CANTO XXXII.Had I sonorous rough rhymes at command,Such as would suit the cavern terribleRooted on which all the other ramparts stand,The sap of fancies which within me swellCloser I’d press; but since I have not these,With some misgiving I go on to tell.For ’tis no task to play with as you please,Of all the world the bottom to portray,Nor one that with a baby speech[797]agrees.But let those ladies help me with my lay10Who helped Amphion[798]walls round Thebes to pile,And faithful to the facts my words shall stay.O ’bove all creatures wretched, for whose vileAbode ’tis hard to find a language fit,As sheep or goats ye had been happier! WhileWe still were standing in the murky pit—Beneath the giant’s feet[799]set far below—And at the high wall I was staring yet,When this I heard: ‘Heed to thy steps[800]bestow,Lest haply by thy soles the heads be spurned20Of wretched brothers wearied in their woe.’Before me, as on hearing this I turned,Beneath my feet a frozen lake,[801]its guiseRather of glass than water, I discerned.In all its course on Austrian Danube liesNo veil in time of winter near so thick,Nor on the Don beneath its frigid skies,As this was here; on which if Tabernicch[802]Or Mount Pietrapana[803]should alightNot even the edge would answer with a creak.30And as the croaking frog holds well in sightIts muzzle from the pool, what time of year[804]The peasant girl of gleaning dreams at night;The mourning shades in ice were covered here,Seen livid up to where we blush[805]with shame.In stork-like music their teeth chattering were.With downcast face stood every one of them:To cold from every mouth, and to despairFrom every eye, an ample witness came.And having somewhat gazed around me there40I to my feet looked down, and saw two pressedSo close together, tangled was their hair,‘Say, who are you with breast[806]thus strained to breast?’I asked; whereon their necks they backward bent,And when their upturned faces lay at restTheir eyes, which earlier were but moistened, sentTears o’er their eyelids: these the frost congealedAnd fettered fast[807]before they further went.Plank set to plank no rivet ever heldMore firmly; wherefore, goat-like, either ghost50Butted the other; so their wrath prevailed.And one who wanted both ears, which the frostHad bitten off, with face still downward thrown,Asked: ‘Why with us art thou so long engrossed?If who that couple are thou’dst have made known—The vale down which Bisenzio’s floods declineWas once their father Albert’s[808]and their own.One body bore them: search the whole malignCaïna,[809]and thou shalt not any seeMore worthy to be fixed in gelatine;60Not he whose breast and shadow equallyWere by one thrust of Arthur’s lance[810]pierced through:Nor yet Focaccia;[811]nor the one that meWith his head hampers, blocking out my view,Whose name was Sassol Mascheroni:[812]wellThou must him know if thou art Tuscan too.And that thou need’st not make me further tell—I’m Camicion de’ Pazzi,[813]and Carlin[814]I weary for, whose guilt shall mine excel.’A thousand faces saw I dog-like grin,70Frost-bound; whence I, as now, shall always shakeWhenever sight of frozen pools I win.While to the centre[815]we our way did makeTo which all things converging gravitate,And me that chill eternal caused to quake;Whether by fortune, providence, or fate,I know not, but as ’mong the heads I wentI kicked one full in the face; who therefore straight‘Why trample on me?’ snarled and made lament,‘Unless thou com’st to heap the vengeance high80For Montaperti,[816]why so virulent’Gainst me?’ I said: ‘Await me here till IBy him, O Master, shall be cleared of doubt;[817]Then let my pace thy will be guided by.’My Guide delayed, and I to him spake out,While he continued uttering curses shrill:‘Say, what art thou, at others thus to shout?’‘But who art thou, that goest at thy willThrough Antenora,[818]trampling on the faceOf others? ’Twere too much if thou wert still90In life.’ ‘I live, and it may help thy case,’Was my reply, ‘if thou renown wouldst gain,Should I thy name[819]upon my tablets place.’And he: ‘I for the opposite am fain.Depart thou hence, nor work me further dool;Within this swamp thou flatterest all in vain.’Then I began him by the scalp to pull,And ‘Thou must tell how thou art called,’ I said,‘Or soon thy hair will not be plentiful.’And he: ‘Though every hair thou from me shred100I will not tell thee, nor my face turn round;No, though a thousand times thou spurn my head.’His locks ere this about my fist were wound,And many a tuft I tore, while dog-like wailsBurst from him, and his eyes still sought the ground.Then called another: ‘Bocca, what now ails?Is’t not enough thy teeth go chattering there,But thou must bark? What devil thee assails?’‘Ah! now,’ said I, ‘thou need’st not aught declare,Accursed traitor; and true news of thee110To thy disgrace I to the world will bear.’‘Begone, tell what thou wilt,’ he answered me;‘But, if thou issue hence, not silent keep[820]Of him whose tongue but lately wagged so free.He for the Frenchmen’s money[821]here doth weep.Him of Duera saw I, mayst thou tell,Where sinners shiver in the frozen deep.Shouldst thou be asked who else within it dwell—Thou hast the Beccheria[822]at thy side;Across whose neck the knife at Florence fell.120John Soldanieri[823]may be yonder spiedWith Ganellon,[824]and Tribaldell[825]who threwFaenza’s gates, when slept the city, wide.’Him had we left, our journey to pursue,When frozen in a hole[826]a pair I saw;One’s head like the other’s hat showed to the view.And, as their bread men hunger-driven gnaw,The uppermost tore fiercely at his mateWhere nape and brain-pan to a junction draw.No worse by Tydeus[827]in his scornful hate130Were Menalippus’ temples gnawed and hackedThan skull and all were torn by him irate.‘O thou who provest by such bestial actHatred of him who by thy teeth is chewed,Declare thy motive,’ said I, ‘on this pact—That if with reason thou with him hast feud,Knowing your names and manner of his crimeI in the world[828]to thee will make it good;If what I speak with dry not ere the time.’FOOTNOTES:[797]A baby speech: ‘A tongue that criesmammaandpapa’ For his present purpose, he complains, he has not in Italian an adequate supply of rough high-sounding rhymes; but at least he will use only the best words that can be found. In another work (De Vulg. El.ii. 7) he instancesmammaandbabboas words of a kind to be avoided by all who would write nobly in Italian.[798]Amphion: Who with his music charmed rocks from the mountain and heaped them in order for walls to Thebes.