CANTO XXX.Because of Semele[759]when Juno’s ireWas fierce ’gainst all that were to Thebes allied,As had been proved by many an instance dire;So mad grew Athamas[760]that when he spiedHis wife as she with children twain drew near,Each hand by one encumbered, loud he cried:‘Be now the nets outspread, that I may snareCubs with the lioness at yon strait ground!’And stretching claws of all compassion bareHe on Learchus seized and swung him round,10And shattered him upon a flinty stone;Then she herself and the other burden drowned.And when by fortune was all overthrownThe Trojans’ pride, inordinate before—Monarch and kingdom equally undone—Hecuba,[761]sad and captive, mourning o’erPolyxena, when dolorous she beheldThe body of her darling PolydoreUpon the coast, out of her wits she yelled,And spent herself in barking like a hound;20So by her sorrow was her reason quelled.But never yet was Trojan fury[762]found,Nor that of Thebes, to sting so cruellyBrute beasts, far less the human form to wound,As two pale naked shades were stung, whom ISaw biting run, like swine when they escapeFamished and eager from the empty sty.Capocchio[763]coming up to, in his napeOne fixed his fangs, and hauling at him madeHis belly on the stony pavement scrape.30The Aretine[764]who stood, still trembling, said:‘That imp is Gianni Schicchi,[765]and he goesRabid, thus trimming others.’ ‘O!’ I prayed,‘So may the teeth of the other one of thoseNot meet in thee, as, ere she pass from sight,Thou freely shalt the name of her disclose.’And he to me: ‘That is the ancient spriteOf shameless Myrrha,[766]who let liking riseFor him who got her, past all bounds of right.As, to transgress with him, she in disguise40Came near to him deception to maintain;So he, departing yonder from our eyes,That he the Lady of the herd might gain,Bequeathed his goods by formal testamentWhile he Buoso Donate’s[767]form did feign.’And when the rabid couple from us went,Who all this time by me were being eyed,Upon the rest ill-starred I grew intent;And, fashioned like a lute, I one espied,Had he been only severed at the place50Where at the groin men’s lower limbs divide.The grievous dropsy, swol’n with humours base,Which every part of true proportion stripsTill paunch grows out of keeping with the face,Compelled him widely ope to hold his lipsLike one in fever who, by thirst possessed,Has one drawn up while the other chinward slips.‘O ye![768]who by no punishment distressed,Nor know I why, are in this world of dool,’He said; ‘a while let your attention rest60On Master Adam[769]here of misery full.Living, I all I wished enjoyed at will;Now lust I for a drop of water cool.The water-brooks that down each grassy hillOf Casentino to the Arno fallAnd with cool moisture all their courses fill—Always, and not in vain, I see them all;Because the vision of them dries me moreThan the disease ’neath which my face grows small.For rigid justice, me chastising sore,70Can in the place I sinned at motive findTo swell the sighs in which I now deplore.There lies Romena, where of the money coined[770]With the Baptist’s image I made counterfeit,And therefore left my body burnt behind.But could I see here Guido’s[771]wretched sprite,Or Alexander’s, or their brother’s, IFor Fonte Branda[772]would not give the sight.One is already here, unless they lie—Mad souls with power to wander through the crowd—What boots it me, whose limbs diseases tie?81But were I yet so nimble that I couldCreep one poor inch a century, some whileAgo had I begun to take the roadSearching for him among this people vile;And that although eleven miles[773]’tis long,And has a width of more than half a mile.Because of them am I in such a throng;For to forge florins I by them was led,Which by three carats[774]of alloy were wrong,’90‘Who are the wretches twain,’ I to him said,‘Who smoke[775]like hand in winter-time fresh broughtFrom water, on thy right together spread?’‘Here found I them, nor have they budged a jot,’He said, ‘since I was hurled into this vale;And, as I deem, eternally they’ll not.One[776]with false charges Joseph did assail;False Sinon,[777]Greek from Troy, is the other wight.Burning with fever they this stink exhale.’Then one of them, perchance o’ercome with spite100Because he thus contemptuously was named,Smote with his fist upon the belly tight.It sounded like a drum; and then was aimedA blow by Master Adam at his faceWith arm no whit less hard, while he exclaimed:‘What though I can no longer shift my placeBecause my members by disease are weighed!I have an arm still free for such a case.’To which was answered: ‘When thou wast conveyedUnto the fire ’twas not thus good at need,110But even more so when the coiner’s tradeWas plied by thee.’ The swol’n one: ‘True indeed!But thou didst not bear witness half so trueWhen Trojans[778]at thee for the truth did plead.’‘If I spake falsely, thou didst oft renewFalse coin,’ said Sinon; ‘one fault brought me here;Thee more than any devil of the crew.’‘Bethink thee of the horse, thou perjurer,’He of the swol’n paunch answered; ‘and that byAll men ’tis known should anguish in thee stir.’120‘Be thirst that cracks thy tongue thy penalty,And putrid water,’ so the Greek replied,‘Which ’fore thine eyes thy stomach moundeth high.’The coiner then: ‘Thy mouth thou openest wide,As thou art used, thy slanderous words to vent;But if I thirst and humours plump my hideThy head throbs with the fire within thee pent.To lap Narcissus’ mirror,[779]to imploreAnd urge thee on would need no argument.’While I to hear them did attentive pore130My Master said: ‘Thy fill of staring take!To rouse my anger needs but little more.’And when I heard that he in anger spakeToward him I turned with such a shame inspired,Recalled, it seems afresh on me to break.And, as the man who dreams of hurt is firedWith wish that he might know his dream a dream,And so what is, as ’twere not, is desired;So I, struck dumb and filled with an extremeCraving to find excuse, unwittingly140The meanwhile made the apology supreme.‘Less shame,’ my Master said, ‘would nullifyA greater fault, for greater guilt atone;All sadness for it, therefore, lay thou by.But bear in mind that thou art not alone,If fortune hap again to bring thee nearWhere people such debate are carrying on.To things like these ’tis shame[780]to lend an ear.’FOOTNOTES:[759]Semele: The daughter of Cadmus, founder and king of Thebes, was beloved by Jupiter and therefore hated by Juno, who induced her to court destruction by urging the god to visit her, as he was used to come to Juno, in all his glory. And in other instances the goddess took revenge (Ovid,Metam.iv.).[760]Athamas: Married to a sister of Semele, was made insane by the angry Juno, with the result described in the text.[761]Hecuba: Wife of Priam, king of Troy, and mother of Polyxena and Polydorus. While she was lamenting the death of her daughter, slain as an offering on the tomb of Achilles, she found the corpse of her son, slain by the king of Thrace, to whose keeping she had committed him (Ovid,Metam.xiii.).