions are perform'd by the Wrist,viz.one of Flection, and the other of Extension, three Muscles being appropriated to the former, and as many to the later: But it ought to be observed, that a strong Ligament, call'd theAnnular, appears here, which, surrounding all theTendonsof the Muscles as it were a Bracelet, holds them together, and elsewhere serves to unite the two Bones of the Elbow. The three Flexors or Bending Muscles of the Wrist are theCubitæus Internus, theRadiæus Internus, and thePalmaris.
TheCubitæus Internusderives its Original from the part of the Arm-Bone, passeth under the Annular Ligament, and is ty'd by a thickTendonto the small Bone of the Wrist, which is plac'd above the others.
TheRadiæus Internusproceeds from the same place with theCubitæus, and is fasten'd to the first Wrist-Bone which supports the Thumb. It lies along theRadius, and passeth under theAnnularLigament.
ThePalmarisis reckon'd among the Flexors of the Wrist, although situated in the Palm of the Hand. It ariseth from the inner Process or Knobof the Arm-Bone, and is united by a largeTendonto the firstPhalangesof the Fingers, slipping under the Transverse orAnnularLigament and sticking under the Skin of the Palm of the Hand.
The three extending Muscles of the Wrist are theCubitæus Externus, and theRadiæus Externusor theLongus, and theBrevis.
TheCubitæus Externustaking its rise from the hinder-part of the Elbow, passeth under theAnnularLigament, and adheres to the upper and outward-part of the Bone of theMetacarpusthat stayeth the little Finger.
TheRadiæus Externus, or theLongus, having its Origine in the edge of the lower part of the Arm-Bone, slides from thence along theRadiuson the outside, extends it self under theAnnularLigament, and cleaves to the Wrist-Bone, which stayeth the Fore-Finger.
TheBrevisorshortMuscle of the Wrist springs from the lower part of the same Edge; afterwards it runs along theRadius, passeth under theAnnularLigament, and is terminated in the Bone of theCarpusor Wrist, which stayeth the Middle Finger. But we must take notice, that besides these six Muscles, there is alsoCaro quædam quadrata, or a square piece of Flesh under thePalmaris, which seems to arise from theThenar, and sticks to the eighth Wrist-Bone. It is supposed that this Musculous piece of Flesh serves with theHypothenarof the little Finger, to make that which is call'dDiogenes's Cup.
How many Motions are there in the Fingers, and what are their Muscles?
The Fingers are bent, extended, and turn'd from one side to the other by the means of twenty-three Muscles, whereof ten are proper, and thirteen common: The former are those that serve all the Fingers in general, and the other those that are particularly serviceable to some of them: The Common are theSublimis, theProfundus, the commonExtensor, the fourLumbricales, and the sixInterossei.
TheSublimisorPerforatus, arising from the internal part of the lower Process of theHumerusor Shoulder-Bone is divided into fourTendons, which run below theAnnularLigament of the Wrist, and are inserted in the secondPhalanxof the Bones of the four Fingers, after having stuck in passing to those of the firstPhalanx, to help to bend it. It is also observed that every one of theseTendonshath a small cleft in its length, to let in theTendonsof theProfundus.
TheProfundusorPerforanslies under theSublimis, deriving its Original from the top of theCubitusandRadius. It creeps along these two Bones, and is divided into fourTendons, which pass under theAnnularLigament, and slip into the Fissures of theTendonsof theSublimis, to adhere to the thirdPhalanxof the Fingers, which they bend with theSublimis: So that these two Muscles make together the bending of the Fingers.
TheExtensor Magnusis that which extends the four Fingers. It springs from the external and lower Process of the Arm-Bone, and is divided into four flatTendons, which pass under theAnnularLigament, and cleaveto the second and thirdPhalanxof the Fingers.
The fourLumbricalesorVermicularesare in the Palm of the Hand, to draw the Fingers to the Thumb: They proceed from theTendonsof theProfundus, and theAnnularLigament, extend themselves along the sides of the Fingers and are inserted in their second Articulation, to cause the drawing toward the Thumb.
The threeInterossei Interni, and the threeExterni, are situated between the four Bones of theMetacarpium, as well on the inside of the Hand as without: They have their beginning in the Intervals or Spaces between the Bones of theMetacarpium, are united with theLumbrical, and fixt in the last Articulation of the Bones of the Fingers, to produce the Motion of drawing back or removing from the Thumb.
The Thumb is mov'd by five particular Muscles; one whereof serves to bend it, two to extend it, one to remove it from the Fingers, and another to draw it to them.
TheFlexorof the Thumb takes its rise from the upper and inner part of theRadius, passes under theAnnularLigament, as also under theThenar, and adheres to the first and second Bones of the same Thumb to bend it.
The twoExtensorsof the Thumb are theLongiorand theBrevior: The former proceeding from the upper and outward part of theCubitus, ascends above theRadius, and is ty'd with a forkedTendonto the second Bone of the Thumb. TheBreviorhath the same Origin with theLongior, keeps the same Track, passes under theAnnularLigament, and is terminated in the third Thumb-Bone.
TheThenarremoves the Thumb from the Fingers, and forms that part which is call'd theMount of Venus: It hath its Source in the first Bone of theCarpusor Wrist, and theAnnularLigament, and is inserted in its second Bone.
TheAntithenardraws the Thumb to the other Fingers, having its Origine in the Bone of theMetacarpus, that stayeth the middle Finger, and its Insertion is in the first Bone of the Thumb.
