CANTO XX.

CANTO XX.Now of new torment must my verses tell,And matter for the Twentieth Canto winOf Lay the First,[551]which treats of souls in Hell.Already was I eager to beginTo peer into the visible profound,[552]Which tears of agony was bathèd in:And I saw people in the valley round;Like that of penitents on earth the paceAt which they weeping came, nor uttering[553]sound.When I beheld them with more downcast gaze,[554]10That each was strangely screwed about I learned,Where chest is joined to chin. And thus the faceOf every one round to his loins was turned;And stepping backward[555]all were forced to go,For nought in front could be by them discerned.Smitten by palsy although one might showPerhaps a shape thus twisted all awry,I never saw, and am to think it slow.As, Reader,[556]God may grant thou profit byThy reading, for thyself consider well20If I could then preserve my visage dryWhen close at hand to me was visibleOur human form so wrenched that tears, rained downOut of the eyes, between the buttocks fell.In very sooth I wept, leaning uponA boss of the hard cliff, till on this wiseMy Escort asked: ‘Of the other fools[557]art one?Here piety revives as pity dies;For who more irreligious is than heIn whom God’s judgments to regret give rise?30Lift up, lift up thy head, and thou shalt seeHim for whom earth yawned as the Thebans saw,All shouting meanwhile: “Whither dost thou flee,Amphiaraüs?[558]Wherefore thus withdrawFrom battle?” But he sinking found no restTill Minos clutched him with all-grasping claw.Lo, how his shoulders serve him for a breast!Because he wished to see too far beforeBackward he looks, to backward course addressed.Behold Tiresias,[559]who was changed all o’er,40Till for a man a woman met the sight,And not a limb its former semblance bore;And he behoved a second time to smiteThe same two twisted serpents with his wand,Ere he again in manly plumes was dight.With back to him, see Aruns next at hand,Who up among the hills of Luni, wherePeasants of near Carrara till the land,Among the dazzling marbles[560]held his lairWithin a cavern, whence could be descried50The sea and stars of all obstruction bare.The other one, whose flowing tresses hideHer bosom, of the which thou seest nought,And all whose hair falls on the further side,Was Manto;[561]who through many regions sought:Where I was born, at last her foot she stayed.It likes me well thou shouldst of this be taught.When from this life her father exit made,And Bacchus’ city had become enthralled,She for long time through many countries strayed.60’Neath mountains by which Germany is walledAnd bounded at Tirol, a lake there liesHigh in fair Italy, Benacus[562]called.The waters of a thousand springs that rise’Twixt Val Camonica and Garda flowDown Pennine; and their flood this lake supplies.And from a spot midway, if they should goThither, the Pastors[563]of Verona, Trent,And Brescia might their blessings all bestow.Peschiera,[564]with its strength for ornament,70Facing the Brescians and the BergameseLies where the bank to lower curve is bent.And there the waters, seeking more of ease,For in Benacus is not room for all,Forming a river, lapse by green degrees.The river, from its very source, men callNo more Benacus—’tis as Mincio known,Which into Po does at Governo fall.A flat it reaches ere it far has run,Spreading o’er which it feeds a marshy fen,80Whence oft in summer pestilence has grown.Wayfaring here the cruel virgin, whenShe found land girdled by the marshy flood,Untilled and uninhabited of men,That she might ’scape all human neighbourhoodStayed on it with her slaves, her arts to ply;And there her empty body was bestowed.On this the people from the country nighInto that place came crowding, for the spot,Girt by the swamp, could all attack defy,90And for the town built o’er her body soughtA name from her who made it first her seat,Calling it Mantua, without casting lot.