PRAXIS.

Angletouch, n. s.worm.Bumbagus, n. s.bittern.Brandis, n. s.iron stand for a pot or kettle.Caffle, adj.entangled.Cammet, adj.crooked.Cloam, n. s.earthenware.Charnel, n. s.a place raised in the roof for hanging bacon.Clit, v.to stick together.Deal, n. s.litter, of pigs.Dotted, adj.giddy, of a sheep.Dome, adj.damp.Dreshel, n. s.a flail.Eddish, n. s.wheat-stubble.Evil, n. s. athree-pronged fork for dung, &c.Firmy, v.to clean out, of a stable, &c.Fleet, adj.exposed in situation,bleak.Flott, n. s.aftergrass.Flamiring, s.an eruption of the nature of erysipelas.Fraith, adj.free-spoken,talkative.Frithing, adj.a fence made of thorns wattled.Foust, v. act.to tumble.Flathin, n. s.a dish made of curds, eggs, and milk.Gloy, n. s.refuse straw after the "reed" has been taken out.Gloice, n. s.,a sharp pang of pain.Heavgar, adj.heavier(so alsonear-ger,far-ger).Hamrach, n. s.harness collar made of straw.Hay, n. s.a small plot of ground attached to a dwelling.Kittybags, n. s.gaiters.Lipe, n. s.matted basket of peculiar shape.Letto, n. s.a lout,a foolish fellow.Main, adj.strong,fine(of growing crops),Nesseltrip, n. s.the small pig in a litter.Nommet, n. s.a luncheon of bread, cheese, &c.—not a regular meal.Noppet, Nipperty, adj.lively—convalescent.Ovice, n. s.eaves of a building.Plym, v.to fill,to plump up.Plym, adj.full.Planche, v.to make a boarded floor.Peert, adj.lively,brisk.Purty, v. n.to turn sulky.Quat, v. act.to press down,flatten.Quapp, v. n.to throb.Rathe, adj.early, of crops.Reremouse, n. s.bat.Ryle, v.to angle in the sea.Riff, n. s.an instrument for sharpening scythes.Seggy, v. act.to tease,to provoke.Semmatt, n. s.sieve made of skin for winnowing.Shoat, n. s.small wheaten loaf.Showy, v. n.to clear(of weather); (show,with terminationy,common).Soul, n. s.cheese, butter, &c. (as eaten with bread).Snead, n. s.handle of a scythe.Songalls, n. s.gleanings: "to gathersongall"isto glean.Sull,orZull, n. s.a wooden plough.Stiping, n. s.a mode of fastening a sheep's foreleg to its head by a band of straw, or withy.Susan, n. s.a brown earthenware pitcher.Sump, n. s.any bulk that is carried.Suant, part.regular in order.Slade, n. s.ground sloping towards the sea.Tite, v.to tumble over.Toit, n. s.a small seat or stool made of straw.Toit, adj.frisky,wanton.Vair, n. s.weaselorstoat.Want, n. s.a mole.Wirg, n. s.a willow.Wimble, v.to winnow.Weest, adj.lonely,desolate.Wash-dish, n. s.the titmouse.

Angletouch, n. s.worm.

Bumbagus, n. s.bittern.Brandis, n. s.iron stand for a pot or kettle.

Bumbagus, n. s.bittern.

Brandis, n. s.iron stand for a pot or kettle.

Caffle, adj.entangled.Cammet, adj.crooked.Cloam, n. s.earthenware.Charnel, n. s.a place raised in the roof for hanging bacon.Clit, v.to stick together.

Caffle, adj.entangled.

Cammet, adj.crooked.

Cloam, n. s.earthenware.

Charnel, n. s.a place raised in the roof for hanging bacon.

Clit, v.to stick together.

Deal, n. s.litter, of pigs.Dotted, adj.giddy, of a sheep.Dome, adj.damp.Dreshel, n. s.a flail.

Deal, n. s.litter, of pigs.

Dotted, adj.giddy, of a sheep.

Dome, adj.damp.

Dreshel, n. s.a flail.

Eddish, n. s.wheat-stubble.Evil, n. s. athree-pronged fork for dung, &c.

Eddish, n. s.wheat-stubble.

Evil, n. s. athree-pronged fork for dung, &c.

Firmy, v.to clean out, of a stable, &c.Fleet, adj.exposed in situation,bleak.Flott, n. s.aftergrass.Flamiring, s.an eruption of the nature of erysipelas.Fraith, adj.free-spoken,talkative.Frithing, adj.a fence made of thorns wattled.Foust, v. act.to tumble.Flathin, n. s.a dish made of curds, eggs, and milk.

Firmy, v.to clean out, of a stable, &c.

Fleet, adj.exposed in situation,bleak.

Flott, n. s.aftergrass.

Flamiring, s.an eruption of the nature of erysipelas.

Fraith, adj.free-spoken,talkative.

Frithing, adj.a fence made of thorns wattled.

Foust, v. act.to tumble.

Flathin, n. s.a dish made of curds, eggs, and milk.

Gloy, n. s.refuse straw after the "reed" has been taken out.Gloice, n. s.,a sharp pang of pain.

Gloy, n. s.refuse straw after the "reed" has been taken out.

Gloice, n. s.,a sharp pang of pain.

Heavgar, adj.heavier(so alsonear-ger,far-ger).Hamrach, n. s.harness collar made of straw.Hay, n. s.a small plot of ground attached to a dwelling.

Heavgar, adj.heavier(so alsonear-ger,far-ger).

Hamrach, n. s.harness collar made of straw.

Hay, n. s.a small plot of ground attached to a dwelling.

Kittybags, n. s.gaiters.

Lipe, n. s.matted basket of peculiar shape.Letto, n. s.a lout,a foolish fellow.

Lipe, n. s.matted basket of peculiar shape.

Letto, n. s.a lout,a foolish fellow.

Main, adj.strong,fine(of growing crops),

Nesseltrip, n. s.the small pig in a litter.Nommet, n. s.a luncheon of bread, cheese, &c.—not a regular meal.Noppet, Nipperty, adj.lively—convalescent.

Nesseltrip, n. s.the small pig in a litter.

Nommet, n. s.a luncheon of bread, cheese, &c.—not a regular meal.

Noppet, Nipperty, adj.lively—convalescent.

Ovice, n. s.eaves of a building.

Plym, v.to fill,to plump up.Plym, adj.full.Planche, v.to make a boarded floor.Peert, adj.lively,brisk.Purty, v. n.to turn sulky.

Plym, v.to fill,to plump up.

Plym, adj.full.

Planche, v.to make a boarded floor.

Peert, adj.lively,brisk.

Purty, v. n.to turn sulky.

Quat, v. act.to press down,flatten.Quapp, v. n.to throb.

Quat, v. act.to press down,flatten.

Quapp, v. n.to throb.

Rathe, adj.early, of crops.Reremouse, n. s.bat.Ryle, v.to angle in the sea.Riff, n. s.an instrument for sharpening scythes.

Rathe, adj.early, of crops.

Reremouse, n. s.bat.

Ryle, v.to angle in the sea.

Riff, n. s.an instrument for sharpening scythes.