The Muscle which serves to extend the Fore-Finger, is call'dIndicator: It proceeds from the middle and outer part of theCubitus, and is fixt by a doubleTendonin the second Articulation of the Fore-Finger, as also in theTendonof the greatExtensorof the Fingers.
That which draws the Fore-Finger to the Thumb is term'dAdductor: It commenceth in the fore-part of the first Thumb-Bone, and is terminated in the Bones of the Fore-Finger.
That which removes the Fore-Finger from the Thumb is known by the Name ofAbductor, which arising out of the external and middle part of the Bone of the Elbow, and passing under theAnnularLigament, cleaves to the Lateral and outward part of the Bones of the Fore-Finger.
The Little-Finger hath two proper Muscles,viz.anExtensorand anAbductor.
TheExtensorsprings from the lower part of theCondylusof the Arm-Bone, and is fasten'd by a doubleTendonin the second Articulation of the Little-Finger, and in theTendonof theExtensorof all the others.
TheAbductor, call'd alsoHypothenar, hath its beginning in the small Bone of the Wrist, which is situated over the others, and is terminated in the first Bone of the Little-Finger on the outside.
What are the Motions of the Thighs?
The Thigh performs five kinds of Motions; for it is bent, extended, drawn within side and without, and turn'd round: All these Motions are produc'd by the means of fourteen Muscles,viz.threeFlexors, threeExtensors, threeAdductors, threeAbductors, and twoObturatorsfor the Circular Motion.
TheFlexorsof the Thigh are thePsoas,Iliacus, andPectineus.
ThePsoasorLumbarisis situated inwardly in theAbdomen, on the side of theVertebra's. It proceeds from the transverseApophysesof the two lowerVertebra'sof the Back, and of the upper of the Loins, and lying on the inner Face of theOs Ilion, sticks to the lesserTrochanterorRotator.
TheIliacus Internushath its Origine in all the Lips of the inner Cavity of theOs Ilion, and being joyn'd by aTendonto theLumbaris, is inserted with it in the lesserTrochanter.
ThePectineustakes its rise from the fore-part of theOs Pubis, and is united before to the Thigh-Bone a little below the lesserTrochanter.
TheExtensorsof the Thigh are theGlutæus Major,Medius, andMinimus.
TheGlutæus Majorsprings forth out of the lateral part of theOs Sacrum, as also the hinder and outer part of theOs IlionandCoccyx, and enters into the Thigh-Bone, four Fingers breadth below the greatTrochanterorRotator, being the thickest of all the Muscles of the Body.
TheGlutæus Medius, deducing its Original from the hinder and outward part of theOs Ilion, is inserted three Fingers breadth below the greatTrochanter.
TheGlutæus Minimusariseth from the bottom of the Cavity of theOs Ilion, and is fasten'd to a small Hole near the greatTrochanter.
TheAdductorsof the Thigh are theTriceps Superior, Medius, andInferior.
TheTriceps Superiorhath its beginning in the top of theOs Pubis, and is terminated in the top of a Line, which is on the inside of the Thigh.
TheTriceps Mediusproceeding from the middle of theOs Pubis, is inserted in the Thigh-Bone a little lower than theTriceps Superior.
TheTriceps Inferiorhath its Source in the bottom of theOs Pubis, and is implanted in the Thigh-Bone, a little lower than theTriceps Medius. Some Anatomists make only one Muscle of these three, attributing thereto three Originals and three Insertions. These Muscles serve to draw the Thighs one against another.
TheAbductorsof the Thigh are theIliacus Externus, orPyriformis, theQuadratus, and theGemelli.
ThePyriformisarising from the upper and lateral part of theOs Sacrum, and the theOs Ilioncleaves to the Neck of the greatTrochanter.
TheQuadratusor square Muscle of the Thigh takes its Origine from the external Prominence of theOs Ischion, and adheres to the outward part of the greatTrochanter.
TheGemellior Twin Muscles arise from two small Knobs in the hinder-part of theIschionand insinuate themselves into a small Cavity in the Neck of the greatTrochanter.
The Circular Motion of the Thigh is performed by the means of two Muscles, named theObturatores ExterniandInterni.
TheObturator Internussprings from the inner Circumference of the Oval Hole of theIschionand itsTendonspassing between the twoGemelliare inserted in a small Cavity at the Root of the greatTrochanterorRotator.
TheObturator Externusariseth from the outward Circumference of the same Hole of oneIschion, and is terminated in the side of the other near the greatTrochanter.
What are the Motions of the Leg, and what are its Muscles?
The Leg is mov'd four several ways, that is to say, it is bent, extended, and drawn inward and outward, by the means of eleven Musclesviz.threeFlexors, fourExtensors, twoAdductorsand twoAbductors.
The threeFlexorsof the Leg are theBiceps, theSemi-nervosus, and theSemi-membranosus.
TheBicepshath two Heads, the longer whereof cometh out of the bottom of the Prominenceof theIschion, and the other from the middle and exterior part of theFemur, and is terminated in the outward and upper part of theEpiphysisof thePeroneorFibula.
TheSemi-nervosushath its Origine in the Knob of theIschion, and is join'd backward to the top of theEpiphysisof theTibia. These three Muscles are plac'd in the back-part of the Thigh below the Buttocks.
The fourExtensorsof the Leg are theRectus, theVastus Internus, theVastus Externus, and theCrureus.