[565]The dwellers in it were in number great,Till stupid Casalodi[566]was befooledAnd victimised by Pinamonte’s cheat.Hence, shouldst thou ever hear (now be thou schooled!)Another story to my town assigned,Let by no fraud the truth be overruled.’And I: ‘Thy reasonings, Master, to my mind100So cogent are, and win my faith so well,What others say I shall black embers find.But of this people passing onward tell,If thou, of any, something canst declare,For all my thoughts[567]on that intently dwell.’And then he said: ‘The one whose bearded hairFalls from his cheeks upon his shoulders dun,Was, when the land of Greece[568]of males so bareWas grown the very cradles scarce held one,An augur;[569]he with Calchas gave the sign110In Aulis through the first rope knife to run.Eurypylus was he called, and in some lineOf my high Tragedy[570]is sung the same,As thou know’st well, who mad’st it wholly thine.That other, thin of flank, was known to fameAs Michael Scott;[571]and of a verityHe knew right well the black art’s inmost game.Guido Bonatti,[572]and Asdente seeWho mourns he ever should have parted fromHis thread and leather; but too late mourns he.120Lo the unhappy women who left loom,Spindle, and needle that they might divine;With herb and image[573]hastening men’s doom.But come; for where the hemispheres confineCain and the Thorns[574]is falling, to alightUnderneath Seville on the ocean line.The moon was full already yesternight;Which to recall thou shouldst be well content,For in the wood she somewhat helped thy plight.’Thus spake he to me while we forward went.130FOOTNOTES:[551]Lay the First: TheInferno.[552]The visible profound: The Fourth Bolgia, where soothsayers of every kind are punished. Their sin is that of seeking to find out what God has made secret. That such discoveries of the future could be made by men, Dante seems to have had no doubt; but he regards the exercise of the power as a fraud on Providence, and also credits the adepts in the black art with ruining others by their spells (line 123).[553]Nor uttering, etc.: They who on earth told too much are now condemned to be for ever dumb. It will be noticed that with none of them does Dante converse.[554]More downcast gaze: Standing as he does on the crown of the arch, the nearer they come to him the more he has to decline his eyes.[555]Stepping backward: Once they peered far into the future; now they cannot see a step before them.[556]As, Reader, etc.: Some light may be thrown on this unusual, and, at first sight, inexplicable display of pity, by the comment of Benvenuto da Imola:—‘It is the wisest and most virtuous of men that are most subject to this mania of divination; and of this Dante is himself an instance, as is well proved by this book of his.’ Dante reminds the reader how often since the journey began he has sought to have the veil of the future lifted; and would have it understood that he was seized by a sudden misgiving as to whether he too had not overstepped the bounds of what, in that respect, is allowed and right.[557]Of the other fools: Dante, weeping like the sinners in the Bolgia, is asked by Virgil: ‘What, art thou then one of them?’ He had been suffered, without reproof, to show pity for Francesca and Ciacco. The terrors of the Lord grow more cogent as they descend, and even pity is now forbidden.[558]Amphiaraüs: One of the Seven Kings who besieged Thebes. He foresaw his own death, and sought by hiding to evade it; but his wife revealed his hiding-place, and he was forced to join in the siege. As he fought, a thunderbolt opened a chasm in the earth, into which he fell.[559]Tiresias: A Theban soothsayer whose change of sex is described by Ovid (Metam.iii.).[560]The dazzling marbles: Aruns, a Tuscan diviner, is introduced by Lucan as prophesying great events to come to pass in Rome—the Civil War and the victories of Cæsar. His haunt was the deserted city of Luna, situated on the Gulf of Spezia, and under the Carrara mountains (Phars.i. 586).[561]Manto: A prophetess, a native of Thebes the city of Bacchus, and daughter of Tiresias.—Here begins a digression on the early history of Mantua, the native city of Virgil. In his account of the foundation of it Dante does not agree with Virgil, attributing to a Greek Manto what his master attributes to an Italian one (Æn.x. 199).[562]Benacus: The ancient Benacus, now known as the Lake of Garda.[563]The Pastors, etc.: About half-way down the western side of the lake a stream falls into it, one of whose banks, at its mouth, is in the diocese of Trent, and the other in that of Brescia, while the waters of the lake are in that of Verona. The three Bishops, standing together, could give a blessing each to his own diocese.