CANTO IX.

CANTO IX.The hue which cowardice on my face did paintWhen I beheld my guide return again,Put his new colour[331]quicker ’neath restraint.Like one who listens did he fixed remain;For far to penetrate the air like night,And heavy mist, the eye was bent in vain.‘Yet surely we must vanquish in the fight;’Thus he, ‘unless[332]—but with such proffered aid—O how I weary till he come in sight!’Well I remarked how he transition made,10Covering his opening words with those behind,Which contradicted what at first he said.Nath’less his speech with terror charged my mind,For, haply, to the word which broken fellWorse meaning than he purposed, I assigned.Down to this bottom[333]of the dismal shellComes ever any from the First Degree,[334]Where all their pain is, stripped of hope to dwell?To this my question thus responded he:‘Seldom it haps to any to pursue20The journey now embarked upon by me.Yet I ere this descended, it is true,Beneath a spell of dire Erichtho’s[335]laid,Who could the corpse with soul inform anew.Short while my flesh of me was empty madeWhen she required me to o’erpass that wall,From Judas’ circle[336]to abstract a shade.That is the deepest, darkest place of all,And furthest from the heaven[337]which moves the skies;I know the way; fear nought that can befall.30These fens[338]from which vile exhalations riseThe doleful city all around invest,Which now we reach not save in angry wise.’Of more he spake nought in my mind doth rest,For, with mine eyes, my every thought had beenFixed on the lofty tower with flaming crest,Where, in a moment and upright, were seenThree hellish furies, all with blood defaced,And woman-like in members and in mien.Hydras of brilliant green begirt their waist;40Snakes and cerastes for their tresses grew,And these were round their dreadful temples braced.That they the drudges were, full well he knew,Of her who is the queen of endless woes,And said to me: ‘The fierce Erynnyes[339]view!Herself upon the left Megæra shows;That is Alecto weeping on the right;Tisiphone’s between.’ Here made he close.Each with her nails her breast tore, and did smiteHerself with open palms. They screamed in tone50So fierce, I to the Poet clove for fright.‘Medusa,[340]come, that we may make him stone!’All shouted as they downward gazed; ‘Alack!Theseus[341]escaped us when he ventured down.’‘Keep thine eyes closed and turn to them thy back,For if the Gorgon chance to be displayedAnd thou shouldst look, farewell the upward track!’Thus spake the Master, and himself he swayedMe round about; nor put he trust in mineBut his own hands upon mine eyelids laid.60O ye with judgment gifted to divineLook closely now, and mark what hidden loreLies ’neath the veil of my mysterious line![342]Across the turbid waters came a roarAnd crash of sound, which big with fear arose:Because of it fell trembling either shore.The fashion of it was as when there blowsA blast by cross heats made to rage amain,Which smites the forest and without reposeThe shattered branches sweeps in hurricane;70In clouds of dust, majestic, onward flies,Wild beasts and herdsmen driving o’er the plain.‘Sharpen thy gaze,’ he bade—and freed mine eyes—‘Across the foam-flecked immemorial lake,Where sourest vapour most unbroken lies.’And as the frogs before the hostile snakeTogether of the water get them clear,And on the dry ground, huddling, shelter take;More than a thousand ruined souls in fearBeheld I flee from one who, dry of feet,80Was by the Stygian ferry drawing near.Waving his left hand he the vapour beatSwiftly from ’fore his face, nor seemed he spentSave with fatigue at having this to meet.Well I opined that he from Heaven[343]was sent,And to my Master turned. His gesture taughtI should be dumb and in obeisance bent.Ah me, how with disdain appeared he fraught!He reached the gate, which, touching with a rod,[344]He oped with ease, for it resisted not.90‘People despised and banished far from God,’Upon the awful threshold then he spoke,‘How