[762]Trojan fury, etc.: It was by the agency of a Fury that Athamas was put out of his mind; but the Trojan and Theban furies here meant are the frenzies of Athamas and Hecuba, wild with which one of them slew his son, and the other scratched out the eyes of the Thracian king.[763]Capocchio: See close of the preceding Canto. Here as elsewhere sinners are made ministers of vengeance on one another.[764]The Aretine: Griffolino, who boasted he could fly; already represented as trembling (Inf.xxix. 97).[765]Gianni Schicchi: Giovanni Schicchi, one of the Cavalcanti of Florence.[766]Myrrha: This is a striking example of Dante’s detestation of what may be called heartless sins. It is covered by the classification of Canto xi. Yet it is almost with a shock that we find Myrrha here for personation, and not rather condemned to some other circle for another sin.[767]Buoso Donati: Introduced as a thief in the Seventh Bolgia (Inf.xxv. 140). Buoso was possessed of a peerless mare, known as the Lady of the herd. To make some amends for his unscrupulous acquisition of wealth, he made a will bequeathing legacies to various religious communities. When he died his nephew Simon kept the fact concealed long enough to procure a personation of him as if on his death-bed by Gianni Schicchi, who had great powers of mimicry. Acting in the character of Buoso, the rogue professed his wish to make a new disposition of his means, and after specifying some trifling charitable bequests the better to maintain his assumed character, named Simon as general legatee, and bequeathed Buoso’s mare to himself.[768]O ye, etc.: The speaker has heard and noted Virgil’s words of explanation given in the previous Canto, line 94.[769]Master Adam: Adam of Brescia, an accomplished worker in metals, was induced by the Counts Guidi of Romena in the Casentino, the upland district of the upper Arno, to counterfeit the gold coin of Florence. This false coin is mentioned in a Chronicle as having been in circulation in 1281. It must therefore have been somewhat later that Master Adam was burned, as he was by sentence of the Republic, upon the road which led from Romena to Florence. A cairn still existing near the ruined castle bears the name of the ‘dead man’s cairn.’[770]The money coined, etc.: The gold florin, afterwards adopted in so many countries, was first struck in 1252; ‘which florins weighed eight to the ounce, and bore the lily on the one side, and on the other Saint John.’—(Villani, vi. 54.) The piece was thus of about the weight of our half-sovereign. The gold was of twenty-four carats; that is, it had no alloy. The coin soon passed into wide circulation, and to maintain its purity became for the Florentines a matter of the first importance. Villani, in the chapter above cited, tells how the King of Tunis finding the florin to be of pure gold sent for some of the Pisans, then the chief traders in his ports, and asked who were the Florentines that they coined such money. ‘Only our Arabs,’ was the answer; meaning that they were rough country folk, dependent on Pisa. ‘Then what is your coin like?’ he asked. A Florentine of Oltrarno named Pera Balducci, who was present, took the opportunity of informing him how great Florence was compared with Pisa, as was shown by that city having no gold coinage of its own; whereupon the King made the Florentines free of Tunis, and allowed them to have a factory there. ‘And this,’ adds Villani, who had himself been agent abroad for a great Florentine house of business, ‘we had at first hand from the aforesaid Pera, a man worthy of credit, and with whom we were associated in the Priorate.’[771]Guido, etc.: The Guidi of Romena were a branch of the great family of the Counts Guidi. The father of the three brothers in the text was grandson of the old Guido that married the Good Gualdrada, and cousin of the Guidoguerra met by Dante in the Seventh Circle (Inf.xvi. 38). How the third brother was called is not settled, nor which of the three was already dead in the beginning of 1300. The Alexander of Romena, who for some time was captain of the banished Florentine Whites, was, most probably, he of the text. A letter is extant professing to be written by Danteto two of Alexander’s nephewson the occasion of his death, in which the poet excuses himself for absence from the funeral on the plea of poverty. By the time he wrote theInfernohe may, owing to their shifty politics, have lost all liking for the family, yet it seems harsh measure that is here dealt to former friends and patrons.[772]Fonte Branda: A celebrated fountain in the city of Siena. Near Romena is a spring which is also named Fonte Branda; and this, according to the view now most in favour, was meant by Master Adam. But was it so named in Dante’s time? Or was it not so called only when theComedyhad begun to awaken a natural interest in the old coiner, which local ingenuity did its best to meet? The early commentators know nothing of the Casentino Fonte Branda, and, though it is found mentioned under the date of 1539, that does not take us far enough back. In favour of the Sienese fountain is the consideration that it was the richest of any in the Tuscan cities; that it was a great architectural as well as engineering work; and that, although now more than half a century old, it was still the subject of curiosity with people far and near. Besides, Adam has already recalled the brooks of Casentino, and so the mention of the paltry spring at Romena would introduce no fresh idea like that of the abundant waters of the great fountain which daily quenched the thirst of thousands.[773]Eleven miles: It will be remembered that the previous Bolgia was twenty-two miles in circumference.[774]Three carats: Three carats in twenty-four being of some foreign substance.[775]Who smoke, etc.: This description of sufferers from high fever, like that of Master Adam with his tympanitis, has the merit, such as it is, of being true to the life.[776]One, etc.: Potiphar’s wife.[777]Sinon: Called of Troy, as being known through his conduct at the siege. He pretended to have deserted from the Greeks, and by a false story persuaded the Trojans to admit the fatal wooden horse.[778]When Trojans, etc.: When King Priam sought to know for what purpose the wooden horse was really constructed.[779]Narcissus’ mirror: The pool in which Narcissus saw his form reflected.[780]’Tis shame: Dante knows that Virgil would have scorned to portray such a scene of low life as this, but he must allow himself a wider licence and here as elsewhere refuses nothing, even in the way of mean detail, calculated to convey to his readers ‘a full experience of the Inferno’ as he conceived of it—the place ‘where all the vileness of the world is cast.’