Seggy, v. act.to tease,to provoke.Semmatt, n. s.sieve made of skin for winnowing.Shoat, n. s.small wheaten loaf.Showy, v. n.to clear(of weather); (show,with terminationy,common).Soul, n. s.cheese, butter, &c. (as eaten with bread).Snead, n. s.handle of a scythe.Songalls, n. s.gleanings: "to gathersongall"isto glean.Sull,orZull, n. s.a wooden plough.Stiping, n. s.a mode of fastening a sheep's foreleg to its head by a band of straw, or withy.Susan, n. s.a brown earthenware pitcher.Sump, n. s.any bulk that is carried.Suant, part.regular in order.Slade, n. s.ground sloping towards the sea.

Seggy, v. act.to tease,to provoke.

Semmatt, n. s.sieve made of skin for winnowing.

Shoat, n. s.small wheaten loaf.

Showy, v. n.to clear(of weather); (show,with terminationy,common).

Soul, n. s.cheese, butter, &c. (as eaten with bread).

Snead, n. s.handle of a scythe.

Songalls, n. s.gleanings: "to gathersongall"isto glean.

Sull,orZull, n. s.a wooden plough.

Stiping, n. s.a mode of fastening a sheep's foreleg to its head by a band of straw, or withy.

Susan, n. s.a brown earthenware pitcher.

Sump, n. s.any bulk that is carried.

Suant, part.regular in order.

Slade, n. s.ground sloping towards the sea.

Tite, v.to tumble over.Toit, n. s.a small seat or stool made of straw.Toit, adj.frisky,wanton.

Tite, v.to tumble over.

Toit, n. s.a small seat or stool made of straw.

Toit, adj.frisky,wanton.

Vair, n. s.weaselorstoat.

Want, n. s.a mole.Wirg, n. s.a willow.Wimble, v.to winnow.Weest, adj.lonely,desolate.Wash-dish, n. s.the titmouse.

Want, n. s.a mole.

Wirg, n. s.a willow.

Wimble, v.to winnow.

Weest, adj.lonely,desolate.

Wash-dish, n. s.the titmouse.

§ 710.The baronies of Forth and Bargie in the County Wexford.—The barony of Forth "lies south of the city of Wexford, and is bounded by the sea to the south and east, and by the barony of Bargie to the west. It is said to have been colonized by the Welshmen who accompanied Strongbow in his invasion of Ireland; but by the term Welshmen, as here used, we must no doubt understand the English settlers of Gower and Pembroke. Vallancey published a specimen of their language. Some of the grammatical forms can hardlyfail to interest the English scholar, and we may venture more particularly to call his attention to the verbal endingth. In no other of our spoken dialects do we find thethstill lingering as an inflection of thepluralverb."

Address in the Barony of Forth Language.

Presented in August 1836, to the Marquis of Normanby, then Earl of Mulgrave, and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland; with a Translation of the Address in English.

Mai't be plesaunt to th' Excellencie,

Wee, Vassales o' "His Most Gracious Majesty" Wilyame ee 4th an az wee verilie chote na coshe an loyale Dwellers na Baronie Forth, crave na dicke luckie acte t'uck necher th' Excellencie, an na plaine garbe o' oure yola talke, wi' vengem o' core t'gie oure zense o'ye grades wilke be ee dighte wi' yer name, and whilke wee canna zie, albeit o' "Governere" Statesman an alike. Yn ercha an ol o' whilke yt beeth wi' gleezom o'core th' oure eene dwitheth apan ye vigere o'dicke zovereine, Wilyame ee Vourthe unnere fose fatherlie zwae oure deis be ee spant, az avare ye trad dicke lone ver name was ee kent var eeVriene o' Levertie, anHe fo brack ge neckers o' Zlaves—Mang ourzels—var wee dwitheth an Irelone az oure general haime—y'ast bie' ractzom homedelt tous ye lass ee mate var ercha vassale, ne'er dwith ee na dicke wai n'ar dicka. Wee dewithe ye ane fose deis bee gien var ee gudevare o' ee lone ye zwae, t'avancepace an levertie, an wi'out vlinch ee garde o' general riochts an poplare vartue.—Ye pace—yea wee ma' zei ye vaste pace whilke be ee stent o'er ye lone zince th' ast ee cam, prooth, y'at we alane needed ye giftes o' general riochts, az be displayte bie ee factes o' thie governmente. Ye state na dicke die o'ye lone, na whilke be ne'er fash n'ar moil, albeit "Constitutional Agitation" ye wake o'hopes ee blighte, stampe na per zwae ee be rare an lightzom. Yer name var zetch avanct avare y'e, e'en a dicke var hie, arent whilke ye brine o' zea, an ee crags o'noghanes cazed nae balk. Na oure glades ana whilke we dellte wi' mattoc, an zing t'oure caules wi plou, we hert ee zough o'ye colure o' pace na name o' "Mulgrave." Wi "Irishmen" oure general hopes be ee bond, az "Irishmen," an az dwellers na coshe an loyale o' Baronie Forthe, w'oul dei an ercha dei, oure maunes an aure gurles, prie var lang an happie zins, home o'leurnagh an ee vilt wi benizons, an yersel an oure zoverine 'till ee zin o'oure deis be var ay be ee go t'glade.

May it please your Excellency,

We, the subjects of His Most Gracious Majesty William IV., and as we truly believe both faithful and loyal inhabitants of the Barony Forth, beg leave, at this favourable opportunity to approach Your Excellency, and in the simple garb of our old dialect to pour forth from the strength (or fulness) of our hearts, our strength (or admiration) of the qualities which characterize your name, and for which we have no words but of "Governor," "Statesman," &c. Sir, each and every condition, it is with joy of heart that our eyes rest upon the representative of that Sovereign, William IV., under whose paternal rule our days are spent; for before your foot pressed the soil, your name was known to us as theFriend of Liberty, andHe who broke the fetters of the Slave. Unto ourselves—for we look on Ireland to be our common country—you have with impartiality (of hand) ministered the laws made for every subject, without regard to this party or that. We behold you, one whose days devoted to the welfare of the land you govern, to promote peace and liberty—the uncompromising guardian of common rights and public virtue. The peace, yes we may say the profound peace, which overspreads the land since your arrival, proves that we alone stood in need of the enjoyment of common privileges, as is demonstrated by the results of your government. The condition, this day, of the country, in which is neither tumult nor confusion, but that constitutional agitation, the consequence of disappointed hopes, confirm your rule to be rare and enlightened. Your fame for such came before you, even into this retired spot, to which neither the waters of the sea yonder, nor the mountains above, caused any impediment. In our valleys, where we were digging with the spade, or as we whistled to our horses in the plough, we heard in the word "Mulgrave," the sound of the wings of the dove of peace. With Irishmen our common hopes are inseparably wound up; as Irishmen, and as inhabitants, faithful and loyal, of the Barony Forth, we will daily, and every day, our wives and our children, implore long and happy days, free from melancholy and full of blessings, for yourself and good Sovereign, until the sun of our lives be for ever gone down the dark valley of death.[85]

§ 711.Americanisms.—These, which may be studied in the excellent dictionary of J. R. Bartlett, are chiefly referable to five causes—

1. Influence of the aboriginal Indian languages.

2. Influence of the languages introduced from Europe anterior to the predominance of English; viz.: French in Louisiana, Spanish in Florida, Swedish in Pennsylvania and Delaware, and Dutch in New York.

3. Influence, &c., subsequent to the predominance of the English; viz.: German in Pennsylvania, and Gaelic and Welsh generally.

4. Influence of the original difference of dialect between the different portions of the English population.

5. Influence of the preponderance of the Anglo-Saxon over the Anglo-Norman element in the American population in general.

