Fractures are divided into comminuted, simple, and compound. The comminuted and compound, for the present purpose, may be regarded as one and the same; since it is obviously impossible to restore the bone of a dog which has been crushed into innumerable pieces; and such a state of the hard structure is scarcely possible to exist without the soft parts, as flesh or muscle, around the injury being involved, or the lesion rendered compound as well as comminuted in its nature.
Then it is simple fractures only that have to be dealt with in this place; and a simple fracture exists when a bone is snapped across into two equal or unequal pieces. It does not matter at what point the injury may occur; so that the bone be broken only into two pieces, and none of the flesh be torn, or the joint involved, the fracture is a simple one. In the dog, several simultaneous simplefractures may exist; as where the animal breaks across the whole of the four metatarsal bones proceeding from the hock to the foot; or snaps, which is of more rare occurrence, the entire number of metacarpal bones, proceeding from the joint, which is called the knee of the dog, towards the foot of the animal.
The bones, however, most commonly fractured are the ulna and radius in the fore-limb, and the tibia and fibula in the posterior extremity. Next to these in order are the femur or thigh-bone, in the hind-leg, and the humerus or arm-bone of the anterior limb. Then come the four metacarpal or metatarsal bones, being the same in number in both legs. These are all the author undertakes to treat. The first and last he manages pretty successfully. For the restoration of a fracture, all that is necessary is to bring the ends which have been divided together, and to keep them in the place into which your art has brought them. To accomplish this end, the author is accustomed to cut from a sheet of stout gutta percha three broad straight ribbons; then to soak these in warm water till they are pliable, having first cut in them several holes resembling button-holes, by the aid of a punch and narrow chisel. When they have lain in the warm water a sufficient time to soften, and no more—for the water of too great a heat shrivels up as well as softens the gutta percha—he draws forth one ribbon, and this he moulds to the front of the sound leg.
That done, he takes another piece of the gutta percha, and this he models to the hind part of the sound leg.The remaining slip is fixed to the side of the limb. After the pliable gutta percha has been forced to assume the shape desired, it is the practice of the writer to cover it with a cloth saturated in cold spring water, to hasten the setting of the material, and thereby shorten a process which always renders the dog somewhat uneasy. All this accomplished, he next braces the splints together, and fixes them upon the limb, by means of a long piece of tape; putting under them, next to the skin of the animal, a quantity of lint to prevent the gutta percha from irritating the flesh. The tapes he also runs through the holes previously made, and winds about the limb, or over the splints—rather, but not too tightly in the first instance—with the intent of arousing the restorative amount of inflammation. This quantity of inflammation, the reader may imagine, would be certain to ensue on so violent an injury as the separation of the hard supports of the body; but in this he is mistaken. I have known a favorite hound to break at once the four metatarsal bones, and though the splints necessary to promote a union were kept on above two months, nothing of the kind took place; at the end of which time all bandages were removed, and his movements effected the cure which my appliances were unable to bring about. Some persons even advocate taking off all bandages from a broken leg, and sending the dog for a walk, where union is tardy; but people who use such language talk about that, concerning which they literally know nothing. It is not one walk which will produce the desired effect; butrepeated walks are required to accomplish what appears to the ignorant so certain to occur. Thus, to do nothing is far better in some cases than to perform much; since the absence of remedies accomplishes that which all the paraphernalia of the surgery is unable to produce.