Because of Semele[759]when Juno’s ireWas fierce ’gainst all that were to Thebes allied,As had been proved by many an instance dire;So mad grew Athamas[760]that when he spiedHis wife as she with children twain drew near,Each hand by one encumbered, loud he cried:‘Be now the nets outspread, that I may snareCubs with the lioness at yon strait ground!’And stretching claws of all compassion bareHe on Learchus seized and swung him round,10And shattered him upon a flinty stone;Then she herself and the other burden drowned.And when by fortune was all overthrownThe Trojans’ pride, inordinate before—Monarch and kingdom equally undone—Hecuba,[761]sad and captive, mourning o’erPolyxena, when dolorous she beheldThe body of her darling PolydoreUpon the coast, out of her wits she yelled,And spent herself in barking like a hound;20So by her sorrow was her reason quelled.But never yet was Trojan fury[762]found,Nor that of Thebes, to sting so cruellyBrute beasts, far less the human form to wound,As two pale naked shades were stung, whom ISaw biting run, like swine when they escapeFamished and eager from the empty sty.Capocchio[763]coming up to, in his napeOne fixed his fangs, and hauling at him madeHis belly on the stony pavement scrape.30The Aretine[764]who stood, still trembling, said:‘That imp is Gianni Schicchi,[765]and he goesRabid, thus trimming others.’ ‘O!’ I prayed,‘So may the teeth of the other one of thoseNot meet in thee, as, ere she pass from sight,Thou freely shalt the name of her disclose.’And he to me: ‘That is the ancient spriteOf shameless Myrrha,[766]who let liking riseFor him who got her, past all bounds of right.As, to transgress with him, she in disguise40Came near to him deception to maintain;So he, departing yonder from our eyes,That he the Lady of the herd might gain,Bequeathed his goods by formal testamentWhile he Buoso Donate’s[767]form did feign.’And when the rabid couple from us went,Who all this time by me were being eyed,Upon the rest ill-starred I grew intent;And, fashioned like a lute, I one espied,Had he been only severed at the place50Where at the groin men’s lower limbs divide.The grievous dropsy, swol’n with humours base,Which every part of true proportion stripsTill paunch grows out of keeping with the face,Compelled him widely ope to hold his lipsLike one in fever who, by thirst possessed,Has one drawn up while the other chinward slips.‘O ye![768]who by no punishment distressed,Nor know I why, are in this world of dool,’He said; ‘a while let your attention rest60On Master Adam[769]here of misery full.Living, I all I wished enjoyed at will;Now lust I for a drop of water cool.The water-brooks that down each grassy hillOf Casentino to the Arno fallAnd with cool moisture all their courses fill—Always, and not in vain, I see them all;Because the vision of them dries me moreThan the disease ’neath which my face grows small.For rigid justice, me chastising sore,70Can in the place I sinned at motive findTo swell the sighs in which I now deplore.There lies Romena, where of the money coined[770]With the Baptist’s image I made counterfeit,And therefore left my body burnt behind.But could I see here Guido’s[771]wretched sprite,Or Alexander’s, or their brother’s, IFor Fonte Branda[772]would not give the sight.One is already here, unless they lie—Mad souls with power to wander through the crowd—What boots it me, whose limbs diseases tie?81But were I yet so nimble that I couldCreep one poor inch a century, some whileAgo had I begun to take the roadSearching for him among this people vile;And that although eleven miles[773]’tis long,And has a width of more than half a mile.Because of them am I in such a throng;For to forge florins I by them was led,Which by three carats[774]of alloy were wrong,’90‘Who are the wretches twain,’ I to him said,‘Who smoke[775]like hand in winter-time fresh broughtFrom water, on thy right together spread?’‘Here found I them, nor have they budged a jot,’He said, ‘since I was hurled into this vale;And, as I deem, eternally they’ll not.One[776]with false charges Joseph did assail;False Sinon,[777]Greek from Troy, is the other wight.Burning with fever they this stink exhale.’Then one of them, perchance o’ercome with spite100Because he thus contemptuously was named,Smote with his fist upon the belly tight.It sounded like a drum; and then was aimedA blow by Master Adam at his faceWith arm no whit less hard, while he exclaimed:‘What though I can no longer shift my placeBecause my members by disease are weighed!I have an arm still free for such a case.’To which was answered: ‘When thou wast conveyedUnto the fire ’twas not thus good at need,110But even more so when the coiner’s tradeWas plied by thee.’ The swol’n one: ‘True indeed!But thou didst not bear witness half so trueWhen Trojans[778]at thee for the truth did plead.’‘If I spake falsely, thou didst oft renewFalse coin,’ said Sinon; ‘one fault brought me here;Thee more than any devil of the crew.’‘Bethink thee of the horse, thou perjurer,’He of the swol’n paunch answered; ‘and that byAll men ’tis known should anguish in thee stir.’120‘Be thirst that cracks thy tongue thy penalty,And putrid water,’ so the Greek replied,‘Which ’fore thine eyes thy stomach moundeth high.’The coiner then: ‘Thy mouth thou openest wide,As thou art used, thy slanderous words to vent;But if I thirst and humours plump my hideThy head throbs with the fire within thee pent.To lap Narcissus’ mirror,[779]to imploreAnd urge thee on would need no argument.’While I to hear them did attentive pore130My Master said: ‘Thy fill of staring take!To rouse my anger needs but little more.’And when I heard that he in anger spakeToward him I turned with such a shame inspired,Recalled, it seems afresh on me to break.And, as the man who dreams of hurt is firedWith wish that he might know his dream a dream,And so what is, as ’twere not, is desired;So I, struck dumb and filled with an extremeCraving to find excuse, unwittingly140The meanwhile made the apology supreme.‘Less shame,’ my Master said, ‘would nullifyA greater fault, for greater guilt atone;All sadness for it, therefore, lay thou by.But bear in mind that thou art not alone,If fortune hap again to bring thee nearWhere people such debate are carrying on.To things like these ’tis shame[780]to lend an ear.’