TheRectusor streight Muscle of the Leg takes its rise from the fore-part and the bottom of theIlion, and descends in a right Line: It covers with itsTendon, which is common to the three following, the whole Knee-Pan, and adheres to the top of theTibia, on the fore-part.
TheVastus Internus, being situated on the inside of the Thigh, hath its beginning in the top of the Thigh inwardly, and a little below the lesserTrochanterorRotator: Afterward it is ty'd to theTibiaby a largeTendon, common thereto with the preceeding.
TheVastus Externusis plac'd on the outside of the Thigh, springing from the top and the fore-part of theFemur, being united by the sameTendonwith the two preceeding.
TheCrureusproceeds from the top, and the fore-part of the Thigh-Bone, between the twoTrochanters; then covering the whole Bone, it is also fasten'd to the Leg-Bone with the three preceeding Muscles, after having cover'd the Knee-Pan with their commonTendon, which serves likewise as a Ligament to the Knee.
The twoAdductorsof the Leg are theSartoriusand theGracilis.
TheSartoriusor theLongissimusdraws the leg inward, deriving its Original from the upperSpineof theIschion; from whence it descends obliquely thro' the inside of the Thigh, and cleaves to the top on the inside of theTibia.
TheGracilishath its Origine in the fore-part at the bottom of theOs Pubis, and its Insertion in the top of theTibiaon the inside.
The twoAbductorsof the Leg are theFascia lata, and thePoplitæus.
TheFascia lata, or theMembranosus, is as it were a kind of large Band, which covers all the Muscles of the Thigh. It proceeds from the outward Lip of theOs Ilion, is ty'd by a large Membrane to the top of thePeroneorFibulaand sometimes descends to the end of the Foot.
ThePoplitæus, orSub-poplitæus, arises from the lower and externalCondylusof the Thigh-Bone, passeth obliquely from the outside to the inside, till it is lost in the upper and inner part of the Leg-Bone under the Ham.
What are the Motions of the Foot, and what are its Muscles?
The Foot performs two Motions by the help of nine Muscles, as being bent by two, and extended by seven.
The twoFlexorsare theCrureus Anticus, and thePeronæus Anticus.
TheCrureusorTibiæus Anticus, is plac'd along theTibia, and takes its rise from its upper and fore-part: Afterward it is bound by twoTendonsto the firstOs Cuneiforme, or Wedge-like Bone, and to that of theMetatarsusor Instep, which stayeth the great Toe, after having pass'd under the annular Ligament.
ThePeronæus Anticussprings from the middle and outward-part of thePeroneorFibula, and insinuating it self thro' the Cleft which is under the externalMalleolusbefore, sticks to the Bone of theMetatarsusthat supports the little Toe.
The sevenExtensorsof the Foot are the twoGemelli, or theSoleus, thePlantaris, theCrureus Posticus, and the twoPeronæi Postici.
TheGemelliare theInteriorand theExterior; the former having its Source in the innerCondylus, and the other in the outward and lower of the Thigh-Bone; from whence they extend themselves till they are fasten'd to theTalusor Ankle-Bone by aTendoncommon to them, with the two following.
TheSoleusariseth from the top on the back-part of the Leg-Bone andPerone, and confounding itsTendonwith that of theGemelli, sticks close to theTalus.
ThePlantaris, which lies hid between theGemelliand theSoleus, hath its Origine from theExterior Condylusof the Thigh-Bone; then uniting itsTendonwith the preceeding, it adheres to them; and this commonTendonis call'dChorda Achillis.
TheCrureusorTibiæus Posticus, springs from the back-part of the Leg-Bone, from whence extending it self downward, it passeth thro' the Fissure in theInternal Malleolus, and cleaves to the inner-part of theOs Scaphoides.
ThePeronæi, orFibulæi Postici, are otherwise call'd theLongusand theBrevis, whereof one proceeds from the upper and almost fore-part of thePerone, terminating in the upper-part of the Bone, that supports the great Toe in theMetatarsus, and the other from the lower part of thePerone, adhering in like manner to the Bone with which the little Toe is sustain'd.
With what Motions are the Toes endu'd, how many Muscles have they, and which be they?
The Toes are bent and extended, as also drawn inward and outward, by the means of twenty two Muscles, of which sixteen are Common, and six Proper. The former are twoFlexors, twoExtensors, fourLumbricales, and eightInterossei. The firstFlexoris nam'dSublimis, and the otherProfundus.
TheSublimisorPerforatusderives its Original from the lower and inner-part of theTalusand is fixt in its proper place by four cleftTendons, which are inserted in the upper-part of the Bones of the firstPhalanxof the four Toes. It is situated under the Sole of the Feet.
TheProfundusorPerforanshath its beginning in the top and back-part of the Leg-Bone andPerone, slips under theMalleolus Internusthro' theSinus Calcaris, and makes fourTendonswhich pass thro' the Fissures of theTendonof theSublimis, and cleaves to the Bones of the lastPhalanxof the Toes, to bow them.
The firstExtensoris call'd theCommon, and the other thePediæus.
TheCommon Extensor, or theLongus, takes its rise from the top and fore-part of theTibiain the place of its joyning with thePeroneorFibula, and divides it self into fourTendons, which after having pass'd under the Annular Ligament, are inserted in the Articulations of every Toe.
ThePediæusor theBrevis, being plac'd over the Foot, proceeds from the Annular Ligament, and the lower-part of thePerone, and sends forth fourTendons, which are fixt to the first Articulation of the four Toes on the outside, Thus this Muscle, together with theLongus, causeth their Extension.