[799]The giant’s feet: Antæus. A bank slopes from where the giants stand inside the wall down to the pit which is filled with the frozen Cocytus. This is the Ninth and inmost Circle, and is divided into four concentric rings—Caïna, Antenora, Ptolomæa, and Judecca—where traitors of different kinds are punished.[800]Thy steps: Dante alone is addressed, the speaker having seen him set heavily down upon the ice by Antæus.[801]A frozen lake: Cocytus. SeeInf.xiv. 119.[802]Tabernicch: It is not certain what mountain is here meant; probably Yavornick near Adelsberg in Carniola. It is mentioned, not for its size, but the harshness of its name.[803]Pietrapana: A mountain between Modena and Lucca, visible from Pisa: Petra Apuana.[804]Time of year: At harvest-time, when in the warm summer nights the wearied gleaner dreams of her day’s work.[805]To where we blush: The bodies of the shades are seen buried in the clear glassy ice, out of which their heads and necks stand free—as much as ‘shows shame,’ that is, blushes.[806]With breast, etc.: As could be seen through the clear ice.[807]Fettered fast: Binding up their eyes. In the punishment of traitors is symbolised the hardness and coldness of their hearts to all the claims of blood, country, or friendship.[808]Their father Albert’s: Albert, of the family of the Counts Alberti, lord of the upper valley of the Bisenzio, near Florence. His sons, Alexander and Napoleon, slew one another in a quarrel regarding their inheritance.[809]Caïna: The outer ring of the Ninth Circle, and that in which are punished those treacherous to their kindred.—Here a place is reserved for Gianciotto Malatesta, the husband of Francesca (Inf.v. 107).[810]Arthur’s lance: Mordred, natural son of King Arthur, was slain by him in battle as a rebel and traitor. ‘And the history says that after the lance-thrust Girflet plainly saw a ray of the sun pass through the hole of the wound.’—Lancelot du Lac.[811]Focaccia: A member of the Pistoiese family of Cancellieri, in whose domestic feuds the parties of Whites and Blacks took rise. He assassinated one of his relatives and cut off the hand of another.[812]Sassol Mascheroni: Of the Florentine family of the Toschi. He murdered his nephew, of whom by some accounts he was the guardian. For this crime he was punished by being rolled through the streets of Florence in a cask and then beheaded. Every Tuscan would be familiar with the story of such a punishment.[813]Camicion de’ Pazzi: To distinguish the Pazzi to whom Camicione belonged from the Pazzi of Florence they were called the Pazzi of Valdarno, where their possessions lay. Like his fellow-traitors he had slain a kinsman.[814]Carlin: Also one of the Pazzi of Valdarno. Like all the spirits in this circle Camicione is eager to betray the treachery of others, and prophesies the guilt of his still living relative, which is to cast his own villany into the shade. In 1302 or 1303 Carlino held the castle of Piano de Trevigne in Valdarno, where many of the exiled Whites of Florence had taken refuge, and for a bribe he betrayed it to the enemy.[815]The centre: The bottom of Inferno is the centre of the earth, and, on the system of Ptolemy, the central point of the universe.[816]Montaperti: SeeInf.x. 86. The speaker is Bocca, of the great Florentine family of the Abati, who served as one of the Florentine cavaliers at Montaperti. When the enemy was charging towards the standard of the Republican cavalry Bocca aimed a blow at the arm of the knight who bore it and cut off his hand. The sudden fall of the flag disheartened the Florentines, and in great measure contributed to the defeat.[817]Cleared of doubt: The mention of Montaperti in this place of traitors suggests to Dante the thought of Bocca. He would fain be sure as to whether he has the traitor at his feet. Montaperti was never very far from the thoughts of the Florentine of that day. It is never out of Bocca’s mind.[818]Antenora: The second ring of the Ninth Circle, where traitors to their country are punished, named after Antenor the Trojan prince who, according to the belief of the middle ages, betrayed his native city to the Greeks.[819]Should I thy name, etc.: ‘Should I put thy name among the other notes.’ It is the last time that Dante is to offer such a bribe; and here the offer is most probably ironical.[820]Not silent keep, etc.: Like all the other traitors Bocca finds his only pleasure in betraying his neighbours.[821]The Frenchmen’s money: He who had betrayed the name of Bocca was Buoso of Duera, one of the Ghibeline chiefs of Cremona. When Guy of Montfort was leading an army across Lombardy to recruit Charles of Anjou in his war against Manfred in 1265 (Inf.xxviii. 16 andPurg.iii.), Buoso, who had been left to guard the passage of the Oglio, took a bribe to let the French army pass.[822]Beccheria: Tesauro of the Pavian family Beccheria, Abbot of Vallombrosa and legate in Florence of Pope Alexander IV. He was accused of conspiring against the Commonwealth along with the exiled Ghibelines (1258). All Europe was shocked to hear that a great churchman had been tortured and beheaded by the Florentines. The city was placed under Papal interdict, proclaimed by the Archbishop of Pisa from the tower of S. Pietro in Vincoli at Rome. Villani seems to think the Abbot was innocent of the charge brought against him (Cron.vi. 65), but he always leans to the indulgent view when a priest is concerned.[823]Soldanieri: Deserted from the Florentine Ghibelines after the defeat of Manfred.[824]Ganellon: Whose treacherous counsel led to the defeat of Roland at Roncesvalles.[825]Tribaldello: A noble of Faenza, who, as one account says, to revenge himself for the loss of a pig, sent a cast of the key of the city gate to John of Apia, then prowling about Romagna in the interest of the French Pope, MartinIV.He was slain at the battle of Forlì in 1282 (Inf.xxvii. 43).[826]Frozen in a hole, etc.: The two are the Count Ugolino and the Archbishop Roger.[827]Tydeus: One of the Seven against Thebes, who, having been mortally wounded by Menalippus the Theban, whom he slew, got his friends to bring him the head of his foe and gnawed at it with his teeth. Dante found the incident in his favourite author Statius (Theb.viii.).[828]I in the world, etc.: Dante has learned from Bocca that the prospect of having their memory refreshed on earth has no charm for the sinners met with here. The bribe he offers is that of loading the name of a foe with ignominy—but only if from the tale it shall be plain that the ignominy is deserved.
