P. S.Besides the papers A and B, you will find enclosed a copy of an Order in Council of the 14th of May, 1783, and Mr Hartley’s observations on his propositions of the 21st of May.P. S. 18th.I have just received an intimation of the tottering state of the present Ministry from their own quarter. Should the late premier recover the reins, which were plucked out of his hands, I apprehend everything in his power will be attempted to embarrass our proceeding.A.Articles proposed by the American Commissioners to Mr Hartley.ARTICLE I.It is agreed, that as soon as his Britannic Majesty shall have withdrawn all his armies, garrisons, and fleets from the United States of America, and from every port, post, place, and harbor, within the same, as stipulated by the seventh article of the Provisional Treaty of the 30th of November, 1782, then, and from thenceforth, for and during the term of _______ years, all rivers, harbors, lakes, ports, and places, belonging to the United States, or any of them, shall be open and free to the merchants, and other subjects of the crown of Great Britain and their trading vessels, who shall be received, treated, and protected like the merchants and trading vessels of the States in which they may be, and be liable to no other charges or duties.And reciprocally, all rivers, harbors, lakes, ports, and places, under the dominion of his Britannic Majesty, shall thenceforth be open and free to the trading vessels of the said United States, and of each and every of them, who shall be received, treated, and protected like the merchants and trading vessels of Great Britain, and be liable to no other charges and duties, saving always to the chartered trading companies of Great Britain, such exclusive use and trade of their respective ports and establishments, as neither the other subjects of Great Britain nor any of the most favored nations participate in.ARTICLE II.It is agreed, that such persons as may be in confinement in the United States of America, for or by reason of the part which they may have taken in the late war, shall be set at liberty immediately on the evacuation of the said States, by the troops and fleets of his Britannic Majesty.And it is likewise agreed, that all such persons who may be in confinement, in any parts under the dominion of his Britannic Majesty, for, or by reason of the part which they may have taken in the late war, shall, at the same time, be also immediately set at liberty.ARTICLE III.The prisoners made respectively by the arms of his Britannic Majesty and those of the United States of America, both by land and sea, shall be immediately set at liberty without ransom, on paying the debts they may have contracted during their captivity. And each contracting party shall respectively reimburse the sums, which shall have been advanced for the subsistence and maintenance of their prisoners by the sovereign of the country where they shall have been detained, according to the receipts and attested accounts, and other authentic titles which shall be produced on each side.B.Mr Hartley’s proposed Article of Agreement, delivered by him to the American Commissioners for their Consideration, May 21st, 1783.Whereas it is highly necessary that an intercourse of trade and commerce should be opened between the people and territories belonging to the Crown of Great Britain, and the people and territories of the United States of America. And, whereas, it ishighly expedient that the intercourse between Great Britain and the said United States, should be established on the most enlarged principles of reciprocal benefit to both countries; but from the distance between Great Britain and America, it must be a considerable time before any convention or treaty for establishing and regulating the trade and intercourse between Great Britain and the said United States of America, upon a permanent foundation can be concluded; now for the purpose of making a temporary regulation of the commerce and intercourse between Great Britain and the United States of America,It is agreed, that all the citizens of the United States of America shall be permitted to import into, and export from, any part of his Britannic Majesty’s dominions in American ships, any goods, wares and merchandise, which have been so imported, or exported, by the inhabitants of the British American Colonies, before the commencement of the war, upon payment of the same duties and charges, as the like sort of goods or merchandise are now, or may be subject and liable to, if imported by British subjects in British ships, from any British island or plantation in America, and that all the subjects of his Britannic Majesty shall be permitted to import and export from any part of the territories of the United States of America, in British ships, any goods, wares and merchandise, which might have been so imported, or exported by the subjects of his Britannic Majesty before the commencement of the war, upon payment of the same duties and charges, as the like sort of goods, wares and merchandise are now, or may be subject and liable to, if imported in American ships by any of the citizens of the United States of America.This agreement to continue in force until _______. Provided always, that nothing contained in this agreement shall at any time hereafter be argued on either side, in support of any future demand or claim.Observations and Propositions of Mr Hartley, left with the American Ministers, May 21st, 1783.A proposition having been offered by the American ministers for the consideration of his Britannic Majesty’s ministers, and of the British nation, for an entire and reciprocal freedom of intercourse and commerce between Great Britain and the American United States, in the following words, viz.“That all rivers, harbors, lakes, ports and places, belonging to the United States or any of them, shall be open and free to the merchants and other subjects of the Crown of Great Britain and their trading vessels, who shall be received, treated and protected like the merchants and trading vessels of the State in which they may be, and may be liable to no other charges or duties.“And reciprocally, that all rivers, harbors, lakes, ports and places, under the dominion of his Britannic Majesty, shall be open and free to the merchants and trading vessels of the said United States, and of each and every of them, who shall be received, treated, and protected like the merchants and trading vessels of Great Britain, and to be liable to no other charges and duties, saving always to the chartered trading companies of Great Britain, such exclusive use and trade of their respective ports and establishments, as neither the other subjects of Great Britain, or any of the most favored nations participate in.”It is to be observed, that this proposition implies a more ample participation of British commerce, than the American States possessed even under their former connexion of dependence upon Great Britain, so as to amount to an entire abolition of the British act of navigation, in respect to the thirteen United States of America, and although proceeding on their part from the most conciliatory and liberal principles of amity and reciprocity, nevertheless it comes from them, as newly established States, and who, in consequence of their former condition of dependence, have never yet had any established system of national commercial laws, or of commercial connexions by treaties with other nations, free and unembarrassed of many weighty considerations, which require the most scrupulous attention and investigation on the part of Great Britain, whose ancient system of national and commercial policy is thus suddenly called upon to take a new principle for its foundation, and whose commercial engagements with other ancient States may be most materially affected thereby. For the purpose, therefore, of giving sufficient time for the consideration and discussion of so important a proposition, respecting the present established system of the commercial laws and policy of Great Britain, and their subsisting commercial engagements with foreign powers, it is proposed that a temporary intercourse of commerce shall be established between Great Britain and the American States, previously to the conclusion of any final and perpetual compact. In this intervening period, as the strict line and measure of reciprocity, from various circumstances, cannot be absolutely and completely adhered to, it may be agreed that the commerce between the two countries shall revive, as nearly as can be, upon the same footing and terms as formerly subsisted between them, provided always, that no concession on either side, in theproposed temporary convention, shall be argued hereafter in support of any future demand or claim. In the mean time, the proposition above stated may be transmitted to London, requesting (with his Majesty’s consent) that it may be laid before Parliament for their consideration.It is proposed therefore, that the unmanufactured produce of the United States should be admitted into Great Britain without any other duties, (those imposed during the war excepted) than those to which they were formerly liable. And it is expected in return, that the produce and manufactures of Great Britain should be admitted into the United States in like manner. If there should appear any want of reciprocity in this proposal, upon the grounds of asking admission for British manufactures into America, while no such indulgence is given to American manufactures in Great Britain, the answer is obvious, that the admission of British manufactures into America is an object of great importance, and equally productive of advantage to both countries, while, on the other hand, the introduction of American manufactures into Great Britain can be of no service to either, and may be productive of innumerable frauds, by enabling persons, so disposed, to pass foreign European goods, either prohibited or liable to great duties by the British laws, for American manufactures.With regard to the West Indies, there is no objection to the most free intercourse between them and the United States. The only restriction proposed to be laid upon that intercourse, is prohibiting American ships carrying to those Colonies any other merchandise, than the produce of their own country. The same observation may be made upon this restriction as upon the former. It is not meant to affectthe interests of the United States, but it is highly necessary, lest foreign ships should make use of the American flag, to carry on a trade with the British West India Islands.It is also proposed upon the same principle to restrain the ships, that may trade to Great Britain from America, from bringing foreign merchandise into Great Britain. The necessity of this restriction is likewise evident, unless Great Britain meant to give up the whole navigation act. There is no necessity for any similar restrictions on the part of the American States, those States not having as yet any acts of navigation.TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.Bath, June 27th, 1783.Sir,I beg leave to refer you to the contents of a letter, which I had the honor of writing from London the 17th instant, by the hands of Mr John Vaughan, and a copy by Mr Thomas Stoughton. Two days ago, I had the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 8th of May, together with an act of Congress of the 1st of April, giving leave for my return to America, agreeably to my request, for which I make the most sincere acknowledgments.I am happy to find the provisional treaty had received the plaudit and ratification of Congress, and should have been ready to have given the best answers in my power to the inquiries which you allude to, had you been pleased to extend them. I know not whether any steps have been taken toward a definitive or other treaty since the 7thinstant, when I left Paris, having received no letters from my colleagues, but they no doubt will keep you regularly informed.You will have seen, Sir, in several of my former letters, which must have reached you before this day, that no exertions of mine were wanting, for delivering you from those troublesome guests of whom you complain. I foresaw the great uneasiness, which their long continuance at New York would create. I regret exceedingly, that so free a communication as “on the former footing” preceded the accomplishment of that great and necessary work. I had entertained ideas, that my country would have treated it with more solemnity.I have no account to settle with Dr Franklin, having received no money but from Mr Grand, viz. twenty thousand livres, and sixteen thousand six hundred and sixtysix livres, thirteen sols, which I believe are all the remittances you have made to me, and which I have already formally acknowledged. The latter sum, indeed, I have not actually received, but it stands to my credit with Mr Grand, and I soon shall have occasion to draw for it. I am at present in a poor state of health, but I hope Bath and sea bathing will be of service to me. The summer season being so far advanced, I shall prepare for embarkation early in October. No opportunity of serving my country in the mean time shall be slighted or neglected.I have the honor to be, with great respect, &c.HENRY LAURENS.TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.Bath, July 17th, 1783.Sir,My present address will be accompanied by a copy of my last of the 27th of June, to which I beg leave to refer. The enclosed proclamation of the 2d of July, in the London Gazette of the 12th, seems to complete a commercial treaty with America on the part of Great Britain, “until further order.” I am informed Mr David Hartley is soon expected from Paris, without having made any treaty with the American Ministers. I speak from report, but have received no advices from my colleagues.This will be delivered to you by Thomas Carpenter, who is going with three other persons, under the auspices of Rev. Mr Wells of Broomsgrove, to offer themselves as settlers and citizens in the United States. Mr Wells and his concerns are strongly recommended to me by Dr Price, and by the Rev. Mr Wrenn, of Portsmouth. Upon this ground, permit me to crave your countenance and protection in favor of Mr Carpenter and his associates. I was informed yesterday, and though by pretty good authority I speak only as from report, that Mr Silas Deane, who has been in London about four months, has been an active hand in chalking out a treaty of commerce for us. I shall know more of this when I get to London, some ten days hence. I have not yet fully recovered my health, but am nevertheless taking measures for embarking early in October.I have the honor to be, &c.HENRY LAURENS.TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.Bath, July 17th, 1783.Sir,A few hours after I had despatched an address to you of the present date, by the hands of Mr Carpenter, who, I hope, will also be the bearer of this, I received a letter from Doctor Franklin, in which he writes, “I want you here on many accounts, and should be glad of your assistance in considering and answering our public letters; there are matters in them, of which I cannot conveniently give you an account at present.” Although I had flattered myself with the hope of being free, and however so long a journey at the present season may further impair my health, and the delay derange my measures for embarkation, I must not refuse to obey such a call. I shall begin my journey tomorrow morning, and, barring accidents, be at Paris in seven days, or sooner.I have the honor to be, with the highest respect, &c.HENRY LAURENS.TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.Washington, off Poole, August 2d, 1783.Sir,In pursuance of the determination signified in the preceding copy of my last, of the 17th ult, I proceeded to Paris, and arrived there on the 23d. The despatches being finished for captain Barney, by advice of Dr Franklin and Mr Jay, I embarked in the Washington, and am presently going on shore at Poole, from whence I shall immediatelyproceed to London, and apply to the Ministers at that Court for learning their resolutions, respecting the long pending treaties, and particularly for information, whether a Minister from the United States will be properly received there. Had the wind been unfavorable, I should have detained Captain Barney for conveyance of such answers as I may receive, but I have recommended to him to profit by the present easterly gale, without losing a moment. I am from sea sickness unable to add more, except that I shall advise by the earliest opportunities, and that,I have the honor to be, &c.HENRY LAURENS.TO L. R. MORRIS.London, August 9th, 1783.Sir,On the 4th instant, I had the honor of receiving your very obliging letter of April the 18th, accompanied by “a state of Mr Laurens’s account with the United States,” &c. and a bill on Mr Grand for its apparent balance 7083 livres, 7s. which is said to be for three months’ salary from the 1st of January, to the 31st of March 1783. For former quarter’s salary, about 16,666 livres, 13s. had been remitted to me, wherefore I presume there is an error in the present article. I have not learned of any alteration made by Congress in the Ministers’ salaries, except in the mode of calculating the exchange of dollars. If there is an error you will cause it to be rectified. Be pleased, Sir, to accept this as an acknowledgment of the receipt of the said bill for seven thousand and eighty-three livres and sevensols, and also of my best thanks for your goodness in forwarding the remittance. Besides the above mentioned error, the account is partial, confined probably to the administration of Mr Robert R. Livingston, or of Mr R. Morris, and an adjustment of the whole therefore must be deferred to a future day. I would also remark another omission, the commission for agency, due either to Mr Livingston or yourself, which may be deducted from a future bill, and will be admitted on my part with alacrity and thankfulness for your trouble.I have the honor to be, with great respect and esteem,HENRY LAURENS.TO THE MINISTERS OF THE UNITED STATES AT PARIS.London, August 9th, 1783.Gentlemen,Availing myself of your consent and recommendation, I embarked at Lettavre, on board the Washington, and sailed from thence the 1st instant. On the 2d, 9 o’clock A.M. we were within six leagues of Poole, in Dorsetshire. The wind being very favorable, I quitted the ship, went on board a small hoy bound to Poole, and urged Captain Barney to proceed on his voyage, leaving my excellent post carriage to take its fate on the ship’s deck, in preference to the risk of delaying him a single hour. Had the wind been westerly, I might have detained him a few days, for despatching to Congress the result of my application to the Ministers of this Court. I judge from the state of the wind since I parted with Captain Barney, that he was clear of the channel Sunday night the 3d, and that he is now 150 or 200 leagues advanced on his voyage.I arrived in London late in the night of the 3d, and on the 5th had a conference with Mr Fox, which I committed to writing as soon as it had ended. I shall give it in a short dialogue, as the best way, not pretending to accuracy in every word, but fully preserving the sense and substance.Mr Fox.I suppose, Mr L. you wish to forward the ratification of the provisional articles.L.I could wish that was done, Sir, but it is not the particular business I have in charge.F.I understood from Mr Hartley’s letter, which you sent me, that it was, but he does not speak positively.L.No, Sir, the only business I have in charge, is to inquire, whether a Minister from the United States of America would be properly received at this Court.F.Most undoubtedly, Sir; I could wish that there was one here at present; I think we have lost much time from a want of a Minister from your side.L.Then, Sir, will you be so good as to ask his Majesty, and inform me?F.I will take the King’s pleasure tomorrow, and you shall hear from me; I suppose there is already a conditional appointment of some person now in Europe.L.Not that I know of, though I do not know the contrary, but I have an excellent opportunity of writing to Congress, and I have no doubt an appointment will be made immediately.F.That is unlucky; there must be two crossings of the ocean then; if a Minister of Congress had been here, we might have done our business in half the time we have already spent, but I shall certainly inform you tomorrow; this is the very time a Minister from your people is most necessary.L.Though I have nothing particularly in charge except the business already mentioned, I regret the delay of both the commercial and definitive treaty. We had flattered ourselves with hopes in March and April, that both would have been finished in a few days.F.Why, as to a definitive treaty, I cannot see any necessity for one, or not immediately. The provisional articles are to be inserted, and to constitute a treaty; a ratification of those, I apprehend, will answer all the purposes of a definitive treaty; they may be made definitive. The case with respect to France and Spain differs widely; several articles in our preliminaries with them refer to a definitive treaty.L.I agree with you, Sir, that the provisional articles, mutually ratified, may, by the consent of the parties, be made definitive; but there may be additional articles suggested and agreed to for mutual benefit.F.That is true; but I do not see any at present; I very much regret the want of a Minister from America.L.Permit me, Sir, to ask you, is it intended by the proclamation of the 2d of July, to exclude American ships from the West India trade, between the United States and the British islands?F.Yes, certainly, it was so intended, in order that we might have something to treat for, and this will be a subject for a commercial treaty.On the 6th, I waited upon his Grace, the Duke of Portland. His Grace was equally clear and positive as Mr Fox had declared himself, that a Minister from the United States of America would be well received at this Court, and also regretted that an appointment had not earliertaken place. I touched upon the commercial and definitive treaty, referred to assurances in March and April, intimated my apprehensions of pernicious effects, which might arise from excluding American ships from a freedom between the United States and the British West India Islands, adding what I had learnt from Doctor Franklin of the commerce intended by the Court of France, between our America and the French Islands. I can only say, the Duke seemed to wish that everything had been settled to mutual satisfaction, and hoped that everything would soon be settled.Yesterday, by the desire of Mr Fox, I called upon him again; he said he had not seen the King, but that he had transmitted an account to his Majesty of my application; that we might be perfectly satisfied, however, that a Minister from Congress would be well received; that the appointment of one was much wished for here; that he must take blame to himself in some degree for the long delay of a commercial regulation, but that business would now soon be finished; he had no objection himself to opening the West India trade to the Americans, but there were many parties to please, and you know, added Mr Fox, the people of this country very well. Yes, Sir, I know something of them, and I find not only the West India planters, but some of the most judicious merchants, anxious for opening the trade. I have been told by some of them, that they should be ruined without it. I believe all this, said Mr Fox, but there are other people of a different opinion. As to the definitive treaty, there may be, as you observed, new articles necessary for mutual advantage, and we may either add such to the provisional articles and make the whole definitive, or make a new treaty; but I understand it is expectedthis should be done under the eye of, or in concert with the Court of France, which for my own part I do not like, and cannot consent to. I replied, in my opinion a new treaty definitive would be best, as well for incorporating additional articles, as for clearing away some of the rubbish in the provisional, which contained, if not nonsense, more than a little ambiguity; that though I did not see the necessity for it now, yet I had been told it was expected our definitive treaty should be finished in communication with the French Court, but as I had formerly observed, I had received no charge on this head, and spoke only the sentiments of Mr Laurens to Mr Fox, and not to a Minister of Great Britain.I have detailed facts as fully and freely as memory has enabled me. I leave them with you under this one remark, that we are cooler in the dog days than we were at the vernal equinox. The philosophy of Versailles and Passy may account for, and guard against the effect of extreme changes. I have found my presence here at this juncture of some use in explaining, or attempting to explain, the late mutiny at Philadelphia. The enemies of this country, and of the United States had exulted, the friends of both had too much abandoned themselves to dread, that the soldiery had assumed the reins of government, and that all the States of America were rushing into anarchy. Captain Carberry and Lieutenant Sullivan, those rash young officers who led on the mutineers to the State House, arrived a few days ago. The former has been with me, expressing deep concern for his conduct, desirous of returning, with an assurance of personal safety, and wanting money for supporting daily expenses, alleging that the United States are indebted to him at least “twelve hundred pounds currencyexclusive of land.” I have recommended to him to return immediately, and demean himself to the laws of his country, and submit to the magnanimity of Congress. He expresses a dread of undergoing a trial. Could I afford it, and were to advance money for his living in London, should I not incur censure at home? I beg you will communicate such particulars of that disturbance and the event of it, as you may have learned, and your opinion for my conduct respecting these officers.Mr Barclay will tell you of a display of the American standard under a triumphant British pendant at a very capital inland fair. Trifling as the insult may appear, it discovers a little leaven at the centre.I have the honor to be, &c.HENRY LAURENS.TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.London, August 9th, 1783.Sir,The annexed is a duplicate of a few lines, which I had the honor of addressing you, on the 2d instant, by Captain Barney, in the ship Washington, and enclosed with this you will find an exact copy of my letter of the present date, written to the Ministers of the United States at Paris, which will show in brief, what I have been doing since my return to London, and afford some information to Congress for their government in the appointment of a Minister at this Court. To both which I beg leave to refer.I have received a letter of the 18th of April from Mr L. R. Morris, enclosing what is called a state of my account with the UnitedStates, and a bill on Mr Grand for its balance, 7083 livres, 7s. which, as far as it goes, appears to be right, though I have not yet had time for minute examination. I am much obliged for the remittance, but the account must rest to a future day for final settlement. I had formerly intimated my ignorance of the stipend Congress had determined to allow me, and