Page 21.
5.setting dog. Setter.
made. Trained.
10.humours. Pleasantries.
Page 22.
4.played with it. Nowplayed it.
9.quail-pipe. A pipe with which quails are lured to the nets.
26.humour. Whim, notion. Cf. Shakespeare, IHenry IV, III. i. 237, 'You are altogether governed by humours.'
Page 23.
4.turned. Adapted.
8.my twenty-first speculationargues that it is better for a man to go into trade than to enter an over-crowded profession, and reproves 'parents who will not rather choose to place their sons in a way of life where an honest industry cannot but thrive, than in stations where the greatest probity, learning, and good sense may miscarry.'
Page 23.
16.conversation. Intercourse, behaviour. Cf. Shakespeare,Antony and Cleopatra, II. vi. 131, 'Octavia is of a holy, cold, and still conversation.'
Page 24.
1.jetting. Projecting. Cf. Shakespeare,Titus Andronicus,II. i. 64:
How dangerousIt is to jet upon a prince's right.
habit. v. note on p. 10, 1. 20.
2. The bonnet of the Yeomen of the Guard is a round cap of black velvet with a gold band.
10.the tilt-yard. Formerly the yard of St. James's Palace.
11.Whitehallwas formerly a royal palace. It was almost entirely destroyed in the two fires of 1691 and 1697.
14.target. Small shield. Cf. Shakespeare, 3 Henry VI., II i. 40:
BearUpon my target three fair-shining suns.
16.pommel. Rim in front of saddle.
17.rid. Obsolete. Nowrode.
tournament. Here used for lists.
24.the coffee-house, v. Appendix I.
27.bass-viol. A large fiddle-shaped instrument held between the legs. It was very fashionable in the eighteenth century, and was generally to be found in the sitting-rooms of the upper classes for the use of any guests who could perform on it. It is the viol-de-gamboys of Sir Andrew Aguecheek (Twelfth Night, i. iii. 27).
28.basket-hilt. Steel hilt shaped like a basket.
Page 25.
1.go-cart. A sort of cage on small wheels for teaching children to walk.
5.hasty-pudding. A kind of batter made of flour or meal and water.
6.white-pot. A very rich Devonshire dish.
20.slashes. Slits to show the lining of a garment.
Page 26.
18.knight of this shire. Member of Parliament for this county.
30.such. Such and such, a certain. Cf. Shakespeare,Merchant of Venice, I. iii. 128, 'You spurned me such a day.'
Page 27.
2.discourse of. Discourse concerning. Cf. Shakespeare,Two Gentlemen of Verona, II. iv. 140:
Now no discourse, except it be of love.
6.the battle of Worcester, 1651, was the final defeat of Charles II. by Cromwell.
7.whim. Whimsical idea.
Page 27.
22. Psalm cxlvii. 9, 'He giveth to the beast his food, and to the young ravens which cry.'
Page 28.
25.Locke. The author of theEssay on the Human Understandingdied in 1704. The reference is to II. xxxiii. 10.
26.curious. Elaborate, minutely detailed. Cf. Shakespeare,Cymbeline, V. v. 361:
A most curious mantle, wrought by the handOf his queen mother.
Page 29.
14.by that means. On that account. Cf. Shakespeare, 2Henry VI., II. i. 178:
By this meansYour lady is forthcoming yet at London.
Page 30.
8.Lucretius. Poet and philosopher of the last century B.C. His opinion on this point is expressed inDe Rerum Natura, IV. 29, 33, et seq.
13.pressed. Impressed, constrained.
27.Antiquities of the Jews, XVII. xv. 415.
Page 33.
27.do. Strictlydoes.
Page 34.
3.incumbent. Occupant (of the clerk's place).
13.tithe-stealers. The tithes being paid in kind, it was easy to cheat the parson out of some portion of them.
16.his patron. The squire, who gave him his living.
Page 35.
11.settled. Salmon thinks that the walk was not actually settled upon the widow as her property, but that it was indissolubly connected with her in Sir Roger's mind.
20. Cf. Orlando inAs You Like It, III. ii. 10:
Carve on every treeThe fair, the chaste, and unexpressive she.
Page 36.
17.rid. v. note on p. 24, 1. 17.
19.bitted. Trained to carry their heads well with a bearing rein.
22.assizes. Sessions of the court.
Page 37.
20.far gone. Deeply experienced. For this use ofgone, cf. Keats,On a Lock of Milton's Hair, 25, 'Grey gone in passion.'
21.confident. Nowconfidant.
28.humane. Human, civilized.
34.pretended. Presumed, attempted. Cf. Shakespeare, I Henry VI., IV. i. 6:
And none your foes but such as shall pretendMalicious practices against his state.
Page 38.
7.go on with. Continue to charm you with, proceed with.
20.discovered, v. note on p. 5, 1, 12.
31.last. Most extreme.
Page 39.
9.the sphinx. The monster which continued to oppress Thebes until such time as one of her victims should be able to answer the riddle she put to him. Oedipus answered her, and she destroyed herself.
21.a publick table. When away from home, it was usual for a traveller to dine, not at his lodgings, but at apublic tableorordinary.
22.tansy. A very popular dish of the seventeenth century, a kind of rich, spiced custard.
Page 40.
3.Martial. A Latin poet of the first century of our era. i. 69.
Page 40.
24.pretending. Pretentious.
in both cases.In both particulars, i.e. fortune and conversation.
Page 41.
12.dipped. Mortgaged.
32.personate. Appear the possessor of.
Page 42.
