[109]To 1 household upon an average.Korotoyak.Nizhnedevitzk.Full-workers.Half-workers.Full-workers.Half-workers.Total membership20.41.90.4Employed outside10.10.90.3Remain at home10.310.1[110]Zadonsk.Korotoyak.Nizhnedevitzk.Total permanently employed100100100Households with 1 full worker643338Stopped working on their farms433317[111]Kulakmeans “fist”;miroyedmeans “mirfretter.” These are nicknames for the village usurer and saloon keeper.[112]Gleb Oospensky stood alone in his skepticism, opposing his ironical smile to the universal illusion. With his perfect knowledge of the peasantry, and his extraordinary artistic talent that penetrated to the very heart of the phenomena, he did not fail to see that individualism had become the basis of economic relations, not only as between the usurer and the debtor, but among the peasants at large.—Cf.hisCasting in one mould (Ravnenie pod odno), Russkaya Mysl, January, 1882.[113]In theReports for the gubernia of Ryazañ, column 36 of the General Table, states “the area of land held in property by every 10 shareholders of the communal land,” and column 42, the respective data with regard to lease. The figures have no practical value unless it is assumed that all members of the community have their shares in the land acquired in property, or held under lease. In reality, however, the contrary is the case.[114]Classes.Zadonsk.Korotoyak.Nizhnedevitsk.Households.Per cent.Households.Per cent.Households.Per cent.Employers6094829410675Employees (farm laborers engaged yearly or per season)27331718919231312Total peasant population157041002028210020072100[115]Households with 2 and those with 3 horses are counted together in the tables; yet given the number of horses, the membership of every group, is found by solving two equations with two unknown quantities.[116]There are, all told, 103 households of traders who do not work on their farm,i. e., 8 per cent. of all the traders, or 0.5 per cent. of the total peasant population of the district of Korotoyak.[117]We find among the traders a large minority whose farms do not exceed the average; still the lack of communal land is made up by the greater development of tenure, as shown in the following table:D. of Korotoyak.Total.Tenants.Rentedland to 1householdupon an average(dessiatines).Households.Per cent.Households.Per cent.Traders owning from 1 to 5 dessiatines59548815.9”””5 to 15”44435311708.6”””15 to 25”39231288739.7””above 25”370292717317.3Total12651009187311.4[118]Households.Farmers merely.Per cent.Traders.Per cent.Without adult male workers..3With 1 adult male worker2924With 2 adult male workers4033With 3 or more adult male workers3140Total100100[119]Classes (in the District of Korotoyak).Employing farmers.Laborers employed.Households.Rate within the class (per cent.).Per cent.To 1 household.Traders2962243}591.5Mere farmers1618161In all the rest of the district3722411.1Total82941001.3[120]Households of trading farmers.Employing permanent laborers, per cent.With 3 or more adult male workers16With 2 or less adult male workers25Total22[121]Stopped working on their plots.In the class.In the district at large.Households.Per cent.Per cent.Horseless24719013With 1 horse2569}1032}87With 2 horses or more33155Total2760100100The class almost coincides on the whole with the so-called “horseless:”“Horseless.”Households.Per cent.Traders683}8Tilling their plots1435Stopped tilling their plots247192Total2682100The 10 per cent. who stopped tilling their plots, though owning 1 horse or more, as well as the 8 per cent. who manage to till their plots without working horses, make (each of these sections) only about 1 per cent. of the peasantry of the district. Thus, in identifying the proletarians with the “horseless,” the error is of the kind to be neglected, to use the mathematical term.[122]Households.Stopped tillingtheir plots.“Horseless.”In the districtat large.Per cent.Per cent.Per cent.Landless11}4811}482}16Owning less than 5 dessiatines373714Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines424350Owning from 15 to 25 dessiatines9}108}925}34Owning above 25 dessiatines119Total100100100Average plot:To 1 household, dessiatines7.214.4To 1 adult male worker,”7.98.3[123]Households.Stopped tillingtheir plots.