Had I sonorous rough rhymes at command,Such as would suit the cavern terribleRooted on which all the other ramparts stand,The sap of fancies which within me swellCloser I’d press; but since I have not these,With some misgiving I go on to tell.For ’tis no task to play with as you please,Of all the world the bottom to portray,Nor one that with a baby speech[797]agrees.But let those ladies help me with my lay10Who helped Amphion[798]walls round Thebes to pile,And faithful to the facts my words shall stay.O ’bove all creatures wretched, for whose vileAbode ’tis hard to find a language fit,As sheep or goats ye had been happier! WhileWe still were standing in the murky pit—Beneath the giant’s feet[799]set far below—And at the high wall I was staring yet,When this I heard: ‘Heed to thy steps[800]bestow,Lest haply by thy soles the heads be spurned20Of wretched brothers wearied in their woe.’Before me, as on hearing this I turned,Beneath my feet a frozen lake,[801]its guiseRather of glass than water, I discerned.In all its course on Austrian Danube liesNo veil in time of winter near so thick,Nor on the Don beneath its frigid skies,As this was here; on which if Tabernicch[802]Or Mount Pietrapana[803]should alightNot even the edge would answer with a creak.30And as the croaking frog holds well in sightIts muzzle from the pool, what time of year[804]The peasant girl of gleaning dreams at night;The mourning shades in ice were covered here,Seen livid up to where we blush[805]with shame.In stork-like music their teeth chattering were.With downcast face stood every one of them:To cold from every mouth, and to despairFrom every eye, an ample witness came.And having somewhat gazed around me there40I to my feet looked down, and saw two pressedSo close together, tangled was their hair,‘Say, who are you with breast[806]thus strained to breast?’I asked; whereon their necks they backward bent,And when their upturned faces lay at restTheir eyes, which earlier were but moistened, sentTears o’er their eyelids: these the frost congealedAnd fettered fast[807]before they further went.Plank set to plank no rivet ever heldMore firmly; wherefore, goat-like, either ghost50Butted the other; so their wrath prevailed.And one who wanted both ears, which the frostHad bitten off, with face still downward thrown,Asked: ‘Why with us art thou so long engrossed?If who that couple are thou’dst have made known—The vale down which Bisenzio’s floods declineWas once their father Albert’s[808]and their own.One body bore them: search the whole malignCaïna,[809]and thou shalt not any seeMore worthy to be fixed in gelatine;60Not he whose breast and shadow equallyWere by one thrust of Arthur’s lance[810]pierced through:Nor yet Focaccia;[811]nor the one that meWith his head hampers, blocking out my view,Whose name was Sassol Mascheroni:[812]wellThou must him know if thou art Tuscan too.And that thou need’st not make me further tell—I’m Camicion de’ Pazzi,[813]and Carlin[814]I weary for, whose guilt shall mine excel.’A thousand faces saw I dog-like grin,70Frost-bound; whence I, as now, shall always shakeWhenever sight of frozen pools I win.While to the centre[815]we our way did makeTo which all things converging gravitate,And me that chill eternal caused to quake;Whether by fortune, providence, or fate,I know not, but as ’mong the heads I wentI kicked one full in the face; who therefore straight‘Why trample on me?’ snarled and made lament,‘Unless thou com’st to heap the vengeance high80For Montaperti,[816]why so virulent’Gainst me?’ I said: ‘Await me here till IBy him, O Master, shall be cleared of doubt;[817]Then let my pace thy will be guided by.’My Guide delayed, and I to him spake out,While he continued uttering curses shrill:‘Say, what art thou, at others thus to shout?’‘But who art thou, that goest at thy willThrough Antenora,[818]trampling on the faceOf others? ’Twere too much if thou wert still90In life.’ ‘I live, and it may help thy case,’Was my reply, ‘if thou renown wouldst gain,Should I thy name[819]upon my tablets place.’And he: ‘I for the opposite am fain.Depart thou hence, nor work me further dool;Within this swamp thou flatterest all in vain.’Then I began him by the scalp to pull,And ‘Thou must tell how thou art called,’ I said,‘Or soon thy hair will not be plentiful.’And he: ‘Though every hair thou from me shred100I will not tell thee, nor my face turn round;No, though a thousand times thou spurn my head.’His locks ere this about my fist were wound,And many a tuft I tore, while dog-like wailsBurst from him, and his eyes still sought the ground.Then called another: ‘Bocca, what now ails?Is’t not enough thy teeth go chattering there,But thou must bark? What devil thee assails?’‘Ah! now,’ said I, ‘thou need’st not aught declare,Accursed traitor; and true news of thee110To thy disgrace I to the world will bear.’‘Begone, tell what thou wilt,’ he answered me;‘But, if thou issue hence, not silent keep[820]Of him whose tongue but lately wagged so free.He for the Frenchmen’s money[821]here doth weep.Him of Duera saw I, mayst thou tell,Where sinners shiver in the frozen deep.Shouldst thou be asked who else within it dwell—Thou hast the Beccheria[822]at thy side;Across whose neck the knife at Florence fell.120John Soldanieri[823]may be yonder spiedWith Ganellon,[824]and Tribaldell[825]who threwFaenza’s gates, when slept the city, wide.’Him had we left, our journey to pursue,When frozen in a hole[826]a pair I saw;One’s head like the other’s hat showed to the view.And, as their bread men hunger-driven gnaw,The uppermost tore fiercely at his mateWhere nape and brain-pan to a junction draw.No worse by Tydeus[827]in his scornful hate130Were Menalippus’ temples gnawed and hackedThan skull and all were torn by him irate.‘O thou who provest by such bestial actHatred of him who by thy teeth is chewed,Declare thy motive,’ said I, ‘on this pact—That if with reason thou with him hast feud,Knowing your names and manner of his crimeI in the world[828]to thee will make it good;If what I speak with dry not ere the time.’
