[298]Lindsey, W. M.,Early Irish Minuscule Script, Oxford, 1910.[299]Sandys, J. E.,Companion of Latin Studies, p. 281.[300]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, pp. 121–124.[301]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 120.[302]Hull, Eleanor,Early Christian Ireland, p. 270.[303]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 488.[304]Coffey, George,Guide to the Antiquities of Christian Ireland. See illustration, p. 50.[305]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 489.[306]Hull, Eleanor,Early Christian Ireland, p. 271.[307]Hull, E.,ibid.Sandys in hisHistory of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 453 gives 666 as the number of volumes.[308]See Muratori,Antiquitates Italiae, fol. ed. I.,Dissert.43, pp. 493.[309]Stokes, Margaret,Six Months in the Appenines, pp. 296–7.[310]Sandys, J. E.,op. cit.I., p. 453; Hull, Eleanor,op. cit.p. 272.[311]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 116.[312]Sandys, J. E.,op. cit.I., p. 454.[313]Sandys, J. E.,ibid.[314]Ibid.[315]Jonas,Vita Columbani, p. 26, cited Sandys,op. cit.I., p. 456.[316]Sandys, J. E.,ibid.[317]Hull, Eleanor,Early Christian Ireland, p. 274.[318]Hull, Eleanor,op. cit.p. 276.[319]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 116.[320]Sandys, J. E.,History of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 455; Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 116; Hull, Eleanor,Early Christian Ireland, p. 276.[321]See Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp. xiii.–xxiv., II., pp. ix.–xxv.[322]Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., pp. 430–436.[323]Rashdall,Universities of Europe, I., p. 36.[324]Leach, A. F.,The Schools of Mediæval England, p. 48.[325]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 202–204; Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 432.[326]Sigerson, George,Bards of the Gael and Gall, p. 45.[327]See above Chapter III.[328]Healy, John,op. cit.120–123.[329]Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp. 1–482.[330]Migne,Patrologia Latina, Tomus 80, p. 328.[331]Bede,Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, Liber III., Ch. 7.[332]Roger,L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques, p. 275.[333]Bede,op. cit.III., 4.[334]Roger,op. cit.p. 228.[335]Roger,ibid.[336]SeeNote 41 above.[337]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 207.[338]Migne,Pat. Lat., Tomus 87.[339]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 236–239; Stokes, G.,R.I.A.; May, 1892, p. 125.[340]Ed. Stokes, Whitley, inTransactions of the Royal Irish Academy, MSS. Series, Vol. L., p. 139.[341]Revue Celtique, XIV., p. 226. For examples of glosses belonging to the seventh, eighth and ninth centuries see Stokes and Strachan’sThesaurus Palaeohibernicus, 2 vol.[342]Stokes and Strachan,op. cit.II., pp. xxiii., 415.[343]Thurneysen,Revue Celtique, VI., pp. 336–347.[344]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 62, cf. Dümmler inNeues Archiv, VI., 258.Cruindmeli sive Fulcharii Ars Metrica., Vienna, 1883.[345]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 63.[346]Op. cit.p. 50.[347]Published, Keil.Grammatici Latini, Leipsig, 1857, I., p. xix.[348]Ibid.Turner, Wm.,Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p. 392.[349]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 60.[350]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 61. Turner, Wm.,Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p. 149. See also Chapter VII.[351]Poetae Aevi Caroli, III., p. 691. Ozanam, F.,Documents Inedits.[352]Roger, M.,L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques, p. 229.[353]Roger, M.,op. cit.p. 262; Healy, John,op. cit.p. 237.[354]Stokes and Strachan,op. cit.I., p. xxiii., II., p. xvii., pp. 46–48; Thurneysen,Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie, III., p. 52,seq.[355]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, pp. 14, 140, 192, 229.[356]Roger, M.,op. cit.p. 262.[357]Roger, M.,op. cit.pp. 262–3, footnotes.[358]Stokes and Strachan,op. cit.II., p. xiv.; Stokes, Whitley,Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, II., p. 269; Roger, M.,l.c.p. 266.[359]Chap. III.[360]Studies(Dublin), September, 1918, for an article by Aubrey Gwynn arguing that St. Columban was thirty years old when he left Bangor. We, however, have accepted the (tentative) chronology of Helen Concannon whoseLife of St. Columbanis the best that has been published.[361]De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois,Littérature Celtique, I., p. 373.[362]De Jubainville,op. cit.I., pp. 373–375; Sigerson,op. cit.p. 407.[363]Gundlach,Mon. Ger. Epistolae, III., Notes onEpistolae Columbani.