having no information on that head it is not in my power to correct or confirm this, or to frame a new account. It may appear that my services were as valuable in the Tower of London, and after my release, antecedently to an appointment in the commission for peace, as they could possibly have been in any other station, notwithstanding the former might not have been quite so pleasant a sphere to myself; but I am in the judgment of Congress, and shall perfectly acquiesce in their will.I shall go tomorrow to Bath, in hopes of confirming my lately recovered health, and shall be preparing for embarkation in October. I am in treaty for one of the cabins of the packets at Falmouth, and know but one circumstance that can detain me. My brother, who has resided upwards of six years in the south of France, had been many months past in a most deplorable state, every day expected to be his last, yet he lives. The prospect of leaving a widowed sister and my youngest daughter, who is with them, at such a distance without a protector is exceedingly distressing to me. Should my brother’s unhappy condition be extended a month or two, I may be compelled to defer my voyage to the next spring; in such case, I shall hold myself discharged from the service of Congress, I mean so far only as respects salary. I shall miss no opportunity of serving my country while I am in Europe. No doubt Congress will admit a reasonabletime for my return, and provide for the expense of my passage. Letters under cover to Richard Oswald will find me here, or overtake me.I am, with the highest esteem, &c.HENRY LAURENS.P. S.Reviewing the above mentioned “state of account,” I perceive only 7083 livres, 7s. have been carried to my credit, for three months from the 1st of January to the 30th of March, 1783, and only that sum remitted, which I presume is an error.TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.London, September 11th, 1783.Sir,Permit me to refer to copies of my letter to yourself, and to the American Ministers at Paris, both of the 9th ult. which will accompany this. I was on the point of agreeing for the cabin of the packet, alluded to in my last letter, when I received a letter from my sister Laurens in the south of France, informing me that my brother, who has been long in a declining state, feeling himself approaching fast to dissolution, earnestly wished to see me before I should leave Europe. I cannot refuse to comply with the request of a dying friend, and besides this, humanity and gratitude forbid my leaving a widowed sister, who has been the foster mother of my daughters, at such a distance from her home, and unacquainted with the language of the country, without a friend and protector. I intend, therefore, to proceed immediately, trusting in the goodness of Congress for an exemption from censure in this singular case. Whenit is considered how exceedingly detrimental to my own interest the delay will be, it must appear that I submit to it from necessity. The journey, going and coming, will probably take up two, perhaps three months, allowing a reasonable time for detention at Vigan; hence I have no prospect of embarking before the next Spring. I should have been already advanced on my journey, but I wait the arrival of Mr Jay and Mr Hartley, who are daily expected from Paris.Yesterday I received from Dr Franklin a copy of a letter written the 31st of August to Congress, which shows that the definitive treaty amounts to nothing more than a re-confirmation of the Provisional Articles, which I much regret. As it is possible this may arrive before the advices from France, I think it proper to enclose the copy abovementioned.A Mr Edmund Jennings has been long hovering over, and as often as he could find opportunity, penetrating into American councils on this side of the water, and there is good reason for believing, notwithstanding all his pretensions to friendship, that his chief business has been to create dissensions, and also that he has been the principal contriver and manager of anonymous letters, calculated for that purpose. As I had detected Mr Jennings in some very improper conduct of this sort, and therefore refused him my countenance any longer, he, knowing no medium between familiarity and enmity, pricked by his own conscience, and enraged by my silence, took an opportunity in my absence of printing about forty pages of misrepresentation and falsehood, which he circulated in a private way, with a view, I suppose, of injuring me, and I am informed he has sent a large quantity of his paper to America, under the patronage, as I havereason to believe, of Dr Bancroft. Congress, and my fellow citizens in general, are too wise to condemn before they hear; therefore, I have taken the liberty to send you for their information, forty two copies of “a true state of the case,” packed in a box put under the care of Captain Josiah, the bearer of this. I write this “state of the case” in very great haste, and might have said much more to Mr Jennings’s disgrace, but there is enough to show, that he is not worthy of public trust, and that he is a dangerous confidant to a Minister of State.Readers of Mr Jennings’s paper, from the profusion of his charges against me of animosity, enmity, uncalmness of temper, &c. &c. would suppose there had been much altercation between us, either by letter or verbally. On the contrary, I have neither corresponded with, or seen him but twice passing in the streets, since the sixth of January last, and nothing is more evident than my carefully avoiding to relate to those whom he alludes to as his particular friends, the discovery of his folly in asserting a lie upon his honor, unless he means to include Mr Adams as one of them; a sense of duty to my country, and a sincere regard for Mr Adams, led me to attempt to open his eyes, and I judged it equally necessary to inform Dr Franklin and Mr Jay. But I shall trouble you no longer on this subject. Congress will be possessed of the two papers, and I shall submit to their judgment. I do not esteem it a trifling affair, to remove a wicked and mischievous favorite from his influence in our councils.I have the honor to be, &c.HENRY LAURENS.P. S.You will receive with this two of the latest Gazettes, and divers other newspapers to this day inclusive.TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.Dover, September 16th, 1783.Sir,In my way to France, I found here the sloop Olive Branch, on the point of sailing to Philadelphia. By her I trouble you with the preceding copy of my last address of the 11th instant, and also a couple of newspapers. Mr George Taylor goes in this vessel, recommended by that very worthy man, Granville Sharpe, than whom the United States have not a warmer friend in Europe. Shall I therefore request you, Sir, to countenance this young gentleman, and assist him in his virtuous pursuits? I think he can have no other in view, going from Mr Sharpe.Mr Hartley was with me yesterday morning, and said he had hopes “things would do yet,” alluding to the Commercial Treaty. I am sure he means well, but I put “all proper confidence” in everything they say. “Things will indeed do yet,” provided we take care of ourselves.With the highest regard and respect, I have the honor to be, &c.HENRY LAURENS.TO CHARLES THOMPSON.Bath, March 28th, 1784.Sir,Doctor Franklin lately conveyed to me a copy of your letter of the 5th of January last, directed to the Ministers of the United States for treating with Great Britain. It found me at this place in a very ill state of health. Ill as I was, I should have repaired immediatelyto Whitehall, had not Mr David Hartley, who still retains his commission, happened to have been present, and just going to London. I requested him to propose to Lord Carmaerthen, a convention for extending the stipulated term for exchanging ratifications of our definitive treaty of the 3d of September, and for that purpose I would without delay repair to London, for executing it on the part of the United States, if necessary; to add that if the formality might be dispensed with, without prejudice to either of the contracting parties, I desired the assent of the minister should be signified to me in writing. This morning brought me a letter from Mr Hartley, a copy of which will accompany this. I flatter myself, that the contents will afford the same satisfaction to Congress, as I feel upon the occasion.Previous to the late dissolution of Parliament, a bill was passed, extending what is called the Intercourse Bill to the 20th of June, upon which probably will be grounded a new proclamation, for regulating the commerce between this kingdom and the United States. I have requested Major Jackson, who will do me the honor to take charge of this letter, to watch the London Gazette, and should a proclamation appear while he is in London, to enclose one of those papers to you, for the information of Congress. The West India merchants, and owners of estates in the British Islands, held several meetings and consultations, while I was in London, on the commerce in which they are particularly interested. I was frequently applied to, and delivered such sentiments as appeared to me to be necessary, particularly that I was firmly persuaded the United States separately, or in Congress, would retaliate every restriction, by which means we should have a treaty of commerce by acts of Parliamenton one part, and acts of Assembly or of Congress on the other, and bring the great question to a test, which country would sustain the most damage or inconveniency by partial or total prohibitions.I have just received a letter from a very eminent merchant in London, in which he writes,“I could have wished to have given better accounts of the administration, touching the American Intercourse Bill, but there are strong remains of the old leaven among us, and the same disposition of monopolising the trade and navigation of the world to ourselves.”That there is a continuance of the old leaven, on this side, may be concluded from the following sentiments of a gentleman, who writes as a professed friend to America, in opposition to Lord Sheffield.“There is not yet that stock of good temper in either people, that could be wished.”“The English are yet sore from their disappointment, and though they have lost a part of their dominions, they have not lost the recollections of having been masters, and expect something like the usual deference to be paid to them.” Hence I am not surprised at anything published by an inveterate enemy, whose design seems to be to declare commercial war in the first instance, possibly for introducing his “chain of stout frigates from Halifax to Bermuda.”I went from hence the middle of January, determined to prepare for embarkation, and to be at sea about the 20th instant, but was taken very ill upon the road, and have continued ever since incapable of business. After being confined seven weeks in London, I returned to Bath, in hopes of receiving benefit again from the waters, but if Iwere perfectly in health, a recent circumstance would retard my progress. My brother lately died in the South of France, and I am constrained to wait the arrival of his widow. The affairs of two distressed families demand my attention, and as neither expense, nor as I apprehend other detriment, to the public will be sustained by my absence, the delay of a month or six weeks longer I trust will not give offence. Be pleased, Sir, to lay this before Congress, with assurances of my utmost respect, and continued attention to the interests of the United States.I have the honor to be, &c.HENRY LAURENS.DAVID HARTLEY TO HENRY LAURENS.Golden Square, March 26th, 1784.Dear Sir,It is with great satisfaction, that I am able to inform you, that it is not thought necessary on the part of Great Britain, to enter into any formal convention for the prolongation of the term, in which the ratifications of the definitive treaty were to be exchanged, as the delay in America appears to have arisen merely in consequence of the inclemency of the season. I took care to express on your part, the motives of candor and attention to this country, which were the ground of your offer, and it gives me pleasure to assure you, that they were received with equal candor and attention on the part of the British Ministers. My compliments and best wishes always attend yourself and family.I am, dear Sir, with great respect and esteem, your most obedient, humble servant,DAVID HARTLEY.TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.London, April 24th, 1784.Sir,I had the honor of addressing Congress, under directions to Mr Secretary Thompson, the 28th ultimo, by Major Jackson, and a copy by the packet from Falmouth, and the 8th instant by the same packet, copy by Sir James Jay, to which I beg leave to refer. Mr Hartley went off for Paris the 17th, preferring that spot to this for the exchange of ratifications. I am told there is a pretty handsome stipend annexed to each journey.The London Gazette of the 17th instant, a copy of which will be enclosed with this, contains a proclamation of the 16th, for extending the American intercourse to the 20th of June next, in terms, almost verbatim, a repetition of the antecedent. The friends of administration say, that the present Ministers are afraid of attempting enlargements before the meeting of the new Parliament. At present, from the best information I can collect, their utmost view is to a restricted trade in small vessels, of sixty or eighty tons, of American property, between the United States and the British West Indies. The tonnage on their part to be unlimited.I have the pleasure of conversing often with men the most judicious and experienced in commercial affairs; all agree with me, that precise retaliation would produce good effects; possibly retaliation may be the very wish of our implacable enemies; certainly there is a majority still in council mumbling the Thistle,—of which wise men think they have already had enough. What new maggot has bitten them?“See,” say they, and reason upon the falsehood, “there is already a secession of four States; only nine could be collected for ratifying the treaty; New York we know is unrepresented, Connecticut is also unrepresented, (then presume upon two other States) they are all in confusion, weary of their independence, and will soon return to Great Britain upon her own terms.” I allude to no person eastward of Charing Cross. I cannot impute such conduct to ignorance; they will not be convinced, although they have Moses and the Prophets; in my mind, it proves a determination in that majority, not toreturnto America with any degree of cordiality or generosity to urge a commercial, hoping in time to provoke a more hostile war, and to improve upon what they call the errors of the last. I am assured, that the last commander in chief of the British troops in America is a principal adviser. Mr Brooke Watson is added. To bring the King and people in general to consent to war with the United States will be a work, however, requiring no small exertion of skill. “His Majesty was dragged into the late war, as reluctantly as ever a bull was dragged to a baiting. I have seen the Queen shed floods of tears in the cruel progress, and have heard her Majesty say, I do not interfere in politics, but I think the Americans are an injured people. The King has often expressed to me his regret at the shedding of so much blood, but, said his Majesty, what can I do? They drew me in little by little; I have been deceived, I have had more truth from you, W. than from all ofthemtogether. The King has been, and is willing to send to, and receive from the United States Ambassadors, (this part is undoubtedly a fact) and wishes for a liberal intercourse and commerce with them. Those men, who were called the King’s friends,for promoting the war, from the old Rubicon Peer, to the one always supposed to have been the invisible counsellor, (naming them specially) are now his enemies, because he has acknowledged the independence of the States. Had a late violent measure succeeded, andthat partygained the power aimed at, a voluntary abdication was determined upon, arrangements were absolutely made for that purpose. I can live, said the King, in an humbler state and be happy. The heir apparent would have mounted the throne, a question on the right ofalienating the Prince of Wales’s inheritancewould have been brought forward, a war as soon as possible commenced for recovery, mistakes and errors of the last to be avoided.” I might add &c. &c. but that must rest to a future day.I think it my duty, Sir, to communicate these memorable circumstances to Congress. If the intelligence merits attention, they will make proper application, but for the sake of our friend who delivered it to me, from no second hand report, upon whose honor and veracity all America would place the highest confidence, who could have no motive to a studied unprofitable falsehood, I humbly request it may not become suddenly a subject of out door conversation.Two of my friends, characters highly esteemed in the United States, have been with me at several times within these three days past; whether they are in the secret of the above written history I know not, but rather believe the contrary, each confirmed that part relative to an intended breach, trusting, however, in the resistance of the people. If I trust at all, it is in their imbecility. The people may, by “exertions of skill,” be taught to believe, that goingto war will mend their fortunes and recover national glory; let us contrast some of the late addresses of thanks with the later elections, and we shall see the inconsistency of conduct in the “first city in Europe,” and many other instances will appear. It may be asked how they can support a war under such a load of debt? It is averred by competent judges, that ragged and deranged as the finances of this country are, they are infinitely better than those of the neighboring maritime powers. A determination may be founded upon the comparative essay of resources; but I am under no apprehension from all they can do, provided timely, wise precautions are taken on our part. If all the people called loyalists were scattered in America, they would not do so much mischief as they do here; we could manage them best at home. I have employed a person to look out for a proper ship for my passage to America, hoping to embark in the course of next month.With great respect and regard, I have the honor to be, &c.HENRY LAURENS.TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.London, April 30th, 1784.Sir,Under cover of this will be found a copy of my last despatch, dated the 24th. I have only to add, that the more I converse with intelligent men, the more I am confirmed in believing, that there is a core of bitterness and pride against the United States in this kingdom, which cannot easily be dissipated; and which will break out whenever the parties have, or shall fancy they have, power. It istrue, indeed, “Englishmen cannot lose the recollection of having been masters, and expect something like the usual deference to be paid to them, they are yet sore from their disappointment.” (Quoted in a former letter to Mr Thompson.) I have asked when were Englishmen masters of their brethren in America? When were the Americans subject to Englishmen? We were once fellow subjects under one King, now separated forever; willing, nevertheless, in peace to be friends, ready at the same time to resent injuries of whatever kind or degree. I do not presume to touch your navigation laws, but I maintain the right of the United States to follow good examples; to speak of retaliating any restrictions in commerce, is held to be the height of arrogance. It is assured me, that Mr Deane is an active counsellor against us, and Mr Galloway, no doubt all the old Governors, Mr Smith of New York, and others have their influence. Mr Smith, I am informed, has reported very extraordinary things, which I shall not repeat without further confirmation.I have the honor to be, with perfect esteem and respect, &c.HENRY LAURENS.END OF THE SECOND VOLUME.Footnotes[1]Richard Henry Lee.[2]The name of Lieutenant Governor Colden of New York, to whom this and two other letters are directed, was doubtless assumed by Mr Lee for the purpose of disguise, in case the letters should fall into the enemy’s hands. Colden was a royalist.[3]See the Journal of Congress for January 2d, 1776.[4]See an account of Dr Church, in Washington’s Official Letters, vol. i. p. 36.[5]There are only two fragments of the original of this letter remaining, but there is in the office a copy of the whole, endorsed as follows.“Copy of A. Lee’s letter to the Committee of Secret Correspondence, dated June 3d, 1776, and taken from the original in the cover of a Dictionary, which was delivered to the Secretary of Congress, by Robert Morris, on the 4th of September, 1778, and to the Committee of Foreign Affairs, 7th December following.”This copy, as well as the endorsement, is written in Mr Lovell’s hand, and attested,James Lovell.[6]This suspicion was ill founded, as events proved. No man gave more substantial testimonies of his patriotism, and ardent zeal in the cause of his country, than Joseph Reed. The suspicion grew out of the circumstance, that Mr Reed had corresponded with Lord Dartmouth a year or two before, respecting the state of the Colonies.[7]This record was entered at the time on the Journal of the Committee, but was not made public.[8]There is no reply to this letter on record. It is probable, that a verbal message was communicated in reply by M. Gerard, as may be judged from the letter directed to him, which immediately follows.[9]This intelligence, which was entirely erroneous, was probably sent into France by design, with a view of creating there a false impression as to the real plans of the British Government.[10]The following extract of a letter from the Commissioners to the Committee of Secret Correspondence, will show the origin of Mr Lee’s journey to Spain.Paris, February 6th, 1777.—“Finding that our residence here together is nearly as expensive as if we were separate, and having reason to believe that one of us might be useful in Madrid, and another in Holland and some Courts further northward, we have agreed that Mr Lee go to Spain, and either Mr Deane or myself (Dr Franklin) to the Hague. Mr Lee sets out tomorrow, having obtained passports, and a letter from the Spanish Ambassador here, to the Minister there. The journey to Holland will not take place so soon. The particular purposes of these journies we cannot prudently now explain.”[11]This blank should probably be filled up with the name of Count d’Aranda, the Spanish Ambassador in France.[12]Although the above Memorial purports to have beenpresented to the Court of Spain, it would appear, that it was put into the hands of the Marquis de Grimaldi while he was at Burgos, and that he returned an answer probably without consulting the Court, when he met Mr Lee shortly afterwards at Vitoria.[13]This answer seems to have been a verbal one.[14]At the bottom of this letter, and of the Memorial to the Court of Spain, Mr Lee signs himself, “Commissioner Plenipotentiary from the Congress of the United States of America.” But this must have been for the greater formality, as he had not yet received any appointment to Spain from Congress, but only went there by the advice of the Commissioners in Paris.See p. 40, of this volume.[15]For a copy of Dr Franklin’s Commission from Congress to the Court of Spain, see theSecret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. p. 42, under the date of January 2d, 1777.[16]See above, p. 59, Gardoqui’s letter of April 28th.[17]Memorial to the Court of Spain, dated Burgos, March 8th.—See above, p. 41.[18]This letter was drawn up and communicated in the French language.[19]Caron de Beaumarchais.[20]In another part of his correspondence, Mr Lee speaks as follows on this subject.“Three months before Mr Deane’s arrival, (in Paris) M. Beaumarchais settled with me in London the sending these supplies of money and munitions of war, by the Cape, under the firm of Hortalez & Co., and that I should apprize Congress of it, which I did by Mr Story and other opportunities, as the gentlemen of the Secret Committee know. Upon M. de Beaumarchais’ return to Paris, he wrote me several times concerning these supplies, mentioning the difficulties which arose in the execution, from the timidity of the Court, but that he was putting it into the mercantile train, which would soon overcome all difficulties. I did not fail to press the despatch of them, and proposed too the sending some ships of war to protect our coast, exactly similar to what we were afterwards instructed by Congress to obtain.“I do not state this to assume any merit to myself for these supplies. I had none. M. de Beaumarchais sought me out in London. He found me by means of Mr Wilkes, and communicated to me what I was to convey to Congress; that the sum of two hundred thousand louis d’ors from this Court were ready for our support. It was therefore no address of mine, that procured this aid. I was only the instrument of conveying this intelligence. As far as I know, the merit is due to M. de Beaumarchais. I never refused it to him. But I objected to his making demands directly contrary to what he had repeatedly assured me, and not only desired but urged me to report to Congress.”On the 16th of September, 1778, Count de Vergennes wrote as follows to M. Gerard, at that time French Minister in the United States.“Mr Franklin and his colleagues wish to know what articles have been furnished to them by the King, and what M. de Beaumarchais has furnished on his own account; and they have insinuated to me, that Congress is in the belief, that all the articles which have been sent, of at least a great part of them, were on his Majesty’s account. I have just answered them, that the King has furnished nothing; that he has simply permitted M. de Beaumarchais to be provided with articles from his arsenals, upon condition of replacing them.”[21]This letter was agreed upon by the Commissioners, and sent by them conjointly as a circular “To the Captains or Commanders of all ships of war, armed vessels, and privateers from the United States of North America.”[22]Dr Berkenhout had been formerly a friend of Arthur Lee in London, and was employed by the government as a secret agent to endeavor to obtain from the Commissioners in Paris the terms of an accommodation with England.[23]From Baron de Schulenburg.[24]A particular account of the 11th and 12th articles of the treaty, and the manner in which they were proposed and adopted, will be found above, in Silas Deane’s Correspondence, Vol. i. p. 155.[25]For this Memorial and the letter, seep. 41andp. 45of the present volume.[26]Secret Journal, Vol. II. p. 38.[27]Mr Lee seemed to be somewhat less certain afterwards, having in the mean time conversed repeatedly with M. de Beaumarchais on the subject. Writing to Mr Pringle, July 4th, 1779, he says, “I absolutely do not know whether Beaumarchais is right or wrong, and while it is doubtful, one would not impeach his character.”[28]See also on this subjectp. 98 of the present volume;and for some further particulars respecting Count Lauragais, see Vol. 1. p. 150.[29]This letter is directed to Henry Laurens, who had recently been chosen President of Congress.