holds in you such insolence abode?Why kick against that will which never brokeShort of its end, if ever it begin,And often for you fiercer torments woke?Butting ’gainst fate, what can ye hope to win?Your Cerberus,[345]as is to you well known,Still bears for this a well-peeled throat and chin.’Then by the passage foul he back was gone,100Nor spake to us, but like a man was heBy other cares[346]absorbed and driven onThan that of those who may around him be.And we, confiding in the sacred word,Moved toward the town in all security.We entered without hindrance, and I, spurredBy my desire the character to knowAnd style of place such strong defences gird,Entering, begin mine eyes around to throw,And see on every hand a vast champaign,110The teeming seat of torments and of woe.And as at Arles[347]where Rhone spreads o’er the plain,Or Pola,[348]hard upon Quarnaro soundWhich bathes the boundaries Italian,The sepulchres uneven make the ground;So here on every side, but far more direAnd grievous was the fashion of them found.For scattered ’mid the tombs blazed many a fire,Because of which these with such fervour burnedNo arts which work in iron more require.120All of the lids were lifted. I discernedBy keen laments which from the tombs aroseThat sad and suffering ones were there inurned.I said: ‘O Master, tell me who are thoseBuried within the tombs, of whom the sighsCome to our ears thus eloquent of woes?’And he to me: ‘The lords of heresies[349]With followers of all sects, a greater bandThan thou wouldst think, these sepulchres comprise.To lodge them like to like the tombs are planned.130The sepulchres have more or less of heat.’[350]Then passed we, turning to the dexter hand,[351]’Tween torments and the lofty parapet.FOOTNOTES:[331]New colour: Both have changed colour, Virgil in anger and Dante in fear.[332]Unless: To conceal his misgiving from Dante, Virgil refrains from expressing all his thought. The ‘unless’ may refer to what the lying demons had told him or threatened him with; the ‘proffered aid,’ to that involved in Beatrice’s request.[333]This bottom: The lower depths of Inferno. How much still lies below him is unknown to Dante.[334]First Degree: The limbo where Virgil resides. Dante by an indirect question, seeks to learn how much experience of Inferno is possessed by his guide.[335]Erichtho: A Thessalian sorceress, of whom Lucan (Pharsaliavi.) tells that she evoked a shade to predict to Sextus Pompey the result of the war between his father and Cæsar. This happened thirty years before the death of Virgil.[336]Judas’ circle: The Judecca, or very lowest point of the Inferno. Virgil’s death preceded that of Judas by fifty years. He gives no hint of whose the shade was that he went down to fetch; but Lucan’s tale was probably in Dante’s mind. In the Middle Ages the memory of Virgil was revered as that of a great sorcerer, especially in the neighbourhood of Naples.[337]The heaven, etc.: ThePrimum Mobile; but used here for the highest heaven. SeeInf.ii. 83,note.[338]These fens, etc.: Virgil knows the locality. They have no choice, but must remain where they are, for the same moat and wall gird the city all around.[339]Erynnyes: The Furies. The Queen of whom they are handmaids is Proserpine, carried off by Dis, or Pluto, to the under world.[340]Medusa: One of the Gorgons. Whoever looked on the head of Medusa was turned into stone.[341]Theseus: Who descended into the infernal regions to rescue Proserpine, and escaped by the help of Hercules.[342]Mysterious line: ‘Strange verses:’ That the verses are called strange, as Boccaccio and others of the older commentators say, because treating of such a subject in the vulgar tongue for the first time, and in rhyme, is difficult to believe. Rather they are strange because of the meaning they convey. What that is, Dante warns the reader of superior intellect to pause and consider. It has been noted (Inf.ii. 28) how he uses the characters of the old mythology as if believing in their real existence. But this is for his poetical ends. Here he bids us look below the surface and seek for the truth hidden under the strange disguise.