Because of Semele[759]when Juno’s ireWas fierce ’gainst all that were to Thebes allied,As had been proved by many an instance dire;So mad grew Athamas[760]that when he spiedHis wife as she with children twain drew near,Each hand by one encumbered, loud he cried:‘Be now the nets outspread, that I may snareCubs with the lioness at yon strait ground!’And stretching claws of all compassion bareHe on Learchus seized and swung him round,10And shattered him upon a flinty stone;Then she herself and the other burden drowned.And when by fortune was all overthrownThe Trojans’ pride, inordinate before—Monarch and kingdom equally undone—Hecuba,[761]sad and captive, mourning o’erPolyxena, when dolorous she beheldThe body of her darling PolydoreUpon the coast, out of her wits she yelled,And spent herself in barking like a hound;20So by her sorrow was her reason quelled.But never yet was Trojan fury[762]found,Nor that of Thebes, to sting so cruellyBrute beasts, far less the human form to wound,As two pale naked shades were stung, whom ISaw biting run, like swine when they escapeFamished and eager from the empty sty.Capocchio[763]coming up to, in his napeOne fixed his fangs, and hauling at him madeHis belly on the stony pavement scrape.30The Aretine[764]who stood, still trembling, said:‘That imp is Gianni Schicchi,[765]and he goesRabid, thus trimming others.’ ‘O!’ I prayed,‘So may the teeth of the other one of thoseNot meet in thee, as, ere she pass from sight,Thou freely shalt the name of her disclose.’And he to me: ‘That is the ancient spriteOf shameless Myrrha,[766]who let liking riseFor him who got her, past all bounds of right.As, to transgress with him, she in disguise40Came near to him deception to maintain;So he, departing yonder from our eyes,That he the Lady of the herd might gain,Bequeathed his goods by formal testamentWhile he Buoso Donate’s[767]form did feign.’And when the rabid couple from us went,Who all this time by me were being eyed,Upon the rest ill-starred I grew intent;And, fashioned like a lute, I one espied,Had he been only severed at the place50Where at the groin men’s lower limbs divide.The grievous dropsy, swol’n with humours base,Which every part of true proportion stripsTill paunch grows out of keeping with the face,Compelled him widely ope to hold his lipsLike one in fever who, by thirst possessed,Has one drawn up while the other chinward slips.‘O ye![768]who by no punishment distressed,Nor know I why, are in this world of dool,’He said; ‘a while let your attention rest60On Master Adam[769]here of misery full.Living, I all I wished enjoyed at will;Now lust I for a drop of water cool.The water-brooks that down each grassy hillOf Casentino to the Arno fallAnd with cool moisture all their courses fill—Always, and not in vain, I see them all;Because the vision of them dries me moreThan the disease ’neath which my face grows small.For rigid justice, me chastising sore,70Can in the place I sinned at motive findTo swell the sighs in which I now deplore.There lies Romena, where of the money coined[770]With the Baptist’s image I made counterfeit,And therefore left my body burnt behind.But could I see here Guido’s[771]wretched sprite,Or Alexander’s, or their brother’s, IFor Fonte Branda[772]would not give the sight.One is already here, unless they lie—Mad souls with power to wander through the crowd—What boots it me, whose limbs diseases tie?81But were I yet so nimble that I couldCreep one poor inch a century, some whileAgo had I begun to take the roadSearching for him among this people vile;And that although eleven miles[773]’tis long,And has a width of more than half a mile.Because of them am I in such a throng;For to forge florins I by them was led,Which by three carats[774]of alloy were wrong,’90‘Who are the wretches twain,’ I to him said,‘Who smoke[775]like hand in winter-time fresh broughtFrom water, on thy right together spread?’‘Here found I them, nor have they budged a jot,’He said, ‘since I was hurled into this vale;And, as I deem, eternally they’ll not.One[776]with false charges Joseph did assail;False Sinon,[777]Greek from Troy, is the other wight.Burning with fever they this stink exhale.’Then one of them, perchance o’ercome with spite100Because he thus contemptuously was named,Smote with his fist upon the belly tight.It sounded like a drum; and then was aimedA blow by Master Adam at his faceWith arm no whit less hard, while he exclaimed:‘What though I can no longer shift my placeBecause my members by disease are weighed!I have an arm still free for such a case.’To which was answered: ‘When thou wast conveyedUnto the fire ’twas not thus good at need,110But even more so when the coiner’s tradeWas plied by thee.’ The swol’n one: ‘True indeed!But thou didst not bear witness half so trueWhen Trojans[778]at thee for the truth did plead.’