[30]The reason why the sailing of the French fleet, and the Mission of M. Gerard, were not made known to Mr Lee by Dr Franklin and Mr Deane, seems to have been, that they had not the permission of the French Court to communicate the intelligence to him. It does not appear, that Dr Franklin answered the above letter.[31]The reason was, as previously stated, that Franklin and Deane were not authorised by the French Court to make known to any person the sailing of the fleet.[32]This Memorial was printed and circulated in Holland by the friends of the American cause.[33]Missing.[34]The insinuation here, that Dr Franklin was disposed to favor Mr Williams, because he was his nephew, seems to have been made without just grounds. The contrary indeed would appear from the following extract of a letter, written by Dr Franklin to Mr William Lee, March 6th, 1778, when Mr Lee proposed to him that the Commissioners should appoint Mr Williams as a commercial agent at Nantes.“Your proposition,” says Dr Franklin, “about appointing agents in the ports, shall be laid before the Commissioners when they meet. In the mean time, I can only say, that as to my nephew, Mr Williams, though I have from long knowledge and experience of him a high opinion of his abilities, activity, and integrity, will have no hand in his appointment, or in approving it, not being desirous of his being in any way concerned in that business.“I am obliged to you for your good opinion of my nephew, manifested in your intention of nominating him as above, and I beg you to accept my thanks, though for particular reasons, which you know, I do not wish him to accept the employment.”[35]For a full explanation of all the charges contained in this letter, see Silas Deane’s Correspondence in the present work, Vol. I, p. 139, under the date of October 12th, 1778,—also, p. 148 of the same volume. And for a further notice of Mr Williams’s accounts, see p. 172.[36]This relates to military articles for the State of Virginia, which Mr Lee was authorised to procure. The correspondence concerning this subject will be found in the first volume of theLife of Arthur Lee.[37]Both missing.[38]“In Congress, December 3d, 1777.The great quantity of paper money, issued to defray the necessary expenses of the war, having at length become so considerable as to endanger its credit, and Congress apprehending, that the slow operation of taxes may not be adequate to the prevention of an evil so pernicious in its consequences, and as experience proves, that the method of paying the interest by bills on France does not fill the loan office so fast as the urgent calls of war demand,“Resolved, That the Commissioners at the Courts of France and Spain be directed to exert their utmost endeavors to obtain a loan of two millions sterling on the faith of the United States, for a term not less than ten years, with permission if practicable to pay the same sooner if it shall be agreeable to these States, giving twelve months’ previous notice to the lender, of such intention to return the money. That the Commissioners be instructed to consider the money hereby directed to be borrowed, as a fund to be applied, unless Congress direct otherwise, solely to the purpose of answering such drafts as Congress shall make for the purpose of lessening the sum of paper money in circulation.“That in order more effectually to answer the good purposes intended by this plan, the Commissioners be also instructed to keep as secret as the nature of the thing will admit, whatever loan they shall be able to obtain for this purpose on account of the United States.”[39]Several of these letters are missing.[40]This letter was forwarded to Count de Florida Blanca, through the agency of Count d’Aranda, Spanish Ambassador in France.[41]When Mr Deane’s address reached Paris, Mr Lee ascertained that it was intended to be published in theCourier de l’Europe, and he wrote to Count de Vergennes requesting him to order it to be suppressed. The following answer was returned.Versailles, February 9th, 1779.Sir,I received the letter, which you did me the honor of writing to me the 7th instant. I had no knowledge of the writing it mentioned, and yesterday I was about taking measures that it should not be inserted in the Courier de l’Europe, just as that paper was sent to me, wherein I found the writing in question, so that it was out of my power to second your wishes. Do not doubt, Sir, of the regret I experience on account of this disappointment.I have the honor to be, &c.DE VERGENNES.[42]See Silas Deane’s Correspondence, Vol. I. p. 139, 148.[43]Mr Lee wrote a very long letter to the President of Congress, dated February 10th, vindicating himself against statements of Silas Deane. This letter, somewhat altered, was published under the title of “Extracts from a Letter written to the President of Congress, by the Honorable Arthur Lee, in Answer to a Libel published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, of the 5th of December, 1778, by Silas Deane; in which every Charge or Insinuation against him in that Libel is fully and clearly refuted. Philadelphia, 1780.”[44]In a letter to Mr Lovell, one of the Committee of Foreign Affairs, dated June 2d, 1779, Dr Franklin writes as follows.“I have never meddled with the dispute between him (Mr Deane) and Mr Lee, but the suspicion of having a good will to him has drawn upon me a great deal of ill will from his antagonist. The Congress have wisely enjoined the Ministers in Europe to agree with one another. I had always resolved to have no quarrel, and have, therefore, made it a constant rule to answer no angry, affronting, or abusive letters, of which I have received many and long ones from Mr Lee and Mr Izard, who, I understand, and see by the papers, have been writing liberally, or rather illiberally, against me, to prevent, as one of them says here, any impressions my writing against them might occasion to their prejudice. But I have never before mentioned them in any of my letters.”[45]Missing.[46]This letter was accompanied by another, dated April 23d, and entitled “A Memorial respecting the Conduct of Mr Williams,” which was afterwards printed under the title of “Observations on certain Commercial Transactions in France, laid before Congress. By Arthur Lee. Philadelphia, 1780.” To these observations is prefixed a preface, which is not attached to the Memorial first transmitted to Congress.[47]On the 25th of June, Mr Lee wrote to the Count de Florida Blanca, as follows.“I do not press your Excellency about my coming to Madrid. I know your Excellency’s wisdom, and the maturity of judgment with which his Majesty’s councils are conducted. I therefore trust, that when such a step is thought to be proper, you will have the goodness to signify it to me through his Majesty’s Minister at this Court.”I have the honor, &c.ARTHUR LEE.[48]Journal of Congress, April 30th and May 3d, 1779.[49]Journal of Congress, June 10th, 1779.[50]“In Congress, October 13th, 1779.A letter of the 31st of May last, from A. Lee, was read, whereupon,“Resolved, That Mr A. Lee be informed of Mr Jay’s appointment to the Court of Spain, and that, agreeably to his request, he is at liberty to return to America.”[51]For these letters see above,p. 224,227, and249.[52]December 1st.“Resolved, That Mr Lee be informed, that Congress approve of his retaining the picture; that he be further informed, in answer to his letter, that there is no particular charge against him before Congress properly supported, and that he be assured his recall was not intended to fix any kind of censure on his character or conduct abroad.”[53]“May 7th, 1778.Resolved, that the Commissioners appointed for the Courts of Spain, Tuscany, Vienna and Berlin, should live in such style and manner, at their respective Courts, as they may find suitable and necessary to support the dignity of their public character; keeping an account of their expenses, which shall be reimbursed by the Congress of the United States of America;“That besides the actual expenses of the Commissioners, a handsome allowance be made to each of them as a compensation for their services;“That the Commissioners of the other Courts in Europe be empowered to draw bills of exchange from time to time for the amount of their expenses upon the Commissioners at the Court of France.”[54]Missing.[55]For letters from M. Van Berckel and M. Dumas on this subject, see the Correspondence of the Commissioners in France. Vol. I. pp. 456, 457, 476, 480, 488.[56]See these letters and paper in Mr Deane’s Correspondence, Vol. I, pp. 129, 139, 148, 155, of this work.[57]For a correction of an error here, in regard to the imputed designs of Dr Franklin respecting his nephew,see the note on p. 164, of the present volume.[58]His Address to the American People, published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, of December 5th, 1778.[59]This was not true in regard to the “mediating powers,” but it was the invariable reply of France to all the propositions made by other powers for a mediation between her and England, that the independence of the United States must be assumed as a previously established point.[60]Both missing.[61]“August 6th, 1779, Resolved, that an allowance of 11,428 livres tournois per annum be made to the several Commissioners of the United States in Europe for their services, besides their reasonable expenses respectively;“That the salary, as well as the expenses, be computed from the time of their leaving their places of abode to enter on the duties of their offices, to be continued three months after notice of their recall, to enable them to repair to their families respectively.”[62]“September 12th, 1781.The committee to whom was referred a letter of the 12th of April last from Mr William Lee, report,“That upon principles admitted by Congress in the settlement of an account similar to that transmitted by Mr Lee, there appears to be due to him a balance of 42,189 livres tournois; whereupon,“Ordered, That the account be referred to the Superintendent of Finance, to take order for payment of the balance, with interest, at the rate of six per cent per annum from this day, as soon as the state of the public finances will admit.”[63]See the history of the 11th and 12th articles of the treaty, in Mr Deane’s letter of the 12th of October, 1778, Vol. I. p. 166; also in Arthur Lee’s, letters, Vol. II,p. 127.[64]See thethree preceding letters.[65]They were not permitted by the French Court to make it known.[66]In reply to this letter, see Mr Deane’s letter to the President of Congress, dated October 12th, 1778, Vol. I. p. 129.[67]Succeeding events proved all these suspicions and speculations to have been erroneous.[68]For the correction of an error here, respecting Dr Franklin’s designs in regard to his nephew, see the present volume,p. 164, note.[69]In Congress, June 8th, 1779.“According to the order of the day, Congress proceeded to the consideration of the report of the Committee of thirteen on Foreign Affairs; and on the question, shall Mr Izard be recalled?—resolved in the affirmative.“A motion was then made, that Mr Izard be informed, that it is the sense of Congress that he need not return to America;—resolved in the affirmative.”[70]For an account of the appointment of Henry Laurens to “negotiate a foreign loan,” and also as a “Commissioner to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with the United Provinces of the Low Countries,” see theSecret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. pp. 283, 285, 290, 314, 320.[71]In Congress, November 23d, 1779.Committee reported, “that bills of exchange be drawn on John Jay to the amount of £100,000 sterling, and on Henry Laurens to the amount of £100,000 sterling, payable at six months sight, and that the same be sold at the current rate of exchange.”November 29th.“Congress took into consideration the report of the Committee appointed to report the manner in which the resolution of the 23d instant, relative to the drawing bills of exchange on Mr Jay and Mr Laurens, shall be carried into execution; whereupon“Resolved, That the bills be prepared under the direction of the Board of Treasury, and with such checks as they may devise to prevent counterfeits, and be signed by the Treasurer of Loans.“That so many of the bills as the Treasury Board shall, from time to time think proper to issue, be put into the hands of the Continental Loan Officer in the State of Pennsylvania, or of any other State; and that the Board of Treasury direct the lowest rate of exchange at which the same may be sold.“That the Board of Treasury may, at their discretion, suspend the sale of such bills, reporting to Congress their reasons for so doing, that they may receive directions thereon.“That the Committee of Foreign Affairs be, and they are hereby directed to write to Mr Jay and Mr Laurens, informing them of the drafts that will be made upon them, and explaining fully the reasons that urge Congress to draw, directing them to keep up a mutual correspondence, and afford each other every assistance in procuring money to pay the bills.“That 1.8 per cent on monies received in payment for the said bills shall be allowed to the persons intrusted with the sale thereof.“That no bill be drawn for a less sum than the amount of £50 sterling.”[72]This letter is missing, nor does it appear from the Correspondence at what time, or from what place Mr Laurens sailed. On the 20th of June, 1780, it was resolved in Congress, that, as circumstances had prevented his departure, the commission to negotiate a loan in the United Provinces and the Low Countries, should be transferred to John Adams. And on the 7th of July, it was resolved, “That the commission, which was agreed to on the first day of November, 1779, for the honorable Henry Laurens, as a Commissioner to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with the States-General of the United Provinces of the Low Countries, be delivered to him; and that the consideration of the instructions relative to the negotiation of the treaty be for the present deferred; and that Mr Laurens, on his arrival in Holland, inform himself of the state of affairs in that country, and advise Congress particularly thereof, that they may be able to decide with more certainty upon the terms on which such treaty ought to be settled.”[73]The following letter merits insertion in this place. It was written to Count de Vergennes by the Marchioness de Lafayette, wife of the Marquis de Lafayette, immediately after she heard the news of the capture of Mr Laurens. It is translated from the original, which I found among the American papers in the Archives of Foreign Affairs in Paris. It should be premised, that, after the Marquis de Lafayette was wounded at the battle of Brandywine, Mr Laurens, then at Philadelphia, took him in his carriage to Bethlehem, and provided for him a safe and comfortable retreat, where he remained till his wound was healed. This letter to the Count de Vergennes, is equally a proof of the gratitude and tenderness of its fair author.“Paris, October 18th, 1780.“Pardon, I pray you, Sir, my importunity, and permit me to address you with the confidence with which your kindnesses to M. de Lafayette have inspired me, and to speak to you of an affair, which interests me deeply. The capture and detention of Mr Laurens in England has sensibly afflicted me. He is the intimate friend of M. de Lafayette, and took care of him during the time of his wound in a manner truly touching. His misfortune seems to me overwhelming, and when we consider the high station he has held in America, it is probable that it may become still more so. I know not if any means can be found to prevent it, or even to soften the actual rigors of his captivity; but I am persuaded, Sir, if there are any such, that they will be known to you. Should it be possible, let me entreat you earnestly to put them in use.“Permit me also to speak to you of an idea which has occurred to me, and which is not perhaps entirely unworthy of consideration. M. de Lafayette has friends, that are on intimate terms with Mr Fitzpatrick, who is himself well known. Among the ladies of my acquaintance are some, who are the confidential friends of Lady Stormont. May not something be done through these parties in favor of Mr Laurens? And what must be said to them? I beg you a thousand times to pardon my importunities, and give me in this affair your kind interest and counsels. You will perhaps think me very ridiculous, and very unreasonable, but the hope, however ill founded, of rendering some good service to the unfortunate friend of M. de Lafayette, has prompted me to run this risk, and make this experiment upon your indulgence, which, at least, I must desire you to accord to me. This will add yet more to the lively and sincere acknowledgment, with which I have the honor to be,Sir, your very humble, and very obedient servant,NOAILLES DE LAFAYETTE.”[74]I have been often assured, that this declaration had a very great effect upon the minds of the people in England in favor of American independence.—Note by Mr Laurens.[75]I might assign various reasons, all valid, for this determination. The following single consideration, I trust, will be satisfactory to Congress. Five persons are nominated in the commission, not conjunctly, but severally and respectively, fully empowered. Whence it evidently appears, that Congress had not in view or expectation that the whole would act; therefore, as there are three of those persons besides myself, and all of superior abilities upon the spot, were I to thrust myself in, merely to make a fourth figure, I should feel guilty of a species of peculation by putting the public to unnecessary expense, without any well grounded hope of rendering public service.—Note by Mr Laurens.[76]I have replied to my friend, who wrote to me on this subject, as follows; “As to the peace bill, let them shape it as they please, Wisdom is justified of her children; if they will act foolishly, be the consequences to themselves. I have said and done all that became me.”—Note by Mr Laurens.[77]In his letter of May 30th, (see above, p. 464) Mr Laurens insinuates, that Dr Franklin had neglected him while he was in the Tower. The following letter and extract, written by Dr Franklin, will show that this suspicion was groundless.“TO SIR GREY COOPER, BARONET,SECRETARY TO THE TREASURY OF GREAT BRITAIN.Passy, November 7th, 1780.“Sir,“I understand that Mr Laurens, an American gentleman, for whom I have a great esteem, is a prisoner in the Tower, and that his health suffers by the closeness and rigor of his confinement. As I do not think that your affairs receive any advantage from the harshness of this proceeding, I take the freedom of requesting your kind interposition, to obtain for him such a degree of air and liberty, on his parole, or otherwise, as may be necessary for his health and comfort. The fortune of war, which is daily changing, may possibly put it in my power to do the like good office for some friend of yours, which I shall perform with much pleasure, not only for the sake of humanity, but in respect to the ashes of our former friendship.“With great regard, I have the honor to be, &c.B. FRANKLIN.”On the 14th of May, 1781, he writes to the President of Congress.—“Agreeable to the vote of Congress, I have requested the assistance of this (the French) Court, for obtaining the release of Mr President Laurens. It does not yet appear that the thing is practicable. What the present situation is of that unfortunate gentleman, may be gathered from the enclosed letters.”The letters here alluded to are, one from Sir Grey Cooper, dated November 29th, 1780; and another from Charles Vernon, Lieutenant Governor of the Tower of London, dated November 27th. They may be found in Dr Franklin’s Correspondence under these dates.[78]“In Congress, September 17th, 1782.—Resolved, That the honorable Henry Laurens be informed, in answer to his letter of the 30th of May, 1782, that the reasons which induced the United States in Congress assembled, to appoint him to be one of their Ministers Plenipotentiary for negotiating a peace still existing, his services in the execution of that trust cannot be dispensed with.“Resolved, That the honorable John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens, be respectively informed, that it is the pleasure and express direction of Congress, that they punctually attend and assist in the negotiations for peace; and that each of them be instructed, upon receiving information of the time and place appointed for opening the negotiations, immediately to give notice thereof to the rest, that may be in Europe, in order that each may have a seasonable opportunity to take part in the trust reposed by the said commission, and earnestly enjoined by this act.”
P. S.Besides the papers A and B, you will find enclosed a copy of an Order in Council of the 14th of May, 1783, and Mr Hartley’s observations on his propositions of the 21st of May.
P. S. 18th.I have just received an intimation of the tottering state of the present Ministry from their own quarter. Should the late premier recover the reins, which were plucked out of his hands, I apprehend everything in his power will be attempted to embarrass our proceeding.
A.
Articles proposed by the American Commissioners to Mr Hartley.
ARTICLE I.
It is agreed, that as soon as his Britannic Majesty shall have withdrawn all his armies, garrisons, and fleets from the United States of America, and from every port, post, place, and harbor, within the same, as stipulated by the seventh article of the Provisional Treaty of the 30th of November, 1782, then, and from thenceforth, for and during the term of _______ years, all rivers, harbors, lakes, ports, and places, belonging to the United States, or any of them, shall be open and free to the merchants, and other subjects of the crown of Great Britain and their trading vessels, who shall be received, treated, and protected like the merchants and trading vessels of the States in which they may be, and be liable to no other charges or duties.
And reciprocally, all rivers, harbors, lakes, ports, and places, under the dominion of his Britannic Majesty, shall thenceforth be open and free to the trading vessels of the said United States, and of each and every of them, who shall be received, treated, and protected like the merchants and trading vessels of Great Britain, and be liable to no other charges and duties, saving always to the chartered trading companies of Great Britain, such exclusive use and trade of their respective ports and establishments, as neither the other subjects of Great Britain nor any of the most favored nations participate in.
ARTICLE II.
It is agreed, that such persons as may be in confinement in the United States of America, for or by reason of the part which they may have taken in the late war, shall be set at liberty immediately on the evacuation of the said States, by the troops and fleets of his Britannic Majesty.
And it is likewise agreed, that all such persons who may be in confinement, in any parts under the dominion of his Britannic Majesty, for, or by reason of the part which they may have taken in the late war, shall, at the same time, be also immediately set at liberty.
ARTICLE III.
The prisoners made respectively by the arms of his Britannic Majesty and those of the United States of America, both by land and sea, shall be immediately set at liberty without ransom, on paying the debts they may have contracted during their captivity. And each contracting party shall respectively reimburse the sums, which shall have been advanced for the subsistence and maintenance of their prisoners by the sovereign of the country where they shall have been detained, according to the receipts and attested accounts, and other authentic titles which shall be produced on each side.
B.
Mr Hartley’s proposed Article of Agreement, delivered by him to the American Commissioners for their Consideration, May 21st, 1783.
Whereas it is highly necessary that an intercourse of trade and commerce should be opened between the people and territories belonging to the Crown of Great Britain, and the people and territories of the United States of America. And, whereas, it ishighly expedient that the intercourse between Great Britain and the said United States, should be established on the most enlarged principles of reciprocal benefit to both countries; but from the distance between Great Britain and America, it must be a considerable time before any convention or treaty for establishing and regulating the trade and intercourse between Great Britain and the said United States of America, upon a permanent foundation can be concluded; now for the purpose of making a temporary regulation of the commerce and intercourse between Great Britain and the United States of America,
It is agreed, that all the citizens of the United States of America shall be permitted to import into, and export from, any part of his Britannic Majesty’s dominions in American ships, any goods, wares and merchandise, which have been so imported, or exported, by the inhabitants of the British American Colonies, before the commencement of the war, upon payment of the same duties and charges, as the like sort of goods or merchandise are now, or may be subject and liable to, if imported by British subjects in British ships, from any British island or plantation in America, and that all the subjects of his Britannic Majesty shall be permitted to import and export from any part of the territories of the United States of America, in British ships, any goods, wares and merchandise, which might have been so imported, or exported by the subjects of his Britannic Majesty before the commencement of the war, upon payment of the same duties and charges, as the like sort of goods, wares and merchandise are now, or may be subject and liable to, if imported in American ships by any of the citizens of the United States of America.
This agreement to continue in force until _______. Provided always, that nothing contained in this agreement shall at any time hereafter be argued on either side, in support of any future demand or claim.
Observations and Propositions of Mr Hartley, left with the American Ministers, May 21st, 1783.
A proposition having been offered by the American ministers for the consideration of his Britannic Majesty’s ministers, and of the British nation, for an entire and reciprocal freedom of intercourse and commerce between Great Britain and the American United States, in the following words, viz.
“That all rivers, harbors, lakes, ports and places, belonging to the United States or any of them, shall be open and free to the merchants and other subjects of the Crown of Great Britain and their trading vessels, who shall be received, treated and protected like the merchants and trading vessels of the State in which they may be, and may be liable to no other charges or duties.
“And reciprocally, that all rivers, harbors, lakes, ports and places, under the dominion of his Britannic Majesty, shall be open and free to the merchants and trading vessels of the said United States, and of each and every of them, who shall be received, treated, and protected like the merchants and trading vessels of Great Britain, and to be liable to no other charges and duties, saving always to the chartered trading companies of Great Britain, such exclusive use and trade of their respective ports and establishments, as neither the other subjects of Great Britain, or any of the most favored nations participate in.”