There are cases, however, which cannot get well of themselves, unless deformity be esteemed of no consequence. Thus, when the radius and ulna are snapped right across, and the foot, deprived of all support, dangles at the end of the limb; here the interposition of surgical agency is absolutely required; for the fracture, if left to itself without the aid of art, would never assume its proper situation. So when the humerus or femur are fractured, the bones may unite of themselves; but in that case shortening of the limb and incurable lameness is certain to ensue. The practitioner aims not only to bring the separated ends of the bone together; but he endeavors, by the invention of various means, to keep them there, or to force the limb all the time of the cure to be and to remain at its fullest length. To prevent the tendency to contract in the limb, and consequently to shorten, is one of the chief difficulties which we have to contend with in the treatment of fractures. When a bone is broken, the muscles which hold the parts together sooner or later contract, and sometimes with such force as to draw the ends of the bone, which were once continuous, side by side; thus rendering the limb shorter than it was previously. This force is generally exerted immediately on the occurrence of the accident; but in some pettedanimals where the system is slow, it does not take place till some indefinite period has elapsed. Fortunate is the gentleman who is called on to treat a case before anything of the kind has occurred, as his difficulties will thereby be at first materially lessened; but when putting on the splints, he must be careful that they are strong enough and his tapes tight enough to keep the leg extended, or to resist the power which sooner or later he may rest assured will start up.
The bandages and splints having been on some time—the precise period of which cannot be estimated,—the leg will swell, especially the foot, and the tapes become so tight as to cut into the flesh. The practitioner pays little attention to the primary indication of swelling being about to take place; but when it has fairly set in, and threatens to do injury to the limb, he with caution loosens the tapes, thus permitting the blood freely to circulate.
The after-treatment of a fracture is comparatively easy. It consists merely in keeping the bowels open, attending to the general health, and in renewing the splints and bandages as often as may be necessary.
It is well to bathe the fractured limb, splints and all, in the following lotions:—
LOTION FOR THE LEG BEFORE THE SWELLING HAS COMMENCED.Tinct. arnic. mont.One drachm.Aqua font.One ounce.Ess. limonA sufficiency.
To be applied frequently.
LOTION TO BE USED WHEN SWELLING IS PRESENT.Tinct. aconit.Half-a-scruple.Aqua font.One ounce.Ess. anis.A sufficiency.LOTION TO BE APPLIED AFTER THE SWELLING HAS SUBSIDED.Zinchi chlor.One grain.Aqua font.One ounce.Ess. anis.A sufficiency.
The other measures are dictated entirely by circumstances.
There are very few of such offices to be performed on the dog. Among those, however, which do occur, is the removal of the toe. When a claw has grown completely round, and by being pressed into the flesh appears, in the judgment of the practitioner, to have provoked such injury as decidedly and imperatively requires the removal of the part affected, then the amputation of one toe may be undertaken. When the dog, to allay the itching of the extremities, gnaws or eats his own flesh from the toes, leaving black and ragged bones protruding, amputation is necessary. The member must in each case be amputated higher up than the injury. There is no absolute necessity to muzzle the dog, provided the master is present, and will undertake the charge of the head. When such has been the case, and the master has engaged to keep the attention of the dog fixed upon himself, I have removed a joint or two from the leg withoutthe animal uttering a single cry; although the master, unused to such sights, has been seized with sickness so as to require spirits for his restoration. The master being at the head, or an assistant on whom you can depend being at that post; another placed to keep down the body; and a third to lay hold of and extend the limb to be operated upon, which must be uppermost; the animal should be thrown on one side. There it must be allowed to remain until sufficient time has elapsed to calm its natural fears.