[364]Esposito, Mario, ArticlesHiberno-Latin MSS. in Belgian Libraries, Art. inArchivium Hibernicum, III., p. 2;The Latin Writers of Mediæval Ireland, Art. in Hermathena, XIV., No. 33, pp. 519–529; Art. inIrish Theological Quarterly, IV., pp. 181–185.[365]Published under the titlePeronna ScottoruminSitzungsberichte of the Academy of Munich, 1900, p. 490.[366]Migne,Pat. Lat., Tomus, 89, col. 96;Epistolae Mer. et Karl Aevi.[367]Roger, M.,op. cit.p. 260.[368]Nolan, Thomas P.,Irish Universities and Culture, p. 13.[369]Ker, W. P.,The Dark Ages, p. 319.[370]Jonas,Vita Columbaniin KruschScript. rer. Merov., IV., p. 71; cited by Roger,op. cit.p. 411.[371]Roger, M.,op. cit.p. 412.[372]Turner, Wm., ArticleIrish Teachers in the Carolingian RevivalinCatholic University Bulletin, XIII., p. 387.[373]Turner, Wm.,op. cit.XIII., p. 389. This article by Turner in theCatholic University Bulletin, XIII., pp. 283seq.and 567seq.is by far the most helpful contribution to the study of the Carolingian Revival. A valuable array of facts is given and the sources for further inquiry are pointed out.[374]Manitius, Max,Geschichte der Lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, Teil I., München, 1911; Roger, M.,op. cit.1905; Esposito, Mario,Knowledge of Greek in Ireland during the Middle Ages, Article inStudies, Dublin, 1912.[375]Quoted by Traube inO Roma Nobilis, p. 58; see Migne,Pat. Lat., Tomus, 124, col. 1133d; De Jubainville,op. cit.I., p. 379.[376]Roger takes this viewop. cit.p. 229; cf. Gougaud, Dom.Les Chrétientés Celtiques, p. 251.[377]Amra Coluim Cillein theIrish Liber Hymnorum, edited by Bernard and Atkinson, I., 162–183, II., 50–80, 223–35.[378]Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland, p. 26.[379]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, p. 158.[380]Reeves, Wm.,ibid.[381]Sitzungsberichteof the Royal Academy of Berlin, 1909, p. 561.[382]Meyer, Kuno,op. cit.p. 27.[383]Note in a Würzburg MS. of eighth century quoted by Zimmer inPelagius in Ireland, p. 5.[384]Keller, F.,Bilder und Schriftzugein den irischen Manuscripten in Mitteilungen des antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zurich, II., 61.[385]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, pp. xiv., xv., xxi. and Plates I., II., III.[386]Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, II., p. xiv.[387]Stokes and Strachan,op. cit.II., pp. 159, 158, 169.[388]See Giles,Aldhelmi Opera, p. 94.[389]Bede,op. cit.Liber IV., Ch. I.[390]Ed. Stokes, Whitley,Three Irish Glosses, London, 1862.[391]InDuil Dromma Ceta(Egerton MS. 1782 15a ff; h. 3, 1863, ff T.C.D., 1317).[392]Hyde, Douglas,Literary History of Ireland, p. 420.[393]The celebratedVocabularius S. Galliwritten in 780A.D.in the Irish style of writing containing some of the earliest examples of German and French is believed to be the work of an Irish monk. See Zimmer, H.,Irish Element, p. 71.[394]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 68.[395]Sandys, J. E.,History of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 463.[396]Meyer, Kuno,Triads of Ireland, p. xiv.[397]Monumenta Germaniae Historiae, Epistolae, III., p. 318.[398]Flood, J. M.,Ireland: Its Saints and Scholars, p. 92.[399]Traube, L.,O Roma Nobilis, p. 61.[400]Ibid.[401]Zimmer,op. cit.p. 126.[402]For further details see Traube, L.,O Roma Nobilis, p. 61. Also Norden,Die Antike Kunstprosa, p. 666, Note 1.[403]De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois,op. cit.I., p. 397.[404]Traube, L.,O Roma Nobilis, p. 287.[405]Of the non-Irish of the time only Eric of Auxerre, Christian of Stavelot, and Walafrid knew Greek, Traube,op. cit.p. 65.[406]Concannon, Helen,Life of St. Columban, p. 287.[407]Michelet,Histoire de France, I., p. 121.[408]Healy, John, Art. inIrish Ecclesiastical Record, 1880, p. 16.[409]Mullinger, H. B.,The Schools of Charles the Great, p. 118.[410]Newman, John H.,Idea of a University, p. 485.[411]Renan, E., inSur l’Étude de la langue grecque au Moyen Age, cited by Flood, J. M. inIreland: its Saints and Scholars, p. 7.[412]Baluze,Miscellanea, V., p. 54, cited by Mullinger,op. cit.p. 119.[413]Mullinger,op. cit.p. 119.[414]Mullinger,ibid.[415]Flood, W. H. Grattan,History of Irish Music, p. 4.[416]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 571.[417]O’Curry, Eugene,Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish.[418]Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland.[419]Flood, W. H. Grattan,History of Irish Music.[420]Flood, W. H. Grattan,op. cit.p. 20.[421]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I.; Flood, W. H.,op. cit.p. 10.[422]Quoted inIrish Ecclesiastical Record, 1883, p. 510.[423]Keller, F.,Ulster Journal of Archæology, VIII., p. 218.[424]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 572.[425]Wood-Martin, W. G.,Pagan Ireland, illustrations; Joyce,op. cit.I., 675, 582.[426]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 576, 582.