—The opposition to their progress offered by the powers of Hell perplexes even Virgil, while Dante is reduced to a state of absolute terror, and is afflicted with still sharper misgivings than he had at the first as to the issue of his adventure. By an indirect question he seeks to learn how much Virgil really knows of the economy of the lower world; but he cannot so much as listen to all of his Master’s reassuring answer, terrified as he is by the sudden appearance of the Furies upon the tower, which rises out of the city of unbelief. These symbolise the trouble of his conscience, and, assailing him with threats, shake his already trembling faith in the Divine government. How, in the face of such foes, is he to find the peace and liberty of soul of which he is in search? That this is the city of unbelief he has not yet been told, and without knowing it he is standing under the very walls of Doubting Castle. And now, if he chance to let his eyes rest on the Gorgon’s head, his soul will be petrified by despair; like the denizens of Hell, he will lose the ‘good of the intellect,’ and will pass into a state from which Virgil—or reason—will be powerless to deliver him. But Virgil takes him in time, and makes him avert his eyes; which may signify that the only safe course for men is to turn their backs on the deep and insoluble problem of how the reality of the Divine government can be reconciled with the apparent triumph of evil.[343]From Heaven: The messenger comes from Heaven, and his words are holy. Against the obvious interpretation, that he is a good angel, there lies the objection that no other such is met with in Inferno, and also that it is spoken of as a new sight for him when Dante first meets with one in Purgatory. But the obstruction now to be overcome is worthy of angelic interference; and Dante can hardly be said to meet the messenger, who does not even glance in his direction. The commentators have made this angel mean all kind of outlandish things.[344]A rod: A piece of the angelic outfit, derived from thecaduceusof Mercury.[345]Cerberus: Hercules, when Cerberus opposed his entrance to the infernal regions, fastened a chain round his neck and dragged him to the gate. The angel’s speech answers Dante’s doubts as to the limits of diabolical power.[346]By other cares, etc.: It is not in Inferno that Dante is to hold converse with celestial intelligences. The angel, like Beatrice when she sought Virgil in Limbo, is all on fire to return to his own place.[347]Arles: The Alyscampo (Elysian Fields) at Arles was an enormous cemetery, of which ruins still exist. It had a circumference of about six miles, and contained numerous sarcophagi dating from Roman times.[348]Pola: In Istria, near the Gulf of Quarnaro, said to have contained many ancient tombs.[349]Lords of heresies: ‘Heresiarchs.’ Dante now learns for the first time that Dis is the city of unbelief. Each class of heretics has its own great sepulchre.[350]More or less of heat: According to the heinousness of the heresy punished in each. It was natural to associate heretics and punishment by fire in days when Dominican monks ruled the roast.[351]Dexter hand: As they move across the circles, and down from one to the other, their course is usually to the left hand. Here for some reason Virgil turns to the right, so as to have the tombs on the left as he advances. It may be that a special proof of his knowledge of the locality is introduced when most needed—after the repulse by the demons—to strengthen Dante’s confidence in him as a guide; or, as some subtly think, they being now about to enter the abode of heresy, the movement to the right signifies the importance of the first step in forming opinion. The only other occasion on which their course is taken to the right hand is atInf.xvii. 31.