Had I sonorous rough rhymes at command,Such as would suit the cavern terribleRooted on which all the other ramparts stand,The sap of fancies which within me swellCloser I’d press; but since I have not these,With some misgiving I go on to tell.For ’tis no task to play with as you please,Of all the world the bottom to portray,Nor one that with a baby speech[797]agrees.But let those ladies help me with my lay10Who helped Amphion[798]walls round Thebes to pile,And faithful to the facts my words shall stay.O ’bove all creatures wretched, for whose vileAbode ’tis hard to find a language fit,As sheep or goats ye had been happier! WhileWe still were standing in the murky pit—Beneath the giant’s feet[799]set far below—And at the high wall I was staring yet,When this I heard: ‘Heed to thy steps[800]bestow,Lest haply by thy soles the heads be spurned20Of wretched brothers wearied in their woe.’Before me, as on hearing this I turned,Beneath my feet a frozen lake,[801]its guiseRather of glass than water, I discerned.In all its course on Austrian Danube liesNo veil in time of winter near so thick,Nor on the Don beneath its frigid skies,As this was here; on which if Tabernicch[802]Or Mount Pietrapana[803]should alightNot even the edge would answer with a creak.30And as the croaking frog holds well in sightIts muzzle from the pool, what time of year[804]The peasant girl of gleaning dreams at night;The mourning shades in ice were covered here,Seen livid up to where we blush[805]with shame.In stork-like music their teeth chattering were.With downcast face stood every one of them:To cold from every mouth, and to despairFrom every eye, an ample witness came.And having somewhat gazed around me there40I to my feet looked down, and saw two pressedSo close together, tangled was their hair,‘Say, who are you with breast[806]thus strained to breast?’I asked; whereon their necks they backward bent,And when their upturned faces lay at restTheir eyes, which earlier were but moistened, sentTears o’er their eyelids: these the frost congealedAnd fettered fast[807]before they further went.Plank set to plank no rivet ever heldMore firmly; wherefore, goat-like, either ghost50Butted the other; so their wrath prevailed.And one who wanted both ears, which the frostHad bitten off, with face still downward thrown,Asked: ‘Why with us art thou so long engrossed?If who that couple are thou’dst have made known—The vale down which Bisenzio’s floods declineWas once their father Albert’s[808]and their own.One body bore them: search the whole malignCaïna,[809]and thou shalt not any seeMore worthy to be fixed in gelatine;60Not he whose breast and shadow equallyWere by one thrust of Arthur’s lance[810]pierced through:Nor yet Focaccia;[811]nor the one that meWith his head hampers, blocking out my view,Whose name was Sassol Mascheroni:[812]wellThou must him know if thou art Tuscan too.And that thou need’st not make me further tell—I’m Camicion de’ Pazzi,[813]and Carlin[814]I weary for, whose guilt shall mine excel.’A thousand faces saw I dog-like grin,70Frost-bound; whence I, as now, shall always shakeWhenever sight of frozen pools I win.While to the centre[815]we our way did makeTo which all things converging gravitate,And me that chill eternal caused to quake;Whether by fortune, providence, or fate,I know not, but as ’mong the heads I wentI kicked one full in the face; who therefore straight‘Why trample on me?’ snarled and made lament,‘Unless thou com’st to heap the vengeance high80For Montaperti,[816]why so virulent’Gainst me?’ I said: ‘Await me here till IBy him, O Master, shall be cleared of doubt;[817]Then let my pace thy will be guided by.’My Guide delayed, and I to him spake out,While he continued uttering curses shrill:‘Say, what art thou, at others thus to shout?’‘But who art thou, that goest at thy willThrough Antenora,[818]trampling on the faceOf others? ’Twere too much if thou wert still90In life.’ ‘I live, and it may help thy case,’Was my reply, ‘if thou renown wouldst gain,Should I thy name[819]upon my tablets place.’And he: ‘I for the opposite am fain.Depart thou hence, nor work me further dool;Within this swamp thou flatterest all in vain.’Then I began him by the scalp to pull,And ‘Thou must tell how thou art called,’ I said,‘Or soon thy hair will not be plentiful.’And he: ‘Though every hair thou from me shred100I will not tell thee, nor my face turn round;No, though a thousand times thou spurn my head.’His locks ere this about my fist were wound,And many a tuft I tore, while dog-like wailsBurst from him, and his eyes still sought the ground.Then called another: ‘Bocca, what now ails?Is’t not enough thy teeth go chattering there,But thou must bark? What devil thee assails?’