[427]Bollandists,Acta Sanctorum, p. 595; Lanigan,Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, II., p. 464; Joyce,op. cit.I., p. 572.[428]Flood, W. H. G.,op. cit.pp. 7, 8.[429]Flood, W. H. G.,op. cit.p. 12.[430]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 73.[431]Zimmer, H.,ibid.[432]Matthew,History of Music, cited by Flood,op. cit.p. 15.[433]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 76.[434]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 77.[435]Flood, W. H. G.,op. cit.p. 15.[436]Flood, W. H. G., ArticleIrish Music in Glories of Ireland, p. 71.[437]Schubiger,Die Sängerschule St. Gallen, p. 33; Flood, W. H. G.,History of Irish Music, pp. 16–19; Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 573.[438]Flood, W. H. G., ArticleIrish MusicinGlories of Ireland, p. 771.[439]SeeLiber Hymnorum, ed. by Atkinson and Bernard; also Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., 298seq.[440]Flood, W. H. G., Art. inGlories of Ireland, p. 72.[441]Turner, Wm.,History of Philosophy, p. 247. (Query: Is this the same or a different commentary from that referred to by and attributed to Bishop Donnchadh, by Flood?)[442]Flood, W. H. G.,History of Irish Music, pp. 19, 20.[443]See Coffey, George,Bronze Age in Ireland, Plates II., V., VII., VIII., IX., X. and pp. 48, 49, 50.[444]McKenna, James E. (Right Rev.),Irish Art, p. 7.[445]McKenna, James E.,op. cit.pp. 8, 9.[446]Sullivan, Sir Edward,The Book of Kells,, Introduction, p. 1.[447]Westwood, John,Palaeographia Sacra Pictoria, quoted by McKenna, James E.,op. cit.pp. 20–21.[448]Coffey, George,Guide to the Celtic Antiquities of Christian Ireland, pp. 9, 10.[449]Quoted by McKenna, James F.,op. cit.p. 20, 21.[450]Hartley,Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, N.S., IV., 1885.[451]SeeIreland: Industrial and Agricultural, pp. 19, 20 for the places where these materials are obtainable in Ireland.[452]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 561; Coffey, G.,Bronze Age. Illustration.[453]Stokes, Wm.,Life of Petrie, Chap. vii.[454]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 561.[455]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 560–563.[456]Coffey, G.,Guide to Antiquities of Christian Ireland. Illustration.[457]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 560.[458]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 567.[459]MacAlister, R. A. S.,Muiredach, Abbot of Monasterboice(890–923A.D.). This work gives a detailed account of one of these crosses at Monasterboice.[460]Abelson, Paul,The Seven Liberal Arts, p. 64.[461]Text in Migne,Latin Patrology, Vol. 90, Col. 294–578.[462]Text in Migne,Latin Patrology, Vol. 107, Col. 669–727.[463]See Abelson, Paul,op. cit.p. 90.[464]Abelson, Paul,op. cit.p. 100; Turner, Wm.,Hist. of Phil., p. 257.[465]Abelson, Paul,op. cit.p. 104.[466]Abelson, Paul,op. cit.pp. 103–104.[467]Abelson, Paul,op. cit.pp. 113–114.[468]De Nuptiis, etc., Eyssenhardt ed. pp. 194–254.[469]Text in Migne, Vol. 70, c. 1212–1216.[470]Text in Migne, Vol. 82, c. 161–163.[471]Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. I., p. 93.[472]Maguire, Eugene,Life of Adamnan, p. 95.[473]Chap. V., p. 69, Text and translation inProceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1883, pp. 219–252.[474]See MacAlister, R. A. S.,Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise, where a copy of this map will be found.[475]See Mullinger, J. B.,The Schools of Charles the Great, p. 120, for Alcuin’s silly explanations of astronomical phenomena.[476]The Vernacular Studies would naturally be confined chiefly to the schools situated in Ireland. It is possible that they were taught in some of the schools in Scotland and in those schools on the Continent which had Irish pupils. It might be remarked that some writers attribute the early literary development of vernacular poetry in Northern England to the example set by the Irish monks in using their native tongue for poetry.[477]Perhaps Clement, the successor of Alcuin at the Palace School, should also be ranked as one of the greatest Irish scholars. It is well known that he was a famous Greek scholar and is believed by many to have been a much greater scholar than Alcuin, his rival in royal favour. We have not yet succeeded in collecting sufficient evidence to warrant his inclusion in the present connection.[478]Lecky,Rationalism in Europe, III., p. 5.[479]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element, p. 62; Healy, John,op. cit.p. 369.[480]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 569–571.[481]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 571.[482]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element, pp. 62–63.[483]Annals of the Four Masters, I., sub anno 784A.D.[484]Published by Walckenaer, Paris, 1807; by Letronne in a more critical edition, Paris, 1814; by Gustav Parthey, Berlin, 1870.