It is to be observed, that this proposition implies a more ample participation of British commerce, than the American States possessed even under their former connexion of dependence upon Great Britain, so as to amount to an entire abolition of the British act of navigation, in respect to the thirteen United States of America, and although proceeding on their part from the most conciliatory and liberal principles of amity and reciprocity, nevertheless it comes from them, as newly established States, and who, in consequence of their former condition of dependence, have never yet had any established system of national commercial laws, or of commercial connexions by treaties with other nations, free and unembarrassed of many weighty considerations, which require the most scrupulous attention and investigation on the part of Great Britain, whose ancient system of national and commercial policy is thus suddenly called upon to take a new principle for its foundation, and whose commercial engagements with other ancient States may be most materially affected thereby. For the purpose, therefore, of giving sufficient time for the consideration and discussion of so important a proposition, respecting the present established system of the commercial laws and policy of Great Britain, and their subsisting commercial engagements with foreign powers, it is proposed that a temporary intercourse of commerce shall be established between Great Britain and the American States, previously to the conclusion of any final and perpetual compact. In this intervening period, as the strict line and measure of reciprocity, from various circumstances, cannot be absolutely and completely adhered to, it may be agreed that the commerce between the two countries shall revive, as nearly as can be, upon the same footing and terms as formerly subsisted between them, provided always, that no concession on either side, in theproposed temporary convention, shall be argued hereafter in support of any future demand or claim. In the mean time, the proposition above stated may be transmitted to London, requesting (with his Majesty’s consent) that it may be laid before Parliament for their consideration.
It is proposed therefore, that the unmanufactured produce of the United States should be admitted into Great Britain without any other duties, (those imposed during the war excepted) than those to which they were formerly liable. And it is expected in return, that the produce and manufactures of Great Britain should be admitted into the United States in like manner. If there should appear any want of reciprocity in this proposal, upon the grounds of asking admission for British manufactures into America, while no such indulgence is given to American manufactures in Great Britain, the answer is obvious, that the admission of British manufactures into America is an object of great importance, and equally productive of advantage to both countries, while, on the other hand, the introduction of American manufactures into Great Britain can be of no service to either, and may be productive of innumerable frauds, by enabling persons, so disposed, to pass foreign European goods, either prohibited or liable to great duties by the British laws, for American manufactures.
With regard to the West Indies, there is no objection to the most free intercourse between them and the United States. The only restriction proposed to be laid upon that intercourse, is prohibiting American ships carrying to those Colonies any other merchandise, than the produce of their own country. The same observation may be made upon this restriction as upon the former. It is not meant to affectthe interests of the United States, but it is highly necessary, lest foreign ships should make use of the American flag, to carry on a trade with the British West India Islands.
It is also proposed upon the same principle to restrain the ships, that may trade to Great Britain from America, from bringing foreign merchandise into Great Britain. The necessity of this restriction is likewise evident, unless Great Britain meant to give up the whole navigation act. There is no necessity for any similar restrictions on the part of the American States, those States not having as yet any acts of navigation.
TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
Bath, June 27th, 1783.
Sir,
I beg leave to refer you to the contents of a letter, which I had the honor of writing from London the 17th instant, by the hands of Mr John Vaughan, and a copy by Mr Thomas Stoughton. Two days ago, I had the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 8th of May, together with an act of Congress of the 1st of April, giving leave for my return to America, agreeably to my request, for which I make the most sincere acknowledgments.
I am happy to find the provisional treaty had received the plaudit and ratification of Congress, and should have been ready to have given the best answers in my power to the inquiries which you allude to, had you been pleased to extend them. I know not whether any steps have been taken toward a definitive or other treaty since the 7thinstant, when I left Paris, having received no letters from my colleagues, but they no doubt will keep you regularly informed.
You will have seen, Sir, in several of my former letters, which must have reached you before this day, that no exertions of mine were wanting, for delivering you from those troublesome guests of whom you complain. I foresaw the great uneasiness, which their long continuance at New York would create. I regret exceedingly, that so free a communication as “on the former footing” preceded the accomplishment of that great and necessary work. I had entertained ideas, that my country would have treated it with more solemnity.
I have no account to settle with Dr Franklin, having received no money but from Mr Grand, viz. twenty thousand livres, and sixteen thousand six hundred and sixtysix livres, thirteen sols, which I believe are all the remittances you have made to me, and which I have already formally acknowledged. The latter sum, indeed, I have not actually received, but it stands to my credit with Mr Grand, and I soon shall have occasion to draw for it. I am at present in a poor state of health, but I hope Bath and sea bathing will be of service to me. The summer season being so far advanced, I shall prepare for embarkation early in October. No opportunity of serving my country in the mean time shall be slighted or neglected.
I have the honor to be, with great respect, &c.
HENRY LAURENS.
TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
Bath, July 17th, 1783.
Sir,
My present address will be accompanied by a copy of my last of the 27th of June, to which I beg leave to refer. The enclosed proclamation of the 2d of July, in the London Gazette of the 12th, seems to complete a commercial treaty with America on the part of Great Britain, “until further order.” I am informed Mr David Hartley is soon expected from Paris, without having made any treaty with the American Ministers. I speak from report, but have received no advices from my colleagues.
This will be delivered to you by Thomas Carpenter, who is going with three other persons, under the auspices of Rev. Mr Wells of Broomsgrove, to offer themselves as settlers and citizens in the United States. Mr Wells and his concerns are strongly recommended to me by Dr Price, and by the Rev. Mr Wrenn, of Portsmouth. Upon this ground, permit me to crave your countenance and protection in favor of Mr Carpenter and his associates. I was informed yesterday, and though by pretty good authority I speak only as from report, that Mr Silas Deane, who has been in London about four months, has been an active hand in chalking out a treaty of commerce for us. I shall know more of this when I get to London, some ten days hence. I have not yet fully recovered my health, but am nevertheless taking measures for embarking early in October.
I have the honor to be, &c.
HENRY LAURENS.
TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
Bath, July 17th, 1783.
Sir,
A few hours after I had despatched an address to you of the present date, by the hands of Mr Carpenter, who, I hope, will also be the bearer of this, I received a letter from Doctor Franklin, in which he writes, “I want you here on many accounts, and should be glad of your assistance in considering and answering our public letters; there are matters in them, of which I cannot conveniently give you an account at present.” Although I had flattered myself with the hope of being free, and however so long a journey at the present season may further impair my health, and the delay derange my measures for embarkation, I must not refuse to obey such a call. I shall begin my journey tomorrow morning, and, barring accidents, be at Paris in seven days, or sooner.
I have the honor to be, with the highest respect, &c.
HENRY LAURENS.
TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
Washington, off Poole, August 2d, 1783.
Sir,
In pursuance of the determination signified in the preceding copy of my last, of the 17th ult, I proceeded to Paris, and arrived there on the 23d. The despatches being finished for captain Barney, by advice of Dr Franklin and Mr Jay, I embarked in the Washington, and am presently going on shore at Poole, from whence I shall immediatelyproceed to London, and apply to the Ministers at that Court for learning their resolutions, respecting the long pending treaties, and particularly for information, whether a Minister from the United States will be properly received there. Had the wind been unfavorable, I should have detained Captain Barney for conveyance of such answers as I may receive, but I have recommended to him to profit by the present easterly gale, without losing a moment. I am from sea sickness unable to add more, except that I shall advise by the earliest opportunities, and that,
I have the honor to be, &c.
HENRY LAURENS.
TO L. R. MORRIS.
London, August 9th, 1783.
Sir,
On the 4th instant, I had the honor of receiving your very obliging letter of April the 18th, accompanied by “a state of Mr Laurens’s account with the United States,” &c. and a bill on Mr Grand for its apparent balance 7083 livres, 7s. which is said to be for three months’ salary from the 1st of January, to the 31st of March 1783. For former quarter’s salary, about 16,666 livres, 13s. had been remitted to me, wherefore I presume there is an error in the present article. I have not learned of any alteration made by Congress in the Ministers’ salaries, except in the mode of calculating the exchange of dollars. If there is an error you will cause it to be rectified. Be pleased, Sir, to accept this as an acknowledgment of the receipt of the said bill for seven thousand and eighty-three livres and sevensols, and also of my best thanks for your goodness in forwarding the remittance. Besides the above mentioned error, the account is partial, confined probably to the administration of Mr Robert R. Livingston, or of Mr R. Morris, and an adjustment of the whole therefore must be deferred to a future day. I would also remark another omission, the commission for agency, due either to Mr Livingston or yourself, which may be deducted from a future bill, and will be admitted on my part with alacrity and thankfulness for your trouble.
I have the honor to be, with great respect and esteem,
HENRY LAURENS.
TO THE MINISTERS OF THE UNITED STATES AT PARIS.
London, August 9th, 1783.
Gentlemen,
Availing myself of your consent and recommendation, I embarked at Lettavre, on board the Washington, and sailed from thence the 1st instant. On the 2d, 9 o’clock A.M. we were within six leagues of Poole, in Dorsetshire. The wind being very favorable, I quitted the ship, went on board a small hoy bound to Poole, and urged Captain Barney to proceed on his voyage, leaving my excellent post carriage to take its fate on the ship’s deck, in preference to the risk of delaying him a single hour. Had the wind been westerly, I might have detained him a few days, for despatching to Congress the result of my application to the Ministers of this Court. I judge from the state of the wind since I parted with Captain Barney, that he was clear of the channel Sunday night the 3d, and that he is now 150 or 200 leagues advanced on his voyage.
I arrived in London late in the night of the 3d, and on the 5th had a conference with Mr Fox, which I committed to writing as soon as it had ended. I shall give it in a short dialogue, as the best way, not pretending to accuracy in every word, but fully preserving the sense and substance.
Mr Fox.I suppose, Mr L. you wish to forward the ratification of the provisional articles.
L.I could wish that was done, Sir, but it is not the particular business I have in charge.
F.I understood from Mr Hartley’s letter, which you sent me, that it was, but he does not speak positively.
L.No, Sir, the only business I have in charge, is to inquire, whether a Minister from the United States of America would be properly received at this Court.
F.Most undoubtedly, Sir; I could wish that there was one here at present; I think we have lost much time from a want of a Minister from your side.
L.Then, Sir, will you be so good as to ask his Majesty, and inform me?
F.I will take the King’s pleasure tomorrow, and you shall hear from me; I suppose there is already a conditional appointment of some person now in Europe.
L.Not that I know of, though I do not know the contrary, but I have an excellent opportunity of writing to Congress, and I have no doubt an appointment will be made immediately.
F.That is unlucky; there must be two crossings of the ocean then; if a Minister of Congress had been here, we might have done our business in half the time we have already spent, but I shall certainly inform you tomorrow; this is the very time a Minister from your people is most necessary.
L.Though I have nothing particularly in charge except the business already mentioned, I regret the delay of both the commercial and definitive treaty. We had flattered ourselves with hopes in March and April, that both would have been finished in a few days.
F.Why, as to a definitive treaty, I cannot see any necessity for one, or not immediately. The provisional articles are to be inserted, and to constitute a treaty; a ratification of those, I apprehend, will answer all the purposes of a definitive treaty; they may be made definitive. The case with respect to France and Spain differs widely; several articles in our preliminaries with them refer to a definitive treaty.
L.I agree with you, Sir, that the provisional articles, mutually ratified, may, by the consent of the parties, be made definitive; but there may be additional articles suggested and agreed to for mutual benefit.
F.That is true; but I do not see any at present; I very much regret the want of a Minister from America.
L.Permit me, Sir, to ask you, is it intended by the proclamation of the 2d of July, to exclude American ships from the West India trade, between the United States and the British islands?
F.Yes, certainly, it was so intended, in order that we might have something to treat for, and this will be a subject for a commercial treaty.
On the 6th, I waited upon his Grace, the Duke of Portland. His Grace was equally clear and positive as Mr Fox had declared himself, that a Minister from the United States of America would be well received at this Court, and also regretted that an appointment had not earliertaken place. I touched upon the commercial and definitive treaty, referred to assurances in March and April, intimated my apprehensions of pernicious effects, which might arise from excluding American ships from a freedom between the United States and the British West India Islands, adding what I had learnt from Doctor Franklin of the commerce intended by the Court of France, between our America and the French Islands. I can only say, the Duke seemed to wish that everything had been settled to mutual satisfaction, and hoped that everything would soon be settled.
Yesterday, by the desire of Mr Fox, I called upon him again; he said he had not seen the King, but that he had transmitted an account to his Majesty of my application; that we might be perfectly satisfied, however, that a Minister from Congress would be well received; that the appointment of one was much wished for here; that he must take blame to himself in some degree for the long delay of a commercial regulation, but that business would now soon be finished; he had no objection himself to opening the West India trade to the Americans, but there were many parties to please, and you know, added Mr Fox, the people of this country very well. Yes, Sir, I know something of them, and I find not only the West India planters, but some of the most judicious merchants, anxious for opening the trade. I have been told by some of them, that they should be ruined without it. I believe all this, said Mr Fox, but there are other people of a different opinion. As to the definitive treaty, there may be, as you observed, new articles necessary for mutual advantage, and we may either add such to the provisional articles and make the whole definitive, or make a new treaty; but I understand it is expectedthis should be done under the eye of, or in concert with the Court of France, which for my own part I do not like, and cannot consent to. I replied, in my opinion a new treaty definitive would be best, as well for incorporating additional articles, as for clearing away some of the rubbish in the provisional, which contained, if not nonsense, more than a little ambiguity; that though I did not see the necessity for it now, yet I had been told it was expected our definitive treaty should be finished in communication with the French Court, but as I had formerly observed, I had received no charge on this head, and spoke only the sentiments of Mr Laurens to Mr Fox, and not to a Minister of Great Britain.
I have detailed facts as fully and freely as memory has enabled me. I leave them with you under this one remark, that we are cooler in the dog days than we were at the vernal equinox. The philosophy of Versailles and Passy may account for, and guard against the effect of extreme changes. I have found my presence here at this juncture of some use in explaining, or attempting to explain, the late mutiny at Philadelphia. The enemies of this country, and of the United States had exulted, the friends of both had too much abandoned themselves to dread, that the soldiery had assumed the reins of government, and that all the States of America were rushing into anarchy. Captain Carberry and Lieutenant Sullivan, those rash young officers who led on the mutineers to the State House, arrived a few days ago. The former has been with me, expressing deep concern for his conduct, desirous of returning, with an assurance of personal safety, and wanting money for supporting daily expenses, alleging that the United States are indebted to him at least “twelve hundred pounds currencyexclusive of land.” I have recommended to him to return immediately, and demean himself to the laws of his country, and submit to the magnanimity of Congress. He expresses a dread of undergoing a trial. Could I afford it, and were to advance money for his living in London, should I not incur censure at home? I beg you will communicate such particulars of that disturbance and the event of it, as you may have learned, and your opinion for my conduct respecting these officers.
Mr Barclay will tell you of a display of the American standard under a triumphant British pendant at a very capital inland fair. Trifling as the insult may appear, it discovers a little leaven at the centre.
I have the honor to be, &c.
HENRY LAURENS.
TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
London, August 9th, 1783.
Sir,
The annexed is a duplicate of a few lines, which I had the honor of addressing you, on the 2d instant, by Captain Barney, in the ship Washington, and enclosed with this you will find an exact copy of my letter of the present date, written to the Ministers of the United States at Paris, which will show in brief, what I have been doing since my return to London, and afford some information to Congress for their government in the appointment of a Minister at this Court. To both which I beg leave to refer.
I have received a letter of the 18th of April from Mr L. R. Morris, enclosing what is called a state of my account with the UnitedStates, and a bill on Mr Grand for its balance, 7083 livres, 7s. which, as far as it goes, appears to be right, though I have not yet had time for minute examination. I am much obliged for the remittance, but the account must rest to a future day for final settlement. I had formerly intimated my ignorance of the stipend Congress had determined to allow me, and having no information on that head it is not in my power to correct or confirm this, or to frame a new account. It may appear that my services were as valuable in the Tower of London, and after my release, antecedently to an appointment in the commission for peace, as they could possibly have been in any other station, notwithstanding the former might not have been quite so pleasant a sphere to myself; but I am in the judgment of Congress, and shall perfectly acquiesce in their will.
I shall go tomorrow to Bath, in hopes of confirming my lately recovered health, and shall be preparing for embarkation in October. I am in treaty for one of the cabins of the packets at Falmouth, and know but one circumstance that can detain me. My brother, who has resided upwards of six years in the south of France, had been many months past in a most deplorable state, every day expected to be his last, yet he lives. The prospect of leaving a widowed sister and my youngest daughter, who is with them, at such a distance without a protector is exceedingly distressing to me. Should my brother’s unhappy condition be extended a month or two, I may be compelled to defer my voyage to the next spring; in such case, I shall hold myself discharged from the service of Congress, I mean so far only as respects salary. I shall miss no opportunity of serving my country while I am in Europe. No doubt Congress will admit a reasonabletime for my return, and provide for the expense of my passage. Letters under cover to Richard Oswald will find me here, or overtake me.
I am, with the highest esteem, &c.
HENRY LAURENS.
P. S.Reviewing the above mentioned “state of account,” I perceive only 7083 livres, 7s. have been carried to my credit, for three months from the 1st of January to the 30th of March, 1783, and only that sum remitted, which I presume is an error.
TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
London, September 11th, 1783.
Sir,
Permit me to refer to copies of my letter to yourself, and to the American Ministers at Paris, both of the 9th ult. which will accompany this. I was on the point of agreeing for the cabin of the packet, alluded to in my last letter, when I received a letter from my sister Laurens in the south of France, informing me that my brother, who has been long in a declining state, feeling himself approaching fast to dissolution, earnestly wished to see me before I should leave Europe. I cannot refuse to comply with the request of a dying friend, and besides this, humanity and gratitude forbid my leaving a widowed sister, who has been the foster mother of my daughters, at such a distance from her home, and unacquainted with the language of the country, without a friend and protector. I intend, therefore, to proceed immediately, trusting in the goodness of Congress for an exemption from censure in this singular case. Whenit is considered how exceedingly detrimental to my own interest the delay will be, it must appear that I submit to it from necessity. The journey, going and coming, will probably take up two, perhaps three months, allowing a reasonable time for detention at Vigan; hence I have no prospect of embarking before the next Spring. I should have been already advanced on my journey, but I wait the arrival of Mr Jay and Mr Hartley, who are daily expected from Paris.
Yesterday I received from Dr Franklin a copy of a letter written the 31st of August to Congress, which shows that the definitive treaty amounts to nothing more than a re-confirmation of the Provisional Articles, which I much regret. As it is possible this may arrive before the advices from France, I think it proper to enclose the copy abovementioned.
A Mr Edmund Jennings has been long hovering over, and as often as he could find opportunity, penetrating into American councils on this side of the water, and there is good reason for believing, notwithstanding all his pretensions to friendship, that his chief business has been to create dissensions, and also that he has been the principal contriver and manager of anonymous letters, calculated for that purpose. As I had detected Mr Jennings in some very improper conduct of this sort, and therefore refused him my countenance any longer, he, knowing no medium between familiarity and enmity, pricked by his own conscience, and enraged by my silence, took an opportunity in my absence of printing about forty pages of misrepresentation and falsehood, which he circulated in a private way, with a view, I suppose, of injuring me, and I am informed he has sent a large quantity of his paper to America, under the patronage, as I havereason to believe, of Dr Bancroft. Congress, and my fellow citizens in general, are too wise to condemn before they hear; therefore, I have taken the liberty to send you for their information, forty two copies of “a true state of the case,” packed in a box put under the care of Captain Josiah, the bearer of this. I write this “state of the case” in very great haste, and might have said much more to Mr Jennings’s disgrace, but there is enough to show, that he is not worthy of public trust, and that he is a dangerous confidant to a Minister of State.
Readers of Mr Jennings’s paper, from the profusion of his charges against me of animosity, enmity, uncalmness of temper, &c. &c. would suppose there had been much altercation between us, either by letter or verbally. On the contrary, I have neither corresponded with, or seen him but twice passing in the streets, since the sixth of January last, and nothing is more evident than my carefully avoiding to relate to those whom he alludes to as his particular friends, the discovery of his folly in asserting a lie upon his honor, unless he means to include Mr Adams as one of them; a sense of duty to my country, and a sincere regard for Mr Adams, led me to attempt to open his eyes, and I judged it equally necessary to inform Dr Franklin and Mr Jay. But I shall trouble you no longer on this subject. Congress will be possessed of the two papers, and I shall submit to their judgment. I do not esteem it a trifling affair, to remove a wicked and mischievous favorite from his influence in our councils.
I have the honor to be, &c.
HENRY LAURENS.
P. S.You will receive with this two of the latest Gazettes, and divers other newspapers to this day inclusive.
TO THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.
Dover, September 16th, 1783.
Sir,
In my way to France, I found here the sloop Olive Branch, on the point of sailing to Philadelphia. By her I trouble you with the preceding copy of my last address of the 11th instant, and also a couple of newspapers. Mr George Taylor goes in this vessel, recommended by that very worthy man, Granville Sharpe, than whom the United States have not a warmer friend in Europe. Shall I therefore request you, Sir, to countenance this young gentleman, and assist him in his virtuous pursuits? I think he can have no other in view, going from Mr Sharpe.