The operator then takes one of Liston's sharp-pointed knives, and thrusts it quite through the flesh, a short distance above the injury; he then with a sawing motion cuts downward and outward till the knife is released. He next impales the member on the other side, keeping the back of the knife, as on the former occasion, as close to the bone as possible, and draws it forth in the same manner. He thus will have two flaps divided by a small notch, which coincides with the breadth of the bone. Through this notch, on the uppermost side, he must pass his knife, cutting upwards and inwards; thus upon both sides, till the lines made by the knife meet in a point. He will then, supposing the business to have been properly performed, see a bright pink living piece of bone in the centre; and to cut off so much, or even a little more than is visible, becomes his next object. For this purpose a saw, however fine, is tedious; because the bone to be cut through is not of sufficient body to allow the operator to put forth his strength, and on that accountalso does not leave behind it a smooth surface. The bone-nippers answer better. Without loss of time, therefore, the veterinary surgeon seizes a pair suited to the object in view, and with these he gently pushes back the flesh on all sides; he then, suddenly closing the handles, cuts short the protruding bone. The flaps that have been made are then brought together, when, if there is any bleeding, the raw surfaces are again exposed, and a few puffs with a pair of bellows, first having sprinkled the part with cold water, usually stop it. If that should not succeed, a small quantity of the tincture of ergot of rye suffices for the purpose; and all bleeding having ceased, the flaps are finally placed together, bound up in soft lint, and a leather or gutta percha boot placed over all, no dressing being applied or the boot removed for three days. When the wound is inspected, if, as frequently happens, the movements of the dog have disturbed the flaps, provided they are not drawn too uneven, the practitioner had better not touch them. The rectifying powers of nature in such cases are wonderful; and in those he had better trust rather than interfere with the process of healing, which he may remain certain has already commenced. In this fashion I have excised a dog's claw; and three months after the operation a spectator would have to compare one foot with another to discover that either was deficient in the proper number of appendages.
Capped Hock and Elbow.—The first of these is more rare than the last; but as, on the point of the bonein each joint, is situated a bursa or small sac, containing an unctuous fluid intended to facilitate the movement of the bone under the skin, they both are subject to injury; when they swell to an enormous size, and constitute a very unsightly deformity. If seen early, so soon as the tenderness has subsided, an ounce of lard may be mixed with a drachm of the iodide of lead, and the part well and frequently rubbed with the ointment. If in spite of the use of this ointment, which more often fails than succeeds, the tumor grows larger and larger, recourse must be had to an operation; else the disfigurement may ultimately become sufficiently great and hard to seriously impede the animal's movements.
An operation being determined on, the animal is best left standing; though, should it prove unruly, assistance sufficient to lift it on to a table, and thereon to lay it on its side, must be at hand. Everything being ready, and the dog in this case properly muzzled, the operator, with such a knife as he can work quickest with, makes an incision the entire length of the swelling, and even rather longer than shorter: he next reflects back both portions of skin, that is, the skin on either side of the swelling; and lastly, separates the enlargement from its base.
This removal will leave a huge, ugly, gaping wound, with a seeming superabundance of skin hanging from its side. Let him on no account remove a particle of that skin, however much more than is necessary properly to cover the wound there may immediately after the operation seem to be. Inflammation will, with thebeginning of the healing process, set in, and the action of this inflammation contracts the hanging skin; so that if a portion be removed, there will remain an open wound to that extent; and as skin is slowly reproduced, the cure may be retarded for months.
The first part of the business being well concluded, the dog must remain muzzled, and be returned to its proprietor with a bottle of healing fluid, the sore which has been made being left uncovered. The healing fluid is to be used frequently; and if the case be a good one, the orifice quickly becomes small, and heals. In some animals, however, there is a disposition to gnaw or lick the part; thus undoing everything the veterinary surgeon has been accomplishing. To check this habit, a cradle round the neck; wide collars which prevent the head from being turned round; and various splints which, by keeping the limb extended, thereby hinder the animal from touching the wound, are employed. Any or all of these, in untoward cases, may be necessary; and in very high-bred animals the healing powers of nature are frequently slow, consequently in such the after-consequences of an operation are likely to prove very annoying.
THE MOSTEXPEDITIOUS, EASY, AND CERTAINMETHOD,
THE MOST
EXPEDITIOUS, EASY, AND CERTAIN
METHOD,
WHETHER GREAT EXCELLENCE OR ONLY MEDIOCRITYBE REQUIRED.
WHETHER GREAT EXCELLENCE OR ONLY MEDIOCRITYBE REQUIRED.
BYCOL. W.N. HUTCHINSON,GRENADIER GUARDS.