[564]Peschiera: Where the lake drains into the Mincio. It is still a great fortress.[565]Without casting lot; Without consulting the omens, as was usual when a city was to be named.[566]Casalodi: Some time in the second half of the thirteenth century Alberto Casalodi was befooled out of the lordship of Mantua by Pinamonte Buonacolsi. Benvenuto tells the tale as follows:—Pinamonte was a bold, ambitious man, with a great troop of armed followers; and, the nobility being at that time in bad odour with the people at large, he persuaded the Count Albert that it would be a popular measure to banish the suspected nobles for a time. Hardly was this done when he usurped the lordship; and by expelling some of the citizens and putting others of them to death he greatly thinned the population of the city.[567]All my thoughts, etc.: The reader’s patience is certainly abused by this digression of Virgil’s, and Dante himself seems conscious that it is somewhat ill-timed.[568]The land of Greece, etc.: All the Greeks able to bear arms being engaged in the Trojan expedition.[569]An augur: Eurypylus, mentioned in the SecondÆneidas being employed by the Greeks to consult the oracle of Apollo regarding their return to Greece. From the auspices Calchas had found at what hour they should set sail for Troy. Eurypylus can be said only figuratively to have had to do with cutting the cable.[570]Tragedy: TheÆneid. Dante defines Comedy as being written in a style inferior to that of Tragedy, and as having a sad beginning and a happy ending (Epistle to Can Grande, 10). Elsewhere he allows the comic poet great licence in the use of common language (Vulg. El.ii. 4). By calling his own poem a Comedy he, as it were, disarms criticism.[571]Michael Scott: Of Balwearie in Scotland, familiar to English readers through theLay of the Last Minstrel. He flourished in the course of the thirteenth century, and made contributions to the sciences, as they were then deemed, of astrology, alchemy, and physiognomy. He acted for some time as astrologer to the Emperor FrederickII., and the tradition of his accomplishments powerfully affected the Italian imagination for a century after his death. It was remembered that the terrible Frederick, after being warned by him to beware of Florence, had died at a place called Firenzuola; and more than one Italian city preserved with fear and trembling his dark sayings regarding their fate. Villani frequently quotes his prophecies; and Boccaccio speaks of him as a great necromancer who had been in Florence. A commentary of his on Aristotle was printed at Venice in 1496. The thinness of his flanks may refer to a belief that he could make himself invisible at will.[572]Guido Bonatti: Was a Florentine, a tiler by trade, and was living in 1282. When banished from his own city he took refuge at Forlì and became astrologer to Guido of Montefeltro (Inf.xxvii.), and was credited with helping his master to a great victory.—Asdente: A cobbler of Parma, whose prophecies were long renowned, lived in the twelfth century. He is given in theConvito(iv. 16) as an instance that a man may be very notorious without being truly noble.[573]Herb and image: Part of the witch’s stock in trade. All that was done to a waxen image of him was suffered by the witch’s victim.[574]Cain and the Thorns: The moon. The belief that the spots in the moon are caused by Cain standing in it with a bundle of thorns is referred to atParad.ii. 51. Although it is now the morning of the Saturday, the ‘yesternight’ refers to the night of Thursday, when Dante found some use of the moon in the Forest. The moon is now setting on the line dividing the hemisphere of Jerusalem, in which they are, from that of the Mount of Purgatory. According to Dante’s scheme of the world, Purgatory is the true opposite of Jerusalem; and Seville is ninety degrees from Jerusalem. As it was full moon the night before last, and the moon is now setting, it is now fully an hour after sunrise. But, as has already been said, it is not possible to reconcile the astronomical indications thoroughly with one another.—Virgil serves as clock to Dante, for they can see nothing of the skies.