§ 712.Extract.—In a sound and sagacious paper upon the Probable Future Position of the English Language,[86]Mr. Watts, after comparing the previous predominance of the French language beyond the pale of France, with the present spread of the German beyond Germany, and after deciding in favour of the latter tongue, remarks that there is "The existence of another language whose claims are still more commanding. That language is our own. Two centuries ago the proud position that it now occupies was beyond the reach of anticipation. We all smile at the well-known boast of Waller in his lines on the death of Cromwell, but it was the loftiest that at the time the poet found it in his power to make:—

'Under the tropie is our language spoke,And part of Flanders hath received our yoke.'

'Under the tropie is our language spoke,

And part of Flanders hath received our yoke.'

"'I care not,' said Milton, 'to be once named abroad, though perhaps I could attain to that, being content with these islands as my world.' A French Jesuit, Garnier, in 1678, laying down rules for the arrangement of a library, thought it superfluous to say anything of English books, because, as he observed, 'libri Anglicâ scripti linguâ vix mare transmittunt.' Swift, in the earlier part of the eighteenth century, in his 'Proposal for correcting, improving, andascertaining the English Tongue,' observed, 'the fame of our writers is usually confined to these two islands." Not quite a hundred years ago Dr. Johnson seems to have entertained far from a lofty idea of the legitimate aspirations of an English author. He quotes in a number of the 'Rambler' (No. 118, May 4th, 1751), from the address of Africanus as given by Cicero, in his Dream of Scipio:—'The territory which you inhabit is no more than a scanty island inclosed by a small body of water, to which you give the name of the great sea and the Atlantic Ocean. And even in this known and frequented continent what hope can you entertain that your renown will pass the stream of Ganges or the cliffs of Caucasus, or by whom will your name be uttered in the extremities of the north or south towards the rising or the setting sun? So narrow is the space to which your fame can be propagated, and even there how long will it remain?' 'I am not inclined,' remarks Johnson, 'to believe that they who among us pass their lives in the cultivation of knowledge or acquisition of power, have very anxiously inquired what opinions prevail on the further banks of the Ganges.... The hopes and fears of modern minds are content to range in a narrower compass; a single nation, and a few years have generally sufficient amplitude to fill our imagination.' What a singular comment on this passage is supplied by the fact that the dominions of England now stretch from the Ganges to the Indus, that the whole space of India is dotted with the regimental libraries of its European conquerors, and that Rasselas has been translated into Bengalee! A few years later the great historian of England had a much clearer perception of what was then in the womb of Fate. When Gibbon, as has been already mentioned, submitted to Hume, a specimen of his intended History of Switzerland, composed in French, he received a remarkable letter in reply: 'Why,' said Hume, 'do you compose in French and carry faggots into the wood, as Horace says with regard to Romans who wrote in Greek? I grant that you have a like motive to those Romans, and adopt a language much more generally diffused than your native tongue, but have you not remarked the fateof those two ancient languages in following ages? The Latin, though then less celebrated and confined to more narrow limits, has in some measure outlived the Greek, and is now more generally understood by men of letters. Let the French therefore triumph in the present diffusion of their tongue. Our solid and increasing establishments in America, where we need less dread the inundation of barbarians, promise a superior stability and duration to the English language.'

"Every year that has since elapsed has added a superior degree of probability to the anticipations of Hume. At present the prospects of the English language are the most splendid that the world has ever seen. It is spreading in each of the quarters of the globe by fashion, by emigration, and by conquest. The increase of population alone in the two great states of Europe and America in which it is spoken, adds to the number of its speakers in every year that passes, a greater amount than the whole number of those who speak some of the literary languages of Europe, either Swedish, or Danish, or Dutch. It is calculated that, before the lapse of the present century, a time that so many now alive will live to witness, it will be the native and vernacular language of about one hundred and fifty millions of human beings.

"What will be the state of Christendom at the time that this vast preponderance of one language will be brought to bear on all its relations,—at the time when a leading nation in Europe and a gigantic nation in America make use of the same idiom,—when in Africa and Australasia the same language is in use by rising and influential communities, and the world is circled by the accents of Shakspeare and Milton? At that time such of the other languages of Europe as do not extend their empire beyond this quarter of the globe will be reduced to the same degree of insignificance in comparison with English, as the subordinate languages of modern Europe to those of the state they belong to,—the Welsh to the English, the Basque to the Spanish, the Finnish to the Russian. This predominance, we may flatter ourselves, will be a more signal blessing to literature than that of any other language could possibly be. The English is essentially amedium language;—in the Teutonic family it stands midway between the Germanic and Scandinavian branches—it unites as no other language unites, the Romanic and the Teutonic stocks. This fits it admirably in many cases for translation. A German writer, Prince Pückler Muskau, has given it as his opinion that English is even better adapted than German to be the general interpreter of the literature of Europe. Another German writer, Jenisch, in his elaborate 'Comparison of Fourteen Ancient and Modern Languages of Europe,' which obtained a prize from the Berlin Academy in 1796, assigns the general palm of excellence to the English. In literary treasures what other language can claim the superiority? If Rivarol more than sixty years back thought the collective wealth of its literature able to dispute the pre-eminence with the French, the victory has certainly not departed from us in the time that has since elapsed,—the time of Wordsworth and Southey, of Rogers and Campbell, of Scott, of Moore, and of Byron.

"The prospect is so glorious that it seems an ungrateful task to interrupt its enjoyment by a shade of doubt: but as the English language has attained to this eminent station from small beginnings, may it not be advisable to consider whether obstacles are not in existence, which, equally small in their beginnings, have a probability of growing larger? The first consideration that presents itself is that English is not the only language firmly planted on the soil of America, the only one to which a glorious future is, in the probable course of things, assured.

"A sufficient importance has not always been attached to the fact, that in South America, and in a portion of the northern continent, the languages of the Peninsula are spoken by large and increasing populations. The Spanish language is undoubtedly of easier acquisition for the purposes of conversation than our own, from the harmony and clearness of its pronunciation; and it has the recommendation to the inhabitants of Southern Europe of greater affinity to their own languages and the Latin. Perhaps the extraordinary neglect which has been the portion of this language for the lastcentury and a half may soon give place to a juster measure of cultivation, and indeed the recent labours of Prescott and Ticknor seem to show that the dawn of that period has already broken. That the men of the North should acquire an easy and harmonious southern language seems in itself much more probable than that the men of the south should study a northern language, not only rugged in its pronunciation, but capricious in its orthography. The dominion of Spanish in America is, however, interrupted and narrowed by that of Portuguese, and to a singular degree by that of the native languages, some of which are possibly destined to be used for literary purposes in ages to come.

"At the time when Hume wrote his letter to Gibbon, the conquest of Canada had very recently been effected. The rivalry of the French and English in North America had been terminated by the most signal triumph of the English arms. Had measures been taken at that time to discourage the use of French and to introduce that of English, there can be little doubt that English would now be as much the language of Quebec and Montreal as it is of New York and the Delaware. Those measures were not taken. At this moment, when we are approaching a century from the battle of the Heights of Abraham, there is still a distinction of races in Canada, nourished by a distinction of language, and both appear likely to continue.