‘If I spake falsely, thou didst oft renewFalse coin,’ said Sinon; ‘one fault brought me here;Thee more than any devil of the crew.’‘Bethink thee of the horse, thou perjurer,’He of the swol’n paunch answered; ‘and that byAll men ’tis known should anguish in thee stir.’120‘Be thirst that cracks thy tongue thy penalty,And putrid water,’ so the Greek replied,‘Which ’fore thine eyes thy stomach moundeth high.’The coiner then: ‘Thy mouth thou openest wide,As thou art used, thy slanderous words to vent;But if I thirst and humours plump my hideThy head throbs with the fire within thee pent.To lap Narcissus’ mirror,[779]to imploreAnd urge thee on would need no argument.’While I to hear them did attentive pore130My Master said: ‘Thy fill of staring take!To rouse my anger needs but little more.’And when I heard that he in anger spakeToward him I turned with such a shame inspired,Recalled, it seems afresh on me to break.And, as the man who dreams of hurt is firedWith wish that he might know his dream a dream,And so what is, as ’twere not, is desired;So I, struck dumb and filled with an extremeCraving to find excuse, unwittingly140The meanwhile made the apology supreme.‘Less shame,’ my Master said, ‘would nullifyA greater fault, for greater guilt atone;All sadness for it, therefore, lay thou by.But bear in mind that thou art not alone,If fortune hap again to bring thee nearWhere people such debate are carrying on.To things like these ’tis shame[780]to lend an ear.’
FOOTNOTES:[759]Semele: The daughter of Cadmus, founder and king of Thebes, was beloved by Jupiter and therefore hated by Juno, who induced her to court destruction by urging the god to visit her, as he was used to come to Juno, in all his glory. And in other instances the goddess took revenge (Ovid,Metam.iv.).[760]Athamas: Married to a sister of Semele, was made insane by the angry Juno, with the result described in the text.[761]Hecuba: Wife of Priam, king of Troy, and mother of Polyxena and Polydorus. While she was lamenting the death of her daughter, slain as an offering on the tomb of Achilles, she found the corpse of her son, slain by the king of Thrace, to whose keeping she had committed him (Ovid,Metam.xiii.).[762]Trojan fury, etc.: It was by the agency of a Fury that Athamas was put out of his mind; but the Trojan and Theban furies here meant are the frenzies of Athamas and Hecuba, wild with which one of them slew his son, and the other scratched out the eyes of the Thracian king.[763]Capocchio: See close of the preceding Canto. Here as elsewhere sinners are made ministers of vengeance on one another.[764]The Aretine: Griffolino, who boasted he could fly; already represented as trembling (Inf.xxix. 97).[765]Gianni Schicchi: Giovanni Schicchi, one of the Cavalcanti of Florence.[766]Myrrha: This is a striking example of Dante’s detestation of what may be called heartless sins. It is covered by the classification of Canto xi. Yet it is almost with a shock that we find Myrrha here for personation, and not rather condemned to some other circle for another sin.[767]Buoso Donati: Introduced as a thief in the Seventh Bolgia (Inf.xxv. 140). Buoso was possessed of a peerless mare, known as the Lady of the herd. To make some amends for his unscrupulous acquisition of wealth, he made a will bequeathing legacies to various religious communities. When he died his nephew Simon kept the fact concealed long enough to procure a personation of him as if on his death-bed by Gianni Schicchi, who had great powers of mimicry. Acting in the character of Buoso, the rogue professed his wish to make a new disposition of his means, and after specifying some trifling charitable bequests the better to maintain his assumed character, named Simon as general legatee, and bequeathed Buoso’s mare to himself.[768]O ye, etc.: The speaker has heard and noted Virgil’s words of explanation given in the previous Canto, line 94.[769]Master Adam: Adam of Brescia, an accomplished worker in metals, was induced by the Counts Guidi of Romena in the Casentino, the upland district of the upper Arno, to counterfeit the gold coin of Florence. This false coin is mentioned in a Chronicle as having been in circulation in 1281. It must therefore have been somewhat later that Master Adam was burned, as he was by sentence of the Republic, upon the road which led from Romena to Florence. A cairn still existing near the ruined castle bears the name of the ‘dead man’s cairn.’[770]The money coined, etc.: The gold florin, afterwards adopted in so many countries, was first struck in 1252; ‘which florins weighed eight to the ounce, and bore the lily on the one side, and on the other Saint John.’—(Villani, vi. 54.) The piece was thus of about the weight of our half-sovereign. The gold was of twenty-four carats; that is, it had no alloy. The coin soon passed into wide circulation, and to maintain its purity became for the Florentines a matter of the first importance. Villani, in the chapter above cited, tells how the King of Tunis finding the florin to be of pure gold sent for some of the Pisans, then the chief traders in his ports, and asked who were the Florentines that they coined such money. ‘Only our Arabs,’ was the answer; meaning that they were rough country folk, dependent on Pisa. ‘Then what is your coin like?’ he asked. A Florentine of Oltrarno named Pera Balducci, who was present, took the opportunity of informing him how great Florence was compared with Pisa, as was shown by that city having no gold coinage of its own; whereupon the King made the Florentines free of Tunis, and allowed them to have a factory there. ‘And this,’ adds Villani, who had himself been agent abroad for a great Florentine house of business, ‘we had at first hand from the aforesaid Pera, a man worthy of credit, and with whom we were associated in the Priorate.’