Now of new torment must my verses tell,And matter for the Twentieth Canto winOf Lay the First,[551]which treats of souls in Hell.Already was I eager to beginTo peer into the visible profound,[552]Which tears of agony was bathèd in:And I saw people in the valley round;Like that of penitents on earth the paceAt which they weeping came, nor uttering[553]sound.When I beheld them with more downcast gaze,[554]10That each was strangely screwed about I learned,Where chest is joined to chin. And thus the faceOf every one round to his loins was turned;And stepping backward[555]all were forced to go,For nought in front could be by them discerned.Smitten by palsy although one might showPerhaps a shape thus twisted all awry,I never saw, and am to think it slow.As, Reader,[556]God may grant thou profit byThy reading, for thyself consider well20If I could then preserve my visage dryWhen close at hand to me was visibleOur human form so wrenched that tears, rained downOut of the eyes, between the buttocks fell.In very sooth I wept, leaning uponA boss of the hard cliff, till on this wiseMy Escort asked: ‘Of the other fools[557]art one?Here piety revives as pity dies;For who more irreligious is than heIn whom God’s judgments to regret give rise?30Lift up, lift up thy head, and thou shalt seeHim for whom earth yawned as the Thebans saw,All shouting meanwhile: “Whither dost thou flee,Amphiaraüs?[558]Wherefore thus withdrawFrom battle?” But he sinking found no restTill Minos clutched him with all-grasping claw.Lo, how his shoulders serve him for a breast!Because he wished to see too far beforeBackward he looks, to backward course addressed.Behold Tiresias,[559]who was changed all o’er,40Till for a man a woman met the sight,And not a limb its former semblance bore;And he behoved a second time to smiteThe same two twisted serpents with his wand,Ere he again in manly plumes was dight.With back to him, see Aruns next at hand,Who up among the hills of Luni, wherePeasants of near Carrara till the land,Among the dazzling marbles[560]held his lairWithin a cavern, whence could be descried50The sea and stars of all obstruction bare.The other one, whose flowing tresses hideHer bosom, of the which thou seest nought,And all whose hair falls on the further side,Was Manto;[561]who through many regions sought:Where I was born, at last her foot she stayed.It likes me well thou shouldst of this be taught.When from this life her father exit made,And Bacchus’ city had become enthralled,She for long time through many countries strayed.60’Neath mountains by which Germany is walledAnd bounded at Tirol, a lake there liesHigh in fair Italy, Benacus[562]called.The waters of a thousand springs that rise’Twixt Val Camonica and Garda flowDown Pennine; and their flood this lake supplies.And from a spot midway, if they should goThither, the Pastors[563]of Verona, Trent,And Brescia might their blessings all bestow.Peschiera,[564]with its strength for ornament,70Facing the Brescians and the BergameseLies where the bank to lower curve is bent.And there the waters, seeking more of ease,For in Benacus is not room for all,Forming a river, lapse by green degrees.The river, from its very source, men callNo more Benacus—’tis as Mincio known,Which into Po does at Governo fall.A flat it reaches ere it far has run,Spreading o’er which it feeds a marshy fen,80Whence oft in summer pestilence has grown.Wayfaring here the cruel virgin, whenShe found land girdled by the marshy flood,Untilled and uninhabited of men,That she might ’scape all human neighbourhoodStayed on it with her slaves, her arts to ply;And there her empty body was bestowed.On this the people from the country nighInto that place came crowding, for the spot,Girt by the swamp, could all attack defy,90And for the town built o’er her body soughtA name from her who made it first her seat,Calling it Mantua, without casting lot.[565]The dwellers in it were in number great,Till stupid Casalodi[566]was befooledAnd victimised by Pinamonte’s cheat.Hence, shouldst thou ever hear (now be thou schooled!)Another story to my town assigned,Let by no fraud the truth be overruled.’And I: ‘Thy reasonings, Master, to my mind100So cogent are, and win my faith so well,What others say I shall black embers find.But of this people passing onward tell,If thou, of any, something canst declare,For all my thoughts[567]on that intently dwell.’And then he said: ‘The one whose bearded hairFalls from his cheeks upon his shoulders dun,Was, when the land of Greece[568]of males so bareWas grown the very cradles scarce held one,An augur;[569]he with Calchas gave the sign110In Aulis through the first rope knife to run.Eurypylus was he called, and in some lineOf my high Tragedy[570]is sung the same,As thou know’st well, who mad’st it wholly thine.That other, thin of flank, was known to fameAs Michael Scott;[571]and of a verityHe knew right well the black art’s inmost game.Guido Bonatti,[572]and Asdente seeWho mourns he ever should have parted fromHis thread and leather; but too late mourns he.120Lo the unhappy women who left loom,Spindle, and needle that they might divine;With herb and image[573]hastening men’s doom.But come; for where the hemispheres confineCain and the Thorns[574]is falling, to alightUnderneath Seville on the ocean line.The moon was full already yesternight;Which to recall thou shouldst be well content,For in the wood she somewhat helped thy plight.’Thus spake he to me while we forward went.130