Mr Hartley was with me yesterday morning, and said he had hopes “things would do yet,” alluding to the Commercial Treaty. I am sure he means well, but I put “all proper confidence” in everything they say. “Things will indeed do yet,” provided we take care of ourselves.
With the highest regard and respect, I have the honor to be, &c.
HENRY LAURENS.
TO CHARLES THOMPSON.
Bath, March 28th, 1784.
Sir,
Doctor Franklin lately conveyed to me a copy of your letter of the 5th of January last, directed to the Ministers of the United States for treating with Great Britain. It found me at this place in a very ill state of health. Ill as I was, I should have repaired immediatelyto Whitehall, had not Mr David Hartley, who still retains his commission, happened to have been present, and just going to London. I requested him to propose to Lord Carmaerthen, a convention for extending the stipulated term for exchanging ratifications of our definitive treaty of the 3d of September, and for that purpose I would without delay repair to London, for executing it on the part of the United States, if necessary; to add that if the formality might be dispensed with, without prejudice to either of the contracting parties, I desired the assent of the minister should be signified to me in writing. This morning brought me a letter from Mr Hartley, a copy of which will accompany this. I flatter myself, that the contents will afford the same satisfaction to Congress, as I feel upon the occasion.
Previous to the late dissolution of Parliament, a bill was passed, extending what is called the Intercourse Bill to the 20th of June, upon which probably will be grounded a new proclamation, for regulating the commerce between this kingdom and the United States. I have requested Major Jackson, who will do me the honor to take charge of this letter, to watch the London Gazette, and should a proclamation appear while he is in London, to enclose one of those papers to you, for the information of Congress. The West India merchants, and owners of estates in the British Islands, held several meetings and consultations, while I was in London, on the commerce in which they are particularly interested. I was frequently applied to, and delivered such sentiments as appeared to me to be necessary, particularly that I was firmly persuaded the United States separately, or in Congress, would retaliate every restriction, by which means we should have a treaty of commerce by acts of Parliamenton one part, and acts of Assembly or of Congress on the other, and bring the great question to a test, which country would sustain the most damage or inconveniency by partial or total prohibitions.
I have just received a letter from a very eminent merchant in London, in which he writes,
“I could have wished to have given better accounts of the administration, touching the American Intercourse Bill, but there are strong remains of the old leaven among us, and the same disposition of monopolising the trade and navigation of the world to ourselves.”
That there is a continuance of the old leaven, on this side, may be concluded from the following sentiments of a gentleman, who writes as a professed friend to America, in opposition to Lord Sheffield.
“There is not yet that stock of good temper in either people, that could be wished.”
“The English are yet sore from their disappointment, and though they have lost a part of their dominions, they have not lost the recollections of having been masters, and expect something like the usual deference to be paid to them.” Hence I am not surprised at anything published by an inveterate enemy, whose design seems to be to declare commercial war in the first instance, possibly for introducing his “chain of stout frigates from Halifax to Bermuda.”
I went from hence the middle of January, determined to prepare for embarkation, and to be at sea about the 20th instant, but was taken very ill upon the road, and have continued ever since incapable of business. After being confined seven weeks in London, I returned to Bath, in hopes of receiving benefit again from the waters, but if Iwere perfectly in health, a recent circumstance would retard my progress. My brother lately died in the South of France, and I am constrained to wait the arrival of his widow. The affairs of two distressed families demand my attention, and as neither expense, nor as I apprehend other detriment, to the public will be sustained by my absence, the delay of a month or six weeks longer I trust will not give offence. Be pleased, Sir, to lay this before Congress, with assurances of my utmost respect, and continued attention to the interests of the United States.
I have the honor to be, &c.
HENRY LAURENS.
DAVID HARTLEY TO HENRY LAURENS.
Golden Square, March 26th, 1784.
Dear Sir,
It is with great satisfaction, that I am able to inform you, that it is not thought necessary on the part of Great Britain, to enter into any formal convention for the prolongation of the term, in which the ratifications of the definitive treaty were to be exchanged, as the delay in America appears to have arisen merely in consequence of the inclemency of the season. I took care to express on your part, the motives of candor and attention to this country, which were the ground of your offer, and it gives me pleasure to assure you, that they were received with equal candor and attention on the part of the British Ministers. My compliments and best wishes always attend yourself and family.
I am, dear Sir, with great respect and esteem, your most obedient, humble servant,
DAVID HARTLEY.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
London, April 24th, 1784.
Sir,
I had the honor of addressing Congress, under directions to Mr Secretary Thompson, the 28th ultimo, by Major Jackson, and a copy by the packet from Falmouth, and the 8th instant by the same packet, copy by Sir James Jay, to which I beg leave to refer. Mr Hartley went off for Paris the 17th, preferring that spot to this for the exchange of ratifications. I am told there is a pretty handsome stipend annexed to each journey.
The London Gazette of the 17th instant, a copy of which will be enclosed with this, contains a proclamation of the 16th, for extending the American intercourse to the 20th of June next, in terms, almost verbatim, a repetition of the antecedent. The friends of administration say, that the present Ministers are afraid of attempting enlargements before the meeting of the new Parliament. At present, from the best information I can collect, their utmost view is to a restricted trade in small vessels, of sixty or eighty tons, of American property, between the United States and the British West Indies. The tonnage on their part to be unlimited.
I have the pleasure of conversing often with men the most judicious and experienced in commercial affairs; all agree with me, that precise retaliation would produce good effects; possibly retaliation may be the very wish of our implacable enemies; certainly there is a majority still in council mumbling the Thistle,—of which wise men think they have already had enough. What new maggot has bitten them?“See,” say they, and reason upon the falsehood, “there is already a secession of four States; only nine could be collected for ratifying the treaty; New York we know is unrepresented, Connecticut is also unrepresented, (then presume upon two other States) they are all in confusion, weary of their independence, and will soon return to Great Britain upon her own terms.” I allude to no person eastward of Charing Cross. I cannot impute such conduct to ignorance; they will not be convinced, although they have Moses and the Prophets; in my mind, it proves a determination in that majority, not toreturnto America with any degree of cordiality or generosity to urge a commercial, hoping in time to provoke a more hostile war, and to improve upon what they call the errors of the last. I am assured, that the last commander in chief of the British troops in America is a principal adviser. Mr Brooke Watson is added. To bring the King and people in general to consent to war with the United States will be a work, however, requiring no small exertion of skill. “His Majesty was dragged into the late war, as reluctantly as ever a bull was dragged to a baiting. I have seen the Queen shed floods of tears in the cruel progress, and have heard her Majesty say, I do not interfere in politics, but I think the Americans are an injured people. The King has often expressed to me his regret at the shedding of so much blood, but, said his Majesty, what can I do? They drew me in little by little; I have been deceived, I have had more truth from you, W. than from all ofthemtogether. The King has been, and is willing to send to, and receive from the United States Ambassadors, (this part is undoubtedly a fact) and wishes for a liberal intercourse and commerce with them. Those men, who were called the King’s friends,for promoting the war, from the old Rubicon Peer, to the one always supposed to have been the invisible counsellor, (naming them specially) are now his enemies, because he has acknowledged the independence of the States. Had a late violent measure succeeded, andthat partygained the power aimed at, a voluntary abdication was determined upon, arrangements were absolutely made for that purpose. I can live, said the King, in an humbler state and be happy. The heir apparent would have mounted the throne, a question on the right ofalienating the Prince of Wales’s inheritancewould have been brought forward, a war as soon as possible commenced for recovery, mistakes and errors of the last to be avoided.” I might add &c. &c. but that must rest to a future day.
I think it my duty, Sir, to communicate these memorable circumstances to Congress. If the intelligence merits attention, they will make proper application, but for the sake of our friend who delivered it to me, from no second hand report, upon whose honor and veracity all America would place the highest confidence, who could have no motive to a studied unprofitable falsehood, I humbly request it may not become suddenly a subject of out door conversation.
Two of my friends, characters highly esteemed in the United States, have been with me at several times within these three days past; whether they are in the secret of the above written history I know not, but rather believe the contrary, each confirmed that part relative to an intended breach, trusting, however, in the resistance of the people. If I trust at all, it is in their imbecility. The people may, by “exertions of skill,” be taught to believe, that goingto war will mend their fortunes and recover national glory; let us contrast some of the late addresses of thanks with the later elections, and we shall see the inconsistency of conduct in the “first city in Europe,” and many other instances will appear. It may be asked how they can support a war under such a load of debt? It is averred by competent judges, that ragged and deranged as the finances of this country are, they are infinitely better than those of the neighboring maritime powers. A determination may be founded upon the comparative essay of resources; but I am under no apprehension from all they can do, provided timely, wise precautions are taken on our part. If all the people called loyalists were scattered in America, they would not do so much mischief as they do here; we could manage them best at home. I have employed a person to look out for a proper ship for my passage to America, hoping to embark in the course of next month.
With great respect and regard, I have the honor to be, &c.
HENRY LAURENS.
TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.
London, April 30th, 1784.
Sir,
Under cover of this will be found a copy of my last despatch, dated the 24th. I have only to add, that the more I converse with intelligent men, the more I am confirmed in believing, that there is a core of bitterness and pride against the United States in this kingdom, which cannot easily be dissipated; and which will break out whenever the parties have, or shall fancy they have, power. It istrue, indeed, “Englishmen cannot lose the recollection of having been masters, and expect something like the usual deference to be paid to them, they are yet sore from their disappointment.” (Quoted in a former letter to Mr Thompson.) I have asked when were Englishmen masters of their brethren in America? When were the Americans subject to Englishmen? We were once fellow subjects under one King, now separated forever; willing, nevertheless, in peace to be friends, ready at the same time to resent injuries of whatever kind or degree. I do not presume to touch your navigation laws, but I maintain the right of the United States to follow good examples; to speak of retaliating any restrictions in commerce, is held to be the height of arrogance. It is assured me, that Mr Deane is an active counsellor against us, and Mr Galloway, no doubt all the old Governors, Mr Smith of New York, and others have their influence. Mr Smith, I am informed, has reported very extraordinary things, which I shall not repeat without further confirmation.
I have the honor to be, with perfect esteem and respect, &c.
HENRY LAURENS.
END OF THE SECOND VOLUME.
Footnotes[1]Richard Henry Lee.[2]The name of Lieutenant Governor Colden of New York, to whom this and two other letters are directed, was doubtless assumed by Mr Lee for the purpose of disguise, in case the letters should fall into the enemy’s hands. Colden was a royalist.[3]See the Journal of Congress for January 2d, 1776.[4]See an account of Dr Church, in Washington’s Official Letters, vol. i. p. 36.[5]There are only two fragments of the original of this letter remaining, but there is in the office a copy of the whole, endorsed as follows.“Copy of A. Lee’s letter to the Committee of Secret Correspondence, dated June 3d, 1776, and taken from the original in the cover of a Dictionary, which was delivered to the Secretary of Congress, by Robert Morris, on the 4th of September, 1778, and to the Committee of Foreign Affairs, 7th December following.”This copy, as well as the endorsement, is written in Mr Lovell’s hand, and attested,James Lovell.[6]This suspicion was ill founded, as events proved. No man gave more substantial testimonies of his patriotism, and ardent zeal in the cause of his country, than Joseph Reed. The suspicion grew out of the circumstance, that Mr Reed had corresponded with Lord Dartmouth a year or two before, respecting the state of the Colonies.[7]This record was entered at the time on the Journal of the Committee, but was not made public.[8]There is no reply to this letter on record. It is probable, that a verbal message was communicated in reply by M. Gerard, as may be judged from the letter directed to him, which immediately follows.[9]This intelligence, which was entirely erroneous, was probably sent into France by design, with a view of creating there a false impression as to the real plans of the British Government.[10]The following extract of a letter from the Commissioners to the Committee of Secret Correspondence, will show the origin of Mr Lee’s journey to Spain.Paris, February 6th, 1777.—“Finding that our residence here together is nearly as expensive as if we were separate, and having reason to believe that one of us might be useful in Madrid, and another in Holland and some Courts further northward, we have agreed that Mr Lee go to Spain, and either Mr Deane or myself (Dr Franklin) to the Hague. Mr Lee sets out tomorrow, having obtained passports, and a letter from the Spanish Ambassador here, to the Minister there. The journey to Holland will not take place so soon. The particular purposes of these journies we cannot prudently now explain.”[11]This blank should probably be filled up with the name of Count d’Aranda, the Spanish Ambassador in France.[12]Although the above Memorial purports to have beenpresented to the Court of Spain, it would appear, that it was put into the hands of the Marquis de Grimaldi while he was at Burgos, and that he returned an answer probably without consulting the Court, when he met Mr Lee shortly afterwards at Vitoria.[13]This answer seems to have been a verbal one.[14]At the bottom of this letter, and of the Memorial to the Court of Spain, Mr Lee signs himself, “Commissioner Plenipotentiary from the Congress of the United States of America.” But this must have been for the greater formality, as he had not yet received any appointment to Spain from Congress, but only went there by the advice of the Commissioners in Paris.See p. 40, of this volume.[15]For a copy of Dr Franklin’s Commission from Congress to the Court of Spain, see theSecret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. p. 42, under the date of January 2d, 1777.[16]See above, p. 59, Gardoqui’s letter of April 28th.[17]Memorial to the Court of Spain, dated Burgos, March 8th.—See above, p. 41.[18]This letter was drawn up and communicated in the French language.[19]Caron de Beaumarchais.[20]In another part of his correspondence, Mr Lee speaks as follows on this subject.“Three months before Mr Deane’s arrival, (in Paris) M. Beaumarchais settled with me in London the sending these supplies of money and munitions of war, by the Cape, under the firm of Hortalez & Co., and that I should apprize Congress of it, which I did by Mr Story and other opportunities, as the gentlemen of the Secret Committee know. Upon M. de Beaumarchais’ return to Paris, he wrote me several times concerning these supplies, mentioning the difficulties which arose in the execution, from the timidity of the Court, but that he was putting it into the mercantile train, which would soon overcome all difficulties. I did not fail to press the despatch of them, and proposed too the sending some ships of war to protect our coast, exactly similar to what we were afterwards instructed by Congress to obtain.“I do not state this to assume any merit to myself for these supplies. I had none. M. de Beaumarchais sought me out in London. He found me by means of Mr Wilkes, and communicated to me what I was to convey to Congress; that the sum of two hundred thousand louis d’ors from this Court were ready for our support. It was therefore no address of mine, that procured this aid. I was only the instrument of conveying this intelligence. As far as I know, the merit is due to M. de Beaumarchais. I never refused it to him. But I objected to his making demands directly contrary to what he had repeatedly assured me, and not only desired but urged me to report to Congress.”On the 16th of September, 1778, Count de Vergennes wrote as follows to M. Gerard, at that time French Minister in the United States.“Mr Franklin and his colleagues wish to know what articles have been furnished to them by the King, and what M. de Beaumarchais has furnished on his own account; and they have insinuated to me, that Congress is in the belief, that all the articles which have been sent, of at least a great part of them, were on his Majesty’s account. I have just answered them, that the King has furnished nothing; that he has simply permitted M. de Beaumarchais to be provided with articles from his arsenals, upon condition of replacing them.”[21]This letter was agreed upon by the Commissioners, and sent by them conjointly as a circular “To the Captains or Commanders of all ships of war, armed vessels, and privateers from the United States of North America.”[22]Dr Berkenhout had been formerly a friend of Arthur Lee in London, and was employed by the government as a secret agent to endeavor to obtain from the Commissioners in Paris the terms of an accommodation with England.[23]From Baron de Schulenburg.[24]A particular account of the 11th and 12th articles of the treaty, and the manner in which they were proposed and adopted, will be found above, in Silas Deane’s Correspondence, Vol. i. p. 155.[25]For this Memorial and the letter, seep. 41andp. 45of the present volume.[26]Secret Journal, Vol. II. p. 38.[27]Mr Lee seemed to be somewhat less certain afterwards, having in the mean time conversed repeatedly with M. de Beaumarchais on the subject. Writing to Mr Pringle, July 4th, 1779, he says, “I absolutely do not know whether Beaumarchais is right or wrong, and while it is doubtful, one would not impeach his character.”[28]See also on this subjectp. 98 of the present volume;and for some further particulars respecting Count Lauragais, see Vol. 1. p. 150.[29]This letter is directed to Henry Laurens, who had recently been chosen President of Congress.[30]The reason why the sailing of the French fleet, and the Mission of M. Gerard, were not made known to Mr Lee by Dr Franklin and Mr Deane, seems to have been, that they had not the permission of the French Court to communicate the intelligence to him. It does not appear, that Dr Franklin answered the above letter.[31]The reason was, as previously stated, that Franklin and Deane were not authorised by the French Court to make known to any person the sailing of the fleet.[32]This Memorial was printed and circulated in Holland by the friends of the American cause.[33]Missing.[34]The insinuation here, that Dr Franklin was disposed to favor Mr Williams, because he was his nephew, seems to have been made without just grounds. The contrary indeed would appear from the following extract of a letter, written by Dr Franklin to Mr William Lee, March 6th, 1778, when Mr Lee proposed to him that the Commissioners should appoint Mr Williams as a commercial agent at Nantes.“Your proposition,” says Dr Franklin, “about appointing agents in the ports, shall be laid before the Commissioners when they meet. In the mean time, I can only say, that as to my nephew, Mr Williams, though I have from long knowledge and experience of him a high opinion of his abilities, activity, and integrity, will have no hand in his appointment, or in approving it, not being desirous of his being in any way concerned in that business.“I am obliged to you for your good opinion of my nephew, manifested in your intention of nominating him as above, and I beg you to accept my thanks, though for particular reasons, which you know, I do not wish him to accept the employment.”[35]For a full explanation of all the charges contained in this letter, see Silas Deane’s Correspondence in the present work, Vol. I, p. 139, under the date of October 12th, 1778,—also, p. 148 of the same volume. And for a further notice of Mr Williams’s accounts, see p. 172.[36]This relates to military articles for the State of Virginia, which Mr Lee was authorised to procure. The correspondence concerning this subject will be found in the first volume of theLife of Arthur Lee.[37]Both missing.[38]“In Congress, December 3d, 1777.The great quantity of paper money, issued to defray the necessary expenses of the war, having at length become so considerable as to endanger its credit, and Congress apprehending, that the slow operation of taxes may not be adequate to the prevention of an evil so pernicious in its consequences, and as experience proves, that the method of paying the interest by bills on France does not fill the loan office so fast as the urgent calls of war demand,“Resolved, That the Commissioners at the Courts of France and Spain be directed to exert their utmost endeavors to obtain a loan of two millions sterling on the faith of the United States, for a term not less than ten years, with permission if practicable to pay the same sooner if it shall be agreeable to these States, giving twelve months’ previous notice to the lender, of such intention to return the money. That the Commissioners be instructed to consider the money hereby directed to be borrowed, as a fund to be applied, unless Congress direct otherwise, solely to the purpose of answering such drafts as Congress shall make for the purpose of lessening the sum of paper money in circulation.“That in order more effectually to answer the good purposes intended by this plan, the Commissioners be also instructed to keep as secret as the nature of the thing will admit, whatever loan they shall be able to obtain for this purpose on account of the United States.”[39]Several of these letters are missing.[40]This letter was forwarded to Count de Florida Blanca, through the agency of Count d’Aranda, Spanish Ambassador in France.[41]When Mr Deane’s address reached Paris, Mr Lee ascertained that it was intended to be published in theCourier de l’Europe, and he wrote to Count de Vergennes requesting him to order it to be suppressed. The following answer was returned.Versailles, February 9th, 1779.Sir,I received the letter, which you did me the honor of writing to me the 7th instant. I had no knowledge of the writing it mentioned, and yesterday I was about taking measures that it should not be inserted in the Courier de l’Europe, just as that paper was sent to me, wherein I found the writing in question, so that it was out of my power to second your wishes. Do not doubt, Sir, of the regret I experience on account of this disappointment.I have the honor to be, &c.DE VERGENNES.[42]See Silas Deane’s Correspondence, Vol. I. p. 139, 148.[43]Mr Lee wrote a very long letter to the President of Congress, dated February 10th, vindicating himself against statements of Silas Deane. This letter, somewhat altered, was published under the title of “Extracts from a Letter written to the President of Congress, by the Honorable Arthur Lee, in Answer to a Libel published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, of the 5th of December, 1778, by Silas Deane; in which every Charge or Insinuation against him in that Libel is fully and clearly refuted. Philadelphia, 1780.”[44]In a letter to Mr Lovell, one of the Committee of Foreign Affairs, dated June 2d, 1779, Dr Franklin writes as follows.“I have never meddled with the dispute between him (Mr Deane) and Mr Lee, but the suspicion of having a good will to him has drawn upon me a great deal of ill will from his antagonist. The Congress have wisely enjoined the Ministers in Europe to agree with one another. I had always resolved to have no quarrel, and have, therefore, made it a constant rule to answer no angry, affronting, or abusive letters, of which I have received many and long ones from Mr Lee and Mr Izard, who, I understand, and see by the papers, have been writing liberally, or rather illiberally, against me, to prevent, as one of them says here, any impressions my writing against them might occasion to their prejudice. But I have never before mentioned them in any of my letters.”[45]Missing.