“Horseless.”In the districtat large.Per cent.Per cent.Per cent.Without adult male workers24}8617}855}51With 1 adult male worker626846With 2 adult male workers12}1413}1530}49With 3 or more adult male workers2219Total100100100To 1 household upon an average:Adult male workers0.91.7Half-workers0.20.4Males and females3.87.4[124]Proletarians.(Stopped tilling their plots).Korotoyak.Per cent.Nizhnedevitzk.Per cent.Farm laborers4850Miscellaneous3940No steady employment1310Total100100[125]District of Korotoyak, “Horseless.”Rubles.Per cent.Gross income from farming4061024Wages12260472Odd jobs67194Total169933100[126]“Horseless,” Korotoyak.Receipts.Rubles.Expenses.Rubles.Gross income from farming40610Taxes33738Rent1046Wages paid1144Total4061035928Balance (2682 households)46824061040610Balance to 1 household (money revenue)1.75[127]District of Zadonsk.“Horseless.”Households.Per cent.Feeding on the bread produced on their farms:All the year through771309 months53121}44From 6 to 9 months35814From 1 to 6 months2209Purchasing bread all through the year66526Total2545100[128]Districts.Farmcultivatedby hiredlabor.Per cent.Farmingstoppedaltogether.Per cent.Zadonsk (total proletarians = 100)6931Korotoyak”6733Nizhnedevitzk”7426Ranenburg”6436Dankoff”6436[129]This is the rate of these avowed proletarians within the total peasant population:Districts.Per cent.Zadonsk8Korotoyak5Nizhnedevitzk3Ranenburg (landless included)15Dankoff””15Of these, a greater percentage find employment in industry, as compared with the proletarians who cultivate their plots by means of hired labor:Districts and classes.Industriallaborers.Per cent.Farmlaborers.Per cent.Korotoyak:“Husbandless”5139Farming proletarians3453Nizhnedevitzk:“Husbandless”4844Farming proletarians3753Industrial proletarians are steadily carried away by the growing movement out of the rural districts. Thus it may be reasonably assumed that only one-half of the pure-blooded proletarians remain in the village. This constitutes from 2 to 8 per cent. of the population. Relative rates, however, are sometimes misleading without reference to the absolute numbers. 2 per cent. of a 100-million population convey the illusion of a two million strong rural proletariat with pronounced class interests. Still we know that they are dissipated in villages with an average inhabitancy of 62 households (cf.above page: 50,429 communes with 3,309,020 households). Now the maximum 8 per cent. of 62 households means only 5 proletarian families, and the minimum 2 per cent., only 1 proletarian of the European type to a village. It seems to show that there can be no proletarian class spirit (“proletarisches Klassen-bewusstsein”) in the Russian village of to-day.[130]Classes in the district of Korotoyak.Households. (Per cent.)Horses to 1 household upon an average.Horseless.With 1 horse.With 2 horses.With 3 horses.With 4 horses or more.Trading farmers122527363.2Farmers merely4538172.8Farmers—laborers40371561.8Proletarian laborers90910.1[131]Households.D. of Korotoyak.With net profit.Per cent.With deficit.Per cent.Male workers to 1 household—None..3}73One2970Two41}7123}27Three or more304[132]Households.D. of Korotoyak.With net profit.Per cent.With deficit.Per cent.Size of the farms—Less than 5 dessiatines..15From 5 to 15 dessiatines..79From 15 to 25 dessiatines726Above 25 dessiatines28..Total100100Dessiatines.Dessiatines.Average to 1 household24.410.6”to 1 adult male worker11.58.3[133]D. of Korotoyak.Section A.Per cent.Section B.Per cent.Landholding—Households owningLess than 5 dessiatines1510From 5 to 15 dessiatines7952From 15 to 25 dessiatines628}38Above 25 dessiatines..10Total100100Live stock—HouseholdsWithout working horses..1}40With 1 working horse4939With 2 working horses36}5138}60With 3 working horses1316With 4 or more working horses26Total100100[134]Gross income per worker.Rubles.SectionA66.17SectionB54.29[135]Households (D. of Korotoyak).Section A.Per cent.Section B.Per cent.Without adult male workers3}731}39With 1 adult male worker7038With 2 adult male workers23}2737}61With 3 or more adult male workers424Total100100[136]Class II., Section B.Workers and half-workers23110Employed without their farms16299Working exclusively on their farms6811Total households10016[137]In the table below the percentage of old men is contrasted in the several groups of landholders, with a view to the division of the peasantry into the classes above