FOOTNOTES:[551]Lay the First: TheInferno.[552]The visible profound: The Fourth Bolgia, where soothsayers of every kind are punished. Their sin is that of seeking to find out what God has made secret. That such discoveries of the future could be made by men, Dante seems to have had no doubt; but he regards the exercise of the power as a fraud on Providence, and also credits the adepts in the black art with ruining others by their spells (line 123).[553]Nor uttering, etc.: They who on earth told too much are now condemned to be for ever dumb. It will be noticed that with none of them does Dante converse.[554]More downcast gaze: Standing as he does on the crown of the arch, the nearer they come to him the more he has to decline his eyes.[555]Stepping backward: Once they peered far into the future; now they cannot see a step before them.[556]As, Reader, etc.: Some light may be thrown on this unusual, and, at first sight, inexplicable display of pity, by the comment of Benvenuto da Imola:—‘It is the wisest and most virtuous of men that are most subject to this mania of divination; and of this Dante is himself an instance, as is well proved by this book of his.’ Dante reminds the reader how often since the journey began he has sought to have the veil of the future lifted; and would have it understood that he was seized by a sudden misgiving as to whether he too had not overstepped the bounds of what, in that respect, is allowed and right.[557]Of the other fools: Dante, weeping like the sinners in the Bolgia, is asked by Virgil: ‘What, art thou then one of them?’ He had been suffered, without reproof, to show pity for Francesca and Ciacco. The terrors of the Lord grow more cogent as they descend, and even pity is now forbidden.[558]Amphiaraüs: One of the Seven Kings who besieged Thebes. He foresaw his own death, and sought by hiding to evade it; but his wife revealed his hiding-place, and he was forced to join in the siege. As he fought, a thunderbolt opened a chasm in the earth, into which he fell.[559]Tiresias: A Theban soothsayer whose change of sex is described by Ovid (Metam.iii.).[560]The dazzling marbles: Aruns, a Tuscan diviner, is introduced by Lucan as prophesying great events to come to pass in Rome—the Civil War and the victories of Cæsar. His haunt was the deserted city of Luna, situated on the Gulf of Spezia, and under the Carrara mountains (Phars.i. 586).[561]Manto: A prophetess, a native of Thebes the city of Bacchus, and daughter of Tiresias.—Here begins a digression on the early history of Mantua, the native city of Virgil. In his account of the foundation of it Dante does not agree with Virgil, attributing to a Greek Manto what his master attributes to an Italian one (Æn.x. 199).[562]Benacus: The ancient Benacus, now known as the Lake of Garda.[563]The Pastors, etc.: About half-way down the western side of the lake a stream falls into it, one of whose banks, at its mouth, is in the diocese of Trent, and the other in that of Brescia, while the waters of the lake are in that of Verona. The three Bishops, standing together, could give a blessing each to his own diocese.[564]Peschiera: Where the lake drains into the Mincio. It is still a great fortress.[565]Without casting lot; Without consulting the omens, as was usual when a city was to be named.[566]Casalodi: Some time in the second half of the thirteenth century Alberto Casalodi was befooled out of the lordship of Mantua by Pinamonte Buonacolsi. Benvenuto tells the tale as follows:—Pinamonte was a bold, ambitious man, with a great troop of armed followers; and, the nobility being at that time in bad odour with the people at large, he persuaded the Count Albert that it would be a popular measure to banish the suspected nobles for a time. Hardly was this done when he usurped the lordship; and by expelling some of the citizens and putting others of them to death he greatly thinned the population of the city.[567]All my thoughts, etc.: The reader’s patience is certainly abused by this digression of Virgil’s, and Dante himself seems conscious that it is somewhat ill-timed.[568]The land of Greece, etc.: All the Greeks able to bear arms being engaged in the Trojan expedition.[569]An augur: Eurypylus, mentioned in the SecondÆneidas being employed by the Greeks to consult the oracle of Apollo regarding their return to Greece. From the auspices Calchas had found at what hour they should set sail for Troy. Eurypylus can be said only figuratively to have had to do with cutting the cable.[570]Tragedy: TheÆneid. Dante defines Comedy as being written in a style inferior to that of Tragedy, and as having a sad beginning and a happy ending (Epistle to Can Grande, 10). Elsewhere he allows the comic poet great licence in the use of common language (Vulg. El.ii. 4). By calling his own poem a Comedy he, as it were, disarms criticism.[571]Michael Scott: Of Balwearie in Scotland, familiar to English readers through theLay of the Last Minstrel. He flourished in the course of the thirteenth century, and made contributions to the sciences, as they were then deemed, of astrology, alchemy, and physiognomy. He acted for some time as astrologer to the Emperor FrederickII., and the tradition of his accomplishments powerfully affected the Italian imagination for a century after his death. It was remembered that the terrible Frederick, after being warned by him to beware of Florence, had died at a place called Firenzuola; and more than one Italian city preserved with fear and trembling his dark sayings regarding their fate. Villani frequently quotes his prophecies; and Boccaccio speaks of him as a great necromancer who had been in Florence. A commentary of his on Aristotle was printed at Venice in 1496. The thinness of his flanks may refer to a belief that he could make himself invisible at will.[572]Guido Bonatti: Was a Florentine, a tiler by trade, and was living in 1282. When banished from his own city he took refuge at Forlì and became astrologer to Guido of Montefeltro (Inf.xxvii.), and was credited with helping his master to a great victory.—Asdente: A cobbler of Parma, whose prophecies were long renowned, lived in the twelfth century. He is given in theConvito(iv. 16) as an instance that a man may be very notorious without being truly noble.[573]Herb and image: Part of the witch’s stock in trade. All that was done to a waxen image of him was suffered by the witch’s victim.[574]Cain and the Thorns: The moon. The belief that the spots in the moon are caused by Cain standing in it with a bundle of thorns is referred to atParad.ii. 51. Although it is now the morning of the Saturday, the ‘yesternight’ refers to the night of Thursday, when Dante found some use of the moon in the Forest. The moon is now setting on the line dividing the hemisphere of Jerusalem, in which they are, from that of the Mount of Purgatory. According to Dante’s scheme of the world, Purgatory is the true opposite of Jerusalem; and Seville is ninety degrees from Jerusalem. As it was full moon the night before last, and the moon is now setting, it is now fully an hour after sunrise. But, as has already been said, it is not possible to reconcile the astronomical indications thoroughly with one another.—Virgil serves as clock to Dante, for they can see nothing of the skies.