7, 13.Laertes and Irus. Laertes was king of Ithaca and father of Ulysses; Irus, or properly Arnaeus, a beggar who kept watch over Penelope's suitors. Their names are here introduced as typical of the rich and the poor man.
10.four shillings in the pound. The amount of the land tax.
19.way. If the verb is correctlyare,wayshould be written in the plural.
Page 43.
11.Cowley, the poet and essayist, who died in 1667.
14.author who published his works. Dr. Sprat, Bishop of Rochester, published Cowley's works in 1688.
18.face. Appearance. Cf. Shakespeare,Tempest, 1. ii. 104, 'The outward face of royalty.'
great Vulgar. Cowley concludes his Sixth Essay, Of Greatness, with a translation of Horace, Book III,Odei, commencing:
Hence, ye profane, I hate ye all,Both the great vulgar, and the small.
25.lately mentioned. In Steele's last paper,Spectator109, p. 26, 1. 29.
26.point. Appoint. Cf. Shakespeare, Sonnet xiv. 6:
Pointing to each his thunder, rain and wind.
Page 44.
2.being. Existence, state of being. Cf. Shakespeare, Sonnet lxxxi. II:
Tongues to be your being shall rehearse.
7.relish. Taste, enjoyment. Cf. Shakespeare,Troilus and Cressida, III. ii. 20:
The imaginary relish is so sweet
10.mansions. Abiding-places. Cf. St. John, xiv. 2, 'In my Father's house are many mansions.'
13. Quoted from an earlier passage in the same essay (v. note on p. 43, 1. 18).
Page 45.
26.the spleen. Melancholy disposition, not the organ of that name. Cf. Shakespeare,As You Like It, iv. i. 217, 'Begot of thought, conceived of spleen.'
27.the vapours. Moods of depression. Cf. Fielding,Amelia, iii. 7, 'Some call it the fever on the spirits, some a nervous fever, some the vapours, some the hysterics.'
29 et seq. The argument runs: nature has adapted the body to exercise, therefore exercise is necessary to our well-being. This is sound only on the assumptions that everything which nature performs is based on necessity, and that the body has been made in such a way as to secure our well-being.
30.proper. Fit. Cf. Shakespeare,Hamlet, II. i. 114:
It is as proper to our ageTo cast beyond ourselves in our opinions.
Page 46.
8.laboured. Worked, tilled. The verb is no longer used transitively.
14.condition. State of prosperity, material circumstances. Cf. Shakespeare, 2Henry VI, v. i. 64, 'One so rude and of so mean condition.'
22.chace. The substantive was distinguished from the verb by its spelling. Cf. modernpractice,practise.
34.patched. Perhaps with reference to the black patches worn on the face to enhance its beauty; perhaps merely covered here and there, studded.
Page 47.
1.distinction sake. The'sof the possessive is omitted before the initialsofsake.
6.The perverse widow, v.Spectator113.
8.amours. Used of a single love-affair.
12.sits. Couches in her form or seat.
18.Doctor Sydenham, the celebrated physician, who died in 1689.
22.Medicina Gymnastica, by Francis Fuller, was printed in 1705.
24.dumb bell. An apparatus resembling that used for ringing a church bell, but wanting the bell itself. The use of the modern form of dumb-bell was introduced into England in Elizabeth's reign. It is described in the next paragraph under the name ofskiomachia.
33.a Latin treatise. Artis Gymnastica apud Antiquos, by Hieronymus Mercurialis, 1569.
Page 48.
2.loaden. The verb has now become weak; loaded.
9.uneasy. Troublesome.
Page 48.
25.the Bastile. The State prison in Paris, which was destroyed by the mob in 1789 (v. Coleridge's poem on this subject, and the stirring description in Dickens'Tale of Two Cities, II. xxi.).
Page 49.
20. Budgell has somewhat defaced the character of Sir Roger by this touch, and by the inhuman humanity of p. 52, 1. 18.
24.managed. Broken in. Cf. Shakespeare,Richard II., III. iii. 179:
Wanting the manage of unruly jades.
25.stone-horse. Stallion.
26.staked himself. Impaled himself on a stake in jumping.
29.beagles. Small hounds formerly employed in hunting the hare. Cf. White'sSelborne, Letter VI, 'One solitary grey hen was sprung by some beagles in beating for a hare.' They are now superseded by harriers, which are still sometimes called by their name.
30.Stop-hounds. So called because when one of them found the scent he stopped and squatted 'to impart more effect to his deep tones, and to get wind for a fresh start' (Wills).
32.mouths. Voices. Cf. Shakespeare,Henry V., II. iv. 70:
For coward dogsMost spend their mouths when what they seem to threatenRuns far before them.
33.cry. Pack. Cf. Shakespeare,Coriolanus, III. iii. 120,
'You common cry of curs.'
34.nice. Fastidious. Cf. Shakespeare,Love's Labour's Lost, v. ii. 219, 'We'll not be nice; take hands.'
Page 50.
5.counter-tenor. Alto.
8. iv. i. 124. Shakespeare was not in Budgell's day so common a reservoir of quotations as he has since become. Dryden had appreciated him, but he was in general very little known, even among men of letters.
15. Hunting in July must have entailed great loss on the farmers before it was forbidden by the Game Laws of 1831.
17.pad. v. note on p. 12, 1. 31.
19.rid. v. note on p. 24, 1. 17.
20.benevolence. In its literal meaning ofgoodwill.
25.rid. Now obsolete:ridden.
Page 51.
7.chace. v. note on p. 46, 1. 22.
35.took. Betook herself to. Cf. Shakespeare,Comedy of Errors, v. i. 36:
Run, master, run; for God's sake, take a house!