The fourLumbricalMuscles of the Toes arise from theTendonsof theProfundus, and a Mass of Flesh at the Sole of the Feet. They are joyn'd by theirTendonswith those of theInterossei Interni, and adhere inwardly to the side of the first Bones of the four Toes, to incline them toward the great Toe.
TheAbductors, or those Muscles that remove the Toes from the great Toe, are the eightInterossei, whereof four are call'dExterni, and as manyInterni. The former take their rise in the Spaces between the Bones of theMetatarsus, and are terminated outwardly in the side of the first Bones of the Toes. The Internal lie in the bottom of the Foot, and take up the Spaces between the five Bones of theMetatarsus. They arise from the Bones of theTarsus, and the Intervals between those of theMetatarsus, and are implanted with the fourLumbricalesinwardly, in the upper-part of the Bones of the firstPhalanxof the four Toes.
Of the six Proper Muscles of the Toes, there are four appointed for the great Toe, which cause it to perform the Motions of Flexion,Extension, and drawing forward or backward. The two others are theAdductorof the second Toe to the great Toe, and theAbductorof the little Toe, call'dHypothenar.
The ProperFlexorof the great Toe, arises from the top of thePeroneorFibula, on the back part, passeth thro' the Ancle-Bone on the inside to the sole of the Foot, and is fasten'd to the Bone of the lastPhalanx.
The ProperExtensorof the great Toe springs from the middle of the fore-part of thePerone, passeth over the Foot, and hath its Insertion in the upper-part of the Bone of the great Toe.
The ProperAdductorof the great Toe, or theThenar, taking its rise inwardly on the side of theTalus, theOssa SchaphoideaandInnominata, extends it self over the outward-part of the Bone of theMetatarsus, which stayeth the great Toe, and adheres to the top of the second Bone of the great Toe, which it draws inward.
The properAbductorof the great Toe, or theAntithenar, draws it toward the other Toes. It derives its Origine from the Bone of theMetatarsus, which supports the little Toe, slides obliquely over the other Bones, and cleaves to the first Bone of the great Toe on the inside.
TheAdductorappropriated to the second Toe hath its Source in the first Bone of the great Toe, on the inside, and sticks close to the Bones of the second Toe, which it draws to the great Toe.
TheAbductorof the little Toe, or theHypothenar, proceeds from the outward part of the Bone of theMetatarsus, that stayeth the little Toe, and is inserted in the top of the little Toe, on the outside, to remove it from the others.
What is the Structure of the Nerves?
The Nerves are round white Bodies enclos'd in a double Membrane, communicated to them from the twoMeningesof the Brain: Their Office is to convey the Animal Spirits into all the Parts.
Where is the Root and first beginning of all the Nerves?
All the Nerves take their Original from theMedulla Oblongata, and that of the Spine.
How is the distribution of them made thro' the whole Body?
It is directly perform'd by Conjugations or Pairs, whereof one goes to the Right-hand, and the other to the Left: There are nine Pairs of them that proceed from theMedulla Oblongataand enter into the Skull; and a Tenth that comes from the Marrow which lies between the Occipital and the firstVertebraof the Neck. Itpasseth thro' the Hole of theDura Mater, thro' which the Vertebral Artery enters, to distribute its Branches into several Parts.
To what Use are the nine Pairs of Nerves appropriated, which proceed from the Root of the Brain?
They are chiefly design'd for the Senses, and also for the Motion of their Organs, of which the Ancients discover'd only seven.
The first Pair of Nerves is call'd theOlfactory, and serves for the Smelling.
The second Pair is theOpticiorVisorii Nervi, and bestows upon the Eyes the Faculty of seeing.
The third is term'dMotorii Oculorum, being serviceable for the Motion of the Eyes.
The fourth Pair is nam'dOculorum Pathetici, which shews the Passion of the Mind in the Eyes, whereto it imparts a String as well as to the Lips.
The fifth is call'd theGustative, and appropriated to the Taste, because it sends Twigs more especially to the Tongue, as also to the Fore-head, Temples, Face, Nostrils, Teeth, and Privy-Parts.
The Sixth is likewise for the Taste, and goes to the Palate.
The seventh is theAuditiveNerve, that enters into theOs Petrosum, where it divides it self into many Branches, which when gone forth, are distributed to the Muscles of the Tongue, Lips, Mouth, Face, Fore-head, Eye-Lids, &c.
The eighth is theOs Vagum, or wandering Pair, which is united to the Intercostal Nerve, as also to the Recurrent, Diaphragmatick, Mesenterick, &c.
The ninth Pair, after having form'd a Trunk with the eighth, disperseth its Twigs several ways, whereof one is join'd with the Twig to the tenth, to be distributed together into the MuscleSternohyoideus, and into the Tongue.
TheIntercostalandSpinalare not Pairs of Nerves, but only Branches or Twigs of other Pairs.
What is the Distribution and Use of the thirty Pairs of Nerves that proceed from the Spinal Marrow?
There are seven that go forth from the severalVertebra'sof the Neck, twelve from those of the Back, five from the Loins, and six from theOs Sacrum, according to the following Progression.
The first of the seven Pairs of Nerves of the Neck proceeds from between the Occipital Bone and the firstVertebra, nam'dAtlas, its Fibres being lost in the Muscles of the hinder-part of the Head and Neck.
The second Pair springs from between the first and secondVertebraof the Neck; the Fibres whereof are lost in the Muscles of the Head, and in the Skin of the Face.