[551]Lay the First: TheInferno.

[552]The visible profound: The Fourth Bolgia, where soothsayers of every kind are punished. Their sin is that of seeking to find out what God has made secret. That such discoveries of the future could be made by men, Dante seems to have had no doubt; but he regards the exercise of the power as a fraud on Providence, and also credits the adepts in the black art with ruining others by their spells (line 123).

[553]Nor uttering, etc.: They who on earth told too much are now condemned to be for ever dumb. It will be noticed that with none of them does Dante converse.

[554]More downcast gaze: Standing as he does on the crown of the arch, the nearer they come to him the more he has to decline his eyes.

[555]Stepping backward: Once they peered far into the future; now they cannot see a step before them.

[556]As, Reader, etc.: Some light may be thrown on this unusual, and, at first sight, inexplicable display of pity, by the comment of Benvenuto da Imola:—‘It is the wisest and most virtuous of men that are most subject to this mania of divination; and of this Dante is himself an instance, as is well proved by this book of his.’ Dante reminds the reader how often since the journey began he has sought to have the veil of the future lifted; and would have it understood that he was seized by a sudden misgiving as to whether he too had not overstepped the bounds of what, in that respect, is allowed and right.

[557]Of the other fools: Dante, weeping like the sinners in the Bolgia, is asked by Virgil: ‘What, art thou then one of them?’ He had been suffered, without reproof, to show pity for Francesca and Ciacco. The terrors of the Lord grow more cogent as they descend, and even pity is now forbidden.

[558]Amphiaraüs: One of the Seven Kings who besieged Thebes. He foresaw his own death, and sought by hiding to evade it; but his wife revealed his hiding-place, and he was forced to join in the siege. As he fought, a thunderbolt opened a chasm in the earth, into which he fell.

[559]Tiresias: A Theban soothsayer whose change of sex is described by Ovid (Metam.iii.).

[560]The dazzling marbles: Aruns, a Tuscan diviner, is introduced by Lucan as prophesying great events to come to pass in Rome—the Civil War and the victories of Cæsar. His haunt was the deserted city of Luna, situated on the Gulf of Spezia, and under the Carrara mountains (Phars.i. 586).