Page 52.
2.chiding. Barking. Cf. Shakespeare,Midsummer Night's Dream, iv. i. 120:
Never did I hearSuch gallant chiding.
10.his pole. The huntsman followed on foot, carrying a long leaping-pole, which permitted him to keep a straighter course than he could have done on horseback, owing to the state of the country.
26.Monsieur Paschal, the great French philosopher of the seventeenth century, who died in 1662.
Page 53.
12.habit. State, condition.
17. But the Spectator's hunting has only consisted of watching the chase from a rising ground!
24.Epistle to John Dryden, 73-4, 88-95.
Page 54.
4.neuter. Neutral, Cf. Shakespeare,Richard II., II. iii. 159, 'Be it known to you I do remain as neuter.'
engaging. Pledging. Cf. Shakespeare,Merchant of Venice, III. ii. 264:
I have engaged myself to a dear friend.
6.determination. Decision. Cf. Shakespeare,Measure for Measure, III. ii. 258, 'He humbles himself to the determination of justice.'
15.particular. Individual. Cf. Shakespeare,All's Well that Ends Well, I. i. 97:
That I should love a bright particular star.
Page 65.
7.applied herself. Cf. Shakespeare,Antony and Cleopatra, v. 2. 126:
If you apply yourself to our intents,
where the word is used in a somewhat different sense. It is now used reflexively only in the sense of applying oneself to the performance of an action.
8.Otway, the poet and playwright, died in 1685. The quotation is from his play ofThe Orphan, II. i. The first line should run:
Through a close lane….
36.palmed. Foisted, falsely attributed.
Page 60.
16.tabby. Brindled or sometimes female, as opposed to tom-cat. The meaning is derived from the wordtabby, a name for watered silk.
28.a bounty. The concrete sense of this word has been lost.
33.trying experiments with her. Testing her by ordeal.
Page 57.
1. Sir Roger's doubtfulness on the subject of witchcraft was not exceptional. In 1664 Sir Thomas Browne had assisted in the condemnation of a witch. In 1711 there were two executions for witchcraft, and in 1712 Jane Wenham was sentenced, but afterwards pardoned. In 1716 there were again two executions, and although the Act was repealed in 1736, an old woman was done to death by the mob as late as 1751.
3.bound her over to. sc. appear at.
14.commerce and familiaritieswith the devil or evil spirits.
Page 68.
9.of all others. A classic construction. For a similar inaccurate phrase cf. Milton,Paradise Lost, iv. 324, 'The fairest of her daughters Eve.' The phrase occurs also on p. 41, 1. 33.
24.salute. Kiss. Cf. Shakespeare,As You Like It, III. ii. 50,
You salute not at the court, but you kiss your hands.
33.set a mark upon, in order to know and to shun them.
35.pleasant. Amusing, ridiculous. Cf. Shakespeare,Taming of the Shrew,Induction, ii. 132, 'Play a pleasant comedy.'
Page 59.
13.conduct. Guidance. Cf. Shakespeare, 2Henry IV.,V. ii. 36: Led by the impartial conduct of my soul.
19.is addressed to. Has addresses paid to her.
presented. Given presents. The verb is not now used without the indirect completion, 'to be presented with a thing.'
26.personated. Affected, feigned. Cf.Spectator555, 'A personated character.'
Page 60.
24.honest. Honourable. Cf. Shakespeare,Othello,III. iii. 225: I do not think but Desdemona's honest.
Page 61.
23.reads upon. Reads on the subject of.
26.policies. Arrangements, economy, administration.
Page 62.
7.manners. Customs, habits. Cf. Shakespeare,Comedy of Errors, I. ii. 12, 'I'll view the manners of the town.'
12.article. Particular. Cf. Shakespeare,Othello,III. iii. 22:
I'll perform itTo the last article.
Now concrete in sense: a material object.
23.Conversation. v. note on p. 23, 1. 16.
30.modish.Fashionable. Sc p. 64, 1. 2, 'Men of mode,' and p. 63, 1, 3, 'People of mode.'
Page 64.
31.the country are. Properlyis.
Page 65.
3.upon the western circuit. As judge.
Page 65.
29.demonstrative.Conclusive. Cf. Shakespeare,Henry V., II. iv. 89: In every branch truly demonstrative.
Page 66.
11.the leaving a posterity. Mixed construction.Leavingshould be used either as a gerund,leaving a posterity,or as a verbal noun,the leaving of a posterity.
14.nicer. More delicate.
17.birth. That which they bear, their offspring. Cf. Shakespeare,Othello, I. iii. 410:
Hell and nightMust bring this monstrous birth to the world's light.
30.temper. Temperature.
Page 67.
34.which. sc. a circumstance which.
Page 68.
1.as it spreads. To the degree in which it spreads.
16.Take a brute out of his instinct. Consider an animal in matters outside the range of his instinct.
Page 69.
18.do not carry an immediate regard to. Have no immediate bearing on.
Page 70.
7.stepmother. Properly foster-mother.
17.A modern philosopher. M. Bernard, who quotes the Latin saw, is himself quoted by Bayle in a long discussion appended to the articles onPereiraandRosariusin his Historical Dictionary, a translation of which was printed in 1710. Jacob Tonson, the publisher, declares that the Dictionary was Addison's constant companion.
26.Dampier, the great navigator, printed in 1691 a book entitledA New Voyage round the World.
Page 72.
4.Mr. Locke. v. note on p. 28, 1. 25. The reference is to ii. 9, 13.