BY
GRENADIER GUARDS.
CHAPTER I.—463.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. QUALIFICATIONS, IN BREAKER—IN DOG.
1. Dog-Breaking an Art easily acquired.2. Most expeditious mode of imparting every Degree of Education. Time bestowed determines Grade of Education. In note, Col. Hawker's opinion.3. Sportsmen recommended to break in their own Dogs.4. Men of property too easily satisfied with badly-broken Dogs. Keepers have no excuse for Dogs being badly broken.5. Great Experience in Dog-breaking, or Excellence in Shooting, not necessary. Dispositions of Dogs vary.6. What is required in an instructor.7. Early in a Season, any Dog will answer, a good one necessary afterwards. Hallooing, rating Dogs, and loud whistling spoils Sport.8. What a well-broken Dog ought to do.9. Severity reprobated.10. Astley's Method of teaching his Horses.11.InitiatoryLessons recommended—to be given when alone with Dog—given fasting.12. Success promised if rules be followed. Advantages of an expeditious Education. Autumn shooting not sacrificed.
CHAPTER II.—470.
INITIATORY LESSONS WITHIN DOORS. SHOOTING PONIES.
13. One Instructor better than two.14. Age at which Education commences. In-door breaking for hours, better than Out-door breaking for weeks.15. To obey all necessary Words of Command, and all Signals, before shown Game.16. Unreasonableness of not always giving Initiatory Lessons—leads to Punishment—thence to Blinking.17. Dog to beyourconstant Companion, not another's.18, 19, 20. Instruct when alone with him. Initiatory Lessons in his Whistle—in "Dead"—"Toho"—"On."21. All Commands and Whistling to be given in a low tone.22to 25. Lessons in "Drop."—Head between fore-legs—Setters crouch more than Pointers.26. Slovenly to employ right Arm both for "Drop" and "Toho."27. Lessons in "Down-charge."—Taught at Pigeon-match—Rewards taken from Hand.27. Cavalry Horses fed at discharge of Pistol—Same plan pursued with Dogs.28. Dog unusually Timid to be coupled to another.29. Lessons at Feeding Time, with Checkcords.
CHAPTER III.—480.
INITIATORY LESSONS CONTINUED. SPANIELS.
30, 31. Initiatory Lessons in "Dead" and "Seek," continued.32. In Signals to hunt to the "right"—"left"—"forward."33. In the "Beckon." Woodcock Shooting in America.34. In looking to you for instructions.35. In "Care."36. Always give a reward.37. In "Up"—saves using Puzzle-peg.38. Dog to carry Nose high.39. Initiatory Lesson in "Footing a scent".40. In "Heel."41. In "Gone" or "Away."42. In "Fence" or "Ware-fence."43. "No" a better word than "Ware."44. Accustomed to couples.45. Initiatory Lesson in-doors with a Companion—when one "drops," the other to "drop."46. Makes "Backing" quickly understood.47. Initiatory Lessons with a Companion in the Fields.48. Initiatory Lessons save time—make Dogs fond of Hunting.49. Checkcord described. Wildest Dogs possess most energy.50. Advantages of Checkcord explained. Spaniels broken in by it.51. Lad to act as Whipper-in.52. Retriever that acted as Whipper-in.53. Jealousy made him act the part. Might be taught to Retrieve.54. Instead of "down charge," coming to "heel."55. As Puppies kept close to you, not to "self-hunt"—"broke" from hare.56. Blacksmith straps Horse's Leg above Hock—Dog's similarly confined—Shot-belt round the necks of wildest.57. Hunted in Gorse.58. Age when shown Game. Example of good Spaniels advantageous.59. Perfected in "Drop"—taught to "seek dead"—to "fetch"—entered at Hedge-rows and lightest Covers. Bells to Collars.60. To hunt farther side of Hedge.61. How Sportsmen may aid Keeper.62. Experienced Spaniels slacken pace on Game.63. Difficult to work young ones in Silence.64. Spaniels that Pointed.65. Game first accustomed to, most liked.66. Principal requisites in Spaniels.67. The signal "to point with finger."68. Following Cockers a Young Man's work.69. Education differs in different Teams.70. One and a half couple of