[485]Dictionary of National Biography, XV., pp. 48–49.[486]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 283.[487]Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. XV., pp. 49–50.[488]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, pp. 55–56.[489]Turner, Wm.,Catholic University Bulletin, Vol. XIII., p. 396.[490]Turner, Wm.op. cit.p. 396.[491]Poetae Aevi Carolini, III., p. 691.[492]In theValenciennes Codex, 386, pp. 73–76, cited by Turner,ibid.[493]Turner, Wm.,op. cit.p. 395.[494]Migne,Pat. Lat., Tom. 105, p. 477.[495]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 383.[496]Turner, W.,op. cit.p. 392.[497]Pertz,Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Leg. I., p. 249. Stokes, Margaret,Six Months in the Appenines, App. VIII., p. 205. Muratori,Antiquitates Italicae, Tom. III., Dissertatio, 43.[498]Stokes, Margaret,ibid.[499]Poetae Caroli, I., pp. 396, 408, 411, 413, 429, 430, 511.[500]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 392.[501]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 11.[502]EntitledDungali Responsa contra Perversae Claudii Taurinensis Episcopi Sententias.[503]Cited by Lanigan inEcclesiastical History of Ireland, III., Chap. XX.[504]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 391.[505]Stokes, Margaret,Six Months in the Appenines, p. 213.[506]For list see Miss Stokes,op. cit.pp. 296–297.[507]Muratori,Antiquitates Italicae, Dissert. Tom. iii., col. 821.[508]See Stokes, Margaret,op. cit.p. 216 for contents.[509]About 90 of his poems are published by Traube,Poetae Aev. Carl.[510]See his tractArtem Euticii Grammaticiin Traube’sO Roma Nobilis, p. 61, which shows a knowledge of Greek. Traube thinks it was composed in Ireland.[511]Montfaucon,Pal. Graeca, p. 235, describes the Greek Psalter transcribed by Sedulius now No. 8047 in the Library at the Arsenale at Paris.[512]First published by Cardinal Mai inSpecilegium Romanus; also by Traube inQuellen u. Untersuchungen zur lateinischen Philologie des Mittelalters; Teil I., Erstes Heft von S. Hellman, München, 1906, pp. 203, Zweites Heft Johannes Scottus von Edward Kennard Rand, München, 1906, p. 106.[513]Turner, Book Review inCath. Univ. Bulletin, xiii., p. 149.[514]Ibid.[515]Traube,O Roma Nobilis; Turner, Wm.,op. cit.p. 397.[516]Baemker inJahrbuch für Philosophie und Spekulative Theologie, Band VII., p. 346, Bd. VIII., p. 222; Healy, John,op. cit.p. 578.[517]De Wülf, M.,History of Mediæval Philosophy, p. 246.[518]The Council of Eperny (846A.D.) speaks ofHospitalia Scottorum, “quae sancti homines illius gentis in hoc regno construxerunt”;Mon. Ger. Leg.I., 390; Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 15.[519]Many believe that Eriugena was a layman.[520]Flood, F. M.,Ireland: its Schools and Scholars, pp. 94–95.[521]Flood, F. M.,op. cit.p. 95, where the above is quoted.[522]Text of Eriugena’s works in Migne,Pat. Lat., Tom. 122, with Preface by Gale and Schulter.[523]In the Library of the British Museum, Harleian, 2506; Turner, Wm., Art.Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival,op. cit.XIII., 256.[524]Mullinger, J. B.,op. cit.p. 171.[525]De Wülf, Maurice,History of Mediæval Philosophy, English translation by Dr. P. Coffey, p. 167.[526]Turner, Wm.,History of Philosophy, p. 257.[527]De Wülf, M.,op. cit.pp. 167–168.[528]Turner, Wm.,op. cit.p. 256.[529]Migne,Pat. Lat.Tom. 122,De Predestinatione, I., 1.[530]Erdman,History of Philosophy, English translation by Williston S. Hough, Vol. I., p. 292.[531]De Divisione Naturae, I., p. 69.[532]Ibid., IV., p. 9.[533]Turner, Wm.,loc. cit.p. 249.[534]Ibid.[535]Poole, Reginald Lane,Illustration in the History of Mediæval Thought. SeeExcurus on Visit to Greece, Legend Examined, pp. 311–313.[536]For numerous complimentary tributes see T. P. Nolan’s bookletIrish University and Culturein the Catholic Truth Society Series.[537]Poole, Reginald Lane,op. cit.p. 14.[538]Turner, Wm., ArticleIrish Teachers in the Carolingian RevivalinCatholic University Bulletin, Vol. XIII., pp. 579–580.[539]Zimmer H.,The Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 130.
[298]Lindsey, W. M.,Early Irish Minuscule Script, Oxford, 1910.
[299]Sandys, J. E.,Companion of Latin Studies, p. 281.
[300]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, pp. 121–124.
[301]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 120.
[302]Hull, Eleanor,Early Christian Ireland, p. 270.
[303]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 488.
[304]Coffey, George,Guide to the Antiquities of Christian Ireland. See illustration, p. 50.
[305]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 489.
[306]Hull, Eleanor,Early Christian Ireland, p. 271.
[307]Hull, E.,ibid.Sandys in hisHistory of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 453 gives 666 as the number of volumes.