"Within the United States themselves, a very large body of the inhabitants have remained for generation after generation ignorant of the English language. The number is uncertain. According to Stricker, in his dissertation 'Die Verbreitung des deutschen Volkes über die Erde,' published in 1845, the population of German origin in the United States in 1844 was 4,886,632, out of a total of 18,980,650. This statement, though made in the most positive terms, is founded on an estimate only, and has been shown to be much exaggerated. Wappaus (in his 'Deutsche Auswanderung und Colonisation'), after a careful examination, arrives at the conclusion that the total cannot amount to a million and a half. Many of these are of course acquainted with bothlanguages—in several cases where amalgamation has taken place, the German language has died out and been replaced by the English,—but the number of communities where it is still prevalent is much larger than is generally supposed. In Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Missouri, to say nothing of other states, there are masses of population of German origin or descent, who are only acquainted with German. This tendency has of late years increased instead of declining. It has been a favourite project with recent German emigrants to form in America a state, in which the language should be German, and from the vast numbers in which they have crossed the Atlantic, there is nothing improbable in the supposition, that, by obtaining a majority in some one state, this object will be attained. In 1835 the legislature of Pennsylvania placed the German language in its legal rights on the same footing with the English.

"It may be asked if any damage will be done by this? The damage, it may be answered, will be twofold. The parties who are thus formed into an isolated community, with a language distinct from that of those around them, will be placed under the same disadvantages as the Welsh of our own day, who find themselves always as it were some inches shorter than their neighbours, and have to make an exertion to be on their level. Those of them who are only masters of one language are in a sort of prison; those who are masters of two, might, if English had been their original speech, have had their choice of the remaining languages of the world to exert the same degree of labour on, with a better prospect of advantage. In the case of Welsh, the language has many ties: even those who see most clearly the necessity of forsaking it, must lament the harsh necessity of abandoning to oblivion the ancient tongue of an ancient nation. But these associations and feelings could not be pleaded in favour of transferring the Welsh to Otaheite; and when these feelings are withdrawn, what valid reason will remain for the perpetuation of Welsh, or even, it may be said, of German?

"The injury done to the community itself is perhaps the greatest; but there is a damage done to the world in general. It will be a splendid and a novel experiment in modern society, if a single language becomes so predominant over all others asto reduce them in comparison to the proportion of provincial dialects. To have this experiment fairly tried, is a great object. Every atom that is subtracted from the amount of the majority has its influence—it goes into the opposite scale. If the Germans succeed in establishing their language in the United States, other nations may follow. The Hungarian emigrants, who are now removing thither from the vengeance of Austria, may perpetuate their native Magyar, and America may in time present a surface as checkered as Europe, or in some parts, as Hungary itself, where the traveller often in passing from one village to another, finds himself in the domain of a different language. That this consummation may be averted must be the wish not only of every Englishman and of every Anglo-American, but of every sincere friend of the advancement of literature and civilization. Perhaps a few more years of inattention to the subject will allow the evil to make such progress that exertion to oppose it may come too late."

§ 713. Of the Gypsy language I need only say, that it is not only Indo-Germanic, but that it is Hindoo. Few words from it have mixed themselves with our standard (or even our provincial) dialects.

Thieves' language, or that dialect for which there is no name, but one from its own vocabulary,viz.Slang, is of greater value in philology than in commerce. It serves to show that in speech nothing is arbitrary. Its compound phrases are either periphrastic or metaphorical; its simple monosyllables are generally those of the current language in an older form. The thieves of London are conservators of Anglo-Saxonisms. In this dialect I know of no specimens earlier than the reign of Queen Elizabeth. In the dramatic literature of that age they are rife and common. The Roaring Girl, the Jolly Beggars, amongst the plays, and Deckar's Bellman amongst the tracts, preserve us a copious vocabulary, similar to what we have now, and similar to what it was in Gay's time. Of this the greater part is Saxon. Here and there appears a word of Latin origin,e.g.,pannum, bread;cassons, cheese. Of the Gypsy language I have discovered no trace.

§ 714. The Talkee-Talkee is a Lingua Franca based on the English, and spoken by the Negroes of Surinam.

It is Dutch rather than English; it shows, however, the latter language as an element of admixture.

SPECIMEN.[87]

1. Drie deh na bakka dem holi wan bruiloft na Cana na Galilea; on mamma va Jesus ben de dapeh.2. Ma dem ben kali Jesus nanga hem discipel toe, va kom na da bruiloft.3. En teh wieni kaba, mamma va Jesus takki na hem; dem no habi wieni morro.4. Jesus takki na hem: mi mamma, hoeworko mi habi nanga joe? Tem va mi no ben kom jette.5. Hem mamma takki na dem foetoeboi; oene doe sanni a takki gi oene.6. Ma dem ben poetti dapeh siksi biggi watra-djoggo, na da fasi va Djoe vo krieni dem: inniwan djoggo holi toe effi drie kannetjes.7. Jesus takki na dem [foetoeboi]: Oene foeloe dem watra-djoggo nanga watra. Ed dem foeloe dem teh na moeffe.8. En dan a takki na dem: Oene poeloe pikinso, tjarri go na grang-foetoeboi. En dem doe so.9. Ma teh grangfoetoeboi tesi da watra, dissi ben tron wieni, kaba a no sabi, na hoepeh da wieni komotto (ma dem foetoeboi dissi ben teki da watra ben sabi): a kali da bruidigom.10. A takki na hem: Inniwan somma njoesoe va gi fossi da morro switti wieni, en teh dem dringi noeffe kaba, na bakka da mendre swittiwan; ma joe ben kiebri da morro boennewan.11. Datti da fossi marki dissi Jesus ben doe; en datti ben passa na Cana na Galilea va dem somma si hem glori. En dem discipel va hem briebi na hem.1. Three day after back, them hold one marriage in Cana in Galilee, and mamma of Jesus been there.2. But them been call Jesus with him disciple, for come to that marriage.3. And when wine end, mamma of Jesus talk to him, them no have wine more.4. Jesus talk to him, me mamma how work me have with you? Time of me no been come yet.5. Him mamma talk to them footboy, ye do things he talk to ye.6. But them been put there six big water-jug, after the fashion of Jew for clean them; every one jug hold two or three firkins.7. Jesus talk to them (footboy): ye fill them water jug with water. And them fill them till to mouth.8. And then he talk to them, ye pour little, carry go to grandfootboy. And them do so.9. But when grandfootboy taste that water, this been turn wine, could he no know from where that wine come-out-of (but them footboy this been take that water well know): he call the bridegroom.10. He talk to him, every one man use of give first the more sweet wine; and when them drink enough end, after back the less sweety wine: but you been cover that more good wine.11. That the first miracle that Jesus been do, and that been pass in Cana in Galilee, for them men see him glory. And them disciple of him believe in him.

1. Drie deh na bakka dem holi wan bruiloft na Cana na Galilea; on mamma va Jesus ben de dapeh.

2. Ma dem ben kali Jesus nanga hem discipel toe, va kom na da bruiloft.

3. En teh wieni kaba, mamma va Jesus takki na hem; dem no habi wieni morro.

4. Jesus takki na hem: mi mamma, hoeworko mi habi nanga joe? Tem va mi no ben kom jette.

5. Hem mamma takki na dem foetoeboi; oene doe sanni a takki gi oene.

6. Ma dem ben poetti dapeh siksi biggi watra-djoggo, na da fasi va Djoe vo krieni dem: inniwan djoggo holi toe effi drie kannetjes.