‘Ah! now,’ said I, ‘thou need’st not aught declare,Accursed traitor; and true news of thee110To thy disgrace I to the world will bear.’‘Begone, tell what thou wilt,’ he answered me;‘But, if thou issue hence, not silent keep[820]Of him whose tongue but lately wagged so free.He for the Frenchmen’s money[821]here doth weep.Him of Duera saw I, mayst thou tell,Where sinners shiver in the frozen deep.Shouldst thou be asked who else within it dwell—Thou hast the Beccheria[822]at thy side;Across whose neck the knife at Florence fell.120John Soldanieri[823]may be yonder spiedWith Ganellon,[824]and Tribaldell[825]who threwFaenza’s gates, when slept the city, wide.’Him had we left, our journey to pursue,When frozen in a hole[826]a pair I saw;One’s head like the other’s hat showed to the view.And, as their bread men hunger-driven gnaw,The uppermost tore fiercely at his mateWhere nape and brain-pan to a junction draw.No worse by Tydeus[827]in his scornful hate130Were Menalippus’ temples gnawed and hackedThan skull and all were torn by him irate.‘O thou who provest by such bestial actHatred of him who by thy teeth is chewed,Declare thy motive,’ said I, ‘on this pact—That if with reason thou with him hast feud,Knowing your names and manner of his crimeI in the world[828]to thee will make it good;If what I speak with dry not ere the time.’
FOOTNOTES:[797]A baby speech: ‘A tongue that criesmammaandpapa’ For his present purpose, he complains, he has not in Italian an adequate supply of rough high-sounding rhymes; but at least he will use only the best words that can be found. In another work (De Vulg. El.ii. 7) he instancesmammaandbabboas words of a kind to be avoided by all who would write nobly in Italian.[798]Amphion: Who with his music charmed rocks from the mountain and heaped them in order for walls to Thebes.[799]The giant’s feet: Antæus. A bank slopes from where the giants stand inside the wall down to the pit which is filled with the frozen Cocytus. This is the Ninth and inmost Circle, and is divided into four concentric rings—Caïna, Antenora, Ptolomæa, and Judecca—where traitors of different kinds are punished.[800]Thy steps: Dante alone is addressed, the speaker having seen him set heavily down upon the ice by Antæus.[801]A frozen lake: Cocytus. SeeInf.xiv. 119.[802]Tabernicch: It is not certain what mountain is here meant; probably Yavornick near Adelsberg in Carniola. It is mentioned, not for its size, but the harshness of its name.[803]Pietrapana: A mountain between Modena and Lucca, visible from Pisa: Petra Apuana.[804]Time of year: At harvest-time, when in the warm summer nights the wearied gleaner dreams of her day’s work.[805]To where we blush: The bodies of the shades are seen buried in the clear glassy ice, out of which their heads and necks stand free—as much as ‘shows shame,’ that is, blushes.[806]With breast, etc.: As could be seen through the clear ice.[807]Fettered fast: Binding up their eyes. In the punishment of traitors is symbolised the hardness and coldness of their hearts to all the claims of blood, country, or friendship.[808]Their father Albert’s: Albert, of the family of the Counts Alberti, lord of the upper valley of the Bisenzio, near Florence. His sons, Alexander and Napoleon, slew one another in a quarrel regarding their inheritance.[809]Caïna: The outer ring of the Ninth Circle, and that in which are punished those treacherous to their kindred.—Here a place is reserved for Gianciotto Malatesta, the husband of Francesca (Inf.v. 107).[810]Arthur’s lance: Mordred, natural son of King Arthur, was slain by him in battle as a rebel and traitor. ‘And the history says that after the lance-thrust Girflet plainly saw a ray of the sun pass through the hole of the wound.’—Lancelot du Lac.[811]Focaccia: A member of the Pistoiese family of Cancellieri, in whose domestic feuds the parties of Whites and Blacks took rise. He assassinated one of his relatives and cut off the hand of another.[812]Sassol Mascheroni: Of the Florentine family of the Toschi. He murdered his nephew, of whom by some accounts he was the guardian. For this crime he was punished by being rolled through the streets of Florence in a cask and then beheaded. Every Tuscan would be familiar with the story of such a punishment.[813]Camicion de’ Pazzi: To distinguish the Pazzi to whom Camicione belonged from the Pazzi of Florence they were called the Pazzi of Valdarno, where their possessions lay. Like his fellow-traitors he had slain a kinsman.[814]Carlin: Also one of the Pazzi of Valdarno. Like all the spirits in this circle Camicione is eager to betray the treachery of others, and prophesies the guilt of his still living relative, which is to cast his own villany into the shade. In 1302 or 1303 Carlino held the castle of Piano de Trevigne in Valdarno, where many of the exiled Whites of Florence had taken refuge, and for a bribe he betrayed it to the enemy.[815]The centre: The bottom of Inferno is the centre of the earth, and, on the system of Ptolemy, the central point of the universe.[816]Montaperti: SeeInf.x. 86. The speaker is Bocca, of the great Florentine family of the Abati, who served as one of the Florentine cavaliers at Montaperti. When the enemy was charging towards the standard of the Republican cavalry Bocca aimed a blow at the arm of the knight who bore it and cut off his hand. The sudden fall of the flag disheartened the Florentines, and in great measure contributed to the defeat.