[771]Guido, etc.: The Guidi of Romena were a branch of the great family of the Counts Guidi. The father of the three brothers in the text was grandson of the old Guido that married the Good Gualdrada, and cousin of the Guidoguerra met by Dante in the Seventh Circle (Inf.xvi. 38). How the third brother was called is not settled, nor which of the three was already dead in the beginning of 1300. The Alexander of Romena, who for some time was captain of the banished Florentine Whites, was, most probably, he of the text. A letter is extant professing to be written by Danteto two of Alexander’s nephewson the occasion of his death, in which the poet excuses himself for absence from the funeral on the plea of poverty. By the time he wrote theInfernohe may, owing to their shifty politics, have lost all liking for the family, yet it seems harsh measure that is here dealt to former friends and patrons.[772]Fonte Branda: A celebrated fountain in the city of Siena. Near Romena is a spring which is also named Fonte Branda; and this, according to the view now most in favour, was meant by Master Adam. But was it so named in Dante’s time? Or was it not so called only when theComedyhad begun to awaken a natural interest in the old coiner, which local ingenuity did its best to meet? The early commentators know nothing of the Casentino Fonte Branda, and, though it is found mentioned under the date of 1539, that does not take us far enough back. In favour of the Sienese fountain is the consideration that it was the richest of any in the Tuscan cities; that it was a great architectural as well as engineering work; and that, although now more than half a century old, it was still the subject of curiosity with people far and near. Besides, Adam has already recalled the brooks of Casentino, and so the mention of the paltry spring at Romena would introduce no fresh idea like that of the abundant waters of the great fountain which daily quenched the thirst of thousands.[773]Eleven miles: It will be remembered that the previous Bolgia was twenty-two miles in circumference.[774]Three carats: Three carats in twenty-four being of some foreign substance.[775]Who smoke, etc.: This description of sufferers from high fever, like that of Master Adam with his tympanitis, has the merit, such as it is, of being true to the life.[776]One, etc.: Potiphar’s wife.[777]Sinon: Called of Troy, as being known through his conduct at the siege. He pretended to have deserted from the Greeks, and by a false story persuaded the Trojans to admit the fatal wooden horse.[778]When Trojans, etc.: When King Priam sought to know for what purpose the wooden horse was really constructed.[779]Narcissus’ mirror: The pool in which Narcissus saw his form reflected.[780]’Tis shame: Dante knows that Virgil would have scorned to portray such a scene of low life as this, but he must allow himself a wider licence and here as elsewhere refuses nothing, even in the way of mean detail, calculated to convey to his readers ‘a full experience of the Inferno’ as he conceived of it—the place ‘where all the vileness of the world is cast.’
[759]Semele: The daughter of Cadmus, founder and king of Thebes, was beloved by Jupiter and therefore hated by Juno, who induced her to court destruction by urging the god to visit her, as he was used to come to Juno, in all his glory. And in other instances the goddess took revenge (Ovid,Metam.iv.).
[759]Semele: The daughter of Cadmus, founder and king of Thebes, was beloved by Jupiter and therefore hated by Juno, who induced her to court destruction by urging the god to visit her, as he was used to come to Juno, in all his glory. And in other instances the goddess took revenge (Ovid,Metam.iv.).
[760]Athamas: Married to a sister of Semele, was made insane by the angry Juno, with the result described in the text.
[760]Athamas: Married to a sister of Semele, was made insane by the angry Juno, with the result described in the text.
[761]Hecuba: Wife of Priam, king of Troy, and mother of Polyxena and Polydorus. While she was lamenting the death of her daughter, slain as an offering on the tomb of Achilles, she found the corpse of her son, slain by the king of Thrace, to whose keeping she had committed him (Ovid,Metam.xiii.).
[761]Hecuba: Wife of Priam, king of Troy, and mother of Polyxena and Polydorus. While she was lamenting the death of her daughter, slain as an offering on the tomb of Achilles, she found the corpse of her son, slain by the king of Thrace, to whose keeping she had committed him (Ovid,Metam.xiii.).
[762]Trojan fury, etc.: It was by the agency of a Fury that Athamas was put out of his mind; but the Trojan and Theban furies here meant are the frenzies of Athamas and Hecuba, wild with which one of them slew his son, and the other scratched out the eyes of the Thracian king.
[762]Trojan fury, etc.: It was by the agency of a Fury that Athamas was put out of his mind; but the Trojan and Theban furies here meant are the frenzies of Athamas and Hecuba, wild with which one of them slew his son, and the other scratched out the eyes of the Thracian king.
[763]Capocchio: See close of the preceding Canto. Here as elsewhere sinners are made ministers of vengeance on one another.
[763]Capocchio: See close of the preceding Canto. Here as elsewhere sinners are made ministers of vengeance on one another.