mentioned:Households (D. of Korotoyak).Classes.Total in the district.Old men above 60.Strong farmers.I.Farmers laboring.II.Proletarians.III.Total.Rate to the number of households.Landless....11}482}161}89Owning from 1 to 5 dessiatines211371477Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines146042504111Owning from 15 to 25 dessiatines56}8422}299}1025}3431}5117Owning above 25 dessiatines287192028Total10010010010010014The relative number of old men above 60 is four times greater in the uppermost than in the lowest class of landholders (28:7). The absolute number of old householders belonging to the two lowest classes is the half of the average in the district (8:16), while the uppermost class numbers twice as many householders as the average, and in the two upper groups taken together the number of old householders exceeds the average by 50 per cent. (51:34). Now, the bulk of the class of strong farmers is made up of these two groups, and one-half of the old householders range among the very same groups, constituting there a very noticeable minority. On the contrary, one-half of the proletarians range among those groups in which old people cut no figure numerically.[138]The above statements are based upon the following numerical data:District of Zadonsk: Classes.One part leased.All cultivated.Dessiatines.Households.Land to 1 household (Dessiatines).In all.Leased.Cultivated.Owning above 25 dessiatines..20.79.910.817.6Owning from 15 to 25 dessiatines..9.754.78.9Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines..52.72.34.9Owning less than 5 dessiatines..2.51.512Total..63.22.84.9Having 4 horses or more1038.1929.110.7Having from 2 to 3 horses22611.85.66.25.9Having 1 horse9096333.6Having no horse8774.32.71.62.6Total202263.22.84.9If we consider the first series specified according to the size of the farms, we notice that the lessors, with their plots somewhat above the average, are falling into the next lower classes with regard to the extent of their farming. On the other hand, given the quantity of live stock, the extent of cultivated land remains constant. The lessors are those whose plots equal the standard of the higher class, while by the quantity of their live stock they are on a par with the lower class. The 10 households with 4 horses to each make an exception, the area cultivated by them considerably exceeding the average. There may be a few more households of the same kind, which are hidden in the average figures; on a whole, however, such households are only an exception to the rule.As to the extent of the farms leasedin toto, the following figures need no comment:Average extent of cultured land to 1 household (dessiatines).Zadonsk.Korotoyak.Total plot leased2.22.5In the region at large4.65.8Percentage of families to population.Percentage of leased land to the total communal land.Ranenburg:Leasing their plots—1) Total12}102) Partly14Dankoff:Leasing their plots—1) Total11}82) Partly13[139]Cf.Chapter III.[140]It appears from the following table that among the higher classes of landholders, tenure of peasant plots is represented by a higher percentage than tenure from landlords, while the latter kind of tenure is stronger among the lower groups of landholders:Classes and districts.Tenants.Per cent.Land in tenure.Per cent.Rented from landlords.Rented from peasants.Rented from landlords.Rented from peasants.Zadonsk:Owning less than 5 dessiatines38312821Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines52514848Owning above 15 dessiatines10182431Total100100100100Korotoyak:Owning less than 5 dessiatines1313108Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines53483838Owning above 15 dessiatines34395254Total100100100100Nizhnedevitsk:Owning less than 5 dessiatines2515239Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines52494142Owning above 15 dessiatines23363649Total100100100100
[109]To 1 household upon an average.Korotoyak.Nizhnedevitzk.Full-workers.Half-workers.Full-workers.Half-workers.Total membership20.41.90.4Employed outside10.10.90.3Remain at home10.310.1
[109]
[110]Zadonsk.Korotoyak.Nizhnedevitzk.Total permanently employed100100100Households with 1 full worker643338Stopped working on their farms433317
[110]
[111]Kulakmeans “fist”;miroyedmeans “mirfretter.” These are nicknames for the village usurer and saloon keeper.