large Spaniels sufficient. One of the Team to retrieve.71. Clumbers procuring more shots in Turnips than Pointers.72. Lord P——n's highly-broken Team.73. Of small Cockers three couple a Team. What constitutes Perfection.74. Retriever with Team. Duke of Newcastle's Keepers.75. Some Teams allowed to hunt flick.76. Markers necessary with wild Spaniels.77. Old Sportsmen prefer mute Spaniels.78. Handy old Setters capital in light cover. Attention necessary when first entered.79. C——e's Pointers as good in cover as on the stubble.80. Pointer that ran to opposite side of Thicket to flush Game towards Gun.81. Water Spaniels, how broken.82. Shepherd's Forward Signal best for Water Retrievers.83. Wild Fowl reconnoitred with Telescope.84. Qualities required in Water Retriever. In Note, Poachers in Snow. Beast or Man of one uniform color easily detected.85. Steady Spaniels in Rice Lakes.
CHAPTER IV.—510.
LESSONS IN "FETCHING." RETRIEVERS.
86. Lessons in "fetching" recommended. Dog, not taught to retrieve, bringing dead Bird he had found.87. Taught to deliver into your hand; never pick up a Bird yourself; Dog which often lost winged Birds she had lifted.88. Retrievers taught to carry something soft; injudiciousness of employing a stone.89. How encouraged to plunge into Water.90. Diving, how taught.91. "Fetching" taught with a Pincushion; with a Bunch of Keys.92. Made to deliver instantly.93. Practised to carry things of the size and weight of a Hare.94. "Fetching," how taught at commencement.95. Regular Retrievers taught to fetch Birds; to "foot" Rabbits and Winged Game.96. Retriever observes when a Bird is struck; a quality particularly useful in a Water Retriever.97. Pigeons and small Birds shot to Retrievers.98. Injudiciousness of aiding a young Dog when retrieving; makes him rely on Gun rather than his own Nose.99. Fatigue of carrying Hare tempts young Retriever to drop it; taught to deliver quickly by rewards of hard boiled liver.100. If he taste blood, put on Wire snaffle; how made.101. Retriever how taught to pursue faster; should commence to "road" slowly, but "follow up" rapidly.102. Why Land Retrievers should "down charge".103. Some Retrievers may "run on shot," but those for sale should "down charge."104. Retrievers not to be of a heavy build, yet strong and thick-coated.105. Cross between Newfoundland and Setter makes best Retriever; the real Newfoundland described.106. Cross from heavy Setter best Retriever.107. Most Dogs can be taught more or less to Retrieve.108. Young Retriever to lift Woodcock and Landrail.109. Retrievers never to kill Rats, lift vermin, or wounded Heron, &c.
CHAPTER V.—527.
INITIATORY LESSONS OUT OF DOORS. TRICKS.
110. Lessons in Country Walks.111. "Instruction in quartering;" hunted where least likely to find Game; taught while young. In Note, Bitch shot over when seven months old.112. If unreasonably long before taking to hunting, the remedy.113. Utility of Initiatory Lessons; taught without punishing.114. Self-confidence of timid Dogs increased.115. The more Dogs learn, the more readily they learn.116. Two superior Dogs better than half-a-dozen of the ordinary sort; Action of Dogs; their Feet; Loins; dash of Foxhound gives endurance; cross with Bull hunts with nose too low; Reliefs desirable; best Dog reserved for evening.117. Memorandum, never to ride through gate with gun athwart-ship; instance of Dog's behaving admirably the first day shown Game.118. Proves the value of Initiatory Lessons.119. Summary of knowledge imparted by them.120. Why to signal withrighthand.121.Oneword only of command; dogs attend to the generalSound, not to the severalWords.122. Names of Dogs not to end in "O;" to be easily called; to be dissimilar.123. "Drop" better word of command than "Down;" use words of command least likely to be employed by others; when purchasing a Dog ascertain what words he is accustomed to.