The hue which cowardice on my face did paintWhen I beheld my guide return again,Put his new colour[331]quicker ’neath restraint.Like one who listens did he fixed remain;For far to penetrate the air like night,And heavy mist, the eye was bent in vain.‘Yet surely we must vanquish in the fight;’Thus he, ‘unless[332]—but with such proffered aid—O how I weary till he come in sight!’Well I remarked how he transition made,10Covering his opening words with those behind,Which contradicted what at first he said.Nath’less his speech with terror charged my mind,For, haply, to the word which broken fellWorse meaning than he purposed, I assigned.Down to this bottom[333]of the dismal shellComes ever any from the First Degree,[334]Where all their pain is, stripped of hope to dwell?To this my question thus responded he:‘Seldom it haps to any to pursue20The journey now embarked upon by me.Yet I ere this descended, it is true,Beneath a spell of dire Erichtho’s[335]laid,Who could the corpse with soul inform anew.Short while my flesh of me was empty madeWhen she required me to o’erpass that wall,From Judas’ circle[336]to abstract a shade.That is the deepest, darkest place of all,And furthest from the heaven[337]which moves the skies;I know the way; fear nought that can befall.30These fens[338]from which vile exhalations riseThe doleful city all around invest,Which now we reach not save in angry wise.’Of more he spake nought in my mind doth rest,For, with mine eyes, my every thought had beenFixed on the lofty tower with flaming crest,Where, in a moment and upright, were seenThree hellish furies, all with blood defaced,And woman-like in members and in mien.Hydras of brilliant green begirt their waist;40Snakes and cerastes for their tresses grew,And these were round their dreadful temples braced.That they the drudges were, full well he knew,Of her who is the queen of endless woes,And said to me: ‘The fierce Erynnyes[339]view!Herself upon the left Megæra shows;That is Alecto weeping on the right;Tisiphone’s between.’ Here made he close.Each with her nails her breast tore, and did smiteHerself with open palms. They screamed in tone50So fierce, I to the Poet clove for fright.‘Medusa,[340]come, that we may make him stone!’All shouted as they downward gazed; ‘Alack!Theseus[341]escaped us when he ventured down.’‘Keep thine eyes closed and turn to them thy back,For if the Gorgon chance to be displayedAnd thou shouldst look, farewell the upward track!’Thus spake the Master, and himself he swayedMe round about; nor put he trust in mineBut his own hands upon mine eyelids laid.60O ye with judgment gifted to divineLook closely now, and mark what hidden loreLies ’neath the veil of my mysterious line![342]Across the turbid waters came a roarAnd crash of sound, which big with fear arose:Because of it fell trembling either shore.The fashion of it was as when there blowsA blast by cross heats made to rage amain,Which smites the forest and without reposeThe shattered branches sweeps in hurricane;70In clouds of dust, majestic, onward flies,Wild beasts and herdsmen driving o’er the plain.‘Sharpen thy gaze,’ he bade—and freed mine eyes—‘Across the foam-flecked immemorial lake,Where sourest vapour most unbroken lies.’And as the frogs before the hostile snakeTogether of the water get them clear,And on the dry ground, huddling, shelter take;More than a thousand ruined souls in fearBeheld I flee from one who, dry of feet,80Was by the Stygian ferry drawing near.Waving his left hand he the vapour beatSwiftly from ’fore his face, nor seemed he spentSave with fatigue at having this to meet.Well I opined that he from Heaven[343]was sent,And to my Master turned. His gesture taughtI should be dumb and in obeisance bent.Ah me, how with disdain appeared he fraught!He reached the gate, which, touching with a rod,[344]He oped with ease, for it resisted not.90‘People despised and banished far from God,’Upon the awful threshold then he spoke,‘How holds in you such insolence abode?Why kick against that will which never brokeShort of its end, if ever it begin,And often for you fiercer torments woke?Butting ’gainst fate, what can ye hope to win?Your Cerberus,[345]as is to you well known,Still bears for this a well-peeled throat and chin.’Then by the passage foul he back was gone,100Nor spake to us, but like a man was heBy other cares[346]absorbed and driven onThan that of those who may around him be.And we, confiding in the sacred word,Moved toward the town in all security.We entered without hindrance, and I, spurredBy my desire the character to knowAnd style of place such strong defences gird,Entering, begin mine eyes around to throw,And see on every hand a vast champaign,110The teeming seat of torments and of woe.And as at Arles[347]where Rhone spreads o’er the plain,Or Pola,[348]hard upon Quarnaro soundWhich bathes the boundaries Italian,The sepulchres uneven make the ground;So here on every side, but far more direAnd grievous was the fashion of them found.For scattered ’mid the tombs blazed many a fire,Because of which these with such fervour burnedNo arts which work in iron more require.120All of the lids were lifted. I discernedBy keen laments which from the tombs aroseThat sad and suffering ones were there inurned.I said: ‘O Master, tell me who are thoseBuried within the tombs, of whom the sighsCome to our ears thus eloquent of woes?’And he to me: ‘The lords of heresies[349]With followers of all sects, a greater bandThan thou wouldst think, these sepulchres comprise.To lodge them like to like the tombs are planned.130The sepulchres have more or less of heat.’[350]Then passed we, turning to the dexter hand,[351]’Tween torments and the lofty parapet.