[111]Kulakmeans “fist”;miroyedmeans “mirfretter.” These are nicknames for the village usurer and saloon keeper.
[112]Gleb Oospensky stood alone in his skepticism, opposing his ironical smile to the universal illusion. With his perfect knowledge of the peasantry, and his extraordinary artistic talent that penetrated to the very heart of the phenomena, he did not fail to see that individualism had become the basis of economic relations, not only as between the usurer and the debtor, but among the peasants at large.—Cf.hisCasting in one mould (Ravnenie pod odno), Russkaya Mysl, January, 1882.
[112]Gleb Oospensky stood alone in his skepticism, opposing his ironical smile to the universal illusion. With his perfect knowledge of the peasantry, and his extraordinary artistic talent that penetrated to the very heart of the phenomena, he did not fail to see that individualism had become the basis of economic relations, not only as between the usurer and the debtor, but among the peasants at large.—Cf.hisCasting in one mould (Ravnenie pod odno), Russkaya Mysl, January, 1882.
[113]In theReports for the gubernia of Ryazañ, column 36 of the General Table, states “the area of land held in property by every 10 shareholders of the communal land,” and column 42, the respective data with regard to lease. The figures have no practical value unless it is assumed that all members of the community have their shares in the land acquired in property, or held under lease. In reality, however, the contrary is the case.
[113]In theReports for the gubernia of Ryazañ, column 36 of the General Table, states “the area of land held in property by every 10 shareholders of the communal land,” and column 42, the respective data with regard to lease. The figures have no practical value unless it is assumed that all members of the community have their shares in the land acquired in property, or held under lease. In reality, however, the contrary is the case.
[114]Classes.Zadonsk.Korotoyak.Nizhnedevitsk.Households.Per cent.Households.Per cent.Households.Per cent.Employers6094829410675Employees (farm laborers engaged yearly or per season)27331718919231312Total peasant population157041002028210020072100
[114]
[115]Households with 2 and those with 3 horses are counted together in the tables; yet given the number of horses, the membership of every group, is found by solving two equations with two unknown quantities.
[115]Households with 2 and those with 3 horses are counted together in the tables; yet given the number of horses, the membership of every group, is found by solving two equations with two unknown quantities.
[116]There are, all told, 103 households of traders who do not work on their farm,i. e., 8 per cent. of all the traders, or 0.5 per cent. of the total peasant population of the district of Korotoyak.
[116]There are, all told, 103 households of traders who do not work on their farm,i. e., 8 per cent. of all the traders, or 0.5 per cent. of the total peasant population of the district of Korotoyak.
[117]We find among the traders a large minority whose farms do not exceed the average; still the lack of communal land is made up by the greater development of tenure, as shown in the following table:D. of Korotoyak.Total.Tenants.Rentedland to 1householdupon an average(dessiatines).Households.Per cent.Households.Per cent.Traders owning from 1 to 5 dessiatines59548815.9”””5 to 15”44435311708.6”””15 to 25”39231288739.7””above 25”370292717317.3Total12651009187311.4
[117]We find among the traders a large minority whose farms do not exceed the average; still the lack of communal land is made up by the greater development of tenure, as shown in the following table:
[118]Households.Farmers merely.Per cent.Traders.Per cent.Without adult male workers..3With 1 adult male worker2924With 2 adult male workers4033With 3 or more adult male workers3140Total100100
[118]
[119]Classes (in the District of Korotoyak).Employing farmers.Laborers employed.Households.Rate within the class (per cent.).Per cent.To 1 household.Traders2962243}591.5Mere farmers1618161In all the rest of the district3722411.1Total82941001.3
[119]
[120]Households of trading farmers.Employing permanent laborers, per cent.With 3 or more adult male workers16With 2 or less adult male workers25Total22
[120]
[121]Stopped working on their plots.In the class.In the district at large.Households.Per cent.Per cent.Horseless24719013With 1 horse2569}1032}87With 2 horses or more33155Total2760100100The class almost coincides on the whole with the so-called “horseless:”“Horseless.”Households.Per cent.Traders683}8Tilling their plots1435Stopped tilling their plots247192Total2682100The 10 per cent. who stopped tilling their plots, though owning 1 horse or more, as well as the 8 per cent. who manage to till their plots without working horses, make (each of these sections) only about 1 per cent. of the peasantry of the district. Thus, in identifying the proletarians with the “horseless,” the error is of the kind to be neglected, to use the mathematical term.