CHAPTER VI—537.
FIRST LESSON IN AUTUMN COMMENCED. RANGING.
124. Regular Breakers make Dogs "point" paired Birds in Spring, tends to Blinking.125. Better not to see Game until shot over; taken out alone on a fine day in Autumn.126. Perpetually whistling to animate Dogs, injudicious.127. Beat largest fields, and where least likely to find Game.128. Commence from leeward; scent bad in a calm or gale.129to 133. Instructions in "ranging."134. Kept from hedge; Range greater on moors than stubble.135. Distance between Parallels dependent on tenderness of nose.136. If the Dog is to hunt with another, the Parallels to be farther apart.137. No interruption when winding Birds, yet not allowed to puzzle; Nose to gain Experience.138. Birds lie well to Dog that "winds," not "foots" them.139. Inattentive to Whistle, made to "drop," &c.; when rating or punishing, the disregarded order or signal to be often repeated; Whip to crack loudly. The attainment of a scientific Range difficult, but of surpassing value; the best ranger must in the end find most Game.
CHAPTER VII.—549.
FIRST LESSON IN AUTUMN CONTINUED. CAUTION.
140. Dog to be hunted alone.141. Many Breakers exactly reverse this.142. Turnips, Potatoes, &c., avoided; Range of dogs broken on moors most true.143. In Turnips, &c., young Dogs get too close to Birds.144.CautiousDogs may with advantage be as fast as wild ones; the two contrasted. In Note, injudiciousness of teaching a Puppy to "point" Chickens.145, 6. A Dog's nose cannot be improved, but hiscautioncan, which is nearly tantamount; how effected.147. How to make fast Dogs cautious.148, 149. The cause why wild Dogs ultimately turn out best.150. The day's Beat commenced from the leeward.151. Wonderful Dogs, which find Game without hunting.152. Reason why Dogs should be instructed separately, and allowed Time to work out a scent; young Dogs generally too much hurried.
CHAPTER VIII.—556.
FIRST LESSON IN AUTUMN CONTINUED. CUNNING OF AGE—RANGE OF FROM TWO TO SIX DOGS.
153. Your Dog not to "break fence;" how taught; Birds often sprung while you are scrambling over hedge.154. Turning one's back upon a Dog to bring him away; stooping down, &c., to make him hunt close.155. Dog, when fatigued, not to be hunted; leads to false points.156. Sent home, brushed, and allowed a warm berth; not to follow all day at "heel."157to 159. Beat of two Dogs, how regulated.160. Whatever number hunted, all should look to the Gun for orders.161. Mr. Herbert's opinion in his "Field Sports in United States."162, 163. Beat of three Dogs.164. Of four Dogs.165to 167. Of five or six Dogs.168. Great precision impracticable, but the necessity of a system maintained; System particularly essential where Game is scarce; Dogs to be brigaded, not to be employed as a pack.169. When each keeper hunts a brace.170. A brigade of fine rangers worth from fifty to sixty guineas a brace.171. Fastest walkers do not necessarily beat most country.172. Nor do always the fastest Dogs.173. How slow Dogs may hunt more ground than faster.
CHAPTER IX.—565
FIRST LESSON IN AUTUMN CONTINUED. "POINT" NOT RELINQUISHED FOR "DOWN CHARGE."