[817]Cleared of doubt: The mention of Montaperti in this place of traitors suggests to Dante the thought of Bocca. He would fain be sure as to whether he has the traitor at his feet. Montaperti was never very far from the thoughts of the Florentine of that day. It is never out of Bocca’s mind.[818]Antenora: The second ring of the Ninth Circle, where traitors to their country are punished, named after Antenor the Trojan prince who, according to the belief of the middle ages, betrayed his native city to the Greeks.[819]Should I thy name, etc.: ‘Should I put thy name among the other notes.’ It is the last time that Dante is to offer such a bribe; and here the offer is most probably ironical.[820]Not silent keep, etc.: Like all the other traitors Bocca finds his only pleasure in betraying his neighbours.[821]The Frenchmen’s money: He who had betrayed the name of Bocca was Buoso of Duera, one of the Ghibeline chiefs of Cremona. When Guy of Montfort was leading an army across Lombardy to recruit Charles of Anjou in his war against Manfred in 1265 (Inf.xxviii. 16 andPurg.iii.), Buoso, who had been left to guard the passage of the Oglio, took a bribe to let the French army pass.[822]Beccheria: Tesauro of the Pavian family Beccheria, Abbot of Vallombrosa and legate in Florence of Pope Alexander IV. He was accused of conspiring against the Commonwealth along with the exiled Ghibelines (1258). All Europe was shocked to hear that a great churchman had been tortured and beheaded by the Florentines. The city was placed under Papal interdict, proclaimed by the Archbishop of Pisa from the tower of S. Pietro in Vincoli at Rome. Villani seems to think the Abbot was innocent of the charge brought against him (Cron.vi. 65), but he always leans to the indulgent view when a priest is concerned.[823]Soldanieri: Deserted from the Florentine Ghibelines after the defeat of Manfred.[824]Ganellon: Whose treacherous counsel led to the defeat of Roland at Roncesvalles.[825]Tribaldello: A noble of Faenza, who, as one account says, to revenge himself for the loss of a pig, sent a cast of the key of the city gate to John of Apia, then prowling about Romagna in the interest of the French Pope, MartinIV.He was slain at the battle of Forlì in 1282 (Inf.xxvii. 43).[826]Frozen in a hole, etc.: The two are the Count Ugolino and the Archbishop Roger.[827]Tydeus: One of the Seven against Thebes, who, having been mortally wounded by Menalippus the Theban, whom he slew, got his friends to bring him the head of his foe and gnawed at it with his teeth. Dante found the incident in his favourite author Statius (Theb.viii.).[828]I in the world, etc.: Dante has learned from Bocca that the prospect of having their memory refreshed on earth has no charm for the sinners met with here. The bribe he offers is that of loading the name of a foe with ignominy—but only if from the tale it shall be plain that the ignominy is deserved.
[797]A baby speech: ‘A tongue that criesmammaandpapa’ For his present purpose, he complains, he has not in Italian an adequate supply of rough high-sounding rhymes; but at least he will use only the best words that can be found. In another work (De Vulg. El.ii. 7) he instancesmammaandbabboas words of a kind to be avoided by all who would write nobly in Italian.
[797]A baby speech: ‘A tongue that criesmammaandpapa’ For his present purpose, he complains, he has not in Italian an adequate supply of rough high-sounding rhymes; but at least he will use only the best words that can be found. In another work (De Vulg. El.ii. 7) he instancesmammaandbabboas words of a kind to be avoided by all who would write nobly in Italian.
[798]Amphion: Who with his music charmed rocks from the mountain and heaped them in order for walls to Thebes.
[798]Amphion: Who with his music charmed rocks from the mountain and heaped them in order for walls to Thebes.
[799]The giant’s feet: Antæus. A bank slopes from where the giants stand inside the wall down to the pit which is filled with the frozen Cocytus. This is the Ninth and inmost Circle, and is divided into four concentric rings—Caïna, Antenora, Ptolomæa, and Judecca—where traitors of different kinds are punished.
[799]The giant’s feet: Antæus. A bank slopes from where the giants stand inside the wall down to the pit which is filled with the frozen Cocytus. This is the Ninth and inmost Circle, and is divided into four concentric rings—Caïna, Antenora, Ptolomæa, and Judecca—where traitors of different kinds are punished.
[800]Thy steps: Dante alone is addressed, the speaker having seen him set heavily down upon the ice by Antæus.
[800]Thy steps: Dante alone is addressed, the speaker having seen him set heavily down upon the ice by Antæus.
[801]A frozen lake: Cocytus. SeeInf.xiv. 119.
[801]A frozen lake: Cocytus. SeeInf.xiv. 119.
[802]Tabernicch: It is not certain what mountain is here meant; probably Yavornick near Adelsberg in Carniola. It is mentioned, not for its size, but the harshness of its name.
[802]Tabernicch: It is not certain what mountain is here meant; probably Yavornick near Adelsberg in Carniola. It is mentioned, not for its size, but the harshness of its name.
[803]Pietrapana: A mountain between Modena and Lucca, visible from Pisa: Petra Apuana.
[803]Pietrapana: A mountain between Modena and Lucca, visible from Pisa: Petra Apuana.