7. Jesus takki na dem [foetoeboi]: Oene foeloe dem watra-djoggo nanga watra. Ed dem foeloe dem teh na moeffe.

8. En dan a takki na dem: Oene poeloe pikinso, tjarri go na grang-foetoeboi. En dem doe so.

9. Ma teh grangfoetoeboi tesi da watra, dissi ben tron wieni, kaba a no sabi, na hoepeh da wieni komotto (ma dem foetoeboi dissi ben teki da watra ben sabi): a kali da bruidigom.

10. A takki na hem: Inniwan somma njoesoe va gi fossi da morro switti wieni, en teh dem dringi noeffe kaba, na bakka da mendre swittiwan; ma joe ben kiebri da morro boennewan.

11. Datti da fossi marki dissi Jesus ben doe; en datti ben passa na Cana na Galilea va dem somma si hem glori. En dem discipel va hem briebi na hem.

1. Three day after back, them hold one marriage in Cana in Galilee, and mamma of Jesus been there.

2. But them been call Jesus with him disciple, for come to that marriage.

3. And when wine end, mamma of Jesus talk to him, them no have wine more.

4. Jesus talk to him, me mamma how work me have with you? Time of me no been come yet.

5. Him mamma talk to them footboy, ye do things he talk to ye.

6. But them been put there six big water-jug, after the fashion of Jew for clean them; every one jug hold two or three firkins.

7. Jesus talk to them (footboy): ye fill them water jug with water. And them fill them till to mouth.

8. And then he talk to them, ye pour little, carry go to grandfootboy. And them do so.

9. But when grandfootboy taste that water, this been turn wine, could he no know from where that wine come-out-of (but them footboy this been take that water well know): he call the bridegroom.

10. He talk to him, every one man use of give first the more sweet wine; and when them drink enough end, after back the less sweety wine: but you been cover that more good wine.

11. That the first miracle that Jesus been do, and that been pass in Cana in Galilee, for them men see him glory. And them disciple of him believe in him.

§ 715. That the Anglo-Norman of England was, in the reign of Edward III., not the French of Paris (and most probably not the Franco-Norman of Normandy), we learn from the well-known quotation from Chaucer:—

And Frenche she spake ful feteously,After the scole of Stratforde at Bowe,For Frenche of Parys was to her unknowe.Prologue to the Canterbury Tales.

And Frenche she spake ful feteously,After the scole of Stratforde at Bowe,For Frenche of Parys was to her unknowe.

And Frenche she spake ful feteously,

After the scole of Stratforde at Bowe,

For Frenche of Parys was to her unknowe.

Prologue to the Canterbury Tales.

§ 716. The concluding extract from the Testamenta Eboracensia, published by the Surtees' Society, is from the will of a gentleman in Yorkshire. To me it seems to impugn the assertion of Higden, that the Norman was spoken throughout England without a variety of pronunciation: "Mirandum videtur quomodo nativa propria Anglorum lingua, in unica insula coartata, pronunciatione ipsa fit tam diversa, cum tamen Normannica lingua, quæ adventicia est, univoca maneat penes cunctos."—Ed. Gale, p. 210.

Testamenta Eboracensia,CLIX.

En le noune de Dieu, et de notre Dame Sante Marie, et en noun de teuz le sauntez de Paradyse, Amen. Moi Brian de Stapylton devise m'alme a Dieu et a notre Dame Saunte Marie, et a touz lez Sauntz de Paradyse, et mon chautiff corps d'estre enterre en le Priourie de le Parke decoste ma compaigne, que Dieu l'assoille, et sur mon corps seit un drape de blew saye; et ma volunte ett au l'aide de Dieu d'avoire un herce ov synke tapirs, chescun tapir de synk livers, et tresze hommes vestuz en bluw ov tresze torchez,de queux tresze torchez, si ne saiount degastez, jeo voile que quatre demore a le dit Priorie.Item jeo devyse que j'ay un homme armes en mes armes et ma hewme ene sa teste, et quy soit bien monte et un homme de bon entaille de qil condicon que y sort.Item jeo devyse que touz ceaux, qui a moy appendent meignialx en ma maison, soient vestuz en bluw a mes costagez. Et a touz les poores, qils veignent le jour de mon enterment jeo devise et voile que chescun ait un denier en ovre de charrte, et en aide de ma chitiffe alme, et jeo voile que les sires mes compaignons mez aliez et mez voiseignez, qui volliont venir de lour bone gre prier pour moy et pour faire honour a mon chettife corps, qi peue ne vault, jeo oille et chargez mez executour que y soient mesme cel jour bien a eise, et q'il eient a boiere asseth, et a cest ma volunté parfournir jeo devise ci marcæ ove l'estore de maison taunke juiste seit.

Item jeo devyse que j'ay un homme armes en mes armes et ma hewme ene sa teste, et quy soit bien monte et un homme de bon entaille de qil condicon que y sort.

Item jeo devyse que touz ceaux, qui a moy appendent meignialx en ma maison, soient vestuz en bluw a mes costagez. Et a touz les poores, qils veignent le jour de mon enterment jeo devise et voile que chescun ait un denier en ovre de charrte, et en aide de ma chitiffe alme, et jeo voile que les sires mes compaignons mez aliez et mez voiseignez, qui volliont venir de lour bone gre prier pour moy et pour faire honour a mon chettife corps, qi peue ne vault, jeo oille et chargez mez executour que y soient mesme cel jour bien a eise, et q'il eient a boiere asseth, et a cest ma volunté parfournir jeo devise ci marcæ ove l'estore de maison taunke juiste seit.

§ 717.Relations of dialects(so-called)to languages(so-called).—"It is necessary clearly to conceive the nature and character of what we call dialects. The Doric, Æolic, and Ionic for example, in the language of grammarians, are dialects of the Greek: to what does this assertion amount? To this only, that among a people called the Greeks, some being Dorians spoke a language called Doric, some being Æolians spoke another language called Æolic, while a third class, Ionians, spoke a third language called, from them, Ionic. But though all these are termed dialects of the Greek, it does not follow that there was ever a Greek language of which these were variations, and which had any being apart from these. Dialects then are essentially languages: and the name dialect itself is but a convenient grammarian's phrase, invented as part of the machinery by which to carry on reasonings respecting languages. We learn the language which has the best and largest literature extant; and having done so, we treat all very nearly resembling languages asvariationsfrom what we have learnt. And that dialects are in truth several languages, will readily appear to any one who perceives the progressive development of the principle of separation in cognate tongues. The language of the Bavarian highlander or High Dutch, the language of the Hanoverian lowlander or Low Dutch, are German dialects: elevate, as it is called, regulate, and purify the one, and it assumes thename and character of a language—it is German. Transplant the other to England, let nine centuries pass over it, and it becomes a language too, and a language of more importance than any which was ever yet spoken in the world, it has become English. Yet none but practised philologists can acknowledge the fact that the German and English languages are dialects of one Teutonic tongue."