19.Dr. Morewas one of the original members of the Royal Society. He died in 1687.
Cardanor Cardano, was an Italian philosopher of the sixteenth century. The citation is fromDe Rerum Subtilitate, x.
Page 73.
13.Mr. Boyle. A famous natural philosopher, and member of the Royal Society, who died in 1691. The citation is fromA Disquisition about the Final Causes of Natural Things.
18.one humour. The typical eye of the higher animals consists of a lens and two humours or fluids, known as the aqueous and the vitreous.
33.our Royal Society. Founded in 1662.
Page 74.
2.original. Origin. Cf. Shakespeare,2 Henry IV, I. ii. 131, 'It hath its original from much grief.'
3.policies. v. note on p. 61, 1. 26.
14.Howling Wilderness and Great Deep. Deuteronomy, xxxii. 10, 'He found him in a desert land, and in the waste howling wilderness.' Psalm li. 10, 'The waters of the great deep.'
25.Tully. v. note on p. 7, 1. 29.
29.nice. Accurate, precise. Cf. Shakespeare,Much Ado about Nothing, v. i. 75:
Despite his nice fence and his active practice.
Page 75.
8.approbations. Not now used in the plural.
21.assizes, v. note on p. 36, 1. 22.
23.rid. v. note on p. 24, 1. 17.
28.the game-act, v. note on p. 7, 1. 12.
Page 76.
3.shoots flying. This accomplishment was just coming into fashion, and was not yet common.
4.the petty-jury, which actually gives a verdict on cases tried. Thegrand jurydecides whether cases shall be sent up for trial.
8.quarter-sessions, v. note on p. 7, 1. 10.
14.cast and been cast. To defeat or be defeated or condemned in a trial or law-suit. Cf. Milton,Eikonoklastes, 'The Commons by far the greatest number cast him.'
34.was sat. Was seated.
Page 77.
2.for. For the sake of, in order to enhance.
Page 78.
11.be at the charge. Bear the expense.
29.conjuring. Urging. Cf. Shakespeare,Comedy of Errors, iv. iii. 68:
I conjure you to leave me and be gone.
Page 80.
8.a novelat this time meant a short fictitious tale, generally of love.
9.Eudoxus and Leontine. This charming story is reminiscent of Shakespeare'sWinter's Tale. Leontine, the friend who has a daughter, may well trace his descent from Leontes, King of Sicilia. Eudoxus must stand for Polixenes, King of Bohemia, since his son Florio is certainly the shadow of Prince Florizel. The plot hinges on the fact that both of the children, like the daughter of Leontine's prototype, grow up in ignorance of their parentage, and in both cases there is an apparent inequality of fortune between the lovers.
In a letter of the same date addressed to Mr. Wortley, Addison writes: 'When you have a son I shall be glad to be his Leontine, as my circumstances will probably be like his.' He had just sustained heavy losses.
32.turned of. We should now sayturned.
33. Cowley, Essay X, 'But there is no fooling with life when it is once turned beyond forty.'
Page 81.
1.In order to this. In order to accomplish this.
Page 82.
1.dictated. Dictated to, counselled. Not now used transitively of persons.
Page 83.
26.relish, v. note on p. 44, 1. 7.
30.discoveries, v. note on p. 5, 1. 12.
Page 84.
19.St. Anne's Lane. Turning out of Aldersgate Street.
24.prickeared. A contemptuous term applied to Roundheads, in allusion to the effect produced by the shortness of their hair, and borrowed from its ordinary use as applied to mongrel dogs.
Page 85.
7.prejudice of the land-tax. The land-tax was first levied in 1699 to pay for the French War. It was carried by Whig feeling in opposition to the Tory landholders.
the destruction of the game, which would proceed while the country gentlemen were occupied with their party differences.
19.sinks. Used transitively,lowers, diminishes. Cf. Shakespeare,Henry VIII., iii. ii. 383, 'A load would sink a navy.'
28.Plutarch, the great Greek moralist and biographer of the first century of our era. The quotation is fromDe Inimicorum Utilitate.
Page 86.
2.that great rule. St. Luke, vi. 27, 'Love your enemies, do good to them which hate you.'
10.the regard of. A regard for.
19.an object seen in two different mediums. For instance, a straight stick partly immersed in water appears as if bent at the point at which it enters the water. The rays of light reflected from the position under water, by which we see that portion, are bent when they leave the water and enter the air in such a way as to make that part of the stick appear nearer to our eye than it would appear in air.
Page 87.
4.postulatums. The word has now become Anglicized in a different form,postulate, pluralpostulates.
15.Guelfes and Gibellines. The opposing political parties in Germany and Italy from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. In Italy they were the adherents of the Pope and the Emperor respectively.
16.the League. The Holy League, formed in 1576, in the Roman Catholic interest.
17.unhappy. Unfortunate. Cf. Shakespeare,Comedy of Errors, IV. iv. 126, 'O most unhappy day!'
Page 89.
7.such persons, that. Mixed construction:all persons thatorsuch persons as. Frequent in Shakespeare; cf.Measure for Measure, II. ii. 147:
Such thingsThat want no ear but yours.
16.retainers. Followers, adherents.
28.Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historian of the last century B.C. The citation is from his universal history, a work in forty books, i. 35. 7.
30.Ichneumon. An animal belonging to the same family as the civets. The Egyptian ichneumon, known also as Pharaoh's cat, was held sacred among the ancient Egyptians because of its propensity for destroying crocodiles' eggs, but unfortunately for Addison's illustration, it is now proved that the degenerate ichneumon does actually 'find his account' in feeding upon the eggs which he breaks, whether they be those of crocodiles or merely of the barn-door fowl.