[764]The Aretine: Griffolino, who boasted he could fly; already represented as trembling (Inf.xxix. 97).
[764]The Aretine: Griffolino, who boasted he could fly; already represented as trembling (Inf.xxix. 97).
[765]Gianni Schicchi: Giovanni Schicchi, one of the Cavalcanti of Florence.
[765]Gianni Schicchi: Giovanni Schicchi, one of the Cavalcanti of Florence.
[766]Myrrha: This is a striking example of Dante’s detestation of what may be called heartless sins. It is covered by the classification of Canto xi. Yet it is almost with a shock that we find Myrrha here for personation, and not rather condemned to some other circle for another sin.
[766]Myrrha: This is a striking example of Dante’s detestation of what may be called heartless sins. It is covered by the classification of Canto xi. Yet it is almost with a shock that we find Myrrha here for personation, and not rather condemned to some other circle for another sin.
[767]Buoso Donati: Introduced as a thief in the Seventh Bolgia (Inf.xxv. 140). Buoso was possessed of a peerless mare, known as the Lady of the herd. To make some amends for his unscrupulous acquisition of wealth, he made a will bequeathing legacies to various religious communities. When he died his nephew Simon kept the fact concealed long enough to procure a personation of him as if on his death-bed by Gianni Schicchi, who had great powers of mimicry. Acting in the character of Buoso, the rogue professed his wish to make a new disposition of his means, and after specifying some trifling charitable bequests the better to maintain his assumed character, named Simon as general legatee, and bequeathed Buoso’s mare to himself.
[767]Buoso Donati: Introduced as a thief in the Seventh Bolgia (Inf.xxv. 140). Buoso was possessed of a peerless mare, known as the Lady of the herd. To make some amends for his unscrupulous acquisition of wealth, he made a will bequeathing legacies to various religious communities. When he died his nephew Simon kept the fact concealed long enough to procure a personation of him as if on his death-bed by Gianni Schicchi, who had great powers of mimicry. Acting in the character of Buoso, the rogue professed his wish to make a new disposition of his means, and after specifying some trifling charitable bequests the better to maintain his assumed character, named Simon as general legatee, and bequeathed Buoso’s mare to himself.
[768]O ye, etc.: The speaker has heard and noted Virgil’s words of explanation given in the previous Canto, line 94.
[768]O ye, etc.: The speaker has heard and noted Virgil’s words of explanation given in the previous Canto, line 94.
[769]Master Adam: Adam of Brescia, an accomplished worker in metals, was induced by the Counts Guidi of Romena in the Casentino, the upland district of the upper Arno, to counterfeit the gold coin of Florence. This false coin is mentioned in a Chronicle as having been in circulation in 1281. It must therefore have been somewhat later that Master Adam was burned, as he was by sentence of the Republic, upon the road which led from Romena to Florence. A cairn still existing near the ruined castle bears the name of the ‘dead man’s cairn.’
[769]Master Adam: Adam of Brescia, an accomplished worker in metals, was induced by the Counts Guidi of Romena in the Casentino, the upland district of the upper Arno, to counterfeit the gold coin of Florence. This false coin is mentioned in a Chronicle as having been in circulation in 1281. It must therefore have been somewhat later that Master Adam was burned, as he was by sentence of the Republic, upon the road which led from Romena to Florence. A cairn still existing near the ruined castle bears the name of the ‘dead man’s cairn.’
[770]The money coined, etc.: The gold florin, afterwards adopted in so many countries, was first struck in 1252; ‘which florins weighed eight to the ounce, and bore the lily on the one side, and on the other Saint John.’—(Villani, vi. 54.) The piece was thus of about the weight of our half-sovereign. The gold was of twenty-four carats; that is, it had no alloy. The coin soon passed into wide circulation, and to maintain its purity became for the Florentines a matter of the first importance. Villani, in the chapter above cited, tells how the King of Tunis finding the florin to be of pure gold sent for some of the Pisans, then the chief traders in his ports, and asked who were the Florentines that they coined such money. ‘Only our Arabs,’ was the answer; meaning that they were rough country folk, dependent on Pisa. ‘Then what is your coin like?’ he asked. A Florentine of Oltrarno named Pera Balducci, who was present, took the opportunity of informing him how great Florence was compared with Pisa, as was shown by that city having no gold coinage of its own; whereupon the King made the Florentines free of Tunis, and allowed them to have a factory there. ‘And this,’ adds Villani, who had himself been agent abroad for a great Florentine house of business, ‘we had at first hand from the aforesaid Pera, a man worthy of credit, and with whom we were associated in the Priorate.’
[770]The money coined, etc.: The gold florin, afterwards adopted in so many countries, was first struck in 1252; ‘which florins weighed eight to the ounce, and bore the lily on the one side, and on the other Saint John.’—(Villani, vi. 54.) The piece was thus of about the weight of our half-sovereign. The gold was of twenty-four carats; that is, it had no alloy. The coin soon passed into wide circulation, and to maintain its purity became for the Florentines a matter of the first importance. Villani, in the chapter above cited, tells how the King of Tunis finding the florin to be of pure gold sent for some of the Pisans, then the chief traders in his ports, and asked who were the Florentines that they coined such money. ‘Only our Arabs,’ was the answer; meaning that they were rough country folk, dependent on Pisa. ‘Then what is your coin like?’ he asked. A Florentine of Oltrarno named Pera Balducci, who was present, took the opportunity of informing him how great Florence was compared with Pisa, as was shown by that city having no gold coinage of its own; whereupon the King made the Florentines free of Tunis, and allowed them to have a factory there. ‘And this,’ adds Villani, who had himself been agent abroad for a great Florentine house of business, ‘we had at first hand from the aforesaid Pera, a man worthy of credit, and with whom we were associated in the Priorate.’