[308]See Muratori,Antiquitates Italiae, fol. ed. I.,Dissert.43, pp. 493.
[309]Stokes, Margaret,Six Months in the Appenines, pp. 296–7.
[310]Sandys, J. E.,op. cit.I., p. 453; Hull, Eleanor,op. cit.p. 272.
[311]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 116.
[312]Sandys, J. E.,op. cit.I., p. 454.
[313]Sandys, J. E.,ibid.
[314]Ibid.
[315]Jonas,Vita Columbani, p. 26, cited Sandys,op. cit.I., p. 456.
[316]Sandys, J. E.,ibid.
[317]Hull, Eleanor,Early Christian Ireland, p. 274.
[318]Hull, Eleanor,op. cit.p. 276.
[319]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 116.
[320]Sandys, J. E.,History of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 455; Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 116; Hull, Eleanor,Early Christian Ireland, p. 276.
[321]See Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp. xiii.–xxiv., II., pp. ix.–xxv.
[322]Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland, I., pp. 430–436.
[323]Rashdall,Universities of Europe, I., p. 36.
[324]Leach, A. F.,The Schools of Mediæval England, p. 48.
[325]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 202–204; Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 432.
[326]Sigerson, George,Bards of the Gael and Gall, p. 45.
[327]See above Chapter III.
[328]Healy, John,op. cit.120–123.
[329]Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., pp. 1–482.
[330]Migne,Patrologia Latina, Tomus 80, p. 328.
[331]Bede,Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, Liber III., Ch. 7.
[332]Roger,L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques, p. 275.
[333]Bede,op. cit.III., 4.
[334]Roger,op. cit.p. 228.
[335]Roger,ibid.
[336]SeeNote 41 above.
[337]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 207.
[338]Migne,Pat. Lat., Tomus 87.
[339]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 236–239; Stokes, G.,R.I.A.; May, 1892, p. 125.
[340]Ed. Stokes, Whitley, inTransactions of the Royal Irish Academy, MSS. Series, Vol. L., p. 139.
[341]Revue Celtique, XIV., p. 226. For examples of glosses belonging to the seventh, eighth and ninth centuries see Stokes and Strachan’sThesaurus Palaeohibernicus, 2 vol.
[342]Stokes and Strachan,op. cit.II., pp. xxiii., 415.
[343]Thurneysen,Revue Celtique, VI., pp. 336–347.
[344]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 62, cf. Dümmler inNeues Archiv, VI., 258.Cruindmeli sive Fulcharii Ars Metrica., Vienna, 1883.
[345]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 63.
[346]Op. cit.p. 50.
[347]Published, Keil.Grammatici Latini, Leipsig, 1857, I., p. xix.
[348]Ibid.Turner, Wm.,Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p. 392.
[349]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 60.
[350]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 61. Turner, Wm.,Catholic University Bulletin, XIII., p. 149. See also Chapter VII.
[351]Poetae Aevi Caroli, III., p. 691. Ozanam, F.,Documents Inedits.
[352]Roger, M.,L’Enseignement des Lettres Classiques, p. 229.
[353]Roger, M.,op. cit.p. 262; Healy, John,op. cit.p. 237.
[354]Stokes and Strachan,op. cit.I., p. xxiii., II., p. xvii., pp. 46–48; Thurneysen,Zeitschrift für Celtische Philologie, III., p. 52,seq.
[355]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, pp. 14, 140, 192, 229.
[356]Roger, M.,op. cit.p. 262.
[357]Roger, M.,op. cit.pp. 262–3, footnotes.
[358]Stokes and Strachan,op. cit.II., p. xiv.; Stokes, Whitley,Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, II., p. 269; Roger, M.,l.c.p. 266.
[359]Chap. III.
[360]Studies(Dublin), September, 1918, for an article by Aubrey Gwynn arguing that St. Columban was thirty years old when he left Bangor. We, however, have accepted the (tentative) chronology of Helen Concannon whoseLife of St. Columbanis the best that has been published.
[361]De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois,Littérature Celtique, I., p. 373.
[362]De Jubainville,op. cit.I., pp. 373–375; Sigerson,op. cit.p. 407.
[363]Gundlach,Mon. Ger. Epistolae, III., Notes onEpistolae Columbani.
[364]Esposito, Mario, ArticlesHiberno-Latin MSS. in Belgian Libraries, Art. inArchivium Hibernicum, III., p. 2;The Latin Writers of Mediæval Ireland, Art. in Hermathena, XIV., No. 33, pp. 519–529; Art. inIrish Theological Quarterly, IV., pp. 181–185.
[365]Published under the titlePeronna ScottoruminSitzungsberichte of the Academy of Munich, 1900, p. 490.
[366]Migne,Pat. Lat., Tomus, 89, col. 96;Epistolae Mer. et Karl Aevi.
[367]Roger, M.,op. cit.p. 260.
[368]Nolan, Thomas P.,Irish Universities and Culture, p. 13.
[369]Ker, W. P.,The Dark Ages, p. 319.
[370]Jonas,Vita Columbaniin KruschScript. rer. Merov., IV., p. 71; cited by Roger,op. cit.p. 411.