FOOTNOTES:[331]New colour: Both have changed colour, Virgil in anger and Dante in fear.[332]Unless: To conceal his misgiving from Dante, Virgil refrains from expressing all his thought. The ‘unless’ may refer to what the lying demons had told him or threatened him with; the ‘proffered aid,’ to that involved in Beatrice’s request.[333]This bottom: The lower depths of Inferno. How much still lies below him is unknown to Dante.[334]First Degree: The limbo where Virgil resides. Dante by an indirect question, seeks to learn how much experience of Inferno is possessed by his guide.[335]Erichtho: A Thessalian sorceress, of whom Lucan (Pharsaliavi.) tells that she evoked a shade to predict to Sextus Pompey the result of the war between his father and Cæsar. This happened thirty years before the death of Virgil.[336]Judas’ circle: The Judecca, or very lowest point of the Inferno. Virgil’s death preceded that of Judas by fifty years. He gives no hint of whose the shade was that he went down to fetch; but Lucan’s tale was probably in Dante’s mind. In the Middle Ages the memory of Virgil was revered as that of a great sorcerer, especially in the neighbourhood of Naples.[337]The heaven, etc.: ThePrimum Mobile; but used here for the highest heaven. SeeInf.ii. 83,note.[338]These fens, etc.: Virgil knows the locality. They have no choice, but must remain where they are, for the same moat and wall gird the city all around.[339]Erynnyes: The Furies. The Queen of whom they are handmaids is Proserpine, carried off by Dis, or Pluto, to the under world.[340]Medusa: One of the Gorgons. Whoever looked on the head of Medusa was turned into stone.[341]Theseus: Who descended into the infernal regions to rescue Proserpine, and escaped by the help of Hercules.[342]Mysterious line: ‘Strange verses:’ That the verses are called strange, as Boccaccio and others of the older commentators say, because treating of such a subject in the vulgar tongue for the first time, and in rhyme, is difficult to believe. Rather they are strange because of the meaning they convey. What that is, Dante warns the reader of superior intellect to pause and consider. It has been noted (Inf.ii. 28) how he uses the characters of the old mythology as if believing in their real existence. But this is for his poetical ends. Here he bids us look below the surface and seek for the truth hidden under the strange disguise.—The opposition to their progress offered by the powers of Hell perplexes even Virgil, while Dante is reduced to a state of absolute terror, and is afflicted with still sharper misgivings than he had at the first as to the issue of his adventure. By an indirect question he seeks to learn how much Virgil really knows of the economy of the lower world; but he cannot so much as listen to all of his Master’s reassuring answer, terrified as he is by the sudden appearance of the Furies upon the tower, which rises out of the city of unbelief. These symbolise the trouble of his conscience, and, assailing him with threats, shake his already trembling faith in the Divine government. How, in the face of such foes, is he to find the peace and liberty of soul of which he is in search? That this is the city of unbelief he has not yet been told, and without knowing it he is standing under the very walls of Doubting Castle. And now, if he chance to let his eyes rest on the Gorgon’s head, his soul will be petrified by despair; like the denizens of Hell, he will lose the ‘good of the intellect,’ and will pass into a state from which Virgil—or reason—will be powerless to deliver him. But Virgil takes him in time, and makes him avert his eyes; which may signify that the only safe course for men is to turn their backs on the deep and insoluble problem of how the reality of the Divine government can be reconciled with the apparent triumph of evil.[343]From Heaven: The messenger comes from Heaven, and his words are holy. Against the obvious interpretation, that he is a good angel, there lies the objection that no other such is met with in Inferno, and also that it is spoken of as a new sight for him when Dante first meets with one in Purgatory. But the obstruction now to be overcome is worthy of angelic interference; and Dante can hardly be said to meet the messenger, who does not even glance in his direction. The commentators have made this angel mean all kind of outlandish things.[344]A rod: A piece of the angelic outfit, derived from thecaduceusof Mercury.[345]Cerberus: Hercules, when Cerberus opposed his entrance to the infernal regions, fastened a chain round his neck and dragged him to the gate. The angel’s speech answers Dante’s doubts as to the limits of diabolical power.[346]By other cares, etc.: It is not in Inferno that Dante is to hold converse with celestial intelligences. The angel, like Beatrice when she sought Virgil in Limbo, is all on fire to return to his own place.[347]Arles: The Alyscampo (Elysian Fields) at Arles was an enormous cemetery, of which ruins still exist. It had a circumference of about six miles, and contained numerous sarcophagi dating from Roman times.[348]Pola: In Istria, near the Gulf of Quarnaro, said to have contained many ancient tombs.[349]Lords of heresies: ‘Heresiarchs.’ Dante now learns for the first time that Dis is the city of unbelief. Each class of heretics has its own great sepulchre.[350]More or less of heat: According to the heinousness of the heresy punished in each. It was natural to associate heretics and punishment by fire in days when Dominican monks ruled the roast.[351]Dexter hand: As they move across the circles, and down from one to the other, their course is usually to the left hand. Here for some reason Virgil turns to the right, so as to have the tombs on the left as he advances. It may be that a special proof of his knowledge of the locality is introduced when most needed—after the repulse by the demons—to strengthen Dante’s confidence in him as a guide; or, as some subtly think, they being now about to enter the abode of heresy, the movement to the right signifies the importance of the first step in forming opinion. The only other occasion on which their course is taken to the right hand is atInf.xvii. 31.