The third Pair issueth from between the second and thirdVertebraof the Neck; and its Fibres are lost in the Flexor Muscles and Extensors of the Neck.
The fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh Pairs proceed from between theVertebra's, as before, but their Fibres are lost in the Neck of theOmoplata, in the Arm, and in theDiaphragmeor Midriff. Here it ought to be observ'd by the way that the Arms receive Branches not only from thefour last Pairs of the Nerves of the Neck, but also from the two first Pairs of the Back, which are extended even to the end of the Fingers: Whence it happens that in the Palsie of the Arms, Remedies are usually apply'd to theVertebra'sof the Neck; and that in Phlebotomy or letting Blood, care must be taken to avoid pricking the Nerve, which accompanies the Basilick Vein in the Elbow.
The twelve Pairs of Nerves that have their Beginning from between theVertebra'sof the Back, are each of them divided into two Branches, as the others; and their Branches are distributed in like manner to the Muscles of the Breast, and to those of the Back andAbdomen.
The five Pairs which take their Rise from between theVertebra'sof the Loins, have thicker Branches than the others, and the distribution of them is made to the Muscles of the Loins,Hypogastrium, and Thighs.
Of the six Pairs of Nerves that proceed from theOs Sacrum, the four Upper with the three Lower of the Loins, send forth Fibres of Nerves to the Thigh, Leg, and Foot; and the two last Pairs impart Nerves to theAnus, Bladder, and privy Parts.
What is the Structure of the Arteries?
The Arteries are long and round Canals, consisting of four sorts of Tunicks or Membranes, which have their Rise from the left Ventricle of the Heart, from whence they receive the Blood, and convey it to all the Parts of the Body for their Nourishment.
What is the Construction of these four Tunicks or Membranes of the Arteries?
The first being thin and Nervous in its outward Superficies, is in the Inside aPlexusor Interlacement of small Veins and Arteries, and Fibres of Nerves, which enter into the other following Tunicks, to nourish them.
The second sticking close to the former, is altogether full of whitish Glandules, that serve to separate the serous Particles of the Blood.
The third is intirely Musculous, and interwoven with Annular Fibres.
The fourth is very thin, and hath its Fibres all streight.
Whence proceeds the Pulse or beating of the Arteries?
It is deriv'd from the Heart, and exactly answers to its Motion ofDiastoleandSystole.
By what Name is the first Trunk of the Arteries call'd, and what is the Effect of the Distribution made thence to the whole Body?
The first Trunk of the Arteries is nam'dAorta, or thethick Artery, which proceeds immediately from the left Ventricle of the Heart, whereto it communicates before its departure from thePericardium, one or two small Branches call'd theCoronary: Afterward it is divided into two Branches, whereof one goes upward, and is term'd theAscending Artery; and the other downward, under the Denomination of theDescending Artery.
TheAscending Arteryariseth upward along theAspera Arteriaor Wind-Pipe, to the Clavicles, and is there divided into two Branches, call'd theSubclavian Arteries, one whereof goes forward to the Right side, and the other to the Left; and they both send forth on each sidedivers Branches, which take their Names from the several Parts, whereto they are distributed; such are theCarotidesorSoporales Interni & Externi, which pass to the Head; theMediastina; theIntercostal; theAxillar, and others.
TheDescending Artery, before its departure from the Breast, affords certain Branches to thePericardium, Diaphragm, and lower Ribs; afterward it penetrates the Diaphragm, and constitutes seven double Branches. The first is of those that are call'dCœliack, and which go to the Liver and Spleen. The second Branch contains theUpper Mesenterick. The third theEmulgent, which pass to the Reins. The fourth theSpermatick, which are extended to the Genitals. The fifth theLower Mesenterick. The sixth theLumbar. And the seventh theMuscular. But assoon as the great Trunk is come downward to theOs Sacrum, it divides it self into two thick Arteries nam'd theIliack, which are distributed on both sides, each of them making two Internal and External Branches, which likewise impart Sprigs or lesser Arteries, to the Bladder,Anus,Matrix, and other adjacent Parts: Then the Master-Branch forms theCruralArteries on the inside of the Thighs, which are communicated by multiplying their Number even to the ends of the Toes, in passing over the External Ancle-Bones of the Feet.
What is the Structure of the Veins?
The Veins are long and round Canals made of four kinds of Tunicks or Membranes, whose Office it is to receive the Blood that remains after the Nourishment is taken, and to carry it back to the Heart to be reviv'd.
What is the Form of the four Tunicks that make the Canals of the Veins?
The first is a Contexture of Nervous and streight Fibres. The second is aPlexusof small Vessels that carry the Nourishment. The third is all over beset with Glandules thro' which are filtrated the serous Particles of the Blood contain'd in the Vessels of the second Tunicle. The fourth is a Series of Annular and Musculous or Fleshy Fibres.
Which are the most numerous, the Arteries or the Veins?
The Number of the Veins exceeds that of the Arteries; and there are scarce any Arteries without Veins accompanying them.
Where is the Beginning and Original of all the Veins?
All the Veins have their Root in the Liver, and two of the three great Trunks that proceed from thence, are call'dVena Portæ, andVena Cava; and the third is twofold,viz.theascendingand thedescending.
TheVena Portæis distributed to all the Parts contain'd in the lower Belly, and terminated in the Fundament; where it makes the Internal Hæmorrhoidal Veins.
