Ores of Antimony

1. Talc, common laminated light green variety.2. Gypsum, crystallized.3. Calcareous spar, transparent variety.4. Fluor spar, crystalline.5. Apatite, transparent.6. Orthoclase, white cleavable variety.7. Quartz, transparent.8. Topaz, transparent.9. Sapphire, cleavable variety.10. Diamond.

1. Talc, common laminated light green variety.

2. Gypsum, crystallized.

3. Calcareous spar, transparent variety.

4. Fluor spar, crystalline.

5. Apatite, transparent.

6. Orthoclase, white cleavable variety.

7. Quartz, transparent.

8. Topaz, transparent.

9. Sapphire, cleavable variety.

10. Diamond.

It seldom happens in determining the hardness of a mineral that its hardness exactly conforms to that of some one member of the scale. In such cases we generally estimate the hardness. For example, supposea mineral was harder than 4, but softer than 5, and that it was nearer 5 than 4, then we would call its hardness 4-3/4.

In order to preserve the scale some operators use a three-cornered file, first cutting the mineral and then the scale until a number is found, which is abraded to about the same depth as the mineral under examination.

Since a set of minerals forming a scale of hardness is not always at hand, the following scale given by Chapman is appended:—

1. Yields easily to the nail.2. Yields with difficulty to the nail or just receives an impression from it. Does not scratch a copper coin.3. Scratches a copper coin but is also scratched by it, being of about the same degree of hardness.4. Not scratched by a copper coin. Does not scratch glass.5. Scratches glass with difficulty, leaving its powder on it. Yields readily to the knife.6. Scratches glass easily. Yields with difficulty to the knife.7. Does not yield to the knife. Yields to the edge of a file, though with difficulty.8, 9, 10. Harder than flint.

1. Yields easily to the nail.

2. Yields with difficulty to the nail or just receives an impression from it. Does not scratch a copper coin.

3. Scratches a copper coin but is also scratched by it, being of about the same degree of hardness.

4. Not scratched by a copper coin. Does not scratch glass.

5. Scratches glass with difficulty, leaving its powder on it. Yields readily to the knife.

6. Scratches glass easily. Yields with difficulty to the knife.

7. Does not yield to the knife. Yields to the edge of a file, though with difficulty.

8, 9, 10. Harder than flint.

Specific gravity cannot well be determined without the aid of a balance, and hence its value here is not great.

As in the preceding chapter, alphabetic arrangement will be employed.

Stibnite, Sb2S3, Sb . 71, S . 29.—[A]H = 2, G = 4.52-4.62. Of lead-gray color and metallic lustre. Consists of a large numberof needle-shaped crystals. Brittle. Fuses in candle flame. In an ignition tube yields a sublimate of sulphur. On Ch. before the Bp. it is volatilized, giving antimony coating and tinges the flame pale blue.

[A]H = Hardness, G = Specific Gravity.

Native Arsenic, As.—This contains traces of Sb, Ag, Fe, Co, and Ni.

H = 3.5, G = 5.7-5.8. Dark gray in color. Fracture tin-white, tarnishing rapidly. Volatilizes before the Bp. on Ch. without melting, giving white coating of arsenious acid and characteristic garlic odor. In ignition tube it sublimes, giving arsenical ring.

Realgar, AsS, As . 70, S . 30.—H = 1.5-2, G = 3.56. Bright red to orange-red color and resinous lustre. In an ignition tube it fuses and finally sublimes. The sublimatewhen cool is red and transparent. Fuses readily before the Bp. on Ch. and burns with pale yellowish flame, emitting gray-white fumes having garlic odor.

Orpiment, As2S3, As . 61, S . 39.—

H = 1.5-2.0, G = 3.4-3.5.

Lemon-yellow in color and resinous or pearly lustre. Sectile. Before the Bp. on Ch. behaves like realgar, but in an ignition tube it gives a dark yellow sublimate which is transparent.

Native Bismuth, Bi.—This contains traces of As, Te, and S.