[331]New colour: Both have changed colour, Virgil in anger and Dante in fear.

[332]Unless: To conceal his misgiving from Dante, Virgil refrains from expressing all his thought. The ‘unless’ may refer to what the lying demons had told him or threatened him with; the ‘proffered aid,’ to that involved in Beatrice’s request.

[333]This bottom: The lower depths of Inferno. How much still lies below him is unknown to Dante.

[334]First Degree: The limbo where Virgil resides. Dante by an indirect question, seeks to learn how much experience of Inferno is possessed by his guide.

[335]Erichtho: A Thessalian sorceress, of whom Lucan (Pharsaliavi.) tells that she evoked a shade to predict to Sextus Pompey the result of the war between his father and Cæsar. This happened thirty years before the death of Virgil.

[336]Judas’ circle: The Judecca, or very lowest point of the Inferno. Virgil’s death preceded that of Judas by fifty years. He gives no hint of whose the shade was that he went down to fetch; but Lucan’s tale was probably in Dante’s mind. In the Middle Ages the memory of Virgil was revered as that of a great sorcerer, especially in the neighbourhood of Naples.

[337]The heaven, etc.: ThePrimum Mobile; but used here for the highest heaven. SeeInf.ii. 83,note.

[338]These fens, etc.: Virgil knows the locality. They have no choice, but must remain where they are, for the same moat and wall gird the city all around.

[339]Erynnyes: The Furies. The Queen of whom they are handmaids is Proserpine, carried off by Dis, or Pluto, to the under world.

[340]Medusa: One of the Gorgons. Whoever looked on the head of Medusa was turned into stone.

[341]Theseus: Who descended into the infernal regions to rescue Proserpine, and escaped by the help of Hercules.

[342]Mysterious line: ‘Strange verses:’ That the verses are called strange, as Boccaccio and others of the older commentators say, because treating of such a subject in the vulgar tongue for the first time, and in rhyme, is difficult to believe. Rather they are strange because of the meaning they convey. What that is, Dante warns the reader of superior intellect to pause and consider. It has been noted (Inf.ii. 28) how he uses the characters of the old mythology as if believing in their real existence. But this is for his poetical ends. Here he bids us look below the surface and seek for the truth hidden under the strange disguise.—The opposition to their progress offered by the powers of Hell perplexes even Virgil, while Dante is reduced to a state of absolute terror, and is afflicted with still sharper misgivings than he had at the first as to the issue of his adventure. By an indirect question he seeks to learn how much Virgil really knows of the economy of the lower world; but he cannot so much as listen to all of his Master’s reassuring answer, terrified as he is by the sudden appearance of the Furies upon the tower, which rises out of the city of unbelief. These symbolise the trouble of his conscience, and, assailing him with threats, shake his already trembling faith in the Divine government. How, in the face of such foes, is he to find the peace and liberty of soul of which he is in search? That this is the city of unbelief he has not yet been told, and without knowing it he is standing under the very walls of Doubting Castle. And now, if he chance to let his eyes rest on the Gorgon’s head, his soul will be petrified by despair; like the denizens of Hell, he will lose the ‘good of the intellect,’ and will pass into a state from which Virgil—or reason—will be powerless to deliver him. But Virgil takes him in time, and makes him avert his eyes; which may signify that the only safe course for men is to turn their backs on the deep and insoluble problem of how the reality of the Divine government can be reconciled with the apparent triumph of evil.

[343]From Heaven: The messenger comes from Heaven, and his words are holy. Against the obvious interpretation, that he is a good angel, there lies the objection that no other such is met with in Inferno, and also that it is spoken of as a new sight for him when Dante first meets with one in Purgatory. But the obstruction now to be overcome is worthy of angelic interference; and Dante can hardly be said to meet the messenger, who does not even glance in his direction. The commentators have made this angel mean all kind of outlandish things.

[344]A rod: A piece of the angelic outfit, derived from thecaduceusof Mercury.

[345]Cerberus: Hercules, when Cerberus opposed his entrance to the infernal regions, fastened a chain round his neck and dragged him to the gate. The angel’s speech answers Dante’s doubts as to the limits of diabolical power.

[346]By other cares, etc.: It is not in Inferno that Dante is to hold converse with celestial intelligences. The angel, like Beatrice when she sought Virgil in Limbo, is all on fire to return to his own place.

[347]Arles: The Alyscampo (Elysian Fields) at Arles was an enormous cemetery, of which ruins still exist. It had a circumference of about six miles, and contained numerous sarcophagi dating from Roman times.

[348]Pola: In Istria, near the Gulf of Quarnaro, said to have contained many ancient tombs.

[349]Lords of heresies: ‘Heresiarchs.’ Dante now learns for the first time that Dis is the city of unbelief. Each class of heretics has its own great sepulchre.

[350]More or less of heat: According to the heinousness of the heresy punished in each. It was natural to associate heretics and punishment by fire in days when Dominican monks ruled the roast.

[351]Dexter hand: As they move across the circles, and down from one to the other, their course is usually to the left hand. Here for some reason Virgil turns to the right, so as to have the tombs on the left as he advances. It may be that a special proof of his knowledge of the locality is introduced when most needed—after the repulse by the demons—to strengthen Dante’s confidence in him as a guide; or, as some subtly think, they being now about to enter the abode of heresy, the movement to the right signifies the importance of the first step in forming opinion. The only other occasion on which their course is taken to the right hand is atInf.xvii. 31.

Back to Index Next