TheVena Cavais immediately divided into two thick Branches, one whereof ariseth upward to the Right Ventricle of the Heart, and forms theascending Vena Cava; as the other goes downward to the Feet, and constitutes thedescending.
What is the Distribution of the ascendingVena Cava?
It perforates the Diaphragm, goes to the Heart, and ascends from thence to the Clavicles,after having communicated to the Midriff in passing, a small Branch call'd thePhrenicus; as also one or two to the Heart, nam'd theCoronary; and some others to the upper Ribs, besides the single Branch, term'dAzygos, only on the right side. But the Trunk of theascending Vena Cava, being once come up to the Clavicles, is divided into two Branches, well known by the Name of theSubclavian, one whereof Shoots forth toward the Right side, and the other toward the Left; and they both make various Ramifications like to those of the thick ascending Artery, by producing theCervicalisorSoporalis, and the Internal and ExternalJugularsthat go to the Head; as also theAxillars, which pass to the Arms and Shoulders, forming theCephalick, theMedian, and theBasilickon the inside of the Elbow.
Thedescending Vena Cavain like manner accompanieth the Ramifications of theAorta, or thick descending Artery, to the fourthVertebraof the Loins, where it sends forth two Branches, nam'd theIliack, one whereof goes to the Right side, and the other to the Left, both inwardly and outwardly; imparting divers Twigs or lesser Branches to all the Parts contain'd in theAbdomenor lower Belly, even as far as the Fundament, where it makes the ExternalHæmorrhoidalVeins. Afterward the outward Branch of theIliackdescends in the Thigh, to form theCrural, and others, as far as theSaphæna, together with those that are situated at the end of the Feet.
What is the clearest Division of the Human Body into various Parts, and that which is most followed in the Anatomical Schools?
It is that which constitutes threeVenters, that is to say, the Upper, the Middle, and the Lower, which are the Head, theThoraxor Breast and theAbdomenor lower Belly, together with the Extremities, which are the Arms and Legs.
What is the lower Belly?
It is a Cavity of the Body that contains the nourishing parts, as the Reins, the Bladder, and all those that are appropriated to Generation in both Sexes.
What is to be consider'd outwardly in the lower Belly?
Its different Regions, and the several parts therein contain'd.
What are these Regions?
They are theEpigastrick, theUmbilical, and theHypogastrick.
What is their Extent?
It is from theXyphoidesor Sword-like Cartilage to theOs Pubis, the division whereof into three equal Parts, constitutes the three different Regions; theEpigastriumbeing the first upward, theUmbilicusthe second, and theHypogastriumthe third.
What Are the Parts contain'd in theEpigastrium, and what Place do they possess therein?
The Parts contain'd in theEpigastriumare the Liver, the Spleen, the Stomach, and thePancreasor Sweet-bread, which lies underneath: The Stomach takes up the middle before, the Liver being plac'd on the Right side, and the Spleen on the Left; so that these two sides of the Epigastrick Region, are call'd the Right and LeftHypochondria.
What Parts are there contain'd in the Umbilical Region, and what is their situation?
They are the most part of the thin Intestines or small Guts,viz.theDuodenum, theJejunum, and theIleon, which have their Residence in the middle, where they are encircled with a Portion of the two great Guts,CæcumandColon, that take possession of the Sides, otherwise call'd the Flanks. The Reins or Kidneys are also in this Place, above, and somewhat backward.
What Parts are there contain'd in theHypogastrium, and of what Place are they possest?
The greater part of the thick-Guts,Cœcum, andColon, are enclos'd therein, with the entireRectum; there is also a Portion of theIleon, which hides it self in the sides of theIlia, or Hip-Bones: In the middle under theOs Pubis, the Bladder is situated on the GutRectumin Men, and theMatrixin Women lies between theRectumand Bladder.
After what manner is the opening of a Corps or dead Body perform'd at a publick Dissection?
It is begun with a Crucial Incision in the Skin from underneath the Throat downward, traversing from one side to another in the Umbilical Region; then this Skin is pull'd off at the four Corners, and thePanicula Adiposais immediately discover'd: Under this Fat lies a Fleshy Membrane, call'dMembrana Carnosa; and after that, the common Membrane of all the Muscles of the lower Belly. Thus we have taken a View of what Anatomists commonly term thefive Teguments, that is to say, theEpidermaor Scarf-Skin, theDermaor true Skin, thePanicula Adiposa, thePanicula CarnosaorMembranus Carnosa, and the common Membrane of the Muscles.
The five Teguments being remov'd, we meet with as many Muscles on each side,viz.the descending Oblique, the ascending Oblique, the Transverse, the streight, and the Pyramidal, by the means whereof the Belly is extended and contracted. Afterwards appears a Membrane nam'dPeritonæum, which contains all the Bowels, and covers the whole lower Belly, being strongly fasten'd to the first and thirdVertebra'sof the Back. The Fat skinny Net which lies immediately under thePeritonæum, is call'dEpiploonandOmentum, or the Caul; it floats over the Bowels, keeping them in a continual Suppleness necessary for their Functions, maintains the Heat of the Stomach, and contributes to Digestion.
It remains to take an Account of the Bowelsviz.the Stomach, Mesentery, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Bladder, and Guts, together with the Parts appointed for Generation, which in Menare the Spermatick Vessels, the Testicles, and thePenis; and in Women, the Spermatick Vessels, the Testicles or Ovaries, theMatrix, and itsVaginaor Neck.
What is the Stomach?