[804]Time of year: At harvest-time, when in the warm summer nights the wearied gleaner dreams of her day’s work.
[804]Time of year: At harvest-time, when in the warm summer nights the wearied gleaner dreams of her day’s work.
[805]To where we blush: The bodies of the shades are seen buried in the clear glassy ice, out of which their heads and necks stand free—as much as ‘shows shame,’ that is, blushes.
[805]To where we blush: The bodies of the shades are seen buried in the clear glassy ice, out of which their heads and necks stand free—as much as ‘shows shame,’ that is, blushes.
[806]With breast, etc.: As could be seen through the clear ice.
[806]With breast, etc.: As could be seen through the clear ice.
[807]Fettered fast: Binding up their eyes. In the punishment of traitors is symbolised the hardness and coldness of their hearts to all the claims of blood, country, or friendship.
[807]Fettered fast: Binding up their eyes. In the punishment of traitors is symbolised the hardness and coldness of their hearts to all the claims of blood, country, or friendship.
[808]Their father Albert’s: Albert, of the family of the Counts Alberti, lord of the upper valley of the Bisenzio, near Florence. His sons, Alexander and Napoleon, slew one another in a quarrel regarding their inheritance.
[808]Their father Albert’s: Albert, of the family of the Counts Alberti, lord of the upper valley of the Bisenzio, near Florence. His sons, Alexander and Napoleon, slew one another in a quarrel regarding their inheritance.
[809]Caïna: The outer ring of the Ninth Circle, and that in which are punished those treacherous to their kindred.—Here a place is reserved for Gianciotto Malatesta, the husband of Francesca (Inf.v. 107).
[809]Caïna: The outer ring of the Ninth Circle, and that in which are punished those treacherous to their kindred.—Here a place is reserved for Gianciotto Malatesta, the husband of Francesca (Inf.v. 107).
[810]Arthur’s lance: Mordred, natural son of King Arthur, was slain by him in battle as a rebel and traitor. ‘And the history says that after the lance-thrust Girflet plainly saw a ray of the sun pass through the hole of the wound.’—Lancelot du Lac.
[810]Arthur’s lance: Mordred, natural son of King Arthur, was slain by him in battle as a rebel and traitor. ‘And the history says that after the lance-thrust Girflet plainly saw a ray of the sun pass through the hole of the wound.’—Lancelot du Lac.
[811]Focaccia: A member of the Pistoiese family of Cancellieri, in whose domestic feuds the parties of Whites and Blacks took rise. He assassinated one of his relatives and cut off the hand of another.
[811]Focaccia: A member of the Pistoiese family of Cancellieri, in whose domestic feuds the parties of Whites and Blacks took rise. He assassinated one of his relatives and cut off the hand of another.
[812]Sassol Mascheroni: Of the Florentine family of the Toschi. He murdered his nephew, of whom by some accounts he was the guardian. For this crime he was punished by being rolled through the streets of Florence in a cask and then beheaded. Every Tuscan would be familiar with the story of such a punishment.
[812]Sassol Mascheroni: Of the Florentine family of the Toschi. He murdered his nephew, of whom by some accounts he was the guardian. For this crime he was punished by being rolled through the streets of Florence in a cask and then beheaded. Every Tuscan would be familiar with the story of such a punishment.
[813]Camicion de’ Pazzi: To distinguish the Pazzi to whom Camicione belonged from the Pazzi of Florence they were called the Pazzi of Valdarno, where their possessions lay. Like his fellow-traitors he had slain a kinsman.
[813]Camicion de’ Pazzi: To distinguish the Pazzi to whom Camicione belonged from the Pazzi of Florence they were called the Pazzi of Valdarno, where their possessions lay. Like his fellow-traitors he had slain a kinsman.
[814]Carlin: Also one of the Pazzi of Valdarno. Like all the spirits in this circle Camicione is eager to betray the treachery of others, and prophesies the guilt of his still living relative, which is to cast his own villany into the shade. In 1302 or 1303 Carlino held the castle of Piano de Trevigne in Valdarno, where many of the exiled Whites of Florence had taken refuge, and for a bribe he betrayed it to the enemy.
[814]Carlin: Also one of the Pazzi of Valdarno. Like all the spirits in this circle Camicione is eager to betray the treachery of others, and prophesies the guilt of his still living relative, which is to cast his own villany into the shade. In 1302 or 1303 Carlino held the castle of Piano de Trevigne in Valdarno, where many of the exiled Whites of Florence had taken refuge, and for a bribe he betrayed it to the enemy.
[815]The centre: The bottom of Inferno is the centre of the earth, and, on the system of Ptolemy, the central point of the universe.
[815]The centre: The bottom of Inferno is the centre of the earth, and, on the system of Ptolemy, the central point of the universe.
[816]Montaperti: SeeInf.x. 86. The speaker is Bocca, of the great Florentine family of the Abati, who served as one of the Florentine cavaliers at Montaperti. When the enemy was charging towards the standard of the Republican cavalry Bocca aimed a blow at the arm of the knight who bore it and cut off his hand. The sudden fall of the flag disheartened the Florentines, and in great measure contributed to the defeat.
[816]Montaperti: SeeInf.x. 86. The speaker is Bocca, of the great Florentine family of the Abati, who served as one of the Florentine cavaliers at Montaperti. When the enemy was charging towards the standard of the Republican cavalry Bocca aimed a blow at the arm of the knight who bore it and cut off his hand. The sudden fall of the flag disheartened the Florentines, and in great measure contributed to the defeat.