[46]This letter was accompanied by another, dated April 23d, and entitled “A Memorial respecting the Conduct of Mr Williams,” which was afterwards printed under the title of “Observations on certain Commercial Transactions in France, laid before Congress. By Arthur Lee. Philadelphia, 1780.” To these observations is prefixed a preface, which is not attached to the Memorial first transmitted to Congress.[47]On the 25th of June, Mr Lee wrote to the Count de Florida Blanca, as follows.“I do not press your Excellency about my coming to Madrid. I know your Excellency’s wisdom, and the maturity of judgment with which his Majesty’s councils are conducted. I therefore trust, that when such a step is thought to be proper, you will have the goodness to signify it to me through his Majesty’s Minister at this Court.”I have the honor, &c.ARTHUR LEE.[48]Journal of Congress, April 30th and May 3d, 1779.[49]Journal of Congress, June 10th, 1779.[50]“In Congress, October 13th, 1779.A letter of the 31st of May last, from A. Lee, was read, whereupon,“Resolved, That Mr A. Lee be informed of Mr Jay’s appointment to the Court of Spain, and that, agreeably to his request, he is at liberty to return to America.”[51]For these letters see above,p. 224,227, and249.[52]December 1st.“Resolved, That Mr Lee be informed, that Congress approve of his retaining the picture; that he be further informed, in answer to his letter, that there is no particular charge against him before Congress properly supported, and that he be assured his recall was not intended to fix any kind of censure on his character or conduct abroad.”[53]“May 7th, 1778.Resolved, that the Commissioners appointed for the Courts of Spain, Tuscany, Vienna and Berlin, should live in such style and manner, at their respective Courts, as they may find suitable and necessary to support the dignity of their public character; keeping an account of their expenses, which shall be reimbursed by the Congress of the United States of America;“That besides the actual expenses of the Commissioners, a handsome allowance be made to each of them as a compensation for their services;“That the Commissioners of the other Courts in Europe be empowered to draw bills of exchange from time to time for the amount of their expenses upon the Commissioners at the Court of France.”[54]Missing.[55]For letters from M. Van Berckel and M. Dumas on this subject, see the Correspondence of the Commissioners in France. Vol. I. pp. 456, 457, 476, 480, 488.[56]See these letters and paper in Mr Deane’s Correspondence, Vol. I, pp. 129, 139, 148, 155, of this work.[57]For a correction of an error here, in regard to the imputed designs of Dr Franklin respecting his nephew,see the note on p. 164, of the present volume.[58]His Address to the American People, published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, of December 5th, 1778.[59]This was not true in regard to the “mediating powers,” but it was the invariable reply of France to all the propositions made by other powers for a mediation between her and England, that the independence of the United States must be assumed as a previously established point.[60]Both missing.[61]“August 6th, 1779, Resolved, that an allowance of 11,428 livres tournois per annum be made to the several Commissioners of the United States in Europe for their services, besides their reasonable expenses respectively;“That the salary, as well as the expenses, be computed from the time of their leaving their places of abode to enter on the duties of their offices, to be continued three months after notice of their recall, to enable them to repair to their families respectively.”[62]“September 12th, 1781.The committee to whom was referred a letter of the 12th of April last from Mr William Lee, report,“That upon principles admitted by Congress in the settlement of an account similar to that transmitted by Mr Lee, there appears to be due to him a balance of 42,189 livres tournois; whereupon,“Ordered, That the account be referred to the Superintendent of Finance, to take order for payment of the balance, with interest, at the rate of six per cent per annum from this day, as soon as the state of the public finances will admit.”[63]See the history of the 11th and 12th articles of the treaty, in Mr Deane’s letter of the 12th of October, 1778, Vol. I. p. 166; also in Arthur Lee’s, letters, Vol. II,p. 127.[64]See thethree preceding letters.[65]They were not permitted by the French Court to make it known.[66]In reply to this letter, see Mr Deane’s letter to the President of Congress, dated October 12th, 1778, Vol. I. p. 129.[67]Succeeding events proved all these suspicions and speculations to have been erroneous.[68]For the correction of an error here, respecting Dr Franklin’s designs in regard to his nephew, see the present volume,p. 164, note.[69]In Congress, June 8th, 1779.“According to the order of the day, Congress proceeded to the consideration of the report of the Committee of thirteen on Foreign Affairs; and on the question, shall Mr Izard be recalled?—resolved in the affirmative.“A motion was then made, that Mr Izard be informed, that it is the sense of Congress that he need not return to America;—resolved in the affirmative.”[70]For an account of the appointment of Henry Laurens to “negotiate a foreign loan,” and also as a “Commissioner to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with the United Provinces of the Low Countries,” see theSecret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. pp. 283, 285, 290, 314, 320.[71]In Congress, November 23d, 1779.Committee reported, “that bills of exchange be drawn on John Jay to the amount of £100,000 sterling, and on Henry Laurens to the amount of £100,000 sterling, payable at six months sight, and that the same be sold at the current rate of exchange.”November 29th.“Congress took into consideration the report of the Committee appointed to report the manner in which the resolution of the 23d instant, relative to the drawing bills of exchange on Mr Jay and Mr Laurens, shall be carried into execution; whereupon“Resolved, That the bills be prepared under the direction of the Board of Treasury, and with such checks as they may devise to prevent counterfeits, and be signed by the Treasurer of Loans.“That so many of the bills as the Treasury Board shall, from time to time think proper to issue, be put into the hands of the Continental Loan Officer in the State of Pennsylvania, or of any other State; and that the Board of Treasury direct the lowest rate of exchange at which the same may be sold.“That the Board of Treasury may, at their discretion, suspend the sale of such bills, reporting to Congress their reasons for so doing, that they may receive directions thereon.“That the Committee of Foreign Affairs be, and they are hereby directed to write to Mr Jay and Mr Laurens, informing them of the drafts that will be made upon them, and explaining fully the reasons that urge Congress to draw, directing them to keep up a mutual correspondence, and afford each other every assistance in procuring money to pay the bills.“That 1.8 per cent on monies received in payment for the said bills shall be allowed to the persons intrusted with the sale thereof.“That no bill be drawn for a less sum than the amount of £50 sterling.”[72]This letter is missing, nor does it appear from the Correspondence at what time, or from what place Mr Laurens sailed. On the 20th of June, 1780, it was resolved in Congress, that, as circumstances had prevented his departure, the commission to negotiate a loan in the United Provinces and the Low Countries, should be transferred to John Adams. And on the 7th of July, it was resolved, “That the commission, which was agreed to on the first day of November, 1779, for the honorable Henry Laurens, as a Commissioner to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with the States-General of the United Provinces of the Low Countries, be delivered to him; and that the consideration of the instructions relative to the negotiation of the treaty be for the present deferred; and that Mr Laurens, on his arrival in Holland, inform himself of the state of affairs in that country, and advise Congress particularly thereof, that they may be able to decide with more certainty upon the terms on which such treaty ought to be settled.”[73]The following letter merits insertion in this place. It was written to Count de Vergennes by the Marchioness de Lafayette, wife of the Marquis de Lafayette, immediately after she heard the news of the capture of Mr Laurens. It is translated from the original, which I found among the American papers in the Archives of Foreign Affairs in Paris. It should be premised, that, after the Marquis de Lafayette was wounded at the battle of Brandywine, Mr Laurens, then at Philadelphia, took him in his carriage to Bethlehem, and provided for him a safe and comfortable retreat, where he remained till his wound was healed. This letter to the Count de Vergennes, is equally a proof of the gratitude and tenderness of its fair author.“Paris, October 18th, 1780.“Pardon, I pray you, Sir, my importunity, and permit me to address you with the confidence with which your kindnesses to M. de Lafayette have inspired me, and to speak to you of an affair, which interests me deeply. The capture and detention of Mr Laurens in England has sensibly afflicted me. He is the intimate friend of M. de Lafayette, and took care of him during the time of his wound in a manner truly touching. His misfortune seems to me overwhelming, and when we consider the high station he has held in America, it is probable that it may become still more so. I know not if any means can be found to prevent it, or even to soften the actual rigors of his captivity; but I am persuaded, Sir, if there are any such, that they will be known to you. Should it be possible, let me entreat you earnestly to put them in use.“Permit me also to speak to you of an idea which has occurred to me, and which is not perhaps entirely unworthy of consideration. M. de Lafayette has friends, that are on intimate terms with Mr Fitzpatrick, who is himself well known. Among the ladies of my acquaintance are some, who are the confidential friends of Lady Stormont. May not something be done through these parties in favor of Mr Laurens? And what must be said to them? I beg you a thousand times to pardon my importunities, and give me in this affair your kind interest and counsels. You will perhaps think me very ridiculous, and very unreasonable, but the hope, however ill founded, of rendering some good service to the unfortunate friend of M. de Lafayette, has prompted me to run this risk, and make this experiment upon your indulgence, which, at least, I must desire you to accord to me. This will add yet more to the lively and sincere acknowledgment, with which I have the honor to be,Sir, your very humble, and very obedient servant,NOAILLES DE LAFAYETTE.”[74]I have been often assured, that this declaration had a very great effect upon the minds of the people in England in favor of American independence.—Note by Mr Laurens.[75]I might assign various reasons, all valid, for this determination. The following single consideration, I trust, will be satisfactory to Congress. Five persons are nominated in the commission, not conjunctly, but severally and respectively, fully empowered. Whence it evidently appears, that Congress had not in view or expectation that the whole would act; therefore, as there are three of those persons besides myself, and all of superior abilities upon the spot, were I to thrust myself in, merely to make a fourth figure, I should feel guilty of a species of peculation by putting the public to unnecessary expense, without any well grounded hope of rendering public service.—Note by Mr Laurens.[76]I have replied to my friend, who wrote to me on this subject, as follows; “As to the peace bill, let them shape it as they please, Wisdom is justified of her children; if they will act foolishly, be the consequences to themselves. I have said and done all that became me.”—Note by Mr Laurens.[77]In his letter of May 30th, (see above, p. 464) Mr Laurens insinuates, that Dr Franklin had neglected him while he was in the Tower. The following letter and extract, written by Dr Franklin, will show that this suspicion was groundless.“TO SIR GREY COOPER, BARONET,SECRETARY TO THE TREASURY OF GREAT BRITAIN.Passy, November 7th, 1780.“Sir,“I understand that Mr Laurens, an American gentleman, for whom I have a great esteem, is a prisoner in the Tower, and that his health suffers by the closeness and rigor of his confinement. As I do not think that your affairs receive any advantage from the harshness of this proceeding, I take the freedom of requesting your kind interposition, to obtain for him such a degree of air and liberty, on his parole, or otherwise, as may be necessary for his health and comfort. The fortune of war, which is daily changing, may possibly put it in my power to do the like good office for some friend of yours, which I shall perform with much pleasure, not only for the sake of humanity, but in respect to the ashes of our former friendship.“With great regard, I have the honor to be, &c.B. FRANKLIN.”On the 14th of May, 1781, he writes to the President of Congress.—“Agreeable to the vote of Congress, I have requested the assistance of this (the French) Court, for obtaining the release of Mr President Laurens. It does not yet appear that the thing is practicable. What the present situation is of that unfortunate gentleman, may be gathered from the enclosed letters.”The letters here alluded to are, one from Sir Grey Cooper, dated November 29th, 1780; and another from Charles Vernon, Lieutenant Governor of the Tower of London, dated November 27th. They may be found in Dr Franklin’s Correspondence under these dates.[78]“In Congress, September 17th, 1782.—Resolved, That the honorable Henry Laurens be informed, in answer to his letter of the 30th of May, 1782, that the reasons which induced the United States in Congress assembled, to appoint him to be one of their Ministers Plenipotentiary for negotiating a peace still existing, his services in the execution of that trust cannot be dispensed with.“Resolved, That the honorable John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens, be respectively informed, that it is the pleasure and express direction of Congress, that they punctually attend and assist in the negotiations for peace; and that each of them be instructed, upon receiving information of the time and place appointed for opening the negotiations, immediately to give notice thereof to the rest, that may be in Europe, in order that each may have a seasonable opportunity to take part in the trust reposed by the said commission, and earnestly enjoined by this act.”
Footnotes
[1]Richard Henry Lee.
[1]Richard Henry Lee.
[2]The name of Lieutenant Governor Colden of New York, to whom this and two other letters are directed, was doubtless assumed by Mr Lee for the purpose of disguise, in case the letters should fall into the enemy’s hands. Colden was a royalist.
[2]The name of Lieutenant Governor Colden of New York, to whom this and two other letters are directed, was doubtless assumed by Mr Lee for the purpose of disguise, in case the letters should fall into the enemy’s hands. Colden was a royalist.
[3]See the Journal of Congress for January 2d, 1776.
[3]See the Journal of Congress for January 2d, 1776.
[4]See an account of Dr Church, in Washington’s Official Letters, vol. i. p. 36.
[4]See an account of Dr Church, in Washington’s Official Letters, vol. i. p. 36.
[5]There are only two fragments of the original of this letter remaining, but there is in the office a copy of the whole, endorsed as follows.“Copy of A. Lee’s letter to the Committee of Secret Correspondence, dated June 3d, 1776, and taken from the original in the cover of a Dictionary, which was delivered to the Secretary of Congress, by Robert Morris, on the 4th of September, 1778, and to the Committee of Foreign Affairs, 7th December following.”This copy, as well as the endorsement, is written in Mr Lovell’s hand, and attested,James Lovell.
[5]There are only two fragments of the original of this letter remaining, but there is in the office a copy of the whole, endorsed as follows.
“Copy of A. Lee’s letter to the Committee of Secret Correspondence, dated June 3d, 1776, and taken from the original in the cover of a Dictionary, which was delivered to the Secretary of Congress, by Robert Morris, on the 4th of September, 1778, and to the Committee of Foreign Affairs, 7th December following.”
This copy, as well as the endorsement, is written in Mr Lovell’s hand, and attested,James Lovell.
[6]This suspicion was ill founded, as events proved. No man gave more substantial testimonies of his patriotism, and ardent zeal in the cause of his country, than Joseph Reed. The suspicion grew out of the circumstance, that Mr Reed had corresponded with Lord Dartmouth a year or two before, respecting the state of the Colonies.
[6]This suspicion was ill founded, as events proved. No man gave more substantial testimonies of his patriotism, and ardent zeal in the cause of his country, than Joseph Reed. The suspicion grew out of the circumstance, that Mr Reed had corresponded with Lord Dartmouth a year or two before, respecting the state of the Colonies.
[7]This record was entered at the time on the Journal of the Committee, but was not made public.
[7]This record was entered at the time on the Journal of the Committee, but was not made public.
[8]There is no reply to this letter on record. It is probable, that a verbal message was communicated in reply by M. Gerard, as may be judged from the letter directed to him, which immediately follows.
[8]There is no reply to this letter on record. It is probable, that a verbal message was communicated in reply by M. Gerard, as may be judged from the letter directed to him, which immediately follows.
[9]This intelligence, which was entirely erroneous, was probably sent into France by design, with a view of creating there a false impression as to the real plans of the British Government.
[9]This intelligence, which was entirely erroneous, was probably sent into France by design, with a view of creating there a false impression as to the real plans of the British Government.
[10]The following extract of a letter from the Commissioners to the Committee of Secret Correspondence, will show the origin of Mr Lee’s journey to Spain.Paris, February 6th, 1777.—“Finding that our residence here together is nearly as expensive as if we were separate, and having reason to believe that one of us might be useful in Madrid, and another in Holland and some Courts further northward, we have agreed that Mr Lee go to Spain, and either Mr Deane or myself (Dr Franklin) to the Hague. Mr Lee sets out tomorrow, having obtained passports, and a letter from the Spanish Ambassador here, to the Minister there. The journey to Holland will not take place so soon. The particular purposes of these journies we cannot prudently now explain.”
[10]The following extract of a letter from the Commissioners to the Committee of Secret Correspondence, will show the origin of Mr Lee’s journey to Spain.
Paris, February 6th, 1777.—“Finding that our residence here together is nearly as expensive as if we were separate, and having reason to believe that one of us might be useful in Madrid, and another in Holland and some Courts further northward, we have agreed that Mr Lee go to Spain, and either Mr Deane or myself (Dr Franklin) to the Hague. Mr Lee sets out tomorrow, having obtained passports, and a letter from the Spanish Ambassador here, to the Minister there. The journey to Holland will not take place so soon. The particular purposes of these journies we cannot prudently now explain.”
[11]This blank should probably be filled up with the name of Count d’Aranda, the Spanish Ambassador in France.
[11]This blank should probably be filled up with the name of Count d’Aranda, the Spanish Ambassador in France.
[12]Although the above Memorial purports to have beenpresented to the Court of Spain, it would appear, that it was put into the hands of the Marquis de Grimaldi while he was at Burgos, and that he returned an answer probably without consulting the Court, when he met Mr Lee shortly afterwards at Vitoria.
[12]Although the above Memorial purports to have beenpresented to the Court of Spain, it would appear, that it was put into the hands of the Marquis de Grimaldi while he was at Burgos, and that he returned an answer probably without consulting the Court, when he met Mr Lee shortly afterwards at Vitoria.
[13]This answer seems to have been a verbal one.
[13]This answer seems to have been a verbal one.
[14]At the bottom of this letter, and of the Memorial to the Court of Spain, Mr Lee signs himself, “Commissioner Plenipotentiary from the Congress of the United States of America.” But this must have been for the greater formality, as he had not yet received any appointment to Spain from Congress, but only went there by the advice of the Commissioners in Paris.See p. 40, of this volume.
[14]At the bottom of this letter, and of the Memorial to the Court of Spain, Mr Lee signs himself, “Commissioner Plenipotentiary from the Congress of the United States of America.” But this must have been for the greater formality, as he had not yet received any appointment to Spain from Congress, but only went there by the advice of the Commissioners in Paris.See p. 40, of this volume.
[15]For a copy of Dr Franklin’s Commission from Congress to the Court of Spain, see theSecret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. p. 42, under the date of January 2d, 1777.
[15]For a copy of Dr Franklin’s Commission from Congress to the Court of Spain, see theSecret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. p. 42, under the date of January 2d, 1777.
[16]See above, p. 59, Gardoqui’s letter of April 28th.
[16]See above, p. 59, Gardoqui’s letter of April 28th.
[17]Memorial to the Court of Spain, dated Burgos, March 8th.—See above, p. 41.
[17]Memorial to the Court of Spain, dated Burgos, March 8th.—See above, p. 41.
[18]This letter was drawn up and communicated in the French language.
[18]This letter was drawn up and communicated in the French language.
[19]Caron de Beaumarchais.
[19]Caron de Beaumarchais.
[20]In another part of his correspondence, Mr Lee speaks as follows on this subject.“Three months before Mr Deane’s arrival, (in Paris) M. Beaumarchais settled with me in London the sending these supplies of money and munitions of war, by the Cape, under the firm of Hortalez & Co., and that I should apprize Congress of it, which I did by Mr Story and other opportunities, as the gentlemen of the Secret Committee know. Upon M. de Beaumarchais’ return to Paris, he wrote me several times concerning these supplies, mentioning the difficulties which arose in the execution, from the timidity of the Court, but that he was putting it into the mercantile train, which would soon overcome all difficulties. I did not fail to press the despatch of them, and proposed too the sending some ships of war to protect our coast, exactly similar to what we were afterwards instructed by Congress to obtain.“I do not state this to assume any merit to myself for these supplies. I had none. M. de Beaumarchais sought me out in London. He found me by means of Mr Wilkes, and communicated to me what I was to convey to Congress; that the sum of two hundred thousand louis d’ors from this Court were ready for our support. It was therefore no address of mine, that procured this aid. I was only the instrument of conveying this intelligence. As far as I know, the merit is due to M. de Beaumarchais. I never refused it to him. But I objected to his making demands directly contrary to what he had repeatedly assured me, and not only desired but urged me to report to Congress.”On the 16th of September, 1778, Count de Vergennes wrote as follows to M. Gerard, at that time French Minister in the United States.“Mr Franklin and his colleagues wish to know what articles have been furnished to them by the King, and what M. de Beaumarchais has furnished on his own account; and they have insinuated to me, that Congress is in the belief, that all the articles which have been sent, of at least a great part of them, were on his Majesty’s account. I have just answered them, that the King has furnished nothing; that he has simply permitted M. de Beaumarchais to be provided with articles from his arsenals, upon condition of replacing them.”
[20]In another part of his correspondence, Mr Lee speaks as follows on this subject.
“Three months before Mr Deane’s arrival, (in Paris) M. Beaumarchais settled with me in London the sending these supplies of money and munitions of war, by the Cape, under the firm of Hortalez & Co., and that I should apprize Congress of it, which I did by Mr Story and other opportunities, as the gentlemen of the Secret Committee know. Upon M. de Beaumarchais’ return to Paris, he wrote me several times concerning these supplies, mentioning the difficulties which arose in the execution, from the timidity of the Court, but that he was putting it into the mercantile train, which would soon overcome all difficulties. I did not fail to press the despatch of them, and proposed too the sending some ships of war to protect our coast, exactly similar to what we were afterwards instructed by Congress to obtain.“I do not state this to assume any merit to myself for these supplies. I had none. M. de Beaumarchais sought me out in London. He found me by means of Mr Wilkes, and communicated to me what I was to convey to Congress; that the sum of two hundred thousand louis d’ors from this Court were ready for our support. It was therefore no address of mine, that procured this aid. I was only the instrument of conveying this intelligence. As far as I know, the merit is due to M. de Beaumarchais. I never refused it to him. But I objected to his making demands directly contrary to what he had repeatedly assured me, and not only desired but urged me to report to Congress.”On the 16th of September, 1778, Count de Vergennes wrote as follows to M. Gerard, at that time French Minister in the United States.“Mr Franklin and his colleagues wish to know what articles have been furnished to them by the King, and what M. de Beaumarchais has furnished on his own account; and they have insinuated to me, that Congress is in the belief, that all the articles which have been sent, of at least a great part of them, were on his Majesty’s account. I have just answered them, that the King has furnished nothing; that he has simply permitted M. de Beaumarchais to be provided with articles from his arsenals, upon condition of replacing them.”