H = 2.0-2.5, G = 9.7-9.83. Color, silver-white, slightly tinged with red. Metallic lustre. Brittle when cold, but may be laminated when hot. Before the Bp. on Ch. behaves like pure Bi.

Bismuthite, Bi2O3. 90, CO2. 7, H2O . 3,—

H = 4.0-4.5, G = 6.9-7.8.

Usually of a white or light greenish color and vitreous lustre, in acicular crystallizations. In an ignition tube decrepitates, yielding water and turning gray. Before the Bp. on Ch. it fuses easily and is reduced to metallic globule, coating the Ch. with Bi2O3. With Na2CO3it occasionally gives the sulphur reaction.

Chromic Iron Ore, FeO . 32, Cr2O3. 68.—Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO, and MgO are commonly present. H = 5.5, G = 4.32-4.57. Occurs usually massive. Color, iron-black to brownish black. In many varieties strongly magnetic. Lustre, shining and somewhat metallic. Heated in an ignition tube, remains unchanged. Infusible before the Bp. on Ch.Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3and KCN yields metallic iron. In borax bead it slowly dissolves to a clear transparent glass, which is a beautiful green when cool.

Smaltite, Co(Fe, Ni) As2, Co . 28, As . 72.—H = 5.5, G = 6.37-7.30. Color, tin-white or steel-gray. Lustre, metallic. When heated to redness in an ignition tube it yields a sublimate of metallic arsenic. Before the Bp. on Ch. it fuses readily, with emission of arsenical fumes, to a grayish black magnetic globule. This globule may be examined for iron, cobalt, and nickel with the borax bead.

Cobaltite, CoS2+ CoAs2, Co . 36, As . 45, S . 19.—H = 5.5, G = 6.0-6.3. Color, silver-white tinged with red. Metallic lustre. Before the Bp. on Ch. fuses easily, withemission of copious arsenical fumes, to a gray magnetic globule. Remains unchanged in the ignition tube.

Linnaeite, (Co, Ni)3S4, (Co, Ni)58, S . 42.—H = 5.5, G = 4.8-5.0. Color, bright steel-gray, sometimes reddish. Lustre, metallic. Crystallizes in the regular octahedron. Before the Bp. on Ch. fuses to a metallic globule which is attracted by the magnet. With borax bead gives reaction for cobalt.

Erythrite, Co3O8As2+ 8 H2O, As2S5. 38.4, CoO . 37.6, H2O . 24.0.—

H = 1.5-2.0, G = 2.95.

Color, crimson to peach-red. When crystallized, of pearly lustre, but frequently dull and earthy. Heated in ignition tube gives off water, and color changes to blue or green. Before the Bp. on Ch. in R. F. itemits arsenical fumes and melts to a dark gray globule which with the borax bead reacts for cobalt.

Native Copper, Cu.—

H = 2.5-3, G = 8.5-8.9.

Color, copper-red. Lustre, metallic. Occurs usually massive and very arborescent. Before the Bp. on Ch. it fuses, and if the heat is sufficiently high it assumes a bright bluish-green surface; on cooling it is covered with a coat of black oxide. In the borax bead it reacts for copper.

Chalcopyrite, CuFeS2, Cu . 35, Fe . 30, S . 35.—H = 3.5-4, G = 4.1-4.3. Color, brass-yellow, often golden-yellow. Lustre, metallic. Occurs crystallized, but is generally found massive. Is easily scratchedwith a knife. Heated in an ignition tube decrepitates, and occasionally yields a faint sublimate of sulphur. Before the Bp. on Ch. it blackens, but becomes red again on cooling. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3and KCN it is reduced, and the metals are obtained in separate masses. It reacts with the borax bead for copper and iron.

Copper Glance, Cu2S, Cu . 80, S . 20.—H = 2.5-3.0, G = 5.5-5.8. Color, dark blue to steel-gray. Occurs in compact masses, often very shining. Before the Bp. on Ch. fuses to a globule which boils and emits glowing drops. Sulphur dioxide escapes abundantly, and the outer flame is colored blue. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3yielding a metallic globule.