[121]
The class almost coincides on the whole with the so-called “horseless:”
The 10 per cent. who stopped tilling their plots, though owning 1 horse or more, as well as the 8 per cent. who manage to till their plots without working horses, make (each of these sections) only about 1 per cent. of the peasantry of the district. Thus, in identifying the proletarians with the “horseless,” the error is of the kind to be neglected, to use the mathematical term.
[122]Households.Stopped tillingtheir plots.“Horseless.”In the districtat large.Per cent.Per cent.Per cent.Landless11}4811}482}16Owning less than 5 dessiatines373714Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines424350Owning from 15 to 25 dessiatines9}108}925}34Owning above 25 dessiatines119Total100100100Average plot:To 1 household, dessiatines7.214.4To 1 adult male worker,”7.98.3
[122]
[123]Households.Stopped tillingtheir plots.“Horseless.”In the districtat large.Per cent.Per cent.Per cent.Without adult male workers24}8617}855}51With 1 adult male worker626846With 2 adult male workers12}1413}1530}49With 3 or more adult male workers2219Total100100100To 1 household upon an average:Adult male workers0.91.7Half-workers0.20.4Males and females3.87.4
[123]
[124]Proletarians.(Stopped tilling their plots).Korotoyak.Per cent.Nizhnedevitzk.Per cent.Farm laborers4850Miscellaneous3940No steady employment1310Total100100
[124]
[125]District of Korotoyak, “Horseless.”Rubles.Per cent.Gross income from farming4061024Wages12260472Odd jobs67194Total169933100
[125]
[126]“Horseless,” Korotoyak.Receipts.Rubles.Expenses.Rubles.Gross income from farming40610Taxes33738Rent1046Wages paid1144Total4061035928Balance (2682 households)46824061040610Balance to 1 household (money revenue)1.75
[126]
[127]District of Zadonsk.“Horseless.”Households.Per cent.Feeding on the bread produced on their farms:All the year through771309 months53121}44From 6 to 9 months35814From 1 to 6 months2209Purchasing bread all through the year66526Total2545100
[127]
[128]Districts.Farmcultivatedby hiredlabor.Per cent.Farmingstoppedaltogether.Per cent.Zadonsk (total proletarians = 100)6931Korotoyak”6733Nizhnedevitzk”7426Ranenburg”6436Dankoff”6436
[128]
[129]This is the rate of these avowed proletarians within the total peasant population:Districts.Per cent.Zadonsk8Korotoyak5Nizhnedevitzk3Ranenburg (landless included)15Dankoff””15Of these, a greater percentage find employment in industry, as compared with the proletarians who cultivate their plots by means of hired labor:Districts and classes.Industriallaborers.Per cent.Farmlaborers.Per cent.Korotoyak:“Husbandless”5139Farming proletarians3453Nizhnedevitzk:“Husbandless”4844Farming proletarians3753Industrial proletarians are steadily carried away by the growing movement out of the rural districts. Thus it may be reasonably assumed that only one-half of the pure-blooded proletarians remain in the village. This constitutes from 2 to 8 per cent. of the population. Relative rates, however, are sometimes misleading without reference to the absolute numbers. 2 per cent. of a 100-million population convey the illusion of a two million strong rural proletariat with pronounced class interests. Still we know that they are dissipated in villages with an average inhabitancy of 62 households (cf.above page: 50,429 communes with 3,309,020 households). Now the maximum 8 per cent. of 62 households means only 5 proletarian families, and the minimum 2 per cent., only 1 proletarian of the European type to a village. It seems to show that there can be no proletarian class spirit (“proletarisches Klassen-bewusstsein”) in the Russian village of to-day.