[371]Roger, M.,op. cit.p. 412.
[372]Turner, Wm., ArticleIrish Teachers in the Carolingian RevivalinCatholic University Bulletin, XIII., p. 387.
[373]Turner, Wm.,op. cit.XIII., p. 389. This article by Turner in theCatholic University Bulletin, XIII., pp. 283seq.and 567seq.is by far the most helpful contribution to the study of the Carolingian Revival. A valuable array of facts is given and the sources for further inquiry are pointed out.
[374]Manitius, Max,Geschichte der Lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, Teil I., München, 1911; Roger, M.,op. cit.1905; Esposito, Mario,Knowledge of Greek in Ireland during the Middle Ages, Article inStudies, Dublin, 1912.
[375]Quoted by Traube inO Roma Nobilis, p. 58; see Migne,Pat. Lat., Tomus, 124, col. 1133d; De Jubainville,op. cit.I., p. 379.
[376]Roger takes this viewop. cit.p. 229; cf. Gougaud, Dom.Les Chrétientés Celtiques, p. 251.
[377]Amra Coluim Cillein theIrish Liber Hymnorum, edited by Bernard and Atkinson, I., 162–183, II., 50–80, 223–35.
[378]Meyer, Kuno,Learning in Ireland, p. 26.
[379]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, p. 158.
[380]Reeves, Wm.,ibid.
[381]Sitzungsberichteof the Royal Academy of Berlin, 1909, p. 561.
[382]Meyer, Kuno,op. cit.p. 27.
[383]Note in a Würzburg MS. of eighth century quoted by Zimmer inPelagius in Ireland, p. 5.
[384]Keller, F.,Bilder und Schriftzugein den irischen Manuscripten in Mitteilungen des antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zurich, II., 61.
[385]Reeves, Wm.,Adamnan, pp. xiv., xv., xxi. and Plates I., II., III.
[386]Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, II., p. xiv.
[387]Stokes and Strachan,op. cit.II., pp. 159, 158, 169.
[388]See Giles,Aldhelmi Opera, p. 94.
[389]Bede,op. cit.Liber IV., Ch. I.
[390]Ed. Stokes, Whitley,Three Irish Glosses, London, 1862.
[391]InDuil Dromma Ceta(Egerton MS. 1782 15a ff; h. 3, 1863, ff T.C.D., 1317).
[392]Hyde, Douglas,Literary History of Ireland, p. 420.
[393]The celebratedVocabularius S. Galliwritten in 780A.D.in the Irish style of writing containing some of the earliest examples of German and French is believed to be the work of an Irish monk. See Zimmer, H.,Irish Element, p. 71.
[394]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 68.
[395]Sandys, J. E.,History of Classical Scholarship, I., p. 463.
[396]Meyer, Kuno,Triads of Ireland, p. xiv.
[397]Monumenta Germaniae Historiae, Epistolae, III., p. 318.
[398]Flood, J. M.,Ireland: Its Saints and Scholars, p. 92.
[399]Traube, L.,O Roma Nobilis, p. 61.
[400]Ibid.
[401]Zimmer,op. cit.p. 126.
[402]For further details see Traube, L.,O Roma Nobilis, p. 61. Also Norden,Die Antike Kunstprosa, p. 666, Note 1.
[403]De Jubainville, H. d’Arbois,op. cit.I., p. 397.
[404]Traube, L.,O Roma Nobilis, p. 287.
[405]Of the non-Irish of the time only Eric of Auxerre, Christian of Stavelot, and Walafrid knew Greek, Traube,op. cit.p. 65.
[406]Concannon, Helen,Life of St. Columban, p. 287.
[407]Michelet,Histoire de France, I., p. 121.
[408]Healy, John, Art. inIrish Ecclesiastical Record, 1880, p. 16.
[409]Mullinger, H. B.,The Schools of Charles the Great, p. 118.
[410]Newman, John H.,Idea of a University, p. 485.
[411]Renan, E., inSur l’Étude de la langue grecque au Moyen Age, cited by Flood, J. M. inIreland: its Saints and Scholars, p. 7.
[412]Baluze,Miscellanea, V., p. 54, cited by Mullinger,op. cit.p. 119.
[413]Mullinger,op. cit.p. 119.
[414]Mullinger,ibid.
[415]Flood, W. H. Grattan,History of Irish Music, p. 4.
[416]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 571.
[417]O’Curry, Eugene,Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish.
[418]Joyce, P. W.,Social History of Ireland.
[419]Flood, W. H. Grattan,History of Irish Music.
[420]Flood, W. H. Grattan,op. cit.p. 20.
[421]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I.; Flood, W. H.,op. cit.p. 10.
[422]Quoted inIrish Ecclesiastical Record, 1883, p. 510.
[423]Keller, F.,Ulster Journal of Archæology, VIII., p. 218.
[424]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 572.
[425]Wood-Martin, W. G.,Pagan Ireland, illustrations; Joyce,op. cit.I., 675, 582.
[426]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 576, 582.