34.finds his account. Receives any recompense or advantage.
Page 90.
8.the wild Tartars. The Tartars are a race of Russians, of Turkish and Mongolian origin. Some of them adhere to the religion of the Greek church, some are Moslems, and some Shamanites. The reference is probably to some Shaman belief, for magic and the spirits of the dead play a very large part in this religion.
12.of course. In due course, in consequence. Cf. Shakespeare,Measure for Measure, III. i. 259, 'This being granted in course, now follows all.'
27.cock-match. Match between fighting-cocks.
humour, v. note on p. 22, 1. 26.
30.quarter-sessions, v. note on p. 7, 1. 10.
34.the landed and … the monied interest. The land-owner would naturally be a Tory, and the merchant a Whig.
Page 91.
6.interest. Political position, by virtue of which he was returned for his county.
11.such an one. v. note on p. 26, 1. 30. Here, the Tory candidate for the district.
19.take up with. Put up with.
30.a very fair bettor. Quite a good bettor or better.
32.disagreeable. Unpleasing, unpopular.
34.correspondence. v. note on p. 20, 1. 35.
Page 92.
10.fanatick. A madman. Will Wimble suspects the Spectator of unsoundness in politics, that is, of not being of the Tory persuasion.
Page 92.
24.the postwould have reached Sir Roger in Worcester twice a week, on Thursdays and Saturdays (Report for 1809.)
25.Dyer's letter. Dyer'sNews Letterwas published three times a week. It dealt more in domestic news than did the regular newspapers, such asThe Postman, and was sometimes driven to fill up space by relating fictitious events. Cf.Tatler18, in which Steele and Addison declare that Dyer is famous for whales in the Thames!
29.under the quality of. In the office of. Cf. Shakespeare,Henry V., III. vi. 146, 'What is thy name? I know thy quality.'
Page 93.
2.ordinary. Used as an adverb.
5.expence. Now expense, v. note onchace, p. 46, 1. 22.
13.You praised them. v.Spectator98, On Ladies' Headdresses.
14.the humour. The fluid which causes the disease.
30.Sir George Etherege. v. note on p. 6, 1. 22. His first comedy, 1664, was entitledThe Comical Revenge, or Love in a Tub. The reference is to IV. vi.
Page 94.
2.the farthingalewas a framework for extending the skirt of a woman's dress. It was introduced in 1545, and finally assumed a perfectly cylindrical shape.
the ruin of the Spanish monarchy. The defeat and dispersal of the Armada in 1558.
5.the tail of a blazing star. Comets have always been held to foretell disaster.
11.into meetings and conventicles. That is, to Dissent.
12.trunk-breeches. Very full, short breeches, reaching to the knee or half-way down the thigh.
16.it is recorded of Alexander the Greatin Plutarch'sLives of the Noble Grecians and Romans. 'He first contrived many vain and sophistical things to serve the purposes of fame; among which were arms much bigger than his men could use … left scattered up and down.' This report is probably baseless, as it is opposed to the magnanimity of Alexander's character.
28.Rotunda. A building of circular shape both outside and inside, such as the Pantheon in Rome.
31.a little black monkey enshrined. Each Egyptian village had its sacred animal or fetish.
Page 95.
8.the sensitive plant.Mimosa pudica, whose leaflets fold together at a touch.
Page 96.
9.from thence. A redundant expression.Thenceis in itself equivalent tofrom there. Cf. Shakespeare,Comedy of Errors, IV. iv. 79, 'Did not I in rage depart from thence?'
Page 97.
4.carries it. Succeeds. Cf. Shakespeare,Troilus and Cressida, II. iii. 228, 'Shall pride carry it?'
Page 98.
3.the younger Faustina, the profligate wife of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.
25.yourwas frequently used instead ofthein naming an object as typical of its class, especially when the speech carries any flavour of pleasantry. Cf. Shakespeare,Measure for Measure, IV. ii. 46, 'Every true man's apparel fits your thief.'
Page 99.
1.Aristus. aristos, best.
Aspasia. The mistress of Pericles, and the inspiration of his greatness.
Page 99.
17.periwig. v. note on p. 8, 1. 8.
Page 100.
1.habits, v. note on p. 10, 1. 20.
5.the mode. v. note on p. 62, 1. 30.
12.engage. Undertake.
23.circuit. v. note on p. 65, 1. 3.
28.Stains, now speltStaines, in Middlesex, ten miles from London.
29.commode. A wire erection to raise the front of the hair and the cap. First worn by Mlle. Fontange, at the court of Louis XIV. InSpectator98, Addison notes that head-dresses have diminished in height.
33.the Ramilie cock.A particular way of folding back the flaps of a cocked hat invented after Marlborough's victory at Ramillies, 1706.
Page 101.
10.a Friezland hen.Probablyfrizzled hen(Gallus crispus) whose feathers stand outward from the body, giving it a much beruffled aspect.
15.retrenching. Cutting back, diminishing. Cf. Milton,Paradise Regained, i. 454:
But this thy glory shall be soon retrenched.
18.franked by a parliament-man. Members of Parliament were privileged to send and receive postal matter free of charge. The custom began in 1660, and was regulated by law in 1764. Until 1837 the member had simply to write his name on the corner of the envelope, and often presented his friends with parcels of franked envelopes. The privilege was abolished in 1840.
22.next. Most recent, last. Obsolete in this sense. Cf. Shakespeare,Henry VIII., I. i. 17, 'Each following day became the next day's master.'