[817]Cleared of doubt: The mention of Montaperti in this place of traitors suggests to Dante the thought of Bocca. He would fain be sure as to whether he has the traitor at his feet. Montaperti was never very far from the thoughts of the Florentine of that day. It is never out of Bocca’s mind.
[817]Cleared of doubt: The mention of Montaperti in this place of traitors suggests to Dante the thought of Bocca. He would fain be sure as to whether he has the traitor at his feet. Montaperti was never very far from the thoughts of the Florentine of that day. It is never out of Bocca’s mind.
[818]Antenora: The second ring of the Ninth Circle, where traitors to their country are punished, named after Antenor the Trojan prince who, according to the belief of the middle ages, betrayed his native city to the Greeks.
[818]Antenora: The second ring of the Ninth Circle, where traitors to their country are punished, named after Antenor the Trojan prince who, according to the belief of the middle ages, betrayed his native city to the Greeks.
[819]Should I thy name, etc.: ‘Should I put thy name among the other notes.’ It is the last time that Dante is to offer such a bribe; and here the offer is most probably ironical.
[819]Should I thy name, etc.: ‘Should I put thy name among the other notes.’ It is the last time that Dante is to offer such a bribe; and here the offer is most probably ironical.
[820]Not silent keep, etc.: Like all the other traitors Bocca finds his only pleasure in betraying his neighbours.
[820]Not silent keep, etc.: Like all the other traitors Bocca finds his only pleasure in betraying his neighbours.
[821]The Frenchmen’s money: He who had betrayed the name of Bocca was Buoso of Duera, one of the Ghibeline chiefs of Cremona. When Guy of Montfort was leading an army across Lombardy to recruit Charles of Anjou in his war against Manfred in 1265 (Inf.xxviii. 16 andPurg.iii.), Buoso, who had been left to guard the passage of the Oglio, took a bribe to let the French army pass.
[821]The Frenchmen’s money: He who had betrayed the name of Bocca was Buoso of Duera, one of the Ghibeline chiefs of Cremona. When Guy of Montfort was leading an army across Lombardy to recruit Charles of Anjou in his war against Manfred in 1265 (Inf.xxviii. 16 andPurg.iii.), Buoso, who had been left to guard the passage of the Oglio, took a bribe to let the French army pass.
[822]Beccheria: Tesauro of the Pavian family Beccheria, Abbot of Vallombrosa and legate in Florence of Pope Alexander IV. He was accused of conspiring against the Commonwealth along with the exiled Ghibelines (1258). All Europe was shocked to hear that a great churchman had been tortured and beheaded by the Florentines. The city was placed under Papal interdict, proclaimed by the Archbishop of Pisa from the tower of S. Pietro in Vincoli at Rome. Villani seems to think the Abbot was innocent of the charge brought against him (Cron.vi. 65), but he always leans to the indulgent view when a priest is concerned.
[822]Beccheria: Tesauro of the Pavian family Beccheria, Abbot of Vallombrosa and legate in Florence of Pope Alexander IV. He was accused of conspiring against the Commonwealth along with the exiled Ghibelines (1258). All Europe was shocked to hear that a great churchman had been tortured and beheaded by the Florentines. The city was placed under Papal interdict, proclaimed by the Archbishop of Pisa from the tower of S. Pietro in Vincoli at Rome. Villani seems to think the Abbot was innocent of the charge brought against him (Cron.vi. 65), but he always leans to the indulgent view when a priest is concerned.
[823]Soldanieri: Deserted from the Florentine Ghibelines after the defeat of Manfred.
[823]Soldanieri: Deserted from the Florentine Ghibelines after the defeat of Manfred.
[824]Ganellon: Whose treacherous counsel led to the defeat of Roland at Roncesvalles.
[824]Ganellon: Whose treacherous counsel led to the defeat of Roland at Roncesvalles.
[825]Tribaldello: A noble of Faenza, who, as one account says, to revenge himself for the loss of a pig, sent a cast of the key of the city gate to John of Apia, then prowling about Romagna in the interest of the French Pope, MartinIV.He was slain at the battle of Forlì in 1282 (Inf.xxvii. 43).
[825]Tribaldello: A noble of Faenza, who, as one account says, to revenge himself for the loss of a pig, sent a cast of the key of the city gate to John of Apia, then prowling about Romagna in the interest of the French Pope, MartinIV.He was slain at the battle of Forlì in 1282 (Inf.xxvii. 43).
[826]Frozen in a hole, etc.: The two are the Count Ugolino and the Archbishop Roger.
[826]Frozen in a hole, etc.: The two are the Count Ugolino and the Archbishop Roger.
[827]Tydeus: One of the Seven against Thebes, who, having been mortally wounded by Menalippus the Theban, whom he slew, got his friends to bring him the head of his foe and gnawed at it with his teeth. Dante found the incident in his favourite author Statius (Theb.viii.).
[827]Tydeus: One of the Seven against Thebes, who, having been mortally wounded by Menalippus the Theban, whom he slew, got his friends to bring him the head of his foe and gnawed at it with his teeth. Dante found the incident in his favourite author Statius (Theb.viii.).
[828]I in the world, etc.: Dante has learned from Bocca that the prospect of having their memory refreshed on earth has no charm for the sinners met with here. The bribe he offers is that of loading the name of a foe with ignominy—but only if from the tale it shall be plain that the ignominy is deserved.
[828]I in the world, etc.: Dante has learned from Bocca that the prospect of having their memory refreshed on earth has no charm for the sinners met with here. The bribe he offers is that of loading the name of a foe with ignominy—but only if from the tale it shall be plain that the ignominy is deserved.