31THE MARRIAGE OF SIR GAWAIN

Percy MS., p. 24. Hales and Furnivall, I, 61; Madden's Syr Gawayne, p. 275.

* * * * *1[Saies, 'Come here, cuzen Gawaine so gay,]My sisters sonne be yee;Ffor you shall see one of the fairest round tablesThat euer you see with your eye.'2Then bespake Lady QueenGueneuer,And these were the words said shee:'I know where a round table is, thou noble king,Is worth thy round table and other such three.3'The trestle that stands vnder this round table,' she said,'Lowe downe to the mould,It is worth thy round table, thou worthy king,Thy halls, and all thy gold.4'The place where this round table stands in,. . . . . . .It is worth thy castle, thy gold, thy fee,And all good Litle Britaine.'5'Where may that table be, lady?' quoth hee,'Or where may all that goodly building be?''You shall it seeke,' shee says, 'till you it find,For you shall neuer gett more of me.'6Then bespake him noble KingArthur,These were the words said hee:'He make mine avow to God,And alsoe to the Trinity,7'He never sleepe one night there as I doe another,Tillthat round table I see:SirMarramiles and SirTristeram,Fellowesthat ye shall bee.8. . . . . . .. . . . . . .'Weele be clad in palmers weede,Fiue palmers we will bee;9'There is noe outlandish man will vs abide,Nor will vs come nye.'Then they riued east and thé riued west,In many a strange country.10Then they tranckled a litle further,They saw a battle new sett:'Now, by my faith,' saies noble King Arthur,. . . . . . well .* * * * *11But when he cam to this ... c ...And to the palace gate,Soe ready was ther a proud porter,And met him soone therat.12Shooes of gold the porter had on,And all his other rayment was vnto the same:'Now, by my faith,' saies noble KingArthur,'Yonder is a minion swaine.'13Then bespake noble KingArthur,These were the words says hee:'Come hither, thou proud porter,I pray thee come hither to me.14'I haue two poore rings of my finger,The better of them Ile giue to thee;Tell who may be lord of this castle,' he sayes,'Or who is lord in this cuntry?'15'Cornewall King,' the porter sayes,'There is none soe rich as hee;Neither in christendome, nor yet in heathen-nest,None hath soe much gold as he.'16And then bespake him noble KingArthur,These were the words sayes hee:'I haue two poore rings of my finger,The better of them Ile giue thee,If thou wilt greete him well, Cornewall King,And greete him well from me.17'Pray him for one nights lodging and two meales meate,For his love that dyed vppon a tree;Of one ghesting and two meales meate,For his loue that dyed vppon a tree.18'Of one ghesting, of two meales meate,For his love that was of virgin borne,And in the morningthat we may scape away,Either without scath or scorne.'19Then forth is gone this proud porter,As fast as he cold hye,And when he came befor Cornewall King,He kneeled downe on his knee.20Sayes, 'I haue beene porter-man, at thy gate,This thirty winter and three .... . . . . . .. . . . . . .* * * * *21. . . . . . .. . . . . . .Our Lady was borne; then thought Cornewall KingThese palmers had beene in Brittaine.22Then bespake him Cornwall King,These were the words he said there:'Did you euer know a comely king,His name was King Arthur?'23And then bespake him noble KingArthur,These were the words said hee:'I doe not know that comly king,But once my selfe I did him see.'Then bespake Cornwall Kingagaine,These were the words said he:24Sayes, 'Seuen yeere I was clad and fed,In Litle Brittaine, in a bower;I had a daughter by KingArthurs wife,That now is called my flower;For KingArthur, that kindly cockward,Hath none such in his bower.25'For I durst sweare, and saue my othe,That same lady soe bright,That a manthat were laid on his death bedWold open his eyes on her to haue sight.''Now, by my faith,' sayes noble KingArthur,'And that's a full faire wight!'26And then bespake Cornewall [King] againe,And these were the words he said:'Come hither, fiue or three of my knights,And feitch me downe my steed;King Arthur, that foule cockeward,Hath none such, if he had need.27'For I can ryde him as far on a dayAs King Arthur can doe any of his on three;And is it not a pleasure for a kingWhen he shall ryde forth on his iourney?28'For the eyes that beene in his head,Thé glister as doth the gleed.''Now, by my faith,' says noble King Arthur,'That is a well faire steed.'