26.in buckle. In curl.
Page 102.
4.astonishments. The plural form is not now in use.
7.bob-wig. A wig with short curls orbobs, to imitate natural curly hair.
18.Monmouth cock. Another fashion of cocking the hat, named after the Duke of Monmouth. v. note on p. 10, 1. 30.
23.night-cap wig. A periwig with a short tie and a small round head.
Page 103.
1.the Steenkirkwas a black silk cravat, tied so as to produce an effect of negligence, in imitation of the victorious French generals, when a sudden attack summoned them hastily to the field at the battle of Steinkirk. v. note onSpectator335.
Page 103.
10.exert the Justice of the Peace. Exercise the authority of a justice of the peace.
Page 104.
15.A Cassandra. A prophetess. Cassandra, daughter of Priam, King of Troy, was inspired by Apollo with the divine frenzy.
17.in a corner. Secretly. Cf. Acts of the Apostles, xxvi. 26, 'This thing was not done in a corner.'
Page 105.
21.our monthly accounts about twenty years ago. From 1681 monthly publications began to appear, the most notable beingThe Gentleman's Journal, issued by Peter Mottuex, 1691-4, which proved to be the germ of our entire magazine literature.
22.Trekschuyt. Literallydraw-boat.
hackney-boat. Boat plying for hire.
Page 106.
4.gave him for. Gave him up for. Cf. Shakespeare,The Winter's Tale, III. ii. 96:
Your favourI do give lost.
Page 107.
17.a month's excursion. In theSpectatorfor July 2 Addison writes that he went 'last week' to Sir Roger's country-house.
Page 108.
10.killed a man. In a duel. Duelling was still the one way of repudiating an insult. The crusade against it was on foot, but it died hard.
11.visit … to Moll White, v.Spectator117.
13.cunning. Learned in magic. Cf.Spectator505, 'Wizards, gypsies, and cunning men.'
16.a White Witchis a witch who can do no harm, and who sometimes performs beneficent actions. Cf. the use ofwhitein such phrases aswhite lie.
21.harbour a Jesuit. The last order for the expulsion of the Jesuits was issued in 1602. Those who harboured them in defiance of this order were liable to very heavy penalties.
28.discarded Whig, as Salmon points out, is an exact description of Addison at this time.
29.out of place. Deprived of his post or office.
31.disaffected, to the sovereign.
Page 109.
3.discovers, v. note on p. 5, 1. 12.
7.temper. Temperament, disposition. Cf. Shakespeare,Henry V., V. ii. 153, 'A fellow of this temper.'
26.picking of. As if the gerund,a-picking of.
27.smelling to. Nowsmelling at.
33.stories of a cock and a bull. Now condensed tocock-and- bull stories. Cf. Burton,Anatomy of Melancholy, II. 11. iv. 274.
Page 110.
6.commonwealth's men. Republicans.
Page 110.
23.chamberlain. Servant who attends the bedchambers. Cf. Milton,On the University Carrier, 1. 14, 'In the kind office of a chamberlin.'
25.Mrs.was the early abbreviation ofmistress, which we have now unhappily abbreviated tomiss.
Page 111.
8.half-pike. A kind of short lance, the weapon of an infantry officer.
10.equipage. Train, following.
12.cloak-bag. Portmanteau. Cf. Shakespeare,Cymbeline, III. iv. 172:
'Tis in my cloak-bag-doublet, hat, hose, all.
in the seat. Under the actual seat, in the well of the coach.
Page 112.
1.the brideman. Now called thebest man.
8.the giving her. The giving of her.
11. Cf. Shakespeare,Henry V., IV. iv. 73, 'The saying is true,— the empty vessel makes the greatest sound.'
19.countenance. In its original meaning of bearing, behaviour. Cf. Shakespeare,Taming of the Shrew, i. i. 234:
Puts my apparel and my countenance on.
22.fleer. Gibe. Cf. Shakespeare,Much Ado about Nothing, V. i. 58, 'Never fleer and jest at me.'
28.hasped up. Shut up.
30.Ephraimwas a generic name for Quakers, given them because they refused to fight, v. Psalm lxxviii. 9, 'The children of Ephraim being armed and carrying bows turned back in the day of battle.'
35.smoky. The current slang for shrewd. Tosmokea plot or a trick was to detect it; in modern slang tosmell a rat.
Page 113.
4.ruffle. Disturbance, commotion.
7.conduct.Cf. note on p. 59, 1. 13.
11.taking placeof other vehicles was an important privilege, for the road was generally practicable only for one vehicle at a time, so that the displaced one would have to stop till the road should be clear again.
25.inward. Pious, earnest. Cf. Thomas a Kempis,De Imitatione Christi, II. i. 41, 'a very inward man:' also Penn,Rise and Progress of the Quakers, 1690, 'more religious, inward, still.'
32.thee and I. The Friends generally employtheeforthou. So too in p. 114, 1. 2.
Page 114.
3.affections. Dispositions, feelings. Cf. Shakespeare,Measure for Measure, II. iv. 168:
By the affection that now guides me most.
Page 114.
19.Gray's Inn Walksare said to have been planted by Bacon. They are situated on the north side of Holborn, and were the regular promenade of people of fashion in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, for the air blew straight over from Hampstead, unimpeded by the houses which have since sprung up.
22.Eugene, Prince of Savoy, had arrived in London three days before the date of this paper. He had been Marlborough's colleague in the War of the Spanish Succession, and he had come over in order to attempt to repair the overthrow of Marlborough and to prevent the Tory government from concluding peace with France on ruinous and disgraceful terms.