174. Affection makes Dog anxious to please—when he rushes in to be dragged back.175. Rule pressed.176. Reasons for Rule—Experience anticipated.177. To "stand" far off.178. Patience enjoined—Not to part as enemies.179. The first good point—Remain yourself stationary.180. "Heading" Dog—Your circle to be wide. The first Bird killed.181. Finding dead Bird, it being to leeward.182. Pointing it—Blinking it. The cause.183. Bird killed, the Dog to go to "heel."184. Supposed objection.184. Answered.185. Temptation to run after fallen Bird greater than to run to "heel."186. Dog pointing one Bird, and after "down charge," springing the others. The cause.187. The preventive. Dog never to discontinue his point in order to "down charge." How taught.188. Its advantages exemplified.189. Decide whether Dog goes direct to Bird, or first to you.190. Dog which performed well—Snipe shooting on banks of Richelieu.191. Coolness recommended—Inconsistency deprecated.
CHAPTER X.—579.
FIRST LESSON IN AUTUMN CONTINUED. ASSISTANT
192. Some Dogs will not point readily. Breeding in and in, error of.193. Dogs more inclined to point at first than afterwards.194. Checkcord employed—spike attached to it.195. With wild Dog assistant useful—Signals to.196. How particularly useful with a badly-broken Dog.197. "Heading" Dog at his point—not practised too often—Dog to acquire a knowledge of his distance from Game.198. Constantly "Heading" Dog may make him too immovable.199. A fault often caused by over-punishment.200. False points caused by over-punishment—Self-confidence and experience only cures for over-caution.201. Dog's manner shows position of Birds.
CHAPTER XI.—585.
FIRST LESSON IN AUTUMN CONCLUDED. BAR. LEG STRAP. SPIKE COLLAR.
202. Bar cure for too high spirits. A leg strapped up. Why these remedies are better than starvation and excessive work.203. The regular Spike Collar described. French Spike Collar.204. One less objectionable.205to 208. How, in extreme cases, the Spike Collar may be employed.209. Dog springing Birds without noticing them; how to be treated.210. The first Birds fired at to be killed outright; the search for winged Birds, Dog being to leeward.211. Had the Dog seized. Firing at running Bird.212. The search for winged Bird, Dog being to windward.213. "Lifting" a Dog, when recommended. "Footing" a scent. In Note, Speed of Red-legged Partridge.214. Evil of a young Sportsman always thinking his Birds killed outright; often calls away Dog improperly.215. Loss of dead Bird discouraging to Dog.216. Perseverance in seeking, how fostered.217. "Nosing" Bird allowed.218. Error of picking up winged Bird before loading. In Note, Ingenious argument in its favor; Bird picked up in the evening; rejoins covey.219. If a winged Bird be a fast runner, and out of shot.220. If Dog rushes forward, yet yields to menaces and stops.221. If he seizes the dead Bird; if he has torn it.—How to administer Punishment.222. Part good friends. Your own temper not to be ruffled.223. Your own temper not to be ruffled.224. He is no Breaker who cannot always get hold of Dog.225. Be certain of Dog's guilt before punishing.226. Dog's ears not to be pulled violently.227. To "drop" whenever Bird or Hare rises.228. Lesson in Turnips.229. Real Lesson in "Gone" or "Flown" given after Dog has had some experience; reason why.
CHAPTER XII.—604.
SHOOTING HARES. COURAGE IMPARTED. "BACKING" TAUGHT.
230. Shooting Hares not recommended; shooting Rabbits strongly condemned. In Note, why superior Grouse-Dog better than superior Partridge-Dog. Dog brought from strange country always hunts to disadvantage.231. Put off killing Hares as long as possible.232. Dogs not to quit faint scent of Birds for strong scent of Hare.233. Dog after Hare; no racing after Dog; Puss gone down wind.234. Checkcord employed. Drive in spike on "toho-ing" Hare.235. Impropriety of firing at Dog.236. Hares scarce, visit Rabbit-warren.237. Morning, hunt where no Hares; evening, where plentiful. Mountain Hares.238. Killing Hare in its form.239. Shooting Bird on ground.240. Dog taught to pursuewoundedHare.241. Whip carried, saves punishment. Detention of Dog at crouching posture, saves Whip.242. Few cuts, but severe ones.243. Instance of timidity cured. Range imparted by giving Dog feet of Partridge.244. Punishment, not defective Nose, causes Blinking.245. Courage imparted to timid Dogs.246. Dogs expect Punishment for faults; vexed when Birds are not fired at.247. What Dog select to teach yours to "Back."248. Example has great influence.249. "Backing" old Dog.250. "Finder" to "road" to a "rise;" his intrusive companion described.251. To "back" by Eye, not Nose.252. Encourage old Dog before rating the other.253. "Finder" not to advance, even ifpassedby other Dog.254. The "Backer" should "down charge."255. Dog when pointing never to "down charge;" how taught.