§ 718.Relation of dialects to the older stages of the mother-tongue.—This has been noticed in§ 691. The following extract from Mr. Kemble's paper just quoted, illustrates what he calls thespontaneityof dialects:—

"Those who imagine language invented by a man or men, originally confined and limited in its powers, and gradually enlarged and enriched by continuous practice and the reflection of wise and learned individuals—unless, indeed, they look upon it as potentially only—inpossethough not inesse—as the tree may be said to exist in the seed, though requiring time and culture to flourish in all its majesty—appear to neglect the facts which history proves. There is nothing more certain than this, that the earlier we can trace back any one language, the more full, complete, and consistent are its forms; that the later we find it existing, the more compressed, colloquial, and business-like it has become. Like the trees of our forests, it grows at first wild, luxuriant, rich in foliage, full of light and shadow, and flings abroad in its vast branches the fruits of a vigorous youthful nature: transplanted into the garden of civilization and trained for purposes of commerce, it becomes regulated, trimmed and pruned; nature indeed still gives it life, but art prescribes the direction and extent of its vegetation. Compare the Sanscrit with the Gothic, the Gothic with the Anglo-Saxon, and again the Anglo-Saxon with the English: or what is even better, take two periods of the Anglo-Saxon itself, the eighth and tenth centuries for example. Always we perceive a compression, a gradual loss of fine distinctions, a perishing of forms, terminations and conjugations, in the younger state of the language. The truth is, that in language up to a certain period, there is a real indwelling vitality, a principle actingunconsciously but pervasively in every part: men wield their forms of speech as they do their limbs, spontaneously, knowing nothing of their construction, or the means by which these instruments possess their power. There are flexors and extensors long before the anatomist discovers and names them, and we use our arms without inquiring by what wonderful mechanism they are made obedient to our will. So is it with language long before the grammarian undertakes its investigation. It may even be said, that the commencement of the age of self-consciousness is identical with the close of that of vitality in language; for it is a great error to speak of languages as dead, only when they have ceased to be spoken. They are dead when they have ceased to possess the power of adaptation to the wants of the people, and no longer contain in themselves the means of their own extension. The Anglo-Saxon, in the spirit and analogy of his whole language, could have used words which had never been heard before, and been at once understood: if we would introduce a new name for a new thing, we must take refuge in the courtesy of our neighbours, and borrow from the French, or Greek, or Latin, terms which never cease to betray their foreign origin, by never putting off the forms of the tongue from which they were taken, or assuming those of the tongue into which they are adopted. The English language is a dead one."In general it may be said that dialects possess this vitality in a remarkable degree, and that their very existence is the strongest proof of its continuance. This is peculiarly the case when we use the word to denote the popular or provincial forms of speech in a country where, by common consent of the learned and educated classes, one particular form of speech has been elevated to the dignity of the national language. It is then only the strength of the principles which first determined the peculiarities of the dialect that continues to support them, and preserves them from being gradually rounded down, as stones are by friction, and confounded in the course of a wide-spreading centralization. Increased opportunity of intercommunion with other provincials or the metropolis (dependent upon increased facilities of locomotion,the improvement of roads and the spread of mechanical inventions) sweeps away much of these original distinctions, but it never destroys them all. This is a necessary consequence of the fact that they are in some degree connected with the physical features of the country itself, and all those causes which influence the atmosphere. A sort of pseudo-vitality even till late periods bears witness to the indwelling power, and the consciousness of oppression from without:falseanalogies are the form this life assumes. How often have we not heard it asserted that particular districts were remarkable for the Saxonism of their speech, because they had retained the archaisms,kine,shoon,housen! Well and good! Archaisms they are, but they are false forms nevertheless, based upon an analogy just as erroneous as that which led men in the last century to saycrowed,hangedforcrew,hung. The Anglo-Saxon language never knew any such forms, and one wonders not to find by their side equally gratuitous Saxonisms,mousen,lousen."—Phil. Soc. No. 35.

"In general it may be said that dialects possess this vitality in a remarkable degree, and that their very existence is the strongest proof of its continuance. This is peculiarly the case when we use the word to denote the popular or provincial forms of speech in a country where, by common consent of the learned and educated classes, one particular form of speech has been elevated to the dignity of the national language. It is then only the strength of the principles which first determined the peculiarities of the dialect that continues to support them, and preserves them from being gradually rounded down, as stones are by friction, and confounded in the course of a wide-spreading centralization. Increased opportunity of intercommunion with other provincials or the metropolis (dependent upon increased facilities of locomotion,the improvement of roads and the spread of mechanical inventions) sweeps away much of these original distinctions, but it never destroys them all. This is a necessary consequence of the fact that they are in some degree connected with the physical features of the country itself, and all those causes which influence the atmosphere. A sort of pseudo-vitality even till late periods bears witness to the indwelling power, and the consciousness of oppression from without:falseanalogies are the form this life assumes. How often have we not heard it asserted that particular districts were remarkable for the Saxonism of their speech, because they had retained the archaisms,kine,shoon,housen! Well and good! Archaisms they are, but they are false forms nevertheless, based upon an analogy just as erroneous as that which led men in the last century to saycrowed,hangedforcrew,hung. The Anglo-Saxon language never knew any such forms, and one wonders not to find by their side equally gratuitous Saxonisms,mousen,lousen."—Phil. Soc. No. 35.

The doctrine that languages becomedeadwhen they lose a certain power of evolving new forms out of previously existing ones, is incompatible with views to which the present writer has committed himself in the preface. If the views there exhibited be true the test of thevitalityof a language, if such metaphorsmustbe used, is the same as the test of vitality in material organisms,i.e., the power of fulfilling certain functions. Whether this is done by the evolution of new forms out of existing materials, or by the amalgamation (the particular power of the English language) of foreign terms is a mere difference of process.

§ 719.Effect of common physical conditions.—I again quote the same paper of Mr. Kemble's:—

"Professor Willis of Cambridge, in the course of some most ingenious experiments upon the organization and conditions of the human larynx, came upon the law which regulated the pronunciation of the vowels. He found this to be partly in proportion to the size of the opening in the pipe, partly to the force with which the air was propelled through it, and by the adaptation of a tremulous artificial larynx to the pipe of anorgan, he produced the several vowels at will. Now bearing in mind the difference between the living organ and the dead one, the susceptibility of the former to dilatation and compression, from the effects, not only of the human will, but also of cold, of denser or thinner currents of air, and above all the influence which the general state of the body must have upon every part of it, we are furnished at once with the necessary hypothesis; viz. that climate, and the local positions on which climate much depends, are the main agency in producing the original variations of dialect. Once produced, tradition perpetuates them, with subsequent modifications proportionate to the change in the original conditions, the migration to localities of a different character, the congregation into towns, the cutting down of forests, the cultivation of the soil, by which the prevalent degrees of cold and the very direction of the currents of air are in no small degree altered. It is clear that the same influences will apply to all such consonants as can in any way be affected by the greater or less tension of the organs, consequently above all to the gutturals; next to the palatals, which may be defined by the position of the tongue; least of all to the labials, and generally to the liquids also, though these may be more or less strongly pronounced by different peoples. This hint must suffice here, as the pursuit of it is rather a physiological than a philological problem, and it is my business rather to show historically what facts bear upon my present inquiry, than to investigate the philosophical reasons for their existence. Still, for the very honour of human nature, one of whose greatest and most universal privileges is the recognition of and voluntary subjection to the laws of beauty and harmony, it is necessary to state that no developed language exists which does not acknowledge some internal laws of euphony, from which many of its peculiarities arise, and which by these assimilates its whole practice and assumes an artistical consistency. On this faculty, which is rather to be considered as a moral quality of the people than a necessity of their language, depends the facility of employing the language for certain purposes of art, andthe form which poetry and rhythm shall assume in the period of their cultivation."In reviewing the principal languages of the ancient and modern world, where the migrations of those that spoke them can be traced with certainty, we are struck with the fact that the dwellers in chains of mountains, or on the elevated plains of hilly districts, strongly affect broad vowels and guttural consonants. Compare the German of the Tyrol, Switzerland, or Bavaria, with that of the lowlands of Germany, Westphalia, Hanover, and Mecklenburg: compare the Doric with the Attic, or still more the soft Ionic Greek: follow the Italian of our own day into the mountains of the Abruzzi: pursue the English into the hills of Northumberland; mark the characteristics of the Celtic in the highlands of Wales and Scotland, of the Vascongado, in the hilly ranges of Spain. Everywhere we find the same type; everywhere the same love for broad sounds and guttural forms; everywhere these appear as the peculiarity of mountaineers. The difference of latitude between Holstein and Inspruck is not great; that between Newcastle and Coventry is less; Sparta is more southerly than Athens; Crete more so than either; but this does not explain our problem; its solution is found in the comparative number of feet above the level of the sea, in the hills and the valleys which they enclose."