[427]Bollandists,Acta Sanctorum, p. 595; Lanigan,Ecclesiastical History of Ireland, II., p. 464; Joyce,op. cit.I., p. 572.
[428]Flood, W. H. G.,op. cit.pp. 7, 8.
[429]Flood, W. H. G.,op. cit.p. 12.
[430]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 73.
[431]Zimmer, H.,ibid.
[432]Matthew,History of Music, cited by Flood,op. cit.p. 15.
[433]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 76.
[434]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 77.
[435]Flood, W. H. G.,op. cit.p. 15.
[436]Flood, W. H. G., ArticleIrish Music in Glories of Ireland, p. 71.
[437]Schubiger,Die Sängerschule St. Gallen, p. 33; Flood, W. H. G.,History of Irish Music, pp. 16–19; Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 573.
[438]Flood, W. H. G., ArticleIrish MusicinGlories of Ireland, p. 771.
[439]SeeLiber Hymnorum, ed. by Atkinson and Bernard; also Stokes and Strachan,Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus, I., 298seq.
[440]Flood, W. H. G., Art. inGlories of Ireland, p. 72.
[441]Turner, Wm.,History of Philosophy, p. 247. (Query: Is this the same or a different commentary from that referred to by and attributed to Bishop Donnchadh, by Flood?)
[442]Flood, W. H. G.,History of Irish Music, pp. 19, 20.
[443]See Coffey, George,Bronze Age in Ireland, Plates II., V., VII., VIII., IX., X. and pp. 48, 49, 50.
[444]McKenna, James E. (Right Rev.),Irish Art, p. 7.
[445]McKenna, James E.,op. cit.pp. 8, 9.
[446]Sullivan, Sir Edward,The Book of Kells,, Introduction, p. 1.
[447]Westwood, John,Palaeographia Sacra Pictoria, quoted by McKenna, James E.,op. cit.pp. 20–21.
[448]Coffey, George,Guide to the Celtic Antiquities of Christian Ireland, pp. 9, 10.
[449]Quoted by McKenna, James F.,op. cit.p. 20, 21.
[450]Hartley,Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, N.S., IV., 1885.
[451]SeeIreland: Industrial and Agricultural, pp. 19, 20 for the places where these materials are obtainable in Ireland.
[452]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., 561; Coffey, G.,Bronze Age. Illustration.
[453]Stokes, Wm.,Life of Petrie, Chap. vii.
[454]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 561.
[455]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., pp. 560–563.
[456]Coffey, G.,Guide to Antiquities of Christian Ireland. Illustration.
[457]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 560.
[458]Joyce, P. W.,op. cit.I., p. 567.
[459]MacAlister, R. A. S.,Muiredach, Abbot of Monasterboice(890–923A.D.). This work gives a detailed account of one of these crosses at Monasterboice.
[460]Abelson, Paul,The Seven Liberal Arts, p. 64.
[461]Text in Migne,Latin Patrology, Vol. 90, Col. 294–578.
[462]Text in Migne,Latin Patrology, Vol. 107, Col. 669–727.
[463]See Abelson, Paul,op. cit.p. 90.
[464]Abelson, Paul,op. cit.p. 100; Turner, Wm.,Hist. of Phil., p. 257.
[465]Abelson, Paul,op. cit.p. 104.
[466]Abelson, Paul,op. cit.pp. 103–104.
[467]Abelson, Paul,op. cit.pp. 113–114.
[468]De Nuptiis, etc., Eyssenhardt ed. pp. 194–254.
[469]Text in Migne, Vol. 70, c. 1212–1216.
[470]Text in Migne, Vol. 82, c. 161–163.
[471]Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. I., p. 93.
[472]Maguire, Eugene,Life of Adamnan, p. 95.
[473]Chap. V., p. 69, Text and translation inProceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 1883, pp. 219–252.
[474]See MacAlister, R. A. S.,Muiredach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise, where a copy of this map will be found.
[475]See Mullinger, J. B.,The Schools of Charles the Great, p. 120, for Alcuin’s silly explanations of astronomical phenomena.
[476]The Vernacular Studies would naturally be confined chiefly to the schools situated in Ireland. It is possible that they were taught in some of the schools in Scotland and in those schools on the Continent which had Irish pupils. It might be remarked that some writers attribute the early literary development of vernacular poetry in Northern England to the example set by the Irish monks in using their native tongue for poetry.
[477]Perhaps Clement, the successor of Alcuin at the Palace School, should also be ranked as one of the greatest Irish scholars. It is well known that he was a famous Greek scholar and is believed by many to have been a much greater scholar than Alcuin, his rival in royal favour. We have not yet succeeded in collecting sufficient evidence to warrant his inclusion in the present connection.
[478]Lecky,Rationalism in Europe, III., p. 5.
[479]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element, p. 62; Healy, John,op. cit.p. 369.
[480]Healy, John,op. cit.pp. 569–571.
[481]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 571.
[482]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element, pp. 62–63.
[483]Annals of the Four Masters, I., sub anno 784A.D.