CHAPTER XIII.—619.
HINTS TO PURCHASERS. SHEEP KILLING.
256. The "back" being taught, young Dog again hunted alone.257. Breakers hunt too many together. Why injudicious.258. One hour's instruction alone, better than a day's in company.259. Case in point.260. Rushing in to "dead," how cured.261. Dogs shot over "single-handed." Jealousy decreases with intimacy. Independence and self-reliance, how imparted.262. Best Dogs; summary of rules for making, concisely given. The best will make mistakes.263. Dog that always ran riot when out of sight.264. Killing sheep; cure attempted.265. Another plan.266, 267. Third attempt at remedy.267. Muzzle Dog likely to worry Sheep.268. Killing Fowls; the cure.
CHAPTER XIV.—628.
DISTINGUISHING WHISTLES. "BACKING" THE GUN. RETREAT FROM AND RESUMPTION OF POINT. RANGE UNACCOMPANIED BY GUN. HEADING RUNNING BIRDS.
271. A distinguishing whistle for each Dog; disadvantage of employing but one whistle for several Dogs; supposed case.272. Another case.273. Third case.274. Dissimilar whistles, or distinct notes on one whistle.275. General rule for whistling276. Dog to back the Gun; how taught; it creates caution.277. Advantage of Dog backing the Gun.278. American Wood-Duck.279. Dog to retreat from point and resume it.280. How taught.281. Shows Dog object for which he is hunted.282. Not taught too early.283. Dog's consciousness of its object.284. Dog to hunt from leeward to windward, unaccompanied by Gun; how taught.285. AcarefulDog running down wind would not spring Birds.286. The great advantages of the accomplishment.287. Dog to head running Birds; could be taught.288. How Dog taught to hunt "unaccompanied by Gun."289. The accomplishment taught by "lifting;" not commenced first season.290. Could be taught as easily as Shepherds' collies are instructed.291. Particularly useful where the red-legged Partridge is found.
CHAPTER XV.—638.
SETTER TO RETRIEVE. BLOODHOUNDS. RETRIEVERS TO "BEAT." WOUNDED WILD FOWL RETRIEVED FIRST.
292. Setter to retrieve; obtain thereby in one Dog the services of two; necessity of having some Dog that retrieves.293. Predilection for Setters confessed; Reasons given.294. One Dog only to retrieve.295. Let "retrieving" be done by "Finder."296. Seeking Dead with two Dogs; Winged Bird searched for in direction of covey's flight.297. Scent differs of wounded and unwounded Birds.298. Three dead Snipe lifted in succession; Setter that stood fresh Birds while carrying a dead one; Pointer that pointed Partridge while carrying a Hare; Retriever refusing to relinquish chase of wounded Hare.299. Injudiciousness ofretrievingSetter pointing dead.300. Argument against employing retrieving Setters holds against using regular Retrievers.301. Regular Retrievers to beat; its advantages; one Dog does the duty of two.302. Water Retrievers, or Water Spaniels, to retrieve crippled before picking up dead Wild Fowl; how taught.303. None of these accomplishments so difficult to teach as a good range.304. Might be taught by your Gamekeeper, but not to be expected of regular Breaker.