[129]This is the rate of these avowed proletarians within the total peasant population:
Of these, a greater percentage find employment in industry, as compared with the proletarians who cultivate their plots by means of hired labor:
Industrial proletarians are steadily carried away by the growing movement out of the rural districts. Thus it may be reasonably assumed that only one-half of the pure-blooded proletarians remain in the village. This constitutes from 2 to 8 per cent. of the population. Relative rates, however, are sometimes misleading without reference to the absolute numbers. 2 per cent. of a 100-million population convey the illusion of a two million strong rural proletariat with pronounced class interests. Still we know that they are dissipated in villages with an average inhabitancy of 62 households (cf.above page: 50,429 communes with 3,309,020 households). Now the maximum 8 per cent. of 62 households means only 5 proletarian families, and the minimum 2 per cent., only 1 proletarian of the European type to a village. It seems to show that there can be no proletarian class spirit (“proletarisches Klassen-bewusstsein”) in the Russian village of to-day.
[130]Classes in the district of Korotoyak.Households. (Per cent.)Horses to 1 household upon an average.Horseless.With 1 horse.With 2 horses.With 3 horses.With 4 horses or more.Trading farmers122527363.2Farmers merely4538172.8Farmers—laborers40371561.8Proletarian laborers90910.1
[130]
[131]Households.D. of Korotoyak.With net profit.Per cent.With deficit.Per cent.Male workers to 1 household—None..3}73One2970Two41}7123}27Three or more304
[131]
[132]Households.D. of Korotoyak.With net profit.Per cent.With deficit.Per cent.Size of the farms—Less than 5 dessiatines..15From 5 to 15 dessiatines..79From 15 to 25 dessiatines726Above 25 dessiatines28..Total100100Dessiatines.Dessiatines.Average to 1 household24.410.6”to 1 adult male worker11.58.3
[132]
[133]D. of Korotoyak.Section A.Per cent.Section B.Per cent.Landholding—Households owningLess than 5 dessiatines1510From 5 to 15 dessiatines7952From 15 to 25 dessiatines628}38Above 25 dessiatines..10Total100100Live stock—HouseholdsWithout working horses..1}40With 1 working horse4939With 2 working horses36}5138}60With 3 working horses1316With 4 or more working horses26Total100100
[133]
[134]Gross income per worker.Rubles.SectionA66.17SectionB54.29
[134]
[135]Households (D. of Korotoyak).Section A.Per cent.Section B.Per cent.Without adult male workers3}731}39With 1 adult male worker7038With 2 adult male workers23}2737}61With 3 or more adult male workers424Total100100
[135]
[136]Class II., Section B.Workers and half-workers23110Employed without their farms16299Working exclusively on their farms6811Total households10016
[136]
[137]In the table below the percentage of old men is contrasted in the several groups of landholders, with a view to the division of the peasantry into the classes above mentioned:Households (D. of Korotoyak).Classes.Total in the district.Old men above 60.Strong farmers.I.Farmers laboring.II.Proletarians.III.Total.Rate to the number of households.Landless....11}482}161}89Owning from 1 to 5 dessiatines211371477Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines146042504111Owning from 15 to 25 dessiatines56}8422}299}1025}3431}5117Owning above 25 dessiatines287192028Total10010010010010014The relative number of old men above 60 is four times greater in the uppermost than in the lowest class of landholders (28:7). The absolute number of old householders belonging to the two lowest classes is the half of the average in the district (8:16), while the uppermost class numbers twice as many householders as the average, and in the two upper groups taken together the number of old householders exceeds the average by 50 per cent. (51:34). Now, the bulk of the class of strong farmers is made up of these two groups, and one-half of the old householders range among the very same groups, constituting there a very noticeable minority. On the contrary, one-half of the proletarians range among those groups in which old people cut no figure numerically.