27.Eugeniowas regularly employed by Prince Eugene as his signature, in recognition of his Italian family.
28.Scanderbegwas the great Albanian prince and commander of the fifteenth century, who freed his country from the dominion of Turkey.
Page 115.
15.made. Preached, delivered.
16.Dr. Barrow, v. p. 15, 1. 12.
18.thirty merks. Twenty pounds. A merk or mark was worth 13s 4d. It was not a coin, but only a convenient name, asguineais now.
21.fob. A small pocket, usually intended to hold a watch.
22.tobacco-stopper. A small plug for pressing down the tobacco in the bowl of the pipe.
28.Tom Touchy. v.Spectator122.
31.Moll White. v.Spectator117.
Page 116.
8.hogs-puddings. Large sausage-shaped bags stuffed with minced pork.
18.for twelve days, that is, till Twelfth Night, January 6, which puts an end to the Christmas festivities.
22.smutting. A trick, the victim of which is made unconsciously to blacken his own face. Cf. Goldsmith:
The swain mistrustless of his smutted faceWhile secret laughter tittered round the place.
27.the late act of Parliament for securing the Church of England. The Act of Occasional Uniformity, 1710, attempted to exclude Dissenters from political power and office by strengthening the Test Act of 1673. Dissenters who had once taken the sacrament in order to qualify for civil, military, or magisterial office, were prohibited under very severe penalties from appearing afterwards in sectarian places of worship.
28.securing. Making safe. Cf. Shakespeare,Tempest, II. i. 310, 'We stood here securing your repose.'
Page 117.
6.the Pope's processionwas a Whig demonstration performed annually on November 17, the anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth, to relieve the feelings of the Anti-Papal party. This year a particularly riotous procession had been prepared, but it was prevented by the seizure of all the images and accessories by the police in the middle of the preceding night.
17.Baker's Chronicle. Sir Richard Baker, who died in 1645, was the author ofA Chronicle of the Kings of England. The observations which Sir Roger applied to Prince Eugene had not, of course, been written with regard to him.
23.Squire's. v. Appendix I.
25.waited on. Attended. Cf. Shakespeare,Two Gentlemen of Verona, III. ii. 96:
We'll wait upon your grace till after supper.
30.the Supplementwas 'an alternative edition ofThe Postboy, by Jacob Abellius, a postscriptorian, otherwise Boyer.' (Fox Bourne.)
Page 118.
5.my paper upon Westminster Abbey.Spectator26.
8.promised another paper upon the Tombs. 'I have left the repository of our English kings for the contemplation of another day.'
Page 119.
3.the sickness. The plague, which was at Dantzick in 1709.
5.a hackney-coach. A coach let out on hire, the precursor of the modern cab. The hackney-coach was introduced into London in 1625, and in 1715 their number had to be restricted to seven hundred. Cf. p. 105, 1. 22,hackney-boat.
15.engagedin my affections, not betrothed. Cf. p. 13, 1. 13.
34.Sir Cloudesly Shovel, the admiral, who was wrecked off the Scilly Isles in 1707.
Page 120.
2.Dr. Busby, the famous flogging head master, who ruled Westminster School for fifty-five years, 1640-95.
6.the little chapel on the right hand. St. Edmund's Chapel.
9.the lord who had cut off the king of Morocco's head, or who was supposed to have done so on the evidence of his crest.
'a Moor's head orientally crowned,' was Sir Bernard Brocas, a knight of the fourteenth century.
12.the statesman Cecil, in the Chapel of St. Nicholas. Lord Burleigh was Secretary of State to Edward VI., and Lord High Treasurer to Queen Elizabeth.
14.that martyr to good housewifery, who died by the prick of a needle. Elizabeth Russell, whose effigy is sculptured with one finger extended, in reality to direct attention to the death's-head at her feet. Cf. Goldsmith,The Citizen of the World, Letter xiii., in which the guide to the Abbey 'talked of a lady who died by pricking her finger; of a king with a golden head, and twenty such pieces of absurdity'.
21.the two coronation chairs. The ancient chair was made for Edward I. to enclose the stone of Scone, which he had brought from Scotland. It was the sacred coronation stone of the Scottish kings, and was supposed to have come originally from Palestine. Unfortunately for this theory it consists of Scotch sandstone, and, as Wills remarks, 'Sir Roger's question was extremely pertinent.' All succeeding sovereigns have been crowned on this chair and stone. It is now railed in, but in Addison's time it was a source of revenue to the guides, who demanded a fine of any person who should sit in it. The second chair was made for the coronation of William III. and Mary.
24.Jacob's pillar, or pillow, v. Genesis, xxviii. 11, 18, and 22.
30.trepanned. In the two earliest editions spelttrapanned, that is,entrapped. In later editions its spelling was influenced by the wordtrepan, a surgical operation.
Page 121.
1.Edward the Third's sword. A mighty weapon, seven feet long and weighing eighteen pounds, in the Chapel of Edward the Confessor.
8.touched for the evil.The evilis scrofula. Cf. the use ofthe sickness, p. 119, 1. 3, for the plague. It was long held to be cured by the royal touch. Dr. Johnson remembered being taken to London to be touched by Queen Anne when he was a small child. She was the last sovereign who practised touching for the evil. Cf.Macbeth, IV. iii. 140-56.
Henry the Fourth'stomb is at Canterbury Cathedral, Henry III. is probably intended.
10.fine reading in the casualties of that reign. In Baker'sChroniclethe chapter onThe Reign of King Henry IVcontains a paragraph entitledCasualties happening in his time, relating the appearance of a 'blazing star', a visit of the Devil 'in the likeness of a Gray Friar', a flood, a fire, and finally a winter so severe 'that almost all small birds died through hunger'.
12.the figure of one of our English kings without an head. The effigy of Henry V. was made of oak covered with silver, but the head was of solid silver, and was stolen at the time of the dissolution of the monasteries, 1536-9.
33.Norfolk-Buildings, in Norfolk Street, Strand, were originally the property of the Howards. For Sir Roger's residence, v. alsoSpectator2, p. 6, 1. 17.
Page 122.
9.the Committeewas a play by Sir Robert Howard, 1662, the motive of which is ridicule of the Puritans.
12.Distressed Mother, an adaptation by Ambrose Philips of Racine'sAndromaque, had been produced on March 17.
15.at the end of the dictionary, where biographical notices of famous persons used to be inserted.
18.the Mohocks. Ever since the Restoration the streets of London had been infested at night with bands of dissolute young men who assaulted and injured men and women by wounding and beating them. No sort of mischief came amiss to them; they effected endless damage by the breaking of windows, and so forth, and a favourite diversion consisted in binding a woman in a barrel, and rolling it down Snow Hill or Ludgate Hill. Their name was derived from the Mohawks, a tribe of North American Indians, and was used to denote savages in general. An especially flagrant outbreak of this Hooliganism was in progress at this time (v,Spectator324, 332), and on March 17 a royal proclamation against the Mohocks had been issued.
20.black, v. note on p. 1, 1. 9.
21.Fleet Streetran beside the river Fleet, which is now covered over.
22.put on. Hastened.
24.to hunt me. The View Hallo was a favourite and doubtless a very amusing pastime of the Mohocks. The person elected to share in the game was run down and surrounded by a circle of sportsmen, who kept him rotating like a top by pricking him with their swords. Cf.Spectator332.
26.in King Charles the Second's timethe marauders were known as Muns and Tityre-Tus.
Page 123.
8.about four o'clock. For the time of the play, v. note on p. 8, 1. 5.
14.the battle of Steenkirk, 1692, in which the French defeated the allies under William III.
16.oaken plants. Cudgels.
22.the pitwas the resort of the critics and people of fashion.
30.Pyrrhus, son of Achilles, was one of the warriors who entered Troy in the wooden horse. He killed Priam, and was given Andromache, the widow of Hector, as his share of the spoil. The play goes on to depict how Hermione, daughter of Menelaus and Helen, was forced by her parents to marry him, and how in consequence her lover Orestes raised the Delphians and killed him.
31.the King of France, whom Sir Roger regards as the leader of fashion.
32.a better strut. By reference to an advertisement of the play in theSpectatorfor March 17, we learn that the happy possessor of this strut was a certain Mr. Booth.
Page 124.
9.Pyrrhus his. This form of the possessive was in frequent use, especially after proper names ending ins.
21.begun. Obsolete in prose; nowbegan.
25.the widow. Andromache.
27.Astyanax, the son of Hector and Andromache.
35.a very remarkable silence. For an account of the talking and disturbance that usually went on, v.Spectator45 and 240.
Page 125.
6.Pylades, the close friend of Orestes.
9.the old fellow in whiskers. Phoenix, counsellor to Pyrrhus, a minor character.
12.smoke, make a butt of, amuse themselves with. Cf. modern schoolboy slang,roast.
26.justling. Hustling, jostling. Cf. Shakespeare,Tempest, III. ii. 29, 'I am in case to justle a constable.'
Page 126.
16.that once. We should saythat for once.
Page 127.
13.I had formerly boarded with a surgeon, and so was presumably not a strong man.
14.Put. A Devonshire word, the oldwretch.
19.waited upon. Visited.
22.Lion's-Inn. An old Inn of Court, destroyed in 1863.
Page 128.
5.spindle. Thin like the stick with which the thread is twisted in spinning.
21.the book I had considered last Saturday. The Tenth Book ofParadise Lost. Addison's famous criticism of this poem, which appeared in the Saturday issue of theSpectatorfrom January 5 to May 3, 1712, was written before Milton had come into his kingdom.
23.the following lines.Paradise Lost, x. 888-908.
Page 129.
20.bounces. Rough, disorderly knocks.
26.Spring-Garden, The new gardens at Vauxhall, not the old Spring Gardens in Whitehall. They are mentioned by Pepys as a place of bad repute.
Page 130.
7.The Temple Stairswere the landing stairs in the grounds of the Temple. Although there was much wheeled traffic in London the river remained a very favourite highway.
14.bate him. Let him off, remit him. Cf. Shakespeare,Tempest, I. ii. 250:
Thou didst promiseTo bate me a full year.
22.Faux-Hall. The new Spring-Garden took this name from Foukes de Breant, who married the Countess of Albemarle. It is the scene of the matchless Letter XLVI in Fanny Burney'sEvelina, and the subject of many allusions in literature.
24.at La Hogue. The original issue reads inBantry Bay, where the French fleet defeated the English in 1689. The memory of La Hogue, where the French were defeated in 1692 by the English and Dutch, would be more pleasing to the public.
31.London Bridge. Not the bridge now standing, which dates from 1825, but the old bridge built in the thirteenth century.
32.the seven wonders. The Pyramids, the walls and hanging gardens of Babylon, the tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus, the temple of Diana at Ephesus, the Colossus of Rhodes, the statue of Jupiter by Phidias at Olympia, and the Pharos of Alexandria.
33.true Englishman. A phrase made popular by Defoe'sTrue- born Englishman, 1701.