“Three months before Mr Deane’s arrival, (in Paris) M. Beaumarchais settled with me in London the sending these supplies of money and munitions of war, by the Cape, under the firm of Hortalez & Co., and that I should apprize Congress of it, which I did by Mr Story and other opportunities, as the gentlemen of the Secret Committee know. Upon M. de Beaumarchais’ return to Paris, he wrote me several times concerning these supplies, mentioning the difficulties which arose in the execution, from the timidity of the Court, but that he was putting it into the mercantile train, which would soon overcome all difficulties. I did not fail to press the despatch of them, and proposed too the sending some ships of war to protect our coast, exactly similar to what we were afterwards instructed by Congress to obtain.
“I do not state this to assume any merit to myself for these supplies. I had none. M. de Beaumarchais sought me out in London. He found me by means of Mr Wilkes, and communicated to me what I was to convey to Congress; that the sum of two hundred thousand louis d’ors from this Court were ready for our support. It was therefore no address of mine, that procured this aid. I was only the instrument of conveying this intelligence. As far as I know, the merit is due to M. de Beaumarchais. I never refused it to him. But I objected to his making demands directly contrary to what he had repeatedly assured me, and not only desired but urged me to report to Congress.”
On the 16th of September, 1778, Count de Vergennes wrote as follows to M. Gerard, at that time French Minister in the United States.
“Mr Franklin and his colleagues wish to know what articles have been furnished to them by the King, and what M. de Beaumarchais has furnished on his own account; and they have insinuated to me, that Congress is in the belief, that all the articles which have been sent, of at least a great part of them, were on his Majesty’s account. I have just answered them, that the King has furnished nothing; that he has simply permitted M. de Beaumarchais to be provided with articles from his arsenals, upon condition of replacing them.”
[21]This letter was agreed upon by the Commissioners, and sent by them conjointly as a circular “To the Captains or Commanders of all ships of war, armed vessels, and privateers from the United States of North America.”
[21]This letter was agreed upon by the Commissioners, and sent by them conjointly as a circular “To the Captains or Commanders of all ships of war, armed vessels, and privateers from the United States of North America.”
[22]Dr Berkenhout had been formerly a friend of Arthur Lee in London, and was employed by the government as a secret agent to endeavor to obtain from the Commissioners in Paris the terms of an accommodation with England.
[22]Dr Berkenhout had been formerly a friend of Arthur Lee in London, and was employed by the government as a secret agent to endeavor to obtain from the Commissioners in Paris the terms of an accommodation with England.
[23]From Baron de Schulenburg.
[23]From Baron de Schulenburg.
[24]A particular account of the 11th and 12th articles of the treaty, and the manner in which they were proposed and adopted, will be found above, in Silas Deane’s Correspondence, Vol. i. p. 155.
[24]A particular account of the 11th and 12th articles of the treaty, and the manner in which they were proposed and adopted, will be found above, in Silas Deane’s Correspondence, Vol. i. p. 155.
[25]For this Memorial and the letter, seep. 41andp. 45of the present volume.
[25]For this Memorial and the letter, seep. 41andp. 45of the present volume.
[26]Secret Journal, Vol. II. p. 38.
[26]Secret Journal, Vol. II. p. 38.
[27]Mr Lee seemed to be somewhat less certain afterwards, having in the mean time conversed repeatedly with M. de Beaumarchais on the subject. Writing to Mr Pringle, July 4th, 1779, he says, “I absolutely do not know whether Beaumarchais is right or wrong, and while it is doubtful, one would not impeach his character.”
[27]Mr Lee seemed to be somewhat less certain afterwards, having in the mean time conversed repeatedly with M. de Beaumarchais on the subject. Writing to Mr Pringle, July 4th, 1779, he says, “I absolutely do not know whether Beaumarchais is right or wrong, and while it is doubtful, one would not impeach his character.”
[28]See also on this subjectp. 98 of the present volume;and for some further particulars respecting Count Lauragais, see Vol. 1. p. 150.
[28]See also on this subjectp. 98 of the present volume;and for some further particulars respecting Count Lauragais, see Vol. 1. p. 150.
[29]This letter is directed to Henry Laurens, who had recently been chosen President of Congress.
[29]This letter is directed to Henry Laurens, who had recently been chosen President of Congress.
[30]The reason why the sailing of the French fleet, and the Mission of M. Gerard, were not made known to Mr Lee by Dr Franklin and Mr Deane, seems to have been, that they had not the permission of the French Court to communicate the intelligence to him. It does not appear, that Dr Franklin answered the above letter.
[30]The reason why the sailing of the French fleet, and the Mission of M. Gerard, were not made known to Mr Lee by Dr Franklin and Mr Deane, seems to have been, that they had not the permission of the French Court to communicate the intelligence to him. It does not appear, that Dr Franklin answered the above letter.
[31]The reason was, as previously stated, that Franklin and Deane were not authorised by the French Court to make known to any person the sailing of the fleet.
[31]The reason was, as previously stated, that Franklin and Deane were not authorised by the French Court to make known to any person the sailing of the fleet.
[32]This Memorial was printed and circulated in Holland by the friends of the American cause.
[32]This Memorial was printed and circulated in Holland by the friends of the American cause.
[33]Missing.
[33]Missing.
[34]The insinuation here, that Dr Franklin was disposed to favor Mr Williams, because he was his nephew, seems to have been made without just grounds. The contrary indeed would appear from the following extract of a letter, written by Dr Franklin to Mr William Lee, March 6th, 1778, when Mr Lee proposed to him that the Commissioners should appoint Mr Williams as a commercial agent at Nantes.“Your proposition,” says Dr Franklin, “about appointing agents in the ports, shall be laid before the Commissioners when they meet. In the mean time, I can only say, that as to my nephew, Mr Williams, though I have from long knowledge and experience of him a high opinion of his abilities, activity, and integrity, will have no hand in his appointment, or in approving it, not being desirous of his being in any way concerned in that business.“I am obliged to you for your good opinion of my nephew, manifested in your intention of nominating him as above, and I beg you to accept my thanks, though for particular reasons, which you know, I do not wish him to accept the employment.”
[34]The insinuation here, that Dr Franklin was disposed to favor Mr Williams, because he was his nephew, seems to have been made without just grounds. The contrary indeed would appear from the following extract of a letter, written by Dr Franklin to Mr William Lee, March 6th, 1778, when Mr Lee proposed to him that the Commissioners should appoint Mr Williams as a commercial agent at Nantes.
“Your proposition,” says Dr Franklin, “about appointing agents in the ports, shall be laid before the Commissioners when they meet. In the mean time, I can only say, that as to my nephew, Mr Williams, though I have from long knowledge and experience of him a high opinion of his abilities, activity, and integrity, will have no hand in his appointment, or in approving it, not being desirous of his being in any way concerned in that business.
“I am obliged to you for your good opinion of my nephew, manifested in your intention of nominating him as above, and I beg you to accept my thanks, though for particular reasons, which you know, I do not wish him to accept the employment.”
[35]For a full explanation of all the charges contained in this letter, see Silas Deane’s Correspondence in the present work, Vol. I, p. 139, under the date of October 12th, 1778,—also, p. 148 of the same volume. And for a further notice of Mr Williams’s accounts, see p. 172.
[35]For a full explanation of all the charges contained in this letter, see Silas Deane’s Correspondence in the present work, Vol. I, p. 139, under the date of October 12th, 1778,—also, p. 148 of the same volume. And for a further notice of Mr Williams’s accounts, see p. 172.
[36]This relates to military articles for the State of Virginia, which Mr Lee was authorised to procure. The correspondence concerning this subject will be found in the first volume of theLife of Arthur Lee.
[36]This relates to military articles for the State of Virginia, which Mr Lee was authorised to procure. The correspondence concerning this subject will be found in the first volume of theLife of Arthur Lee.
[37]Both missing.
[37]Both missing.
[38]“In Congress, December 3d, 1777.The great quantity of paper money, issued to defray the necessary expenses of the war, having at length become so considerable as to endanger its credit, and Congress apprehending, that the slow operation of taxes may not be adequate to the prevention of an evil so pernicious in its consequences, and as experience proves, that the method of paying the interest by bills on France does not fill the loan office so fast as the urgent calls of war demand,“Resolved, That the Commissioners at the Courts of France and Spain be directed to exert their utmost endeavors to obtain a loan of two millions sterling on the faith of the United States, for a term not less than ten years, with permission if practicable to pay the same sooner if it shall be agreeable to these States, giving twelve months’ previous notice to the lender, of such intention to return the money. That the Commissioners be instructed to consider the money hereby directed to be borrowed, as a fund to be applied, unless Congress direct otherwise, solely to the purpose of answering such drafts as Congress shall make for the purpose of lessening the sum of paper money in circulation.“That in order more effectually to answer the good purposes intended by this plan, the Commissioners be also instructed to keep as secret as the nature of the thing will admit, whatever loan they shall be able to obtain for this purpose on account of the United States.”
[38]“In Congress, December 3d, 1777.The great quantity of paper money, issued to defray the necessary expenses of the war, having at length become so considerable as to endanger its credit, and Congress apprehending, that the slow operation of taxes may not be adequate to the prevention of an evil so pernicious in its consequences, and as experience proves, that the method of paying the interest by bills on France does not fill the loan office so fast as the urgent calls of war demand,
“Resolved, That the Commissioners at the Courts of France and Spain be directed to exert their utmost endeavors to obtain a loan of two millions sterling on the faith of the United States, for a term not less than ten years, with permission if practicable to pay the same sooner if it shall be agreeable to these States, giving twelve months’ previous notice to the lender, of such intention to return the money. That the Commissioners be instructed to consider the money hereby directed to be borrowed, as a fund to be applied, unless Congress direct otherwise, solely to the purpose of answering such drafts as Congress shall make for the purpose of lessening the sum of paper money in circulation.
“That in order more effectually to answer the good purposes intended by this plan, the Commissioners be also instructed to keep as secret as the nature of the thing will admit, whatever loan they shall be able to obtain for this purpose on account of the United States.”
[39]Several of these letters are missing.
[39]Several of these letters are missing.
[40]This letter was forwarded to Count de Florida Blanca, through the agency of Count d’Aranda, Spanish Ambassador in France.
[40]This letter was forwarded to Count de Florida Blanca, through the agency of Count d’Aranda, Spanish Ambassador in France.
[41]When Mr Deane’s address reached Paris, Mr Lee ascertained that it was intended to be published in theCourier de l’Europe, and he wrote to Count de Vergennes requesting him to order it to be suppressed. The following answer was returned.Versailles, February 9th, 1779.Sir,I received the letter, which you did me the honor of writing to me the 7th instant. I had no knowledge of the writing it mentioned, and yesterday I was about taking measures that it should not be inserted in the Courier de l’Europe, just as that paper was sent to me, wherein I found the writing in question, so that it was out of my power to second your wishes. Do not doubt, Sir, of the regret I experience on account of this disappointment.I have the honor to be, &c.DE VERGENNES.
[41]When Mr Deane’s address reached Paris, Mr Lee ascertained that it was intended to be published in theCourier de l’Europe, and he wrote to Count de Vergennes requesting him to order it to be suppressed. The following answer was returned.
Versailles, February 9th, 1779.Sir,I received the letter, which you did me the honor of writing to me the 7th instant. I had no knowledge of the writing it mentioned, and yesterday I was about taking measures that it should not be inserted in the Courier de l’Europe, just as that paper was sent to me, wherein I found the writing in question, so that it was out of my power to second your wishes. Do not doubt, Sir, of the regret I experience on account of this disappointment.I have the honor to be, &c.DE VERGENNES.
Versailles, February 9th, 1779.
Sir,
I received the letter, which you did me the honor of writing to me the 7th instant. I had no knowledge of the writing it mentioned, and yesterday I was about taking measures that it should not be inserted in the Courier de l’Europe, just as that paper was sent to me, wherein I found the writing in question, so that it was out of my power to second your wishes. Do not doubt, Sir, of the regret I experience on account of this disappointment.
I have the honor to be, &c.
DE VERGENNES.
[42]See Silas Deane’s Correspondence, Vol. I. p. 139, 148.
[42]See Silas Deane’s Correspondence, Vol. I. p. 139, 148.
[43]Mr Lee wrote a very long letter to the President of Congress, dated February 10th, vindicating himself against statements of Silas Deane. This letter, somewhat altered, was published under the title of “Extracts from a Letter written to the President of Congress, by the Honorable Arthur Lee, in Answer to a Libel published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, of the 5th of December, 1778, by Silas Deane; in which every Charge or Insinuation against him in that Libel is fully and clearly refuted. Philadelphia, 1780.”
[43]Mr Lee wrote a very long letter to the President of Congress, dated February 10th, vindicating himself against statements of Silas Deane. This letter, somewhat altered, was published under the title of “Extracts from a Letter written to the President of Congress, by the Honorable Arthur Lee, in Answer to a Libel published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, of the 5th of December, 1778, by Silas Deane; in which every Charge or Insinuation against him in that Libel is fully and clearly refuted. Philadelphia, 1780.”
[44]In a letter to Mr Lovell, one of the Committee of Foreign Affairs, dated June 2d, 1779, Dr Franklin writes as follows.“I have never meddled with the dispute between him (Mr Deane) and Mr Lee, but the suspicion of having a good will to him has drawn upon me a great deal of ill will from his antagonist. The Congress have wisely enjoined the Ministers in Europe to agree with one another. I had always resolved to have no quarrel, and have, therefore, made it a constant rule to answer no angry, affronting, or abusive letters, of which I have received many and long ones from Mr Lee and Mr Izard, who, I understand, and see by the papers, have been writing liberally, or rather illiberally, against me, to prevent, as one of them says here, any impressions my writing against them might occasion to their prejudice. But I have never before mentioned them in any of my letters.”
[44]In a letter to Mr Lovell, one of the Committee of Foreign Affairs, dated June 2d, 1779, Dr Franklin writes as follows.
“I have never meddled with the dispute between him (Mr Deane) and Mr Lee, but the suspicion of having a good will to him has drawn upon me a great deal of ill will from his antagonist. The Congress have wisely enjoined the Ministers in Europe to agree with one another. I had always resolved to have no quarrel, and have, therefore, made it a constant rule to answer no angry, affronting, or abusive letters, of which I have received many and long ones from Mr Lee and Mr Izard, who, I understand, and see by the papers, have been writing liberally, or rather illiberally, against me, to prevent, as one of them says here, any impressions my writing against them might occasion to their prejudice. But I have never before mentioned them in any of my letters.”
[45]Missing.
[45]Missing.
[46]This letter was accompanied by another, dated April 23d, and entitled “A Memorial respecting the Conduct of Mr Williams,” which was afterwards printed under the title of “Observations on certain Commercial Transactions in France, laid before Congress. By Arthur Lee. Philadelphia, 1780.” To these observations is prefixed a preface, which is not attached to the Memorial first transmitted to Congress.
[46]This letter was accompanied by another, dated April 23d, and entitled “A Memorial respecting the Conduct of Mr Williams,” which was afterwards printed under the title of “Observations on certain Commercial Transactions in France, laid before Congress. By Arthur Lee. Philadelphia, 1780.” To these observations is prefixed a preface, which is not attached to the Memorial first transmitted to Congress.
[47]On the 25th of June, Mr Lee wrote to the Count de Florida Blanca, as follows.“I do not press your Excellency about my coming to Madrid. I know your Excellency’s wisdom, and the maturity of judgment with which his Majesty’s councils are conducted. I therefore trust, that when such a step is thought to be proper, you will have the goodness to signify it to me through his Majesty’s Minister at this Court.”I have the honor, &c.ARTHUR LEE.
[47]On the 25th of June, Mr Lee wrote to the Count de Florida Blanca, as follows.
“I do not press your Excellency about my coming to Madrid. I know your Excellency’s wisdom, and the maturity of judgment with which his Majesty’s councils are conducted. I therefore trust, that when such a step is thought to be proper, you will have the goodness to signify it to me through his Majesty’s Minister at this Court.”I have the honor, &c.ARTHUR LEE.
“I do not press your Excellency about my coming to Madrid. I know your Excellency’s wisdom, and the maturity of judgment with which his Majesty’s councils are conducted. I therefore trust, that when such a step is thought to be proper, you will have the goodness to signify it to me through his Majesty’s Minister at this Court.”
I have the honor, &c.
ARTHUR LEE.
[48]Journal of Congress, April 30th and May 3d, 1779.
[48]Journal of Congress, April 30th and May 3d, 1779.
[49]Journal of Congress, June 10th, 1779.
[49]Journal of Congress, June 10th, 1779.
[50]“In Congress, October 13th, 1779.A letter of the 31st of May last, from A. Lee, was read, whereupon,“Resolved, That Mr A. Lee be informed of Mr Jay’s appointment to the Court of Spain, and that, agreeably to his request, he is at liberty to return to America.”
[50]“In Congress, October 13th, 1779.A letter of the 31st of May last, from A. Lee, was read, whereupon,
“Resolved, That Mr A. Lee be informed of Mr Jay’s appointment to the Court of Spain, and that, agreeably to his request, he is at liberty to return to America.”
[51]For these letters see above,p. 224,227, and249.
[51]For these letters see above,p. 224,227, and249.
[52]December 1st.“Resolved, That Mr Lee be informed, that Congress approve of his retaining the picture; that he be further informed, in answer to his letter, that there is no particular charge against him before Congress properly supported, and that he be assured his recall was not intended to fix any kind of censure on his character or conduct abroad.”
[52]December 1st.“Resolved, That Mr Lee be informed, that Congress approve of his retaining the picture; that he be further informed, in answer to his letter, that there is no particular charge against him before Congress properly supported, and that he be assured his recall was not intended to fix any kind of censure on his character or conduct abroad.”
[53]“May 7th, 1778.Resolved, that the Commissioners appointed for the Courts of Spain, Tuscany, Vienna and Berlin, should live in such style and manner, at their respective Courts, as they may find suitable and necessary to support the dignity of their public character; keeping an account of their expenses, which shall be reimbursed by the Congress of the United States of America;“That besides the actual expenses of the Commissioners, a handsome allowance be made to each of them as a compensation for their services;“That the Commissioners of the other Courts in Europe be empowered to draw bills of exchange from time to time for the amount of their expenses upon the Commissioners at the Court of France.”
[53]“May 7th, 1778.Resolved, that the Commissioners appointed for the Courts of Spain, Tuscany, Vienna and Berlin, should live in such style and manner, at their respective Courts, as they may find suitable and necessary to support the dignity of their public character; keeping an account of their expenses, which shall be reimbursed by the Congress of the United States of America;
“That besides the actual expenses of the Commissioners, a handsome allowance be made to each of them as a compensation for their services;
“That the Commissioners of the other Courts in Europe be empowered to draw bills of exchange from time to time for the amount of their expenses upon the Commissioners at the Court of France.”
[54]Missing.
[54]Missing.
[55]For letters from M. Van Berckel and M. Dumas on this subject, see the Correspondence of the Commissioners in France. Vol. I. pp. 456, 457, 476, 480, 488.
[55]For letters from M. Van Berckel and M. Dumas on this subject, see the Correspondence of the Commissioners in France. Vol. I. pp. 456, 457, 476, 480, 488.
[56]See these letters and paper in Mr Deane’s Correspondence, Vol. I, pp. 129, 139, 148, 155, of this work.
[56]See these letters and paper in Mr Deane’s Correspondence, Vol. I, pp. 129, 139, 148, 155, of this work.
[57]For a correction of an error here, in regard to the imputed designs of Dr Franklin respecting his nephew,see the note on p. 164, of the present volume.
[57]For a correction of an error here, in regard to the imputed designs of Dr Franklin respecting his nephew,see the note on p. 164, of the present volume.
[58]His Address to the American People, published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, of December 5th, 1778.
[58]His Address to the American People, published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, of December 5th, 1778.
[59]This was not true in regard to the “mediating powers,” but it was the invariable reply of France to all the propositions made by other powers for a mediation between her and England, that the independence of the United States must be assumed as a previously established point.
[59]This was not true in regard to the “mediating powers,” but it was the invariable reply of France to all the propositions made by other powers for a mediation between her and England, that the independence of the United States must be assumed as a previously established point.
[60]Both missing.
[60]Both missing.
[61]“August 6th, 1779, Resolved, that an allowance of 11,428 livres tournois per annum be made to the several Commissioners of the United States in Europe for their services, besides their reasonable expenses respectively;“That the salary, as well as the expenses, be computed from the time of their leaving their places of abode to enter on the duties of their offices, to be continued three months after notice of their recall, to enable them to repair to their families respectively.”