[561]Manto: A prophetess, a native of Thebes the city of Bacchus, and daughter of Tiresias.—Here begins a digression on the early history of Mantua, the native city of Virgil. In his account of the foundation of it Dante does not agree with Virgil, attributing to a Greek Manto what his master attributes to an Italian one (Æn.x. 199).

[562]Benacus: The ancient Benacus, now known as the Lake of Garda.

[563]The Pastors, etc.: About half-way down the western side of the lake a stream falls into it, one of whose banks, at its mouth, is in the diocese of Trent, and the other in that of Brescia, while the waters of the lake are in that of Verona. The three Bishops, standing together, could give a blessing each to his own diocese.

[564]Peschiera: Where the lake drains into the Mincio. It is still a great fortress.

[565]Without casting lot; Without consulting the omens, as was usual when a city was to be named.

[566]Casalodi: Some time in the second half of the thirteenth century Alberto Casalodi was befooled out of the lordship of Mantua by Pinamonte Buonacolsi. Benvenuto tells the tale as follows:—Pinamonte was a bold, ambitious man, with a great troop of armed followers; and, the nobility being at that time in bad odour with the people at large, he persuaded the Count Albert that it would be a popular measure to banish the suspected nobles for a time. Hardly was this done when he usurped the lordship; and by expelling some of the citizens and putting others of them to death he greatly thinned the population of the city.

[567]All my thoughts, etc.: The reader’s patience is certainly abused by this digression of Virgil’s, and Dante himself seems conscious that it is somewhat ill-timed.

[568]The land of Greece, etc.: All the Greeks able to bear arms being engaged in the Trojan expedition.

[569]An augur: Eurypylus, mentioned in the SecondÆneidas being employed by the Greeks to consult the oracle of Apollo regarding their return to Greece. From the auspices Calchas had found at what hour they should set sail for Troy. Eurypylus can be said only figuratively to have had to do with cutting the cable.

[570]Tragedy: TheÆneid. Dante defines Comedy as being written in a style inferior to that of Tragedy, and as having a sad beginning and a happy ending (Epistle to Can Grande, 10). Elsewhere he allows the comic poet great licence in the use of common language (Vulg. El.ii. 4). By calling his own poem a Comedy he, as it were, disarms criticism.

[571]Michael Scott: Of Balwearie in Scotland, familiar to English readers through theLay of the Last Minstrel. He flourished in the course of the thirteenth century, and made contributions to the sciences, as they were then deemed, of astrology, alchemy, and physiognomy. He acted for some time as astrologer to the Emperor FrederickII., and the tradition of his accomplishments powerfully affected the Italian imagination for a century after his death. It was remembered that the terrible Frederick, after being warned by him to beware of Florence, had died at a place called Firenzuola; and more than one Italian city preserved with fear and trembling his dark sayings regarding their fate. Villani frequently quotes his prophecies; and Boccaccio speaks of him as a great necromancer who had been in Florence. A commentary of his on Aristotle was printed at Venice in 1496. The thinness of his flanks may refer to a belief that he could make himself invisible at will.

[572]Guido Bonatti: Was a Florentine, a tiler by trade, and was living in 1282. When banished from his own city he took refuge at Forlì and became astrologer to Guido of Montefeltro (Inf.xxvii.), and was credited with helping his master to a great victory.—Asdente: A cobbler of Parma, whose prophecies were long renowned, lived in the twelfth century. He is given in theConvito(iv. 16) as an instance that a man may be very notorious without being truly noble.

[573]Herb and image: Part of the witch’s stock in trade. All that was done to a waxen image of him was suffered by the witch’s victim.

[574]Cain and the Thorns: The moon. The belief that the spots in the moon are caused by Cain standing in it with a bundle of thorns is referred to atParad.ii. 51. Although it is now the morning of the Saturday, the ‘yesternight’ refers to the night of Thursday, when Dante found some use of the moon in the Forest. The moon is now setting on the line dividing the hemisphere of Jerusalem, in which they are, from that of the Mount of Purgatory. According to Dante’s scheme of the world, Purgatory is the true opposite of Jerusalem; and Seville is ninety degrees from Jerusalem. As it was full moon the night before last, and the moon is now setting, it is now fully an hour after sunrise. But, as has already been said, it is not possible to reconcile the astronomical indications thoroughly with one another.—Virgil serves as clock to Dante, for they can see nothing of the skies.

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