[484]Published by Walckenaer, Paris, 1807; by Letronne in a more critical edition, Paris, 1814; by Gustav Parthey, Berlin, 1870.
[485]Dictionary of National Biography, XV., pp. 48–49.
[486]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 283.
[487]Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. XV., pp. 49–50.
[488]Zimmer, H.,Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, pp. 55–56.
[489]Turner, Wm.,Catholic University Bulletin, Vol. XIII., p. 396.
[490]Turner, Wm.op. cit.p. 396.
[491]Poetae Aevi Carolini, III., p. 691.
[492]In theValenciennes Codex, 386, pp. 73–76, cited by Turner,ibid.
[493]Turner, Wm.,op. cit.p. 395.
[494]Migne,Pat. Lat., Tom. 105, p. 477.
[495]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 383.
[496]Turner, W.,op. cit.p. 392.
[497]Pertz,Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Leg. I., p. 249. Stokes, Margaret,Six Months in the Appenines, App. VIII., p. 205. Muratori,Antiquitates Italicae, Tom. III., Dissertatio, 43.
[498]Stokes, Margaret,ibid.
[499]Poetae Caroli, I., pp. 396, 408, 411, 413, 429, 430, 511.
[500]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 392.
[501]Zimmer, H.,op. cit.p. 11.
[502]EntitledDungali Responsa contra Perversae Claudii Taurinensis Episcopi Sententias.
[503]Cited by Lanigan inEcclesiastical History of Ireland, III., Chap. XX.
[504]Healy, John,op. cit.p. 391.
[505]Stokes, Margaret,Six Months in the Appenines, p. 213.
[506]For list see Miss Stokes,op. cit.pp. 296–297.
[507]Muratori,Antiquitates Italicae, Dissert. Tom. iii., col. 821.
[508]See Stokes, Margaret,op. cit.p. 216 for contents.
[509]About 90 of his poems are published by Traube,Poetae Aev. Carl.
[510]See his tractArtem Euticii Grammaticiin Traube’sO Roma Nobilis, p. 61, which shows a knowledge of Greek. Traube thinks it was composed in Ireland.
[511]Montfaucon,Pal. Graeca, p. 235, describes the Greek Psalter transcribed by Sedulius now No. 8047 in the Library at the Arsenale at Paris.
[512]First published by Cardinal Mai inSpecilegium Romanus; also by Traube inQuellen u. Untersuchungen zur lateinischen Philologie des Mittelalters; Teil I., Erstes Heft von S. Hellman, München, 1906, pp. 203, Zweites Heft Johannes Scottus von Edward Kennard Rand, München, 1906, p. 106.
[513]Turner, Book Review inCath. Univ. Bulletin, xiii., p. 149.
[514]Ibid.
[515]Traube,O Roma Nobilis; Turner, Wm.,op. cit.p. 397.
[516]Baemker inJahrbuch für Philosophie und Spekulative Theologie, Band VII., p. 346, Bd. VIII., p. 222; Healy, John,op. cit.p. 578.
[517]De Wülf, M.,History of Mediæval Philosophy, p. 246.
[518]The Council of Eperny (846A.D.) speaks ofHospitalia Scottorum, “quae sancti homines illius gentis in hoc regno construxerunt”;Mon. Ger. Leg.I., 390; Warren, F. E.,op. cit.p. 15.
[519]Many believe that Eriugena was a layman.
[520]Flood, F. M.,Ireland: its Schools and Scholars, pp. 94–95.
[521]Flood, F. M.,op. cit.p. 95, where the above is quoted.
[522]Text of Eriugena’s works in Migne,Pat. Lat., Tom. 122, with Preface by Gale and Schulter.
[523]In the Library of the British Museum, Harleian, 2506; Turner, Wm., Art.Irish Teachers in the Carolingian Revival,op. cit.XIII., 256.
[524]Mullinger, J. B.,op. cit.p. 171.
[525]De Wülf, Maurice,History of Mediæval Philosophy, English translation by Dr. P. Coffey, p. 167.
[526]Turner, Wm.,History of Philosophy, p. 257.
[527]De Wülf, M.,op. cit.pp. 167–168.
[528]Turner, Wm.,op. cit.p. 256.
[529]Migne,Pat. Lat.Tom. 122,De Predestinatione, I., 1.
[530]Erdman,History of Philosophy, English translation by Williston S. Hough, Vol. I., p. 292.
[531]De Divisione Naturae, I., p. 69.
[532]Ibid., IV., p. 9.
[533]Turner, Wm.,loc. cit.p. 249.
[534]Ibid.
[535]Poole, Reginald Lane,Illustration in the History of Mediæval Thought. SeeExcurus on Visit to Greece, Legend Examined, pp. 311–313.
[536]For numerous complimentary tributes see T. P. Nolan’s bookletIrish University and Culturein the Catholic Truth Society Series.
[537]Poole, Reginald Lane,op. cit.p. 14.
[538]Turner, Wm., ArticleIrish Teachers in the Carolingian RevivalinCatholic University Bulletin, Vol. XIII., pp. 579–580.
[539]Zimmer H.,The Irish Element in Mediæval Culture, p. 130.