[771]Guido, etc.: The Guidi of Romena were a branch of the great family of the Counts Guidi. The father of the three brothers in the text was grandson of the old Guido that married the Good Gualdrada, and cousin of the Guidoguerra met by Dante in the Seventh Circle (Inf.xvi. 38). How the third brother was called is not settled, nor which of the three was already dead in the beginning of 1300. The Alexander of Romena, who for some time was captain of the banished Florentine Whites, was, most probably, he of the text. A letter is extant professing to be written by Danteto two of Alexander’s nephewson the occasion of his death, in which the poet excuses himself for absence from the funeral on the plea of poverty. By the time he wrote theInfernohe may, owing to their shifty politics, have lost all liking for the family, yet it seems harsh measure that is here dealt to former friends and patrons.
[771]Guido, etc.: The Guidi of Romena were a branch of the great family of the Counts Guidi. The father of the three brothers in the text was grandson of the old Guido that married the Good Gualdrada, and cousin of the Guidoguerra met by Dante in the Seventh Circle (Inf.xvi. 38). How the third brother was called is not settled, nor which of the three was already dead in the beginning of 1300. The Alexander of Romena, who for some time was captain of the banished Florentine Whites, was, most probably, he of the text. A letter is extant professing to be written by Danteto two of Alexander’s nephewson the occasion of his death, in which the poet excuses himself for absence from the funeral on the plea of poverty. By the time he wrote theInfernohe may, owing to their shifty politics, have lost all liking for the family, yet it seems harsh measure that is here dealt to former friends and patrons.
[772]Fonte Branda: A celebrated fountain in the city of Siena. Near Romena is a spring which is also named Fonte Branda; and this, according to the view now most in favour, was meant by Master Adam. But was it so named in Dante’s time? Or was it not so called only when theComedyhad begun to awaken a natural interest in the old coiner, which local ingenuity did its best to meet? The early commentators know nothing of the Casentino Fonte Branda, and, though it is found mentioned under the date of 1539, that does not take us far enough back. In favour of the Sienese fountain is the consideration that it was the richest of any in the Tuscan cities; that it was a great architectural as well as engineering work; and that, although now more than half a century old, it was still the subject of curiosity with people far and near. Besides, Adam has already recalled the brooks of Casentino, and so the mention of the paltry spring at Romena would introduce no fresh idea like that of the abundant waters of the great fountain which daily quenched the thirst of thousands.
[772]Fonte Branda: A celebrated fountain in the city of Siena. Near Romena is a spring which is also named Fonte Branda; and this, according to the view now most in favour, was meant by Master Adam. But was it so named in Dante’s time? Or was it not so called only when theComedyhad begun to awaken a natural interest in the old coiner, which local ingenuity did its best to meet? The early commentators know nothing of the Casentino Fonte Branda, and, though it is found mentioned under the date of 1539, that does not take us far enough back. In favour of the Sienese fountain is the consideration that it was the richest of any in the Tuscan cities; that it was a great architectural as well as engineering work; and that, although now more than half a century old, it was still the subject of curiosity with people far and near. Besides, Adam has already recalled the brooks of Casentino, and so the mention of the paltry spring at Romena would introduce no fresh idea like that of the abundant waters of the great fountain which daily quenched the thirst of thousands.
[773]Eleven miles: It will be remembered that the previous Bolgia was twenty-two miles in circumference.
[773]Eleven miles: It will be remembered that the previous Bolgia was twenty-two miles in circumference.
[774]Three carats: Three carats in twenty-four being of some foreign substance.
[774]Three carats: Three carats in twenty-four being of some foreign substance.
[775]Who smoke, etc.: This description of sufferers from high fever, like that of Master Adam with his tympanitis, has the merit, such as it is, of being true to the life.
[775]Who smoke, etc.: This description of sufferers from high fever, like that of Master Adam with his tympanitis, has the merit, such as it is, of being true to the life.
[776]One, etc.: Potiphar’s wife.
[776]One, etc.: Potiphar’s wife.
[777]Sinon: Called of Troy, as being known through his conduct at the siege. He pretended to have deserted from the Greeks, and by a false story persuaded the Trojans to admit the fatal wooden horse.
[777]Sinon: Called of Troy, as being known through his conduct at the siege. He pretended to have deserted from the Greeks, and by a false story persuaded the Trojans to admit the fatal wooden horse.
[778]When Trojans, etc.: When King Priam sought to know for what purpose the wooden horse was really constructed.
[778]When Trojans, etc.: When King Priam sought to know for what purpose the wooden horse was really constructed.
[779]Narcissus’ mirror: The pool in which Narcissus saw his form reflected.
[779]Narcissus’ mirror: The pool in which Narcissus saw his form reflected.
[780]’Tis shame: Dante knows that Virgil would have scorned to portray such a scene of low life as this, but he must allow himself a wider licence and here as elsewhere refuses nothing, even in the way of mean detail, calculated to convey to his readers ‘a full experience of the Inferno’ as he conceived of it—the place ‘where all the vileness of the world is cast.’
[780]’Tis shame: Dante knows that Virgil would have scorned to portray such a scene of low life as this, but he must allow himself a wider licence and here as elsewhere refuses nothing, even in the way of mean detail, calculated to convey to his readers ‘a full experience of the Inferno’ as he conceived of it—the place ‘where all the vileness of the world is cast.’