* * * * *29. . . . . . .. . . . . . .'Nobody say . . . .But onethat's learned to speake.'30Then KingArthur to his bed was brought,A greeiued man was hee;And soe were all his fellowes with him,From him thé thought neuer to flee.31Then take they did that lodly groome,And under the rub-chadler closed was hee,And he was set by KingArthurs bed-side,To heere theire talke and theire comunye;32That he might come forth, and make proclamation,Long before it was day;It was more for KingCornwalls pleasure,Then it was for KingArthurs pay.33And when KingArthur in his bed was laid,These were the words said hee:'Ile make mine avow to God,And alsoe to the Trinity,That Ile be the bane of Cornwall Kinge,Litle Brittaine or euer I see!'34'It is an vnaduised vow,' saies Gawaine the gay,'As ever kinghard make I;But weethat beene fiue Christian men,Of the christen faith are wee,And we shall fight against anoynted kingAnd all his armorie.'35And then bespake him noble Arthur,And these were the words said he:'Why, if thou be afraid, SirGawaine the gay,Goe home, and drinke wine in thine owne country.'36And then bespake Sir Gawaine the gay,And these were the words said hee:'Nay, seeing you have made such a hearty vow,Heere another vow make will I.37'Ile make mine avow to God,And alsoe to the Trinity,That I will haue yonder faire ladyTo Litle Brittaine with mee.38'Ile hose her hourly to my heart,And with her Ile worke my will;'. . . . . . .. . . . . . .* * * * *39. . . . . . .These were the words sayd hee:'Befor I wold wrestle with yonder feend,It is better be drowned in the sea.'40And then, bespake Sir Bredbeddle,And these were the words said he:'Why, I will wrestle with yon lodly feend,God, my gouernor thou wilt bee!'41Then bespake him noble Arthur,And these were the words said he:'What weapons wilt thou haue, thou gentle knight?I pray thee tell to me.'42He sayes, 'Collen brand Ile haue in my hand,And a Millaine knife fast by me knee,And a Danish axe fast in my hands,That a sure weapon I thinke wilbe.'43Then with his Collen brandthat he had in his handThe bunge of that rub-chandler he burst in three;With that start out a lodly feend,With seuen heads, and one body.44The fyer towards the element flew,Out of his mouth, where was great plentie;The knight stoode in the middle and fought,That it was great ioy to see.45Till his Collaine brand brake in his hand,And his Millaine knife burst on his knee,And then the Danish axe burst in his hand first,That a sur weapon he thought shold be.46But now is the knight left without any weapons,And alacke! it was the more pitty;But a surer weapon then he had one,Had neuer lordin Christentye;And all was but one litle booke,He found it by the side of the sea.47He found it at the sea-side,Wrucked upp in a floode;Our Lordhad written it with his hands,And sealed it with his bloode.* * * * *48'That thou doe not s ...But ly still in that wall of stone,Till I haue beene with noble KingArthur,And told him what I haue done.'49And when he came to the kings chamber,He cold of his curtesie:Says, 'Sleepe you, wake you, noble KingArthur?And euer Iesus waken yee!'50'Nay, I am not sleeping, I am waking,'These were the words said hee;'Ffor thee I haue card; how hast thou fared?O gentle knight, let me see.'51The knight wrought the kinghis booke,Bad him behold, reede and see;And euer he found it on the backside of the leafeAs noble Arthur wold wish it to be.52And then bespake him KingArthur,'Alas! thow gentle knight, how may this be,That I might see him in the same licknesseThat he stood vnto thee?'53And then bespake him the Greene Knight,These were the words said hee:'If youle stand stifly in the battell stronge,For I haue won all the victory.'54Then bespake him the kingagaine,And these were the words said hee:'If wee stand not stifly in this battell strong,Wee are worthy to be hanged all on a tree.'55Then bespake him the Greene Knight,These were the words said he:Saies, 'I doe coniure thee, thou fowle feend,In the same licknesse thou stood vnto me.'56With that start out a lodly feend,With seuen heads, and one body;The fier towards the element flaugh,Out of his mouth, where was great plenty.57The knight stood in the middle p .... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .* * * * *58. . . . . . .. . . . . . .... they stood the space of an houre,I know not what they did.59And then bespake him the Greene Knight,And these were the words said he:Saith, 'I coniure thee, thou fowle feend,That thou feitch downe the steed that we see.'60And then forth is gone