"In reviewing the principal languages of the ancient and modern world, where the migrations of those that spoke them can be traced with certainty, we are struck with the fact that the dwellers in chains of mountains, or on the elevated plains of hilly districts, strongly affect broad vowels and guttural consonants. Compare the German of the Tyrol, Switzerland, or Bavaria, with that of the lowlands of Germany, Westphalia, Hanover, and Mecklenburg: compare the Doric with the Attic, or still more the soft Ionic Greek: follow the Italian of our own day into the mountains of the Abruzzi: pursue the English into the hills of Northumberland; mark the characteristics of the Celtic in the highlands of Wales and Scotland, of the Vascongado, in the hilly ranges of Spain. Everywhere we find the same type; everywhere the same love for broad sounds and guttural forms; everywhere these appear as the peculiarity of mountaineers. The difference of latitude between Holstein and Inspruck is not great; that between Newcastle and Coventry is less; Sparta is more southerly than Athens; Crete more so than either; but this does not explain our problem; its solution is found in the comparative number of feet above the level of the sea, in the hills and the valleys which they enclose."

If true, the bearings of this is important; since, if common physical conditions effect a common physiognomy of language, we may have a certain amount of resemblance without a corresponding amount of ethnological affinity.

The following extracts are given in the form of simple texts. They are meant, more especially, to be explained by masters to their classes; and as such were used by myself during the time that I was Professor of the English language and literature at University College. They are almost all taken from editions wherein either a translation or a full commentary can be found by reference. To have enlarged the present Appendix into a full Praxis, would have been to overstep the prescribed limits of the present work.

Mark, Chap. 1.

1. 2. Anastodeins aivaggeljons ïesuis xristaus sunaus guþs. svegameliþ ïst ïn esaï in praufetau. sai. ïk ïnsandja aggilu meinanafaura þus. saei gamanveiþ vig þeinana faura þus. stibna vopjandins3. ïn auþidai. manveiþ vig fraujins. raihtos vaurkeiþ4. staigos guþs unsaris. vas ïohannes daupjands ïn auþidai jah5. merjands daupein ïdreigos du aflageinai fravaurhte. jah usïddjedundu ïmma all ïudaialand jah ïairusaulymeis jah daupidaivesun allai ïn ïaurdane awai fram ïmma andhaitandans fravaurhtim6. seinaim. vasuþ-þan ïohannes gavasiþs taglam ulbandausjah gairda filleina bi hup seinana jah matida þramsteins7. jah miliþ haiþivisk jah merida qiþands. qimiþ svinþoza mis saafar mis. þizei ïk ni ïm vairþs anahneivands andbindan skaudaraip8. skohe is. aþþan ïk daupja ïzvis ïn vatin. ïþ ïs daupeiþ ïzvis9. ïn ahmin veihamma. jah varþ ïn jainaim dagam. qamïesus fram nazaraiþ galeilaias jah daupiþs vas fram ïohanne ïn10. ïaurdane. jah suns usgaggands us þamma vatin gasaw usluknans11. himinans jah ahman sve ahak atgaggandan ana ïna. jahstibna qam us himinam. þu ïs sunus meins sa liuba. ïn þuzei12. vaila galeikaida. jah suns sai. ahma ïna ustauh ïn auþida.13. jah vas in þizai auþidai dage fidvortiguns fraisans fram satanin14. jah vas miþ diuzam jah aggileis andbahtidedun ïmma. ïp afarþatei atgibans varþ ïohannes. qam ïesus ïn galeilaia merjands15. aivaggeljon þiudangardjos guþs qiþands þatei usfullnoda þatamel jah atnewida sik þiudangardi guþs. ïdreigoþ jah galaubeiþ16. ïn aivaggeljon. jah warbonds faur marein galeilaias gasawseimonu jah andraian broþar ïs. þis seimonis. vairpandans17. nati ïn marein. vesun auk fiskjans. jah qaþ ïm ïesus. hirjats18. afar mis jah gatauja ïgqis vairþan nutans manne. jah suns19. affetandans þo natja seina laistidedun afar ïmma. jah jainþroïnngaggands framis leitil gasaw ïakobu þana zaibaidaiaus jah20. ïohanne broþar ïs jah þans ïn skipa manvjandans natja. jahsuns haihait ïns jah affetandans attan seinana zaibaidaiu ïn þammaskipa miþ asnjam galiþun afar ïmma jah galiþun ïn kafarnaum.21. jah suns sabbato daga galeiþands ïn synagogen laisida22. ïns jah usfilmans vaurþun ana þizai laiseinai ïs. unte vas laisjands23. ïns sve valdufni habands jah ni svasve þai bokarjos. jahvas ïn þizai synagogen ïze manna ïn unhrainjamma ahmin jah24. ufhropida qiþands. fralet. wa uns jah þus ïesu nazorenai.qamt fraqistjan uns. kann þuk was þu ïs. sa veiha guþs.25. jah andbait ïna ïesus qiþands. þahai jah usgagg ut us þamma.26. ahma unhrainja. jah tahida ïna ahma sa unhrainja jah hropjands27. stibnai mikilai usïddja us ïmma. jah afslauþnodedunallai sildaleikjandans. svaei sokidedun miþ sis misso qiþandans.wa sijai þata. wo so laiseino so niujo. ei miþ valdufnja jahahmam þaim unhrainjam anabiudiþ jah ufhausjand ïmma.28. usïddja þan meriþa ïs suns and allans bisitands galeilaias.29. jah suns us þizai synagogen usgaggandans qemun ïn garda seimonis30. jah andraiïns miþ ïokobau jah ïohannem. ïþ svaihro31. seimonis log ïn brinnon. jah suns qeþun ïmma bi ïja. jahduatgaggands urraisida þo undgreipands handu ïzos. jah affailot32. þo so brinno suns jah andbahtida ïm. andanahtja þan vaurþanamma.þan gasaggq sauïl. berun du ïmma allans þans ubil33. habandans jah unhulþons habandans. jah so baurgs alla garunnana34. vas at daura. jah gahailida managans ubil habandansmissaleikaim sauhtim jah unhulþons managos usvarp jah ni35. fralailot rodjan þos unhulþons. unte kunþedun ïna. jah airuhtvon usstandans usïddja jah galaiþ ana auþjana staþ jah jainar36. baþ. jah galaistans vaurþun ïmma seimon jah þai miþ37. ïmma. jah bigitandans ïna qeþun du ïmma þatei allai þuk38. sokjand. jah qaþ du ïm. gaggam du þaim bisunjane haimom39. jah baurgim. ei jah jainar merjau. unte duþe qam. jahvas merjands ïn synagogim ïze and alla galeilaian jah unholþons40. usvairpands. jah qam at ïmma þrutsfill habands bidjandsïna jah knivam knussjands jah qiþands du ïmma þatei. jabai41. vileis. magt mik gahrainjan. ïþ ïesus ïnfeinands ufrakjandshandu seina attaitok ïmma jah qaþ ïmma. viljau. vairþ hrains.42. jah biþe qaþ þata ïesus. suns þata þrutsfill affaiþ af ïmma jah43. hrains varþ. jah gawotjands ïmma suns ussandida ïna jah qaþ44. du ïmma. saiw ei mannhun ni qiþais vaiht ak gagg þuk silbanataugjan gudjin jah atbair fram gahraineinai peinai. þatei45. anabauþ moses du veitvodiþai ïm. ïþ ïs usgaggands dugannmerjan filu jah usqiþan þata vaurd. svasve ïs juþan ni mahtaandaugjo ïn baurg galeiþan ak uta ana auþjaim stadim vas.jah ïddjedun du ïmma allaþro.

