18,373Geysers,52,260Glacial epoch,142,416Glaciers,113abrasion by,133Alpine,118compared with rivers,137,142crevasses of,123deposition by,138Greenland,116lower limit of,129melting of,126mode of formation,118moraines,124motion of,120,122,134piedmont,131,141plucking by,133tables,130transportation by,132troughs,137wells,129young and mature,129Glauconite,176Globigerina ooze,187Glyptodon,441Gneiss,283Goats,413Gold,287,372Goniatite,344,367Graded slopes,25Granite,9,274Graphite,312Graptolites,320,339Gravitation,22Great Basin,357,360,374,375Great Lakes,198,436Great Plains,82Great Salt Lake,107Greenland,115,126,378Green Mountains,309,316,420Green sand,176Ground water,39Ground water surface,40Gryphæa,379Gymnosperms,363,377Gypsum,12,335,357,371HHade,217Hamilton series,341Hanging valley,139Hanging wall,217Hartz Mountains,214Hawaiian volcanoes,238,248,258,279Heat and cold,13Helderberg series,341Hematite,310Henry Mountains,271,375High Plains,100,398Hillers Mountain,271Himalaya Mountains,122,209,210,399Historical geology,4,291Honeycomb corals,339Hood, Mount,260,262Hooks,165Hornblende,274Hornblende schist,284Hudson Bay,90,170Hudson River,197,417Hudson series,327,329Humus acids,10Humus layer,19Huronian systems,308Hwang-ho River,151Hydrosphere,22Hydrozoa,320IIcebergs,116,143Iceland,242,258Ichthyosaurus,389Idaho,34,400Igneous rocks,9,249,250,251,273Illinoian formation,429Illinois,54,146,356,374India,28,102,147,235,357,402Indian Territory,356Indiana,48,104Indo-Gangetic plain,101Indus River,101,110Insects,333,364,380Interior of earth,276Internal geological agencies,195Intrusive masses,270Intrusive rocks,273Intrusive sheets,268Inverness earthquake,236Iowa,29,69,73,80,86,336,356,374,431,433,439,442Iowan formation,429Iron ores,13,53,279,310Islands, coral,188wave cut,159,161JJapan,223,224,237Joints,5,31,216Jordan valley,279Jura Mountains,141,212Jurassic period,369KKame terraces,424Kames,424Kansan formation,429Kansas,41,50,100,336,357,373,374,429Kaolin,12Karst,47Katahdin, Mount,420Keewatin ice field,425Kentucky,45,46,343,442Keweenawan system,308,310Kilauea,239Kings River Canyon,403Krakatoa,245LLabrador,198Labrador ice field,426Laccolith,271Lagoon,165,167Lahontan, Lake,107,438Lake Chelan,141Lake dwellings,448Lake Geneva,71Lake Superior region,284,308,310Lakes,70,222,432basins,97,110,127,139,141,164,165,167,191,221,222,235,259,423,432,435deposits,104glacial,127,139,141,423,432,435Pleistocene,435salt,106Laminæ,5Landslides,26,234Lapilli,255Laramie series,375Laurentian peneplain,84,308,432Lava,238,241Lava domes,243,400Lepidodendron,362,367Lichens,16Lignite,271Limestone,7,177,178,190Limonite,13Lingulella,324Lithosphere,21Lizards,384Llamas,412Loess,150,433Long Island,373Louisiana,336,396Lower Silurian period,327Luray Cavern,48Lycopods,362MMagnetite,279,310Maine,169,420Malaspina glacier,131Maldive Archipelago,193Mammals,393,405,440Mammoth,442Mammoth Cave,46Mammoth Hot Springs,52Man,414,443Mantle of waste,17Marble,284,329Marengo Cavern,48Marl,104Marsupials,393,406Martha’s Vineyard,161,373,395Maryland,56,270Massachusetts,106,162,257,309,403,417,429Mastodon,410,441,442Matterhorn,34Maturity of land forms,80Mauna Loa,239Meanders,96Medina series,335,403Megatherium,441Mendota, Lake,71Mesa,31,32,153Mesozoic era,369Mesozoic peneplain,376,403Metamorphism,281Mexico,373,375Mica,9Mica schist,284Michigan,104,356,443Michigan, Lake,149,198Mineral veins,49,286Minnesota,97,426Miocene series,395Mississippi,337Mississippi embayment,373,374,395Mississippi River,56,57,82,94,96,109Mississippian series,350Missouri,18,236Missouri River,55,97Mobile Bay,197Mohawk valley,436,437Molluscous shell deposits,177Mollusks,324Monadnock,83Monkeys,414Monoclinal fold,204Monocotyls,377,404Monotremes,393,406Montana,71,309,313,373Montreal,268,437Monuments,33Moraines,124Mosasaurs,390Mountain sheep,413Mountains, age of,229life history of,212,215origin of,90,210,222sculpture of,33,137Movements of crust,195Muir glacier,122,129NNantucket,373Naples,201Narragansett Bay,197Natural bridges,46Natural gas,330Natural levees,93Nautilus,334Nebraska,50,82,100,255,356Nebular hypothesis,304Neolithic man,443,448Nevada,104,107,222,288,289,360,400Névé,120New Brunswick,198New England,88,373,376,378,395,403,429,432,437Newfoundland,198New Jersey,148,166,168,176,196,268,269,309,310,373,437New Madrid earthquake,236New Mexico,31,371,399New York,60,90,309,327,329,335,336,360,421,422,423,424,432,443Niagara Falls,60,199Niagara series,335Nile,93,109,197Normal fault,217North Carolina,106North Dakota,67North Sea,170Notochord,347Nova Scotia,198Nunatak,116,132OOhio,82,198,329,335,441Ohio River,55,82Oil,330Olenellus zone,323Olivine,274Oolitic limestone,178Ooze, deep-sea,131Ordovician period,316,327life of,331Oregon,222,262,400Oreodon,412Ores,287,290Organisms, work of,16Oriskany series,341Ornithostoma,392Orthoceras,325,367,380Oscillations,196a cause of,273effect on drainage,85Ostracoderms,344Ottawa River,90Outcrop,2Outliers,31Outwash plains,425Oxidation,13Oyster,379,380PPahoehoe lava,241Palæospondylus,344Paleolithic man,444Paleozoic era,315Palisades of Hudson,268Palms,377Pamir,15Peat,94,104Peccaries,412Pelecypods,324Pelée, Mt.,246Peneplain,83dissected,86Laurentian,89,308,402Mesozoic,376,403Pennsylvania,35,211,257,357,359,403Pennsylvanian series,350,