It is the Receptacle of the Aliments or Food convey'd thither thro' theOesophagusor Gullet, which is a Canal, or kind of streight Gut that reacheth from the Throat to the Mouth of the Stomach. The Stomach it self is situated immediately under theDiaphragmor Midriff, between the Liver and the Spleen, having two Orifices, whereof the Left is properly call'dStomachus, or the Upper, and the Right (at its other Extremity)Pylorus, or the lower Orifice. Its Figure resembleth that of a Bag-Pipe, and the greater part of its Body lies toward the Left side. It is compos'd of three Membranes,viz.one Common, which it receives from thePeritonæum; and two Proper; the two uppermost being smooth, and the innermost altogether wrinkled.
What is thePancreasor Sweet-bread?
It is a Fat Body, consisting of many Glandules wrapt up in the same Tunicle, being situated under thePylorusor lower Orifice of the Stomach: It helps Digestion, and hath divers other uses; but its principal Office is to separate the serous Particles of the Blood, to be convey'd afterward into the GutDuodenum, by a Canal or Passage, nam'd thePancreatick. This Juice serves to cause the Chyle to ferment with the Choler, in order to remove the grosser Particles from those that ought to enter into the Lacteal Vessels.
Into how many sorts are the Guts distinguish'd?
There are two sorts,viz.the thin and the thick.
How many thin or small Guts are there?
Three; that is to say, theDuodenum, theJejunum, and theIleon.
How many thick Guts are there?
Three likewise;viz.theCœcum, theColon, and theRectum.
Why are some of them call'd thin Guts, and others thick?
Because the thin are smaller, being appointed only to transport the Chyle out of the Stomach into the Reserver; whereas the thick are more large and stronger, serving to carry forth the gross Excrements out of the Belly.
Are the six Guts of an equal length?
No, theDuodenum, which is the first of the thin Guts, is only twelve Fingers breadth long. TheJejunum, being the second, so call'd because always empty, is five Foot long: The third is nam'dIleon, by reason of its great Turnings which oblige it to pass to theOs Ilion, where it produceth a Rupture; it extends it self almost twenty Foot in length.
The first of the thick Guts, known by the Name ofCœcum, is very short, and properly only anAppendixor Bag of a Finger's length. That which follows is theColon, being the largest of all, and full of little Cells, which are fill'd sometimes with Wind and other Matters that excite the Pains of the Colick. It encompasseth the thin Guts, in passing from the top to the bottom of the Belly, by the means of its great Circumvolutions, and is from eight to nine Foot long. The last is theRectumorstreight Gut, so nam'd, because it goes directly to the Fundament: It is no longer than ones Hand, but it is fleshy, and situated upon theOs Sacrum, and theCoccyxor Rump-Bone.
What is thePeristaltickMotion of the Guts?
It is the successive Motion and Undulation, whereby the Guts insensibly push forward from the top to the bottom, the Matters contain'd in them; and that Motion which on the contrary is perform'd from the bottom to the top, is term'd theAntiperistaltickas it happens in theIliackPassion, or twisting of the Guts, call'dDomine Miserere, by reason of its intolerable Pain.
What is the Mesentery?
It is a kind of Membrane somewhat fleshy, which is join'd to the Spine in the bottom and middle of the Belly, and by its folding, keeps all the Guts steady in their place; it is all over beset with red, white, and Lymphatick Vessels; that is to say, those that carry the Blood, Chyle, andLympha, which serves to cause this last to run more freely, and to ferment. Three notable Glandules are also observ'd therein, the greatest whereof lies in the middle, and is nam'dAsellius's Pancreas; the two other lesser are call'dLumbarGlandules, as being situated near the Left Kidney. From each of these Glandules proceeds a small Branch; and both are united together to make the greatLactealVein, orThoracickCanal. This Tube conveys the Chyle along theVertebra'sof the Back to the LeftSubclavianVein; from whence it passeth into the ascendingVena Cava, and descends in the Right Ventricle of the Heart,where it assumes the form of Blood; from whence it passeth to the Lungs thro' thePulmonaryArtery; then it returns to the Heart thro' thePulmonaryVein, and goes forth again thro' the Left Ventricle of the Heart, between theAortaor great Artery, to be afterward distributed to all the Parts of the Body. This is the ordinary Passage for the Circulation of the Chyle, and the Sanguification of the Heart.
What is the Liver?
The Liver, being the thickest of all the Bowels, is plac'd in the RightHypochondrium, at the distance only of a Fingers breadth from the Diaphragm; its Figure much resembling that of a thick piece of Beef: It is Convex on the outside, and Concave within; its Substance is soft and tender, its Colour and Consistence being like coagulated Blood: It is cleft at bottom, and divided into two Lobes,viz.one greater, and the other less: Its Office is to purifie the Mass of Blood by Filtration; and it is bound by two strong Ligaments, the first whereof adheres to the Diaphragm, and the second to theXiphoidesor Sword-like Cartilage. Two great Veins take their Rise from hence,viz.theVena Portæ, and theVena Cava, which form innumerable Branches, as it were Roots in the Body of the Liver. The Gall-Bladder is fasten'd to the hollow part thereof, and dischargeth its Choler into the GutDuodenum, thro' the Vessels that bear the Name ofMeatus Choledochi, orDuctus Biliares.This Choler is not a meer Excrement, but on the contrary of singular Use in causing the Fermentation of the Chyle, and bringing it to perfection.
What is the Spleen?