Tetrahedrite, 4 CuS + Sb2S3.—Frequently contains silver, iron, mercury, and zinc.H = 3.0-4.0, G = 4.5-5. Color, steel-gray to iron-black. Heated in an ignition tube fuses and gives a sublimate of antimonious oxide. When mercury is present this condenses in the upper part of the tube, forming the characteristic mirror. Before the Bp. on Ch. it fuses readily to a metallic globule, emitting dense white fumes; zinc and antimony coatings are deposited on the Ch. After long ignition before the Bp., if the mineral is finely powdered and mixed with Na2CO3and KCN, the ore is reduced to the metal.

Cuprite, Cu2O, Cu . 89, O . 11.—

H = 3.5-4.0, G = 5.5-6.15.

Color, intense crimson-red. Before the Bp. on Ch. blackens and fuses quietly, and finally yields a metallic globule of copper. Before the Bp.on Ch. with Na2CO3and KCN it is easily reduced.

Malachite, 2 CuO + CO2+ H2O, CuO . 72, CO2. 20, H2O . 8.—

H = 3.5-4.0, G = 3.90-4.03.

Color, bright green. Occurs generally in mammillated concretions. Lustre, shining and fracture, silky. Heated in an ignition tube yields water and blackens. Before the Bp. on Ch. it fuses to a metallic globule. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3and KCN it is easily reduced. With borax bead gives characteristic coloration.

Azurite, 3 CuO + 2 CO2+ H2O, CuO . 69, CO2. 26, H2O . 5.—

H = 3.5-4.0, G = 3.77-3.83.

Color, azure-blue. Occurs usually in crystallized or globular masses. Lustre, earthy or vitreous. Before the Bp. and with other reagents behaves like malachite.

Chrysocolla, CuO + SiO2+ 2 H2O, SiO2. 34.2, CuO . 45.3, H2O . 20.5.—H = 2.0-3.0, G = 2. Color, bluish-green, closely resembling malachite. Occurs usually as an incrustation, its surface being very smooth, like enamel. In an ignition tube it blackens and yields water. Before the Bp. on Ch. in O. F. it blackens, coloring the flame bright green; in the R. F. it turns red. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3yields metallic copper. In borax bead it reacts for copper.

Atacamite, CuCl2+ 3 CuO2H2—Cl . 16.6, O . 20.3, Cu . 50.1, H2O . 13.0.—

H = 3.0-3.5, G = 3.75-3.77.

Color, green to blackish green. Lustre, adamantine to vitreous. In an ignition tube yields water. Before the Bp. on Ch. colors flame blue. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3and KCN is reduced to the metal. In borax bead it reacts for copper.

Limonite, 2 Fe2O3+ 3 H2O, Fe2O3. 86, H2O . 14.—H = 5.0-5.5, G = 3.6-4.0. Color, brown to ochre-yellow. Earthy or semi-metallic in appearance. In an ignition tube yields water. Before the Bp. on Ch. infusible. In borax bead reacts for iron.

Hematite, Fe2O3, Fe . 70, O . 30.—

H = 5.5-6.5, G = 4.9-5.3.

Color, dark steel-gray to iron-black. Lustre, metallic. When pulverized yields a red powder. Before the Bp. on Ch. infusible. After long roasting becomes magnetic. In borax bead gives usual indications of iron.

Magnetite, Fe3O4, FeO . 31, Fe2O3. 69.—

H = 5.5-6.5, G = 5.17-5.18.

Color, iron-black. Lustre, shining and metallic. Pulverized, its powder is black. It is strongly magnetic. Fuses with difficulty before the Bp. on Ch. In borax bead reacts for iron.

Pyrites, FeS2, Fe . 47, S . 53.—

H = 6.0-6.5, G = 4.95-5.20.

Color, brass-yellow. Lustre, metallic. Occurs commonly in cubes. It often contains small quantities of Au, Ag, Cu, As, Co, and Mn. Heated in an ignition tube gives a sublimate of sulphur, the residue becoming magnetic. Before the Bp. on Ch. in O. F. sulphur is burned off and the red oxide remains. This residue may then be examined for iron, etc.

Marcasite(White Iron Pyrites).—Having the same general composition as pyrite, but much lighter in color. Crystals, prismatic. Before the Bp. on Ch. behaves like pyrite.

Pyrrhotite, Fe7S8, Fe . 60.5, S . 39.5.—

H = 3.5-4.5, G = 4.58-4.64.

Color, bronze-yellow. Closely resembles pyrite, but may be distinguished from it by being feebly magnetic. Heated in an ignition tube yields no sublimate. Before the Bp. on Ch. fuses to a magnetic globule, which exhibits a yellowish crystalline structure when fractured.

Mispickel, FeAsS, Fe . 34, As . 46, S . 20.—H = 5.5-6.0, G = 6.0-6.2. Color, silver-white. Lustre, metallic; very brittle. Often associated with it we find small quantities of Co, Ag, and Au. Heated in an ignition tube it first yields a red sublimate of sulphide of arsenic, and then afterward a crystalline sublimate of metallic arsenic. Before the Bp. on Ch. emits dense fumes of arsenic and deposits a coating on thecoal; it then fuses to a globule which behaves like pyrrhotite.

Siderite, FeCO3, FeO . 62, CO2. 38.—H = 3.5-4.5, G = 3.7-3.9. Color, grayish yellow to reddish brown. Lustre, pearly. Crystallizes in rhombohedrons with curved faces; these crystals are distinctly cleavable and massive. Heated in an ignition tube it decrepitates with evolution of carbon dioxide. Before the Bp. on Ch. infusible. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3it fuses to a magnetic mass. With borax bead it reacts for iron and sometimes for manganese.

Galena, PbS, Pb . 87, S . 13.—

H = 2.5, G = 7.4-7.6.

Color, bluish gray, slowly tarnishing. Lustre, metallic. Crystals in the form of cubes.Heated in an ignition tube it sometimes decrepitates and yields a sublimate of sulphur. Before the Bp. on Ch. easily reduced to the metallic state, the Ch. becoming coated with sulphate and oxide of lead. The metallic globule usually contains a little silver. To separate this, the process known as "cupellation" is employed. A hole is bored into the Ch. about 1 cm. in diameter and about 6 mm. deep. Into this hole is placed a stiff paste made by mixing finely pulverized bone-ash with a little soda and water. This paste is pressed in hard, and then the surface is smoothed off, and the centre is slightly depressed with the rounded end of a glass rod. The charcoal so prepared is set in a warm place to allow the paste to dry. When the paste is quite dry the small globule of lead is placed in the depression in the centre of the bone-ash "cupel," and is there exposed to theO. F. from the Bp. The lead is oxidized and is absorbed by the bone-ash, while any silver present will remain in the central depression as a bright shining bead.

Cerusite, PbCO3, PbO . 84, CO2. 16.—H = 3.0-3.5, G = 6.46-6.57. Color, white, gray, or yellow. Lustre, adamantine. Crystallizes in prismatic needles. When heated in an ignition tube carbon dioxide is evolved and the residue turns yellow. Before the Bp. on Ch. readily reduced to metallic lead.

Anglesite, PbSO4, PbO . 74, SO3. 26.—H = 2.0-3.0, G = 6.12-6.39. Color, yellow, gray, and brown. Lustre, adamantine, resinous. Heated in an ignition tube decrepitates, and sometimes yields a little water. Before the Bp. on Ch. fuses to a clear bead, which on cooling becomesopaque. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3is reduced to the metal giving a yellow coating. The Na2CO3absorbed by the coal reacts for S.

Pyrolusite, MnO2, Mn . 63.2, O . 36.8.—H = 2.0-2.5, G = 4.82. Color, iron-black to steel-gray. Lustre, non-metallic. Heated in an ignition tube yields generally a little water, and if the temperature be high enough, oxygen is evolved. Before the Bp. on Ch. infusible. In borax bead gives characteristic color.

Psilomelane, Mn2O3+ H2O.—

H = 5.5-6.0, G = 3.7-4.7.

Color, iron-black to steel-gray. Generally resembles pyrolusite, but is distinguished from it by its superior hardness. It frequentlycontains BaO and Li2O. It behaves before the Bp. like pyrolusite.

Wad(Bog Manganese).—This mineral is essentially MnO2, MnO, and H2O, with small quantities of Fe2O3, Al2O3, BaO, SiO2, etc., associated with it.

H = 0.5-6.0, G = 3.0-4.2. Color, dull black. Heated in an ignition tube yields water in abundance, otherwise it behaves like pyrolusite.

Native Mercury, Hg.—G = 13.5-13.6. Color, silver-white. Is liquid at all ordinary temperatures. Heated in an ignition tube is volatilized, the vapors condensing in the upper end of tube to small metallic globules of Hg. Before the Bp. on Ch. it is volatilized. Frequently contains Ag.

Cinnabar, HgS2, Hg . 86, S . 14.—

H = 2.0-2.5, G = 8.0-8.2.

Color, scarlet-red to brick-red. Lustre, non-metallic. When pulverized yields a powder of vermilion-red color. Heated in an ignition tube it volatilizes, yielding a black sublimate, which by friction becomes red. Before the Bp. on Ch. it is wholly volatilized. Heated in an ignition tube with Na2CO3metallic mercury sublimes, condensing in the upper portion of the tube in minute globules.

Millerite, NiS, Ni . 64.4, S . 35.6.—

H = 3.0-3.5, G = 5.2-5.6.

Color, brass-yellow. Brittle. Before the Bp. on Ch. it fuses to a magnetic, metallic globule. The roasted mineral gives in the borax bead the color reaction characteristicof nickel, and sometimes that of cobalt, which is often associated with it.

Niccolite, NiAs, Ni . 44, As . 56.—

H = 5.0-5.5, G = 7.35-7.67.

Color, pale copper-red. Lustre, metallic. Very brittle. Heated in an ignition tube yields a copious sublimate of arsenious oxide, the residue falling to a greenish powder. Before the Bp. on Ch. fuses to a white brittle globule emitting arsenical fumes. In borax bead gives color characteristic of nickel. Frequently in this mineral a portion of the arsenic is replaced by antimony.

Native Silver, Ag.—

H = 2.5-3.0, G = 10.1-11.0.

Color, silver-white. Lustre, metallic. Ductile and malleable. Usually occurs associatedwith Au, As, Sb, Cu, Fe, etc. Before the Bp. on Ch. easily fuses to a globule which is surrounded with a dark red coating on the coal.

Argentite, Ag2S, Ag . 87.1, S . 12.9.—

H = 2.0-2.5, G = 7.20-7.36.

Color, blackish lead-gray. Lustre, metallic. Very sectile. Before the Bp. on Ch. in O. F. intumesces with evolution of sulphur dioxide, finally yielding a metallic globule of Ag.

Pyrargyrite, Ag3SbS3, Ag . 59.8, Sb . 22.5, S . 17.7.—H = 2.5, G = 5.77-5.86. Color, black to dark cochineal-red. Lustre, metallic, adamantine. In an ignition tube it yields on continued heating a sublimate of antimony sulphide. Before the Bp. on Ch. it gives a coatingof antimony trioxide. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3is reduced to metallic silver.

Proustite, Ag3S3As, Ag . 65.5, As . 15.1, S . 19.4.—H = 2.0-2.5, G = 5.57-5.64. Color, light red. Lustre, splendent, adamantine. Before the Bp. on Ch. it behaves like pyrargyrite, save that it gives off arsenical fumes instead of antimonious oxide.

Stephanite, Ag5S4Sb, Ag . 68.5, Sb . 15.3, S . 16.2.—H = 2.0-2.5, G = 6.2-6.3. Color, iron-black to blackish gray. Lustre, metallic. Very brittle and fragile. In an ignition tube it decrepitates, fuses, and finally yields a slight sublimate of antimony trisulphide. Before the Bp. on Ch. gives a coating of antimonious oxide. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3a globule of metallic silver is obtained. The mineral frequently contains copper and iron.

Kerargyrite, AgCl, Ag . 75.3, Cl . 24.7.—H = 1.0-1.5, G = 5.52. Color, white, gray, yellowish, greenish to blue. Lustre, resinous, adamantine. Soft like wax. Fuses easily in a candle-flame. Before the Bp. on Ch. it is readily reduced to metallic silver.

Cassiterite, SnO2, Sn . 79, O . 21.—

H = 6.0-7.0, G = 6.8-7.0.

Color, brown, black. Lustre, adamantine, brilliant. Occurs crystallized in square prisms. Reëntrant angles characteristic. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3and KCN reduced to a metallic globule of tin. In the borax bead gives characteristic reaction.

Stannite, 2 Cu2S . SnS2+ 2 (FeS . ZnS) Sn . S2.—H = 4.0, G = 4.3-4.5. Color,steel-gray to iron-black. Lustre, metallic. Occurs usually massive and disseminated. Heated in an ignition tube it yields sulphur dioxide. Before the Bp. on Ch. it emits sulphur dioxide and becomes covered with oxide of tin. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3and KCN it gives an impure globule of copper. A very difficult mineral to determine.

Calamine, H2Zn2O5Si, SiO2. 25.0, ZnO . 67.5, H2O . 7.5.—H = 4.5-5.0, G = 3.4-3.5. Color, white, gray, bluish, or brown. Lustre, vitreous. Brittle. In an ignition tube yields water when heated and becomes milky white. Before the Bp. on Ch. practically infusible. With Co(NO3)2it assumes a green color which passes into a fine blue when the heat is increased.

Smithsonite,

Zn . CO3, ZnO . 64.8, CO2. 35.2.—

H = 5, G = 4.30-4.45. Color, gray, yellow, brown, and green. Lustre, vitreous, pearly. Heated in an ignition tube CO2is evolved, residue appearing white. It often contains impurities of Cd, Pb, Fe, Mn, Ca, and Mg. When these are present the residue in the ignition tube becomes dark on cooling. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3and exposed to the R. F. it is decomposed. It gives the characteristic reaction for zinc with Co(NO3)2.

Zincite, ZnO, Zn . 80.3, O . 19.7—

H = 4.0-4.5, G = 5.43-5.70.

Color, blood-red. Lustre, brilliant, subadamantine. Before the Bp. on Ch. infusible. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3gives coating ofzinc oxide. Gives characteristic reaction with Co(NO3)2. It frequently contains a small quantity of Mn2O3, which may be detected in the borax bead.

Sphalerite, ZnS, Zn . 67, S . 33.—

H = 3.5-4.0, G = 3.9-4.1.

Color, yellow to black. Lustre, resinous, brilliant, and sometimes submetallic. Heated in an ignition tube sometimes decrepitates. Before the Bp. on Ch. infusible. Before the Bp. on Ch. with Na2CO3easily reduced. With Co(NO3)2gives the characteristic reaction. It frequently contains small quantities of Cd, Hg, Sn, Pb, Au, Ag, etc.

ElementColor HotColor ColdAntimony(Rather volatile)WhiteArsenic(Very volatile)WhiteBismuthOrange-YellowLemon-YellowCadmiumBrownish YellowReddish BrownLeadLemon-Yellow (volatile)Lemon-YellowSilverDark RedDark RedTinFaint YellowWhiteZincYellowWhite

RedYellowGreenBluish GreenBlueVioletCalciumSodiumBariumBromineChlorinePotassiumLithiumBoronCopperStrontiumIodinePhosphorus

ElementColor HotColor ColdAluminumColorless to CloudyColorless to CloudyAntimonyYellowishColorlessBariumColorless to OpaqueColorless to OpaqueBismuthYellowColorlessCadmiumYellowColorless to WhiteCalciumColorlessColorlessChromiumReddish YellowYellowish GreenCobaltBlueBlueCopperGreenGreenish BlueIronOrangeYellowLeadYellowColorlessMagnesiumColorlessColorlessManganeseVioletReddish VioletNickelVioletReddish BrownSilverColorlessMilk-WhiteStrontiumColorless to OpaqueColorless to OpaqueTinColorlessColorlessZincYellowishColorless

ElementColor HotColor ColdAluminumColorlessColorlessAntimonyColorlessCloudyBariumColorlessColorlessBismuthColorlessGray—CloudyCadmiumColorlessGray—CloudyCalciumColorlessColorlessChromiumGreenGreenCobaltBlueBlueCopperColorlessRedIronYellowish GreenYellowish GreenLeadColorlessGrayMagnesiumColorlessColorlessManganeseColorlessPinkNickelColorlessGray—CloudySilverColorlessGrayStrontiumColorlessColorlessTinColorlessColorlessZincColorlessGray

ElementColor HotColor ColdAluminumColorlessColorlessAntimonyYellowishColorlessBariumColorless to OpaqueColorless to OpaqueBismuthYellowColorlessCadmiumYellowishColorlessCalciumColorlessColorless to OpaqueChromiumReddishGreenCobaltBlueBlueCopperGreenGreenish BlueIronRedBrownish RedLeadYellowishColorlessMagnesiumColorlessColorlessManganeseBrownish VioletReddish VioletNickelReddishYellowSilverYellowishYellowishStrontiumColorlessColorlessTinColorlessColorlessZincYellowishColorless

ElementColor HotColor ColdAluminumColorlessColorlessAntimonyColorlessGray—CloudyBariumColorlessColorlessBismuthColorlessGray—CloudyCadmiumColorlessGray—CloudyCalciumColorlessColorlessChromiumReddishGreenCobaltBlueBlueCopperDark GreenBrownish RedIronRedReddishLeadColorlessGray—OpaqueMagnesiumColorlessColorlessManganeseColorlessColorlessNickelColorlessGraySilverColorlessGrayStrontiumColorlessColorlessTinColorlessColorlessZincColorlessGray—Cloudy

BYTRANSLATED BYLUDWIG GATTERMANN, Ph.D.,WILLIAM SHAFER, Ph.D.,Professor in UniversityInstructor in Organic Chemistryof Heidelberg.in Lehigh University.

"The selection and judgment throughout is excellent. The book is a most useful, practical adjunct to any good text-book on organic chemistry."

"This is a book that should be in the library of every teacher of organic chemistry, and one which will no doubt be of great value to students in their second year of organic chemistry. Its chief peculiarity and merit is in the great stress laid on practical laboratory work.... It is permanently a worker's guide."

"Since the advance of organic chemistry in this country must, in a measure, depend on the nature of the available text-books, both the author and the translator deserve our thanks for providing us with a work such as the present one."

PUBLISHED BYTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

"The book is brought thoroughly up to date, and in some cases the lines of probable development are nicely foreshadowed. The descriptions are particularly lucid and the illustrations well selected.The general arrangement and make-up of the book is excellent, and ... altogether the book fills well a need long felt by teachers of Industrial Chemistry.I shall adopt the book for my class and shall take pleasure in recommending it."

"The book is brought thoroughly up to date, and in some cases the lines of probable development are nicely foreshadowed. The descriptions are particularly lucid and the illustrations well selected.

The general arrangement and make-up of the book is excellent, and ... altogether the book fills well a need long felt by teachers of Industrial Chemistry.

I shall adopt the book for my class and shall take pleasure in recommending it."

"I have examined it carefully and think it a most excellent book, meeting a want I have long felt in my higher classes. I have introduced it in this year's classes."

"The descriptions of processes, while necessarily concise, are clear and interesting. The author has evidently made a careful study of recent methods of manufacture as well as of older, standard processes. The frequent reference to American practice is an important feature which distinguishes the book from other works on chemical technology. A select bibliography follows each subject, and will be found very useful."

PUBLISHED BYTHE MACMILLAN COMPANY66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK

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