[61]“August 6th, 1779, Resolved, that an allowance of 11,428 livres tournois per annum be made to the several Commissioners of the United States in Europe for their services, besides their reasonable expenses respectively;
“That the salary, as well as the expenses, be computed from the time of their leaving their places of abode to enter on the duties of their offices, to be continued three months after notice of their recall, to enable them to repair to their families respectively.”
[62]“September 12th, 1781.The committee to whom was referred a letter of the 12th of April last from Mr William Lee, report,“That upon principles admitted by Congress in the settlement of an account similar to that transmitted by Mr Lee, there appears to be due to him a balance of 42,189 livres tournois; whereupon,“Ordered, That the account be referred to the Superintendent of Finance, to take order for payment of the balance, with interest, at the rate of six per cent per annum from this day, as soon as the state of the public finances will admit.”
[62]“September 12th, 1781.The committee to whom was referred a letter of the 12th of April last from Mr William Lee, report,
“That upon principles admitted by Congress in the settlement of an account similar to that transmitted by Mr Lee, there appears to be due to him a balance of 42,189 livres tournois; whereupon,“Ordered, That the account be referred to the Superintendent of Finance, to take order for payment of the balance, with interest, at the rate of six per cent per annum from this day, as soon as the state of the public finances will admit.”
“That upon principles admitted by Congress in the settlement of an account similar to that transmitted by Mr Lee, there appears to be due to him a balance of 42,189 livres tournois; whereupon,
“Ordered, That the account be referred to the Superintendent of Finance, to take order for payment of the balance, with interest, at the rate of six per cent per annum from this day, as soon as the state of the public finances will admit.”
[63]See the history of the 11th and 12th articles of the treaty, in Mr Deane’s letter of the 12th of October, 1778, Vol. I. p. 166; also in Arthur Lee’s, letters, Vol. II,p. 127.
[63]See the history of the 11th and 12th articles of the treaty, in Mr Deane’s letter of the 12th of October, 1778, Vol. I. p. 166; also in Arthur Lee’s, letters, Vol. II,p. 127.
[64]See thethree preceding letters.
[64]See thethree preceding letters.
[65]They were not permitted by the French Court to make it known.
[65]They were not permitted by the French Court to make it known.
[66]In reply to this letter, see Mr Deane’s letter to the President of Congress, dated October 12th, 1778, Vol. I. p. 129.
[66]In reply to this letter, see Mr Deane’s letter to the President of Congress, dated October 12th, 1778, Vol. I. p. 129.
[67]Succeeding events proved all these suspicions and speculations to have been erroneous.
[67]Succeeding events proved all these suspicions and speculations to have been erroneous.
[68]For the correction of an error here, respecting Dr Franklin’s designs in regard to his nephew, see the present volume,p. 164, note.
[68]For the correction of an error here, respecting Dr Franklin’s designs in regard to his nephew, see the present volume,p. 164, note.
[69]In Congress, June 8th, 1779.“According to the order of the day, Congress proceeded to the consideration of the report of the Committee of thirteen on Foreign Affairs; and on the question, shall Mr Izard be recalled?—resolved in the affirmative.“A motion was then made, that Mr Izard be informed, that it is the sense of Congress that he need not return to America;—resolved in the affirmative.”
[69]In Congress, June 8th, 1779.“According to the order of the day, Congress proceeded to the consideration of the report of the Committee of thirteen on Foreign Affairs; and on the question, shall Mr Izard be recalled?—resolved in the affirmative.
“A motion was then made, that Mr Izard be informed, that it is the sense of Congress that he need not return to America;—resolved in the affirmative.”
[70]For an account of the appointment of Henry Laurens to “negotiate a foreign loan,” and also as a “Commissioner to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with the United Provinces of the Low Countries,” see theSecret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. pp. 283, 285, 290, 314, 320.
[70]For an account of the appointment of Henry Laurens to “negotiate a foreign loan,” and also as a “Commissioner to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with the United Provinces of the Low Countries,” see theSecret Journal of Congress, Vol. II. pp. 283, 285, 290, 314, 320.
[71]In Congress, November 23d, 1779.Committee reported, “that bills of exchange be drawn on John Jay to the amount of £100,000 sterling, and on Henry Laurens to the amount of £100,000 sterling, payable at six months sight, and that the same be sold at the current rate of exchange.”November 29th.“Congress took into consideration the report of the Committee appointed to report the manner in which the resolution of the 23d instant, relative to the drawing bills of exchange on Mr Jay and Mr Laurens, shall be carried into execution; whereupon“Resolved, That the bills be prepared under the direction of the Board of Treasury, and with such checks as they may devise to prevent counterfeits, and be signed by the Treasurer of Loans.“That so many of the bills as the Treasury Board shall, from time to time think proper to issue, be put into the hands of the Continental Loan Officer in the State of Pennsylvania, or of any other State; and that the Board of Treasury direct the lowest rate of exchange at which the same may be sold.“That the Board of Treasury may, at their discretion, suspend the sale of such bills, reporting to Congress their reasons for so doing, that they may receive directions thereon.“That the Committee of Foreign Affairs be, and they are hereby directed to write to Mr Jay and Mr Laurens, informing them of the drafts that will be made upon them, and explaining fully the reasons that urge Congress to draw, directing them to keep up a mutual correspondence, and afford each other every assistance in procuring money to pay the bills.“That 1.8 per cent on monies received in payment for the said bills shall be allowed to the persons intrusted with the sale thereof.“That no bill be drawn for a less sum than the amount of £50 sterling.”
[71]In Congress, November 23d, 1779.Committee reported, “that bills of exchange be drawn on John Jay to the amount of £100,000 sterling, and on Henry Laurens to the amount of £100,000 sterling, payable at six months sight, and that the same be sold at the current rate of exchange.”
November 29th.“Congress took into consideration the report of the Committee appointed to report the manner in which the resolution of the 23d instant, relative to the drawing bills of exchange on Mr Jay and Mr Laurens, shall be carried into execution; whereupon
“Resolved, That the bills be prepared under the direction of the Board of Treasury, and with such checks as they may devise to prevent counterfeits, and be signed by the Treasurer of Loans.
“That so many of the bills as the Treasury Board shall, from time to time think proper to issue, be put into the hands of the Continental Loan Officer in the State of Pennsylvania, or of any other State; and that the Board of Treasury direct the lowest rate of exchange at which the same may be sold.
“That the Board of Treasury may, at their discretion, suspend the sale of such bills, reporting to Congress their reasons for so doing, that they may receive directions thereon.
“That the Committee of Foreign Affairs be, and they are hereby directed to write to Mr Jay and Mr Laurens, informing them of the drafts that will be made upon them, and explaining fully the reasons that urge Congress to draw, directing them to keep up a mutual correspondence, and afford each other every assistance in procuring money to pay the bills.
“That 1.8 per cent on monies received in payment for the said bills shall be allowed to the persons intrusted with the sale thereof.
“That no bill be drawn for a less sum than the amount of £50 sterling.”
[72]This letter is missing, nor does it appear from the Correspondence at what time, or from what place Mr Laurens sailed. On the 20th of June, 1780, it was resolved in Congress, that, as circumstances had prevented his departure, the commission to negotiate a loan in the United Provinces and the Low Countries, should be transferred to John Adams. And on the 7th of July, it was resolved, “That the commission, which was agreed to on the first day of November, 1779, for the honorable Henry Laurens, as a Commissioner to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with the States-General of the United Provinces of the Low Countries, be delivered to him; and that the consideration of the instructions relative to the negotiation of the treaty be for the present deferred; and that Mr Laurens, on his arrival in Holland, inform himself of the state of affairs in that country, and advise Congress particularly thereof, that they may be able to decide with more certainty upon the terms on which such treaty ought to be settled.”
[72]This letter is missing, nor does it appear from the Correspondence at what time, or from what place Mr Laurens sailed. On the 20th of June, 1780, it was resolved in Congress, that, as circumstances had prevented his departure, the commission to negotiate a loan in the United Provinces and the Low Countries, should be transferred to John Adams. And on the 7th of July, it was resolved, “That the commission, which was agreed to on the first day of November, 1779, for the honorable Henry Laurens, as a Commissioner to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with the States-General of the United Provinces of the Low Countries, be delivered to him; and that the consideration of the instructions relative to the negotiation of the treaty be for the present deferred; and that Mr Laurens, on his arrival in Holland, inform himself of the state of affairs in that country, and advise Congress particularly thereof, that they may be able to decide with more certainty upon the terms on which such treaty ought to be settled.”
[73]The following letter merits insertion in this place. It was written to Count de Vergennes by the Marchioness de Lafayette, wife of the Marquis de Lafayette, immediately after she heard the news of the capture of Mr Laurens. It is translated from the original, which I found among the American papers in the Archives of Foreign Affairs in Paris. It should be premised, that, after the Marquis de Lafayette was wounded at the battle of Brandywine, Mr Laurens, then at Philadelphia, took him in his carriage to Bethlehem, and provided for him a safe and comfortable retreat, where he remained till his wound was healed. This letter to the Count de Vergennes, is equally a proof of the gratitude and tenderness of its fair author.“Paris, October 18th, 1780.“Pardon, I pray you, Sir, my importunity, and permit me to address you with the confidence with which your kindnesses to M. de Lafayette have inspired me, and to speak to you of an affair, which interests me deeply. The capture and detention of Mr Laurens in England has sensibly afflicted me. He is the intimate friend of M. de Lafayette, and took care of him during the time of his wound in a manner truly touching. His misfortune seems to me overwhelming, and when we consider the high station he has held in America, it is probable that it may become still more so. I know not if any means can be found to prevent it, or even to soften the actual rigors of his captivity; but I am persuaded, Sir, if there are any such, that they will be known to you. Should it be possible, let me entreat you earnestly to put them in use.“Permit me also to speak to you of an idea which has occurred to me, and which is not perhaps entirely unworthy of consideration. M. de Lafayette has friends, that are on intimate terms with Mr Fitzpatrick, who is himself well known. Among the ladies of my acquaintance are some, who are the confidential friends of Lady Stormont. May not something be done through these parties in favor of Mr Laurens? And what must be said to them? I beg you a thousand times to pardon my importunities, and give me in this affair your kind interest and counsels. You will perhaps think me very ridiculous, and very unreasonable, but the hope, however ill founded, of rendering some good service to the unfortunate friend of M. de Lafayette, has prompted me to run this risk, and make this experiment upon your indulgence, which, at least, I must desire you to accord to me. This will add yet more to the lively and sincere acknowledgment, with which I have the honor to be,Sir, your very humble, and very obedient servant,NOAILLES DE LAFAYETTE.”
[73]The following letter merits insertion in this place. It was written to Count de Vergennes by the Marchioness de Lafayette, wife of the Marquis de Lafayette, immediately after she heard the news of the capture of Mr Laurens. It is translated from the original, which I found among the American papers in the Archives of Foreign Affairs in Paris. It should be premised, that, after the Marquis de Lafayette was wounded at the battle of Brandywine, Mr Laurens, then at Philadelphia, took him in his carriage to Bethlehem, and provided for him a safe and comfortable retreat, where he remained till his wound was healed. This letter to the Count de Vergennes, is equally a proof of the gratitude and tenderness of its fair author.
“Paris, October 18th, 1780.“Pardon, I pray you, Sir, my importunity, and permit me to address you with the confidence with which your kindnesses to M. de Lafayette have inspired me, and to speak to you of an affair, which interests me deeply. The capture and detention of Mr Laurens in England has sensibly afflicted me. He is the intimate friend of M. de Lafayette, and took care of him during the time of his wound in a manner truly touching. His misfortune seems to me overwhelming, and when we consider the high station he has held in America, it is probable that it may become still more so. I know not if any means can be found to prevent it, or even to soften the actual rigors of his captivity; but I am persuaded, Sir, if there are any such, that they will be known to you. Should it be possible, let me entreat you earnestly to put them in use.“Permit me also to speak to you of an idea which has occurred to me, and which is not perhaps entirely unworthy of consideration. M. de Lafayette has friends, that are on intimate terms with Mr Fitzpatrick, who is himself well known. Among the ladies of my acquaintance are some, who are the confidential friends of Lady Stormont. May not something be done through these parties in favor of Mr Laurens? And what must be said to them? I beg you a thousand times to pardon my importunities, and give me in this affair your kind interest and counsels. You will perhaps think me very ridiculous, and very unreasonable, but the hope, however ill founded, of rendering some good service to the unfortunate friend of M. de Lafayette, has prompted me to run this risk, and make this experiment upon your indulgence, which, at least, I must desire you to accord to me. This will add yet more to the lively and sincere acknowledgment, with which I have the honor to be,Sir, your very humble, and very obedient servant,NOAILLES DE LAFAYETTE.”
“Paris, October 18th, 1780.
“Pardon, I pray you, Sir, my importunity, and permit me to address you with the confidence with which your kindnesses to M. de Lafayette have inspired me, and to speak to you of an affair, which interests me deeply. The capture and detention of Mr Laurens in England has sensibly afflicted me. He is the intimate friend of M. de Lafayette, and took care of him during the time of his wound in a manner truly touching. His misfortune seems to me overwhelming, and when we consider the high station he has held in America, it is probable that it may become still more so. I know not if any means can be found to prevent it, or even to soften the actual rigors of his captivity; but I am persuaded, Sir, if there are any such, that they will be known to you. Should it be possible, let me entreat you earnestly to put them in use.
“Permit me also to speak to you of an idea which has occurred to me, and which is not perhaps entirely unworthy of consideration. M. de Lafayette has friends, that are on intimate terms with Mr Fitzpatrick, who is himself well known. Among the ladies of my acquaintance are some, who are the confidential friends of Lady Stormont. May not something be done through these parties in favor of Mr Laurens? And what must be said to them? I beg you a thousand times to pardon my importunities, and give me in this affair your kind interest and counsels. You will perhaps think me very ridiculous, and very unreasonable, but the hope, however ill founded, of rendering some good service to the unfortunate friend of M. de Lafayette, has prompted me to run this risk, and make this experiment upon your indulgence, which, at least, I must desire you to accord to me. This will add yet more to the lively and sincere acknowledgment, with which I have the honor to be,
Sir, your very humble, and very obedient servant,
NOAILLES DE LAFAYETTE.”
[74]I have been often assured, that this declaration had a very great effect upon the minds of the people in England in favor of American independence.—Note by Mr Laurens.
[74]I have been often assured, that this declaration had a very great effect upon the minds of the people in England in favor of American independence.—Note by Mr Laurens.
[75]I might assign various reasons, all valid, for this determination. The following single consideration, I trust, will be satisfactory to Congress. Five persons are nominated in the commission, not conjunctly, but severally and respectively, fully empowered. Whence it evidently appears, that Congress had not in view or expectation that the whole would act; therefore, as there are three of those persons besides myself, and all of superior abilities upon the spot, were I to thrust myself in, merely to make a fourth figure, I should feel guilty of a species of peculation by putting the public to unnecessary expense, without any well grounded hope of rendering public service.—Note by Mr Laurens.
[75]I might assign various reasons, all valid, for this determination. The following single consideration, I trust, will be satisfactory to Congress. Five persons are nominated in the commission, not conjunctly, but severally and respectively, fully empowered. Whence it evidently appears, that Congress had not in view or expectation that the whole would act; therefore, as there are three of those persons besides myself, and all of superior abilities upon the spot, were I to thrust myself in, merely to make a fourth figure, I should feel guilty of a species of peculation by putting the public to unnecessary expense, without any well grounded hope of rendering public service.—Note by Mr Laurens.
[76]I have replied to my friend, who wrote to me on this subject, as follows; “As to the peace bill, let them shape it as they please, Wisdom is justified of her children; if they will act foolishly, be the consequences to themselves. I have said and done all that became me.”—Note by Mr Laurens.
[76]I have replied to my friend, who wrote to me on this subject, as follows; “As to the peace bill, let them shape it as they please, Wisdom is justified of her children; if they will act foolishly, be the consequences to themselves. I have said and done all that became me.”—Note by Mr Laurens.
[77]In his letter of May 30th, (see above, p. 464) Mr Laurens insinuates, that Dr Franklin had neglected him while he was in the Tower. The following letter and extract, written by Dr Franklin, will show that this suspicion was groundless.“TO SIR GREY COOPER, BARONET,SECRETARY TO THE TREASURY OF GREAT BRITAIN.Passy, November 7th, 1780.“Sir,“I understand that Mr Laurens, an American gentleman, for whom I have a great esteem, is a prisoner in the Tower, and that his health suffers by the closeness and rigor of his confinement. As I do not think that your affairs receive any advantage from the harshness of this proceeding, I take the freedom of requesting your kind interposition, to obtain for him such a degree of air and liberty, on his parole, or otherwise, as may be necessary for his health and comfort. The fortune of war, which is daily changing, may possibly put it in my power to do the like good office for some friend of yours, which I shall perform with much pleasure, not only for the sake of humanity, but in respect to the ashes of our former friendship.“With great regard, I have the honor to be, &c.B. FRANKLIN.”On the 14th of May, 1781, he writes to the President of Congress.—“Agreeable to the vote of Congress, I have requested the assistance of this (the French) Court, for obtaining the release of Mr President Laurens. It does not yet appear that the thing is practicable. What the present situation is of that unfortunate gentleman, may be gathered from the enclosed letters.”The letters here alluded to are, one from Sir Grey Cooper, dated November 29th, 1780; and another from Charles Vernon, Lieutenant Governor of the Tower of London, dated November 27th. They may be found in Dr Franklin’s Correspondence under these dates.
[77]In his letter of May 30th, (see above, p. 464) Mr Laurens insinuates, that Dr Franklin had neglected him while he was in the Tower. The following letter and extract, written by Dr Franklin, will show that this suspicion was groundless.
“TO SIR GREY COOPER, BARONET,SECRETARY TO THE TREASURY OF GREAT BRITAIN.Passy, November 7th, 1780.“Sir,“I understand that Mr Laurens, an American gentleman, for whom I have a great esteem, is a prisoner in the Tower, and that his health suffers by the closeness and rigor of his confinement. As I do not think that your affairs receive any advantage from the harshness of this proceeding, I take the freedom of requesting your kind interposition, to obtain for him such a degree of air and liberty, on his parole, or otherwise, as may be necessary for his health and comfort. The fortune of war, which is daily changing, may possibly put it in my power to do the like good office for some friend of yours, which I shall perform with much pleasure, not only for the sake of humanity, but in respect to the ashes of our former friendship.“With great regard, I have the honor to be, &c.B. FRANKLIN.”
“TO SIR GREY COOPER, BARONET,SECRETARY TO THE TREASURY OF GREAT BRITAIN.
Passy, November 7th, 1780.
“Sir,
“I understand that Mr Laurens, an American gentleman, for whom I have a great esteem, is a prisoner in the Tower, and that his health suffers by the closeness and rigor of his confinement. As I do not think that your affairs receive any advantage from the harshness of this proceeding, I take the freedom of requesting your kind interposition, to obtain for him such a degree of air and liberty, on his parole, or otherwise, as may be necessary for his health and comfort. The fortune of war, which is daily changing, may possibly put it in my power to do the like good office for some friend of yours, which I shall perform with much pleasure, not only for the sake of humanity, but in respect to the ashes of our former friendship.
“With great regard, I have the honor to be, &c.
B. FRANKLIN.”
On the 14th of May, 1781, he writes to the President of Congress.—“Agreeable to the vote of Congress, I have requested the assistance of this (the French) Court, for obtaining the release of Mr President Laurens. It does not yet appear that the thing is practicable. What the present situation is of that unfortunate gentleman, may be gathered from the enclosed letters.”
The letters here alluded to are, one from Sir Grey Cooper, dated November 29th, 1780; and another from Charles Vernon, Lieutenant Governor of the Tower of London, dated November 27th. They may be found in Dr Franklin’s Correspondence under these dates.
[78]“In Congress, September 17th, 1782.—Resolved, That the honorable Henry Laurens be informed, in answer to his letter of the 30th of May, 1782, that the reasons which induced the United States in Congress assembled, to appoint him to be one of their Ministers Plenipotentiary for negotiating a peace still existing, his services in the execution of that trust cannot be dispensed with.“Resolved, That the honorable John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens, be respectively informed, that it is the pleasure and express direction of Congress, that they punctually attend and assist in the negotiations for peace; and that each of them be instructed, upon receiving information of the time and place appointed for opening the negotiations, immediately to give notice thereof to the rest, that may be in Europe, in order that each may have a seasonable opportunity to take part in the trust reposed by the said commission, and earnestly enjoined by this act.”
[78]“In Congress, September 17th, 1782.—Resolved, That the honorable Henry Laurens be informed, in answer to his letter of the 30th of May, 1782, that the reasons which induced the United States in Congress assembled, to appoint him to be one of their Ministers Plenipotentiary for negotiating a peace still existing, his services in the execution of that trust cannot be dispensed with.
“Resolved, That the honorable John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens, be respectively informed, that it is the pleasure and express direction of Congress, that they punctually attend and assist in the negotiations for peace; and that each of them be instructed, upon receiving information of the time and place appointed for opening the negotiations, immediately to give notice thereof to the rest, that may be in Europe, in order that each may have a seasonable opportunity to take part in the trust reposed by the said commission, and earnestly enjoined by this act.”