1. 2. Anastodeins aivaggeljons ïesuis xristaus sunaus guþs. sve

gameliþ ïst ïn esaï in praufetau. sai. ïk ïnsandja aggilu meinana

faura þus. saei gamanveiþ vig þeinana faura þus. stibna vopjandins

3. ïn auþidai. manveiþ vig fraujins. raihtos vaurkeiþ

4. staigos guþs unsaris. vas ïohannes daupjands ïn auþidai jah

5. merjands daupein ïdreigos du aflageinai fravaurhte. jah usïddjedun

du ïmma all ïudaialand jah ïairusaulymeis jah daupidai

vesun allai ïn ïaurdane awai fram ïmma andhaitandans fravaurhtim

6. seinaim. vasuþ-þan ïohannes gavasiþs taglam ulbandaus

jah gairda filleina bi hup seinana jah matida þramsteins

7. jah miliþ haiþivisk jah merida qiþands. qimiþ svinþoza mis sa

afar mis. þizei ïk ni ïm vairþs anahneivands andbindan skaudaraip

8. skohe is. aþþan ïk daupja ïzvis ïn vatin. ïþ ïs daupeiþ ïzvis

9. ïn ahmin veihamma. jah varþ ïn jainaim dagam. qam

ïesus fram nazaraiþ galeilaias jah daupiþs vas fram ïohanne ïn

10. ïaurdane. jah suns usgaggands us þamma vatin gasaw usluknans

11. himinans jah ahman sve ahak atgaggandan ana ïna. jah

stibna qam us himinam. þu ïs sunus meins sa liuba. ïn þuzei

12. vaila galeikaida. jah suns sai. ahma ïna ustauh ïn auþida.

13. jah vas in þizai auþidai dage fidvortiguns fraisans fram satanin

14. jah vas miþ diuzam jah aggileis andbahtidedun ïmma. ïp afar

þatei atgibans varþ ïohannes. qam ïesus ïn galeilaia merjands

15. aivaggeljon þiudangardjos guþs qiþands þatei usfullnoda þata

mel jah atnewida sik þiudangardi guþs. ïdreigoþ jah galaubeiþ

16. ïn aivaggeljon. jah warbonds faur marein galeilaias gasaw

seimonu jah andraian broþar ïs. þis seimonis. vairpandans

17. nati ïn marein. vesun auk fiskjans. jah qaþ ïm ïesus. hirjats

18. afar mis jah gatauja ïgqis vairþan nutans manne. jah suns

19. affetandans þo natja seina laistidedun afar ïmma. jah jainþro

ïnngaggands framis leitil gasaw ïakobu þana zaibaidaiaus jah

20. ïohanne broþar ïs jah þans ïn skipa manvjandans natja. jah

suns haihait ïns jah affetandans attan seinana zaibaidaiu ïn þamma

skipa miþ asnjam galiþun afar ïmma jah galiþun ïn kafarnaum.

21. jah suns sabbato daga galeiþands ïn synagogen laisida

22. ïns jah usfilmans vaurþun ana þizai laiseinai ïs. unte vas laisjands

23. ïns sve valdufni habands jah ni svasve þai bokarjos. jah

vas ïn þizai synagogen ïze manna ïn unhrainjamma ahmin jah

24. ufhropida qiþands. fralet. wa uns jah þus ïesu nazorenai.

qamt fraqistjan uns. kann þuk was þu ïs. sa veiha guþs.

25. jah andbait ïna ïesus qiþands. þahai jah usgagg ut us þamma.

26. ahma unhrainja. jah tahida ïna ahma sa unhrainja jah hropjands

27. stibnai mikilai usïddja us ïmma. jah afslauþnodedun

allai sildaleikjandans. svaei sokidedun miþ sis misso qiþandans.

wa sijai þata. wo so laiseino so niujo. ei miþ valdufnja jah

ahmam þaim unhrainjam anabiudiþ jah ufhausjand ïmma.

28. usïddja þan meriþa ïs suns and allans bisitands galeilaias.

29. jah suns us þizai synagogen usgaggandans qemun ïn garda seimonis

30. jah andraiïns miþ ïokobau jah ïohannem. ïþ svaihro

31. seimonis log ïn brinnon. jah suns qeþun ïmma bi ïja. jah

duatgaggands urraisida þo undgreipands handu ïzos. jah affailot

32. þo so brinno suns jah andbahtida ïm. andanahtja þan vaurþanamma.

þan gasaggq sauïl. berun du ïmma allans þans ubil

33. habandans jah unhulþons habandans. jah so baurgs alla garunnana

34. vas at daura. jah gahailida managans ubil habandans

missaleikaim sauhtim jah unhulþons managos usvarp jah ni

35. fralailot rodjan þos unhulþons. unte kunþedun ïna. jah air

uhtvon usstandans usïddja jah galaiþ ana auþjana staþ jah jainar

36. baþ. jah galaistans vaurþun ïmma seimon jah þai miþ

37. ïmma. jah bigitandans ïna qeþun du ïmma þatei allai þuk

38. sokjand. jah qaþ du ïm. gaggam du þaim bisunjane haimom

39. jah baurgim. ei jah jainar merjau. unte duþe qam. jah

vas merjands ïn synagogim ïze and alla galeilaian jah unholþons

40. usvairpands. jah qam at ïmma þrutsfill habands bidjands

ïna jah knivam knussjands jah qiþands du ïmma þatei. jabai

41. vileis. magt mik gahrainjan. ïþ ïesus ïnfeinands ufrakjands

handu seina attaitok ïmma jah qaþ ïmma. viljau. vairþ hrains.

42. jah biþe qaþ þata ïesus. suns þata þrutsfill affaiþ af ïmma jah

43. hrains varþ. jah gawotjands ïmma suns ussandida ïna jah qaþ

44. du ïmma. saiw ei mannhun ni qiþais vaiht ak gagg þuk silban

ataugjan gudjin jah atbair fram gahraineinai peinai. þatei

45. anabauþ moses du veitvodiþai ïm. ïþ ïs usgaggands dugann

merjan filu jah usqiþan þata vaurd. svasve ïs juþan ni mahta

andaugjo ïn baurg galeiþan ak uta ana auþjaim stadim vas.

jah ïddjedun du ïmma allaþro.

MUSPILLI.

From Schmeller.

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