The Spleen is a Bowel resembling a Hart's Tongue in shape, and situated in the LeftHypochondrium, over-against the Liver: Its length is about half a Foot, and its breadth equal to that of three Fingers; its Substance being soft, as that of the Liver, and its Colour like dark coagulated Blood: It is fasten'd to thePeritonæum, Left Kidney, Diaphragm, and to the Caul on the inside; as also to the Stomach by certain Veins, call'dVasa Brevia; nevertheless these Ligatures do not hinder it from wandering here and there in the lower Belly, where it often changeth its place, and causeth many dreadful symptoms by its irregular Motions. Its Office is to Subtilize the Blood by cleansing and refining it.
What are the Reins?
The Reins or Kidneys are Parts of a Fleshy Consistence, harder and more firm than that of the Liver and Spleen: They are both situated in the sides of the Umbilical Region, upon the MusclePsoas, between the two Tunicks of thePeritonæum; but the Right is lower than the Left: Their Shape resembleth that of aFrenchBean, and they receive Nerves from the Stomach, whence Vomitings are frequently occasion'd in the Nephritical Colicks: They are fasten'd to the Midriff, Loins, andAorta, by theEmulgentArteries; as also to the Bladder by theUreters. The Right Kidney likewise adheres to the GutCæcum, and the Left to theColon. Their Office is to filtrate or strain the Urine in thePelvesor Basons, which they have in the middle of their Body on the inside, andto cause it to run thro' the Vessels call'dUretersinto the Bladder.
Immediately above the Reins on each side, is a flat and soft Glandule, of the thickness of a Nut; they are nam'dRenal Glandules, orCapsulæ Atribiliariæ, because they contain a blackish Liquor, which (as they say) serves as it were Leaven for the Blood, to set it a fermenting.
What is the Bladder?
It is the Bason or Reserver of Urines, of a Membranous Substance as the Stomach, being plac'd in the middle of the Hypogastrick Region; so that it is guarded by theOs Sacrumbehind, and by theOs Pubisbefore: Two Parts are to be distinguish'd therein,viz. its Bottom and Top; by its Membranous Bottom it is join'd to the Navel, and suspended by the means of theUrachus, and the two Umbilical Arteries which degenerate into Ligaments in adult Persons: As by its fleshy Neck, longer and crooked in Men, and shorter and streight in Women it cleaves to theIntestinum Rectumin the former, and to the Neck of the Womb in the latter. Lastly, its Office is to receive the Urines to keep them, and to discharge them from time to time.
What are the Genitals in Men?
They are the Spermatick Vessels, the Testicles, and thePenis. The Spermatick Vessels are a Vein and an Artery on each side; the former proceeding from theAorta, or thick Artery of the Heart; and the other from the Branches of theVena Cavaof the Liver. These Arteries and Veins are terminated in the Body of theTesticles, which are two in Number, enclos'd within theScrotum.
The Office of the Testicles is to filtrate the Seed, which is brought thither from all the parts of the Body, thro' the Spermatick Vessels, calledPræparantia, and afterwards to cause it to pass thro' others nam'dDeferentia, to theVesiculæ Seminales, from whence it is forc'd into theUreter, thro' two small and very short Canals.
ThePenisor Yard is a Nervous and Membranous Part, well furnish'd with Veins and Arteries, containing in the middle the Canal of theUreter: Its Extremity, which consists of a very delicate and spongy sort of Flesh, is call'dBalanus, orGlans, and the Nut, the Skin that covers it being nam'd thePræputium, or the Fore-Skin. Thus by the means of this swell'd Part, and stiff thro' the affluence of the Spirits, the Male injects his Seed into theMatrixof the Female, to propagate his Kind.
What are the Parts appropriated to Generation in Women?
They are the Spermatick Vessels, the Ovaries or Testicles, and theMatrix. The Spermatick Vessels are a Vein and an Artery on each side, as in Men: The Ovaries or Testicles, situated on the side of the bottom of theMatrix, are almost of the same bigness with those of Men, but of a round and flat Figure. TheVesiculæ, or little Bladders which they contain, are usually term'dOvaor Eggs by Modern Anatomists; and the Vessels that pass from these Testicles or Ovaries to theCornuaof theUterus, are call'dDeferentiaorEjaculatoria.
TheMatrix,Uterusor Womb, is the principal Organ of Generation, and the place where it is perform'd, resembling the Figure of a Pear with its Head upward, and being situated between the GutRectumand the Bladder: It is of a fleshy and membranous Substance, retain'd in its place by four Ligaments, fasten'd to the bottom; whereof the two upper are large ones, proceeding from the Loins, and the two lower round, taking their Rise from the Groin, where they form a kind of Goose-Foot, which is extended to theOs Pubis, and the flat part of the Thighs; which is the cause that Women are in danger of Miscarrying when they fall upon their Knees.
The Exterior Neck of the Womb, call'dVagina, is made almost in form of a Throat or Gullet, extending it self outwardly to the sides of the Lips of thePudendum, and being terminated inwardly at the internal Orifice of theMatrix, the shape whereof resembleth that of the Muzzle or Nose of a little Dog. The outward Neck of the womb is fasten'd to the Bladder and theOs Pubisbefore, and in the hinder part to theOs Sacrum: Between the Lips of thePudendumlie theNymphæ, which are plac'd at the Extremity of the Canal of the Bladder, to convey the Urines; and somewhat farther appear four Caruncles, or small pieces of Flesh, at the Entrance of theVagina, which when join'd together make the thin Membrane call'dHymen.