[137]In the table below the percentage of old men is contrasted in the several groups of landholders, with a view to the division of the peasantry into the classes above mentioned:
The relative number of old men above 60 is four times greater in the uppermost than in the lowest class of landholders (28:7). The absolute number of old householders belonging to the two lowest classes is the half of the average in the district (8:16), while the uppermost class numbers twice as many householders as the average, and in the two upper groups taken together the number of old householders exceeds the average by 50 per cent. (51:34). Now, the bulk of the class of strong farmers is made up of these two groups, and one-half of the old householders range among the very same groups, constituting there a very noticeable minority. On the contrary, one-half of the proletarians range among those groups in which old people cut no figure numerically.
[138]The above statements are based upon the following numerical data:District of Zadonsk: Classes.One part leased.All cultivated.Dessiatines.Households.Land to 1 household (Dessiatines).In all.Leased.Cultivated.Owning above 25 dessiatines..20.79.910.817.6Owning from 15 to 25 dessiatines..9.754.78.9Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines..52.72.34.9Owning less than 5 dessiatines..2.51.512Total..63.22.84.9Having 4 horses or more1038.1929.110.7Having from 2 to 3 horses22611.85.66.25.9Having 1 horse9096333.6Having no horse8774.32.71.62.6Total202263.22.84.9If we consider the first series specified according to the size of the farms, we notice that the lessors, with their plots somewhat above the average, are falling into the next lower classes with regard to the extent of their farming. On the other hand, given the quantity of live stock, the extent of cultivated land remains constant. The lessors are those whose plots equal the standard of the higher class, while by the quantity of their live stock they are on a par with the lower class. The 10 households with 4 horses to each make an exception, the area cultivated by them considerably exceeding the average. There may be a few more households of the same kind, which are hidden in the average figures; on a whole, however, such households are only an exception to the rule.As to the extent of the farms leasedin toto, the following figures need no comment:Average extent of cultured land to 1 household (dessiatines).Zadonsk.Korotoyak.Total plot leased2.22.5In the region at large4.65.8Percentage of families to population.Percentage of leased land to the total communal land.Ranenburg:Leasing their plots—1) Total12}102) Partly14Dankoff:Leasing their plots—1) Total11}82) Partly13
[138]The above statements are based upon the following numerical data:
If we consider the first series specified according to the size of the farms, we notice that the lessors, with their plots somewhat above the average, are falling into the next lower classes with regard to the extent of their farming. On the other hand, given the quantity of live stock, the extent of cultivated land remains constant. The lessors are those whose plots equal the standard of the higher class, while by the quantity of their live stock they are on a par with the lower class. The 10 households with 4 horses to each make an exception, the area cultivated by them considerably exceeding the average. There may be a few more households of the same kind, which are hidden in the average figures; on a whole, however, such households are only an exception to the rule.
As to the extent of the farms leasedin toto, the following figures need no comment:
[139]Cf.Chapter III.
[139]Cf.Chapter III.
[140]It appears from the following table that among the higher classes of landholders, tenure of peasant plots is represented by a higher percentage than tenure from landlords, while the latter kind of tenure is stronger among the lower groups of landholders:Classes and districts.Tenants.Per cent.Land in tenure.Per cent.Rented from landlords.Rented from peasants.Rented from landlords.Rented from peasants.Zadonsk:Owning less than 5 dessiatines38312821Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines52514848Owning above 15 dessiatines10182431Total100100100100Korotoyak:Owning less than 5 dessiatines1313108Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines53483838Owning above 15 dessiatines34395254Total100100100100Nizhnedevitsk:Owning less than 5 dessiatines2515239Owning from 5 to 15 dessiatines52494142Owning above 15 dessiatines23363649Total100100100100
[140]It appears from the following table that among the higher classes of landholders, tenure of peasant plots is represented by a higher percentage than tenure from landlords, while the latter kind of tenure is stronger among the lower groups of landholders: