Quadri-, in words of Latin origin, four; asQuadrangular, four-angled;Quadrifoliate, four-leaved;Quadrifid, four-cleft.Quaternatein fours.Quinate, in fives.Quinque, five.Quincuncial, in a quincunx; when the parts in æstivation are five, two of them outside, two inside, and one half out and half in.Quintuple, five-fold.
Quadri-, in words of Latin origin, four; asQuadrangular, four-angled;Quadrifoliate, four-leaved;Quadrifid, four-cleft.Quaternatein fours.
Quinate, in fives.Quinque, five.
Quincuncial, in a quincunx; when the parts in æstivation are five, two of them outside, two inside, and one half out and half in.
Quintuple, five-fold.
Race, a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed,176.Raceme, a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pedicels arranged along the sides of a general peduncle,73.Racemose, bearing racemes, or raceme-like.Rachis, seerhachis.Radial, belonging to the ray.Radiate, orRadiant, furnished with ray-flowers,94.Radiate-veined,52.Radical, belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root.Radicant, rooting, taking root on or above the ground.Radicels, little roots or rootlets.Radicle, the stem part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the root,11,127.Rameal, belonging to a branch.Ramose, full of branches (rami).Ramentaceous, beset with thin chaffy scales (Ramenta), as the stalks of many Ferns.Ramification, branching,27.Ramulose, full of branchlets (ramuli).Raphe, seerhaphe.Ray, parts diverging from a centre, the marginal flowers of a head (as of Coreopsis,94), or cluster, as of Hydrangea (78), when different from the rest, especially when ligulate and diverging (like rays or sunbeams); also the branches of an umbel,74.Ray-flowers,94.Receptacle, the axis or support of a flower,81,112; also the common axis or support of a head of flowers,73.Reclined, turned or curved downwards; nearly recumbent.Rectinerved, with straight nerves or veins.Recurved, curved outwards or backwards.Reduplicate(in æstivation), valvate with the margins turned outwards,97.Reflexed, bent outwards or backwards.Refracted, bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend.Regular, all the parts similar in shape,82.Reniform, kidney-shaped,53.Repand, wavy-margined,55.Repent, creeping, i. e. prostrate and rooting underneath.Replum, the frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and Cress), persistent after the valves fall away.Reptant, same as repent.Resupinate, inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed.Reticulated, the veins forming network,50.Retiform, in network.Retinerved, reticulate-veined.Retroflexed, bent backwards; same asreflexed.Retuse, blunted; the apex not only obtuse but somewhat indented,54.Revolute, rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves,72.Rhachis(the backbone), the axis of a spike or other body,73.Rhaphe, the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule or seed,112,126.Rhaphides, crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of plants,137.Rhizanthous, flowering from the root.Rhizoma,Rhizome, a rootstock,42-44.Rhombic, in the shape of a rhomb.Rhomboidal, approaching that shape.Rib, the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces of the framework of a leaf, or any similar elevated line along a body,49,50.Rimose, having chinks or cracks.Ring, an elastic band on the spore-cases of Ferns,159.Ringent, grinning; gaping open,92.Riparious, on river-banks.Rivalis, Latin for growing along brooks; orRivularis, in rivulets.Root,33.Root-hairs,35.Rootlets, small roots, or root-branches,33.Rootstock, root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground,42.Roridus, dewy.Rosaceous, arranged like the petals of a rose.Rostellate, bearing a small beak (Rostellum).Rostrate, bearing a beak (Rostrum) or a prolonged appendage.Rosulate, in a rosette or cluster of spreading leaves.Rotate, wheel-shaped,89.Rotund, rounded or roundish in outline.Ruber, Latin for red in general.Rubescent,Rubicund, reddish or blushing.Rudimentary, imperfectly developed, or in an early state of development.Rufous,Rufescent, brownish-red or reddish-brown.Rugose, wrinkled; roughened with wrinkles.Ruminated(albumen), penetrated with irregular channels or portions, as a nutmeg, looking as if chewed.Runcinate, coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned towards the base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion.Runner, a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the joints,40.
Race, a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed,176.
Raceme, a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pedicels arranged along the sides of a general peduncle,73.
Racemose, bearing racemes, or raceme-like.
Rachis, seerhachis.
Radial, belonging to the ray.
Radiate, orRadiant, furnished with ray-flowers,94.
Radiate-veined,52.
Radical, belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root.
Radicant, rooting, taking root on or above the ground.
Radicels, little roots or rootlets.
Radicle, the stem part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the root,11,127.
Rameal, belonging to a branch.Ramose, full of branches (rami).
Ramentaceous, beset with thin chaffy scales (Ramenta), as the stalks of many Ferns.
Ramification, branching,27.
Ramulose, full of branchlets (ramuli).
Raphe, seerhaphe.
Ray, parts diverging from a centre, the marginal flowers of a head (as of Coreopsis,94), or cluster, as of Hydrangea (78), when different from the rest, especially when ligulate and diverging (like rays or sunbeams); also the branches of an umbel,74.
Ray-flowers,94.
Receptacle, the axis or support of a flower,81,112; also the common axis or support of a head of flowers,73.
Reclined, turned or curved downwards; nearly recumbent.
Rectinerved, with straight nerves or veins.
Recurved, curved outwards or backwards.
Reduplicate(in æstivation), valvate with the margins turned outwards,97.
Reflexed, bent outwards or backwards.
Refracted, bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend.
Regular, all the parts similar in shape,82.
Reniform, kidney-shaped,53.
Repand, wavy-margined,55.
Repent, creeping, i. e. prostrate and rooting underneath.
Replum, the frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and Cress), persistent after the valves fall away.
Reptant, same as repent.
Resupinate, inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed.
Reticulated, the veins forming network,50.Retiform, in network.
Retinerved, reticulate-veined.
Retroflexed, bent backwards; same asreflexed.
Retuse, blunted; the apex not only obtuse but somewhat indented,54.
Revolute, rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves,72.
Rhachis(the backbone), the axis of a spike or other body,73.
Rhaphe, the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule or seed,112,126.
Rhaphides, crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of plants,137.
Rhizanthous, flowering from the root.
Rhizoma,Rhizome, a rootstock,42-44.
Rhombic, in the shape of a rhomb.Rhomboidal, approaching that shape.
Rib, the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces of the framework of a leaf, or any similar elevated line along a body,49,50.
Rimose, having chinks or cracks.
Ring, an elastic band on the spore-cases of Ferns,159.
Ringent, grinning; gaping open,92.
Riparious, on river-banks.
Rivalis, Latin for growing along brooks; orRivularis, in rivulets.
Root,33.
Root-hairs,35.
Rootlets, small roots, or root-branches,33.
Rootstock, root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground,42.
Roridus, dewy.
Rosaceous, arranged like the petals of a rose.
Rostellate, bearing a small beak (Rostellum).
Rostrate, bearing a beak (Rostrum) or a prolonged appendage.
Rosulate, in a rosette or cluster of spreading leaves.
Rotate, wheel-shaped,89.
Rotund, rounded or roundish in outline.
Ruber, Latin for red in general.Rubescent,Rubicund, reddish or blushing.
Rudimentary, imperfectly developed, or in an early state of development.
Rufous,Rufescent, brownish-red or reddish-brown.
Rugose, wrinkled; roughened with wrinkles.
Ruminated(albumen), penetrated with irregular channels or portions, as a nutmeg, looking as if chewed.
Runcinate, coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned towards the base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion.
Runner, a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the joints,40.
Sabulose, growing in sand.Sac, any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity.Saccate, sac-shaped.Sagittate, arrowhead-shaped,53.Salsuginous, growing in brackish soil.Salver-shaped, orSalver-form, with a border spreading at right angles to a slender tube,89.Samara, a wing-fruit, or key,122.Samaroid, like a samara or key-fruit.Sap, the juices of plants generally,136.Sapwood,142.Saprophytes,37.Sarcocarp, the fleshy part of a stone-fruit,120.Sarmentaceous,Sarmentose, bearing long and flexible twigs (Sarments), either spreading or procumbent.Saw-toothed, seeserrate,55.Scabrous, rough or harsh to the touch.Scalariform, with cross-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder,134.Scales, of buds,28; of bulbs, &c.,46.Scalloped, same ascrenate,55.Scaly, furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture.Scandent, climbing,39.Scape, a peduncle rising from the ground or near it, as in many Violets.Scapiform, scape-like.Scapigerous, scape-bearing.Scarof the seed,126.Leaf-scars,27,28.ScariousorScariose, thin, dry, and membranous.Scion, a shoot or slip used for grafting.Scleros, Greek for hard, henceSclerocarpous, hard-fruited.Scobiform, resembling sawdust.ScorpioidorScorpioidal, curved or circinate at the end,77.Scrobiculate, pitted; excavated into shallow pits.Scurf,Scurfiness, minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as of Goosefoot.Scutate,Scutiform, buckler-shaped.Scutellate, orScutelliform, saucer-shaped or platter-shaped.Secund, one-sided; i. e. where flowers, leaves, &c., are all turned to one side.Secundine, the inner coat of the ovule,110.Seed,125.Seed-leaves, seecotyledons.Seed-vessel,127.Segment, a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body.Segregate, separated from each other.Semi-, in compound words of Latin origin, half; asSemi-adherent, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane;Semicordate, half-heart-shaped;Semilunar, like a half-moon;Semiovate, half-ovate, &c.Seminal, relating to the seed (Semen).Seminiferous, seed-bearing.Sempervirent, evergreen.Sensitivenessin plants,149,152.Senary, in sixes.Sepal, a leaf or division of the calyx,14,79.Sepaloid, sepal-like.Sepaline, relating to the sepals.Separated Flowers, those having stamens or pistils only,85.Septate, divided by partitions.Septenate, with parts in sevens.Septicidal, where dehiscence is through the partitions,123.Septiferous, bearing the partition.Septifragal, where the valves in dehiscence break away from the partitions,123.Septum(pluralsepta), a partition or dissepiment.Serial, orSeriate, in rows; asbiserial, in two rows, &c.Sericeous, silky; clothed with satiny pubescence.Serotinous, late in the season.Serrate, the margin cut into teeth (Serratures) pointing forwards,55.Serrulate, same as the last, but with fine teeth.Sessile, sitting; without any stalk.Sesqui-, Latin for one and a half; soSesquipedalis, a foot and a half long.Seta, a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle.Setaceous, bristle-like.Setiform, bristle-shaped.Setigerous, bearing bristles.Setose, beset with bristles or bristly hairs.Setula, a diminutive bristle.Setulose, provided with such.Sex, six.Sexangular, six-angled.Sexfarious, six-faced.Sheath, the base of such leaves as those of Grasses, which areSheathing, wrapped round the stem.Shield-shaped, same asscutate, or aspeltate,53.Shrub,Shrubby,39.Sieve-cells,140.Sigmoid, curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greeksigma.Silicle, a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family,123.Siliculose, bearing a silicle, or a fruit resembling it.Silique, capsule of the Cress Family,123.Siliquose, bearing siliques or pods which resemble siliques.Silky, glossy with a coat of fine and soft, close-pressed, straight hairs.Silver-grain, the medullary rays of wood,139.Silvery, shining white or bluish-gray, usually from a silky pubescence.Simple, of one piece; opposed tocompound.Sinistrorse, turned to the left.Sinuate, with margin alternately bowed inwards and outwards,55.Sinus, a recess or bay; the re-entering angle between two lobes or projections.Sleep of Plants(so called),151.Smooth, properly speaking not rough, but often used for glabrous, i. e. not pubescent.Soboliferous, bearing shoots (Soboles) from near the ground.Solitary, single; not associated with others.Sordid, dull or dirty in hue.Sorediate, bearing patches on the surface.Sorosis, name of a multiple fruit, like a pine-apple.Sorus, a fruit-dot of Ferns,159.Spadiceous, chestnut-colored. Also spadix-bearing.Spadix, a fleshy spike of flowers,75.Span, the distance between the tip of the thumb and of little finger outstretched, six or seven inches.Spathaceous, resembling or furnished with aSpathe, a bract which inwraps an inflorescence,75.Spatulate, orSpathulate, shaped like a spatula,52.Species,175.Specific Names,179.Specimens,184.Spermaphore, orSpermophore, one of the names of the placenta.Spermum, Latin form of Greek word for seed; much used in composition.Spica, Latin for spike; henceSpicate, in a spike,Spiciform, in shape resembling a spike.Spike, an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile,74.Spikelet, a small or a secondary spike; the inflorescence of Grasses.Spine,41,64.Spindle-shaped, tapering to each end, like a radish,36.Spinescent, tipped by or degenerating into a thorn.Spinose, orSpiniferous, thorny.Spiral Vesselsorducts,135.Spithameous, span-high.Spora, Greek name for seed, used in compound words.Sporadic, widely dispersed.Sporangium, a spore-case in Ferns, &c.,158.Spore, a body resulting from the fructification of Cryptogamous plants, in them the analogue of a seed.Spore-case(Sporangium),158.Sporocarp,162.Sport, a newly appeared variation,176.Sporule, same as a spore, or a small spore.Spumescent, appearing like froth.Spur, any projecting appendage of the flower, looking like a spur but hollow, as that of Larkspur, fig.239.Squamate,Squamose, orSquamaceous, furnished with scales (squamæ).Squamellate, orSquamulose, furnished with little scales (Squamellæ, orSquamulæ).Squamiform, shaped like a scale.Squarrose, where scales, leaves, or any appendages spread widely from the axis on which they are thickly set.Squarrulose, diminutive ofsquarrose; slightly squarrose.Stachys, Greek for spike.Stalk, the stem, petiole, peduncle, &c., as the case may be.Stamen,14,80,98.Staminate, furnished with stamens,86.Stamineal, relating to the stamens.Staminodium, an abortive stamen, or other body in place of a stamem.Standard, the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla,92.Starch,136,163.Station, the particular kind of situation in which a plant naturally occurs.Stellate,Stellular, starry or star-like; where several similar parts spread out from a common centre, like a star.Stem,39.Stemlet, diminutive stem.Stemless, destitute or apparently destitute of stem.Stenos, Greek for narrow; henceStenophyllous, narrow-leaved, &c.Sterile, barren or imperfect.Stigma, the part of the pistil which receives the pollen,14,80,105.Stigmatic, orStigmatose, belonging to the stigma.Stipe(LatinStipes), the stalk of a pistil, &c., when it has any,112; also of a Fern,158, and of a Mushroom,172.Stipel, a stipule of a leaflet, as of the Bean, &c.Stipellate, furnished with stipels, as in the Bean tribe.Stipitate, furnished with a stipe.Stipulaceous, belonging to stipules.Stipulate, furnished with stipules.Stipules, the appendages on each side of the base of certain leaves,66.Stirps(plural,stirpes), Latin for race.Stock, used for race or source. Also for any root-like base from which the herb grows up.Stole, orStolon, a trailing or reclined and rooting shoot,40.Stoloniferous, producing stolons.Stomate(LatinStoma, pluralStomata), the breathing-pores of leaves,144.Stone-fruit,119.Storage-leaves,62.Stramineous, straw-like, or straw-colored.Strap-shaped, long, flat, and narrow.Striate, orStriated, marked with slender longitudinal grooves or stripes.Strict, close and narrow; straight and narrow.Strigillose,Strigose, beset with stout and appressed, stiff or rigid bristles.Strobilaceous, relating to or resembling aStrobile, a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head,124.Strombuliform, twisted, like a spiral shell.Strophiole, same ascaruncle,126.Strophiolate, furnished with a strophiole.Struma, a wen; a swelling or protuberance of any organ.Strumose, bearing a struma.Stupose, like tow.Style, a stalk between ovary and stigma,14,80,105.Styliferous,Stylose, bearing styles or conspicuous ones.Stylopodium, an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the style.Sub-, as a prefix, about, nearly, somewhat; asSubcordate, slightly cordate;Subserrate, slightly serrate;Subaxillary, just beneath the axil, &c.Subclass,Suborder,Subtribe,178.Suberose, corky or cork-like in texture.Subulate, awl-shaped; tapering from a broadish or thickish base to a sharp point.Succise, as if cut off at lower end.Succubous, when crowded leaves are each covered by base of next above.Suckers, shoots from subterranean branches,39.Suffrutescent, slightly shrubby or woody at the base only,39.Suffruticose, rather more than suffrutescent,37,39.Sulcate, grooved longitudinally with deep furrows.Superior, above,96; sometimes equivalent to posterior,96.Supernumerary Buds,30,31.Supervolute, plaited and convolute in bud,97.Supine, lying flat, with face upward.Supra-axillary, borne above the axil, as some buds,31.Supra-decompound, many times compounded or divided.Surculose, producing suckers (Surculi) or shoots resembling them.Suspended, hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the very summit of the cell which contains them.Sutural, belonging or relating to a suture.Suture, the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together,106.Sword-shaped, applied to narrow leaves, with acute parallel edges, tapering above.Syconium, the fig-fruit,124.Sylvestrine, growing in woods.Symmetrical Flower, similar in the number of parts of each set,82.Sympetalous, same as gamopetalous.Sympode,Sympodium, a stem composed of a series of superposed branches in such a way as to imitate a simple axis, as in Grape-vine.SynantherousorSyngenesious, where stamens are united by their anthers,100.Syncarpous(fruit or pistil), composed of several carpels consolidated into one.Synonym, an equivalent superseded name.Synsepalous, same as gamosepalous.System(artificial and natural),182,183.Systematic Botany, the study of plants after their kinds,9.
Sabulose, growing in sand.
Sac, any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity.
Saccate, sac-shaped.
Sagittate, arrowhead-shaped,53.
Salsuginous, growing in brackish soil.
Salver-shaped, orSalver-form, with a border spreading at right angles to a slender tube,89.
Samara, a wing-fruit, or key,122.
Samaroid, like a samara or key-fruit.
Sap, the juices of plants generally,136.Sapwood,142.
Saprophytes,37.
Sarcocarp, the fleshy part of a stone-fruit,120.
Sarmentaceous,Sarmentose, bearing long and flexible twigs (Sarments), either spreading or procumbent.
Saw-toothed, seeserrate,55.
Scabrous, rough or harsh to the touch.
Scalariform, with cross-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder,134.
Scales, of buds,28; of bulbs, &c.,46.
Scalloped, same ascrenate,55.
Scaly, furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture.
Scandent, climbing,39.
Scape, a peduncle rising from the ground or near it, as in many Violets.
Scapiform, scape-like.
Scapigerous, scape-bearing.
Scarof the seed,126.Leaf-scars,27,28.
ScariousorScariose, thin, dry, and membranous.
Scion, a shoot or slip used for grafting.
Scleros, Greek for hard, henceSclerocarpous, hard-fruited.
Scobiform, resembling sawdust.
ScorpioidorScorpioidal, curved or circinate at the end,77.
Scrobiculate, pitted; excavated into shallow pits.
Scurf,Scurfiness, minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as of Goosefoot.
Scutate,Scutiform, buckler-shaped.
Scutellate, orScutelliform, saucer-shaped or platter-shaped.
Secund, one-sided; i. e. where flowers, leaves, &c., are all turned to one side.
Secundine, the inner coat of the ovule,110.
Seed,125.Seed-leaves, seecotyledons.Seed-vessel,127.
Segment, a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body.
Segregate, separated from each other.
Semi-, in compound words of Latin origin, half; as
Semi-adherent, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane;Semicordate, half-heart-shaped;Semilunar, like a half-moon;Semiovate, half-ovate, &c.
Seminal, relating to the seed (Semen).Seminiferous, seed-bearing.
Sempervirent, evergreen.
Sensitivenessin plants,149,152.
Senary, in sixes.
Sepal, a leaf or division of the calyx,14,79.
Sepaloid, sepal-like.Sepaline, relating to the sepals.
Separated Flowers, those having stamens or pistils only,85.
Septate, divided by partitions.
Septenate, with parts in sevens.
Septicidal, where dehiscence is through the partitions,123.
Septiferous, bearing the partition.
Septifragal, where the valves in dehiscence break away from the partitions,123.
Septum(pluralsepta), a partition or dissepiment.
Serial, orSeriate, in rows; asbiserial, in two rows, &c.
Sericeous, silky; clothed with satiny pubescence.
Serotinous, late in the season.
Serrate, the margin cut into teeth (Serratures) pointing forwards,55.
Serrulate, same as the last, but with fine teeth.
Sessile, sitting; without any stalk.
Sesqui-, Latin for one and a half; soSesquipedalis, a foot and a half long.
Seta, a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle.
Setaceous, bristle-like.Setiform, bristle-shaped.
Setigerous, bearing bristles.Setose, beset with bristles or bristly hairs.
Setula, a diminutive bristle.Setulose, provided with such.
Sex, six.Sexangular, six-angled.Sexfarious, six-faced.
Sheath, the base of such leaves as those of Grasses, which are
Sheathing, wrapped round the stem.
Shield-shaped, same asscutate, or aspeltate,53.
Shrub,Shrubby,39.
Sieve-cells,140.
Sigmoid, curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greeksigma.
Silicle, a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family,123.
Siliculose, bearing a silicle, or a fruit resembling it.
Silique, capsule of the Cress Family,123.
Siliquose, bearing siliques or pods which resemble siliques.
Silky, glossy with a coat of fine and soft, close-pressed, straight hairs.
Silver-grain, the medullary rays of wood,139.
Silvery, shining white or bluish-gray, usually from a silky pubescence.
Simple, of one piece; opposed tocompound.
Sinistrorse, turned to the left.
Sinuate, with margin alternately bowed inwards and outwards,55.
Sinus, a recess or bay; the re-entering angle between two lobes or projections.
Sleep of Plants(so called),151.
Smooth, properly speaking not rough, but often used for glabrous, i. e. not pubescent.
Soboliferous, bearing shoots (Soboles) from near the ground.
Solitary, single; not associated with others.
Sordid, dull or dirty in hue.
Sorediate, bearing patches on the surface.
Sorosis, name of a multiple fruit, like a pine-apple.
Sorus, a fruit-dot of Ferns,159.
Spadiceous, chestnut-colored. Also spadix-bearing.
Spadix, a fleshy spike of flowers,75.
Span, the distance between the tip of the thumb and of little finger outstretched, six or seven inches.
Spathaceous, resembling or furnished with a
Spathe, a bract which inwraps an inflorescence,75.
Spatulate, orSpathulate, shaped like a spatula,52.
Species,175.
Specific Names,179.
Specimens,184.
Spermaphore, orSpermophore, one of the names of the placenta.
Spermum, Latin form of Greek word for seed; much used in composition.
Spica, Latin for spike; henceSpicate, in a spike,Spiciform, in shape resembling a spike.
Spike, an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile,74.
Spikelet, a small or a secondary spike; the inflorescence of Grasses.
Spine,41,64.
Spindle-shaped, tapering to each end, like a radish,36.
Spinescent, tipped by or degenerating into a thorn.
Spinose, orSpiniferous, thorny.
Spiral Vesselsorducts,135.
Spithameous, span-high.
Spora, Greek name for seed, used in compound words.
Sporadic, widely dispersed.
Sporangium, a spore-case in Ferns, &c.,158.
Spore, a body resulting from the fructification of Cryptogamous plants, in them the analogue of a seed.
Spore-case(Sporangium),158.
Sporocarp,162.
Sport, a newly appeared variation,176.
Sporule, same as a spore, or a small spore.
Spumescent, appearing like froth.
Spur, any projecting appendage of the flower, looking like a spur but hollow, as that of Larkspur, fig.239.
Squamate,Squamose, orSquamaceous, furnished with scales (squamæ).
Squamellate, orSquamulose, furnished with little scales (Squamellæ, orSquamulæ).
Squamiform, shaped like a scale.
Squarrose, where scales, leaves, or any appendages spread widely from the axis on which they are thickly set.
Squarrulose, diminutive ofsquarrose; slightly squarrose.
Stachys, Greek for spike.
Stalk, the stem, petiole, peduncle, &c., as the case may be.
Stamen,14,80,98.
Staminate, furnished with stamens,86.Stamineal, relating to the stamens.
Staminodium, an abortive stamen, or other body in place of a stamem.
Standard, the upper petal of a papilionaceous corolla,92.
Starch,136,163.
Station, the particular kind of situation in which a plant naturally occurs.
Stellate,Stellular, starry or star-like; where several similar parts spread out from a common centre, like a star.
Stem,39.Stemlet, diminutive stem.
Stemless, destitute or apparently destitute of stem.
Stenos, Greek for narrow; henceStenophyllous, narrow-leaved, &c.
Sterile, barren or imperfect.
Stigma, the part of the pistil which receives the pollen,14,80,105.
Stigmatic, orStigmatose, belonging to the stigma.
Stipe(LatinStipes), the stalk of a pistil, &c., when it has any,112; also of a Fern,158, and of a Mushroom,172.
Stipel, a stipule of a leaflet, as of the Bean, &c.
Stipellate, furnished with stipels, as in the Bean tribe.
Stipitate, furnished with a stipe.
Stipulaceous, belonging to stipules.Stipulate, furnished with stipules.
Stipules, the appendages on each side of the base of certain leaves,66.
Stirps(plural,stirpes), Latin for race.
Stock, used for race or source. Also for any root-like base from which the herb grows up.
Stole, orStolon, a trailing or reclined and rooting shoot,40.
Stoloniferous, producing stolons.
Stomate(LatinStoma, pluralStomata), the breathing-pores of leaves,144.
Stone-fruit,119.
Storage-leaves,62.
Stramineous, straw-like, or straw-colored.
Strap-shaped, long, flat, and narrow.
Striate, orStriated, marked with slender longitudinal grooves or stripes.
Strict, close and narrow; straight and narrow.
Strigillose,Strigose, beset with stout and appressed, stiff or rigid bristles.
Strobilaceous, relating to or resembling a
Strobile, a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head,124.
Strombuliform, twisted, like a spiral shell.
Strophiole, same ascaruncle,126.Strophiolate, furnished with a strophiole.
Struma, a wen; a swelling or protuberance of any organ.
Strumose, bearing a struma.
Stupose, like tow.
Style, a stalk between ovary and stigma,14,80,105.
Styliferous,Stylose, bearing styles or conspicuous ones.
Stylopodium, an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the style.
Sub-, as a prefix, about, nearly, somewhat; asSubcordate, slightly cordate;Subserrate, slightly serrate;Subaxillary, just beneath the axil, &c.
Subclass,Suborder,Subtribe,178.
Suberose, corky or cork-like in texture.
Subulate, awl-shaped; tapering from a broadish or thickish base to a sharp point.
Succise, as if cut off at lower end.
Succubous, when crowded leaves are each covered by base of next above.
Suckers, shoots from subterranean branches,39.
Suffrutescent, slightly shrubby or woody at the base only,39.
Suffruticose, rather more than suffrutescent,37,39.
Sulcate, grooved longitudinally with deep furrows.
Superior, above,96; sometimes equivalent to posterior,96.
Supernumerary Buds,30,31.
Supervolute, plaited and convolute in bud,97.
Supine, lying flat, with face upward.
Supra-axillary, borne above the axil, as some buds,31.
Supra-decompound, many times compounded or divided.
Surculose, producing suckers (Surculi) or shoots resembling them.
Suspended, hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the very summit of the cell which contains them.
Sutural, belonging or relating to a suture.
Suture, the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together,106.
Sword-shaped, applied to narrow leaves, with acute parallel edges, tapering above.
Syconium, the fig-fruit,124.
Sylvestrine, growing in woods.
Symmetrical Flower, similar in the number of parts of each set,82.
Sympetalous, same as gamopetalous.
Sympode,Sympodium, a stem composed of a series of superposed branches in such a way as to imitate a simple axis, as in Grape-vine.
SynantherousorSyngenesious, where stamens are united by their anthers,100.
Syncarpous(fruit or pistil), composed of several carpels consolidated into one.
Synonym, an equivalent superseded name.
Synsepalous, same as gamosepalous.
System(artificial and natural),182,183.
Systematic Botany, the study of plants after their kinds,9.
Tabescent, wasting or shrivelling.Tail, any long and slender prolongation of an organ.Taper-pointed, same as acuminate,54.Tap-root, a root with a stout tapering body,32-35.Tawny, dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown.Taxonomy, the part of botany which treats of classification.Tegmen, a name for the inner seed-coat.Tendril, a thread-shaped organ used for climbing,40.Terete, long and round; same ascylindrical, only it may taper.Terminal, borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit.Terminologytreats of technical terms; same asGlossology,181.Ternate,Ternately, in threes.Tessellate, in checker-work.Testa, the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed,125.Testaceous, the color of unglazed pottery.Tetra-(in words of Greek composition), four; as,Tetracoccous, of four cocci.Tetradynamous, where a flower has six stamens, two shorter than the four,101.Tetragonal, four-angled.Tetragynous, with four pistils or styles.Tetramerous, with its parts or sets in fours.Tetrandrous, with four stamens,100.Tetraspore, a quadruple spore,169.Thalamaflorous, with petals and stamens inserted on the torus orThalamus.Thallophyta,Thallophytes,165.Thallus, a stratum, in place of stem and leaves,165.Theca, a case; the cells or lobes of the anther.Thecaphore, the stipe of a carpel,113.Thorn, an indurated pointed branch,41,42.Thread-shaped, slender and round or roundish, like a thread.Throat, the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, &c., where the border and the tube join, and a little below,89.ThyrseorThyrsus, a compact and pyramidal panicle of cymes or cymules,79.Tomentose, clothed with matted woolly hairs (tomentum).Tongue-shaped, long and flat, but thickish and blunt.Toothed, furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on the margin; used especially when these are sharp, like saw-teeth, and do not point forwards,55.Top-shaped, shaped like a top, or a cone with apex downwards.Torose,Torulose, knobby; where a cylindrical body is swollen at intervals.Torus, the receptacle of the flower,81,112.Trachea, a spiral duct.Trachys, Greek for rough; used in compounds, as,Trachyspermous, rough-seeded.Transverse, across, standing right and left instead of fore and aft.Tri-(in composition), three; as,Triadelphous, stamens united by their filaments into three bundles,99.Triandrous, where the flower has three stamens,112.Tribe,178.Trichome, of the nature of hair or pubescence.Trichotomous, three-forked.Tricoccous, of three cocci or roundish carpels.Tricolor, having three colors.Tricostate, having three ribs.Tricuspidate, three-pointed.Tridentate, three-toothed.Triennial, lasting for three years.Trifarious, in three vertical rows; looking three ways.Trifid, three-cleft,56.Trifoliate, three-leaved.Trifoliolate, of three leaflets.Trifurcate, three-forked.Trigonous, three-angled, or triangular.Trigynous, with three pistils or styles,116.Trijugate, in three pairs (jugi).TrilobedorTrilobate, three-lobed,55.Trilocular, three-celled, as the pistils or pods in fig.328-330.Trimerous, with its parts in threes.Trimorphism,117.TrimorphicorTrimorphous, in three forms.Trinervate, three-nerved, or with three slender ribs.Triœcious, where there are three sorts of flowers on the same or different individuals, as in Red Maple. A form of Polygamous.Tripartible, separable into three pieces.Tripartite, three-parted,55.Tripetalous, having three petals.Triphyllous, three-leaved; composed of three pieces.Tripinnate, thrice pinnate,59.Tripinnatifid, thrice pinnately cleft,57.Triple-ribbed,Triple-nerved, &c., where a midrib branches into three, near the base of the leaf.Triquetrous, sharply three-angled; and especially with the sides concave, like a bayonet.Triserial, orTriseriate, in three rows, under each other.Tristichous, in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks.Tristigmatic, orTristigmatose, having three stigmas.Trisulcate, three-grooved.Triternate, three times ternate,59.Trivial Name, the specific name.Trochlear, pulley-shaped.Trumpet-shaped, tubular; enlarged at or towards the summit.Truncate, as if cut off at the top.Trunk, the main stem or general body of a stem or tree.Tube(of corolla, &c.),89.Tuber, a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided with eyes (buds) on the sides,44.Tubercle, a small excrescence.Tubercled, orTuberculate, bearing excrescences or pimples.Tubæform, trumpet-shaped.Tuberous, resembling a tuber.Tuberiferous, bearing tubers.Tubular, hollow and of an elongated form; hollowed like a pipe,91.Tubuliflorous, bearing only tubular flowers.Tunicate, coated; invested with layers, as an onion,46.Turbinate, top-shaped.Turio(pluralturiones), strong young shoots or suckers springing out of the ground; as Asparagus-shoots.Turnip-shaped, broader than high, abruptly narrowed below,35.Twining, ascending by coiling round a support,39.Type, the ideal pattern,10.Typical, well exemplifying the characteristics of a species, genus, &c.
Tabescent, wasting or shrivelling.
Tail, any long and slender prolongation of an organ.
Taper-pointed, same as acuminate,54.
Tap-root, a root with a stout tapering body,32-35.
Tawny, dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown.
Taxonomy, the part of botany which treats of classification.
Tegmen, a name for the inner seed-coat.
Tendril, a thread-shaped organ used for climbing,40.
Terete, long and round; same ascylindrical, only it may taper.
Terminal, borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit.
Terminologytreats of technical terms; same asGlossology,181.
Ternate,Ternately, in threes.
Tessellate, in checker-work.
Testa, the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed,125.
Testaceous, the color of unglazed pottery.
Tetra-(in words of Greek composition), four; as,Tetracoccous, of four cocci.
Tetradynamous, where a flower has six stamens, two shorter than the four,101.
Tetragonal, four-angled.Tetragynous, with four pistils or styles.Tetramerous, with its parts or sets in fours.Tetrandrous, with four stamens,100.
Tetraspore, a quadruple spore,169.
Thalamaflorous, with petals and stamens inserted on the torus orThalamus.
Thallophyta,Thallophytes,165.
Thallus, a stratum, in place of stem and leaves,165.
Theca, a case; the cells or lobes of the anther.
Thecaphore, the stipe of a carpel,113.
Thorn, an indurated pointed branch,41,42.
Thread-shaped, slender and round or roundish, like a thread.
Throat, the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, &c., where the border and the tube join, and a little below,89.
ThyrseorThyrsus, a compact and pyramidal panicle of cymes or cymules,79.
Tomentose, clothed with matted woolly hairs (tomentum).
Tongue-shaped, long and flat, but thickish and blunt.
Toothed, furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on the margin; used especially when these are sharp, like saw-teeth, and do not point forwards,55.
Top-shaped, shaped like a top, or a cone with apex downwards.
Torose,Torulose, knobby; where a cylindrical body is swollen at intervals.
Torus, the receptacle of the flower,81,112.
Trachea, a spiral duct.
Trachys, Greek for rough; used in compounds, as,Trachyspermous, rough-seeded.
Transverse, across, standing right and left instead of fore and aft.
Tri-(in composition), three; as,
Triadelphous, stamens united by their filaments into three bundles,99.
Triandrous, where the flower has three stamens,112.
Tribe,178.
Trichome, of the nature of hair or pubescence.
Trichotomous, three-forked.
Tricoccous, of three cocci or roundish carpels.
Tricolor, having three colors.
Tricostate, having three ribs.
Tricuspidate, three-pointed.
Tridentate, three-toothed.
Triennial, lasting for three years.
Trifarious, in three vertical rows; looking three ways.
Trifid, three-cleft,56.
Trifoliate, three-leaved.Trifoliolate, of three leaflets.
Trifurcate, three-forked.
Trigonous, three-angled, or triangular.
Trigynous, with three pistils or styles,116.
Trijugate, in three pairs (jugi).
TrilobedorTrilobate, three-lobed,55.
Trilocular, three-celled, as the pistils or pods in fig.328-330.
Trimerous, with its parts in threes.
Trimorphism,117.TrimorphicorTrimorphous, in three forms.
Trinervate, three-nerved, or with three slender ribs.
Triœcious, where there are three sorts of flowers on the same or different individuals, as in Red Maple. A form of Polygamous.
Tripartible, separable into three pieces.Tripartite, three-parted,55.
Tripetalous, having three petals.
Triphyllous, three-leaved; composed of three pieces.
Tripinnate, thrice pinnate,59.Tripinnatifid, thrice pinnately cleft,57.
Triple-ribbed,Triple-nerved, &c., where a midrib branches into three, near the base of the leaf.
Triquetrous, sharply three-angled; and especially with the sides concave, like a bayonet.
Triserial, orTriseriate, in three rows, under each other.
Tristichous, in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks.
Tristigmatic, orTristigmatose, having three stigmas.
Trisulcate, three-grooved.
Triternate, three times ternate,59.
Trivial Name, the specific name.
Trochlear, pulley-shaped.
Trumpet-shaped, tubular; enlarged at or towards the summit.
Truncate, as if cut off at the top.
Trunk, the main stem or general body of a stem or tree.
Tube(of corolla, &c.),89.
Tuber, a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided with eyes (buds) on the sides,44.
Tubercle, a small excrescence.
Tubercled, orTuberculate, bearing excrescences or pimples.
Tubæform, trumpet-shaped.
Tuberous, resembling a tuber.Tuberiferous, bearing tubers.
Tubular, hollow and of an elongated form; hollowed like a pipe,91.
Tubuliflorous, bearing only tubular flowers.
Tunicate, coated; invested with layers, as an onion,46.
Turbinate, top-shaped.
Turio(pluralturiones), strong young shoots or suckers springing out of the ground; as Asparagus-shoots.
Turnip-shaped, broader than high, abruptly narrowed below,35.
Twining, ascending by coiling round a support,39.
Type, the ideal pattern,10.
Typical, well exemplifying the characteristics of a species, genus, &c.
Uliginose, growing in swamps.Umbel, the umbrella-like form of inflorescence,74.Umbellate, in umbels.Umbelliferous, bearing umbels.Umbellet(umbellula), a secondary or partial umbel,76.Umbilicate, depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple; with a navel.Umbonate, bossed; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss (umbo).Umbraculiform, umbrella-shaped.Unarmed, destitute of spines, prickles, and the like.Uncial, an inch (uncia) in length.Uncinate, orUncate, hook-shaped; hooked over at the end.Under-shrub, partially shrubby, or a very low shrub.UndulateorUndate, wavy, or wavy-margined,55.Unequally pinnate, pinnate with an odd number of leaflets,65.Unguiculate, furnished with a claw (unguis),91.Uni-, in compound words, one; asUnicellular, one-celled.Uniflorous, one-flowered.Unifoliate, one-leaved.Unifoliolate, of one leaflet,59.Unijugate, of one pair.Unilabiate, one-lipped.Unilateral, one-sided.Unilocular, one-celled.Uniovulate, having only one ovule.Uniserial, in one horizontal row.Unisexual, having stamens or pistils only,85.Univalved, a pod of only one piece after dehiscence.Unsymmetrical Flowers,86.Urceolate, urn-shaped.Utricle, a small thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot,121.Utricular, like a small bladder.
Uliginose, growing in swamps.
Umbel, the umbrella-like form of inflorescence,74.
Umbellate, in umbels.Umbelliferous, bearing umbels.
Umbellet(umbellula), a secondary or partial umbel,76.
Umbilicate, depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple; with a navel.
Umbonate, bossed; furnished with a low, rounded projection like a boss (umbo).
Umbraculiform, umbrella-shaped.
Unarmed, destitute of spines, prickles, and the like.
Uncial, an inch (uncia) in length.
Uncinate, orUncate, hook-shaped; hooked over at the end.
Under-shrub, partially shrubby, or a very low shrub.
UndulateorUndate, wavy, or wavy-margined,55.
Unequally pinnate, pinnate with an odd number of leaflets,65.
Unguiculate, furnished with a claw (unguis),91.
Uni-, in compound words, one; asUnicellular, one-celled.
Uniflorous, one-flowered.
Unifoliate, one-leaved.Unifoliolate, of one leaflet,59.
Unijugate, of one pair.
Unilabiate, one-lipped.
Unilateral, one-sided.
Unilocular, one-celled.
Uniovulate, having only one ovule.
Uniserial, in one horizontal row.
Unisexual, having stamens or pistils only,85.
Univalved, a pod of only one piece after dehiscence.
Unsymmetrical Flowers,86.
Urceolate, urn-shaped.
Utricle, a small thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot,121.
Utricular, like a small bladder.
Vaginate, sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (vagina).Valve, one of the pieces (or doors) into which a dehiscent pod, or any similar body, splits,122,123.Valvate,Valvular, opening by valves.Valvate, in æstivation,97.Variety,176.Vascular, containing vessels, or consisting of vessels or ducts,134.Vascular Cryptogams,156.Vaulted, arched; same asfornicate.Vegetable Life, &c.,128.Vegetable anatomy,129.Veins, the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, &c.,49,50.Veined,Veiny, furnished with evident veins.Veinless, destitute of veins.Veinlets, the smaller ramifications of veins,50.Velate, furnished with a veil.Velutinous, velvety to the touch.Venation, the veining of leaves, &c.,50.Venenate, poisonous.Venose, veiny; furnished with conspicuous veins.Ventral, belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ, which looks towards the axis or centre of the flower; the opposite of dorsal; as theVentral Suture,106.Ventricose, inflated or swelled out on one side.Venulose, furnished with veinlets.Vermicular, worm-like, shaped like worms.Vernal, belonging to spring.Vernation, the arrangement of the leaves in the bud,71.Vernicose, the surface appearing as if varnished.Verrucose, warty; beset with little projections like warts.Versatile, attached by one point, so that it may swing to and fro,101.Vertex, same asapex.Vertical, upright, perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise.Verticil, a whorl,68.Verticillate, whorled,68.Verticillaster, a false whorl, formed of a pair of opposite cymes.Vesicular, bladdery.Vespertine, appearing or expanding at evening.Vessels, ducts, &c.,134.Vexillary,Vexillar, relating to theVexillum, the standard of a papilionaceous flower,92.Villose, shaggy with long and soft hairs (Villosity).Vimineous, producing slender twigs, such as those used for wicker-work.Vine, in the American use, any trailing or climbing stem; as a Grape-vine.Virescent,Viridescent, greenish; turning green.Virgate, wand-shape; as a long, straight, and slender twig.Viscous,Viscid, having a glutinous surface.Vitta(pluralvittæ), the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbelliferæ.Vitelline, yellow, of the hue of yolk of egg.Viviparous, sprouting or germinating while attached to the parent plant.Voluble, twining; as the stem of Hops and Beans,39.Volute, rolled up in any way.
Vaginate, sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (vagina).
Valve, one of the pieces (or doors) into which a dehiscent pod, or any similar body, splits,122,123.
Valvate,Valvular, opening by valves.Valvate, in æstivation,97.
Variety,176.
Vascular, containing vessels, or consisting of vessels or ducts,134.
Vascular Cryptogams,156.
Vaulted, arched; same asfornicate.
Vegetable Life, &c.,128.Vegetable anatomy,129.
Veins, the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, &c.,49,50.
Veined,Veiny, furnished with evident veins.Veinless, destitute of veins.
Veinlets, the smaller ramifications of veins,50.
Velate, furnished with a veil.
Velutinous, velvety to the touch.
Venation, the veining of leaves, &c.,50.
Venenate, poisonous.
Venose, veiny; furnished with conspicuous veins.
Ventral, belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ, which looks towards the axis or centre of the flower; the opposite of dorsal; as the
Ventral Suture,106.
Ventricose, inflated or swelled out on one side.
Venulose, furnished with veinlets.
Vermicular, worm-like, shaped like worms.
Vernal, belonging to spring.
Vernation, the arrangement of the leaves in the bud,71.
Vernicose, the surface appearing as if varnished.
Verrucose, warty; beset with little projections like warts.
Versatile, attached by one point, so that it may swing to and fro,101.
Vertex, same asapex.
Vertical, upright, perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise.
Verticil, a whorl,68.Verticillate, whorled,68.
Verticillaster, a false whorl, formed of a pair of opposite cymes.
Vesicular, bladdery.
Vespertine, appearing or expanding at evening.
Vessels, ducts, &c.,134.
Vexillary,Vexillar, relating to the
Vexillum, the standard of a papilionaceous flower,92.
Villose, shaggy with long and soft hairs (Villosity).
Vimineous, producing slender twigs, such as those used for wicker-work.
Vine, in the American use, any trailing or climbing stem; as a Grape-vine.
Virescent,Viridescent, greenish; turning green.
Virgate, wand-shape; as a long, straight, and slender twig.
Viscous,Viscid, having a glutinous surface.
Vitta(pluralvittæ), the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbelliferæ.
Vitelline, yellow, of the hue of yolk of egg.
Viviparous, sprouting or germinating while attached to the parent plant.
Voluble, twining; as the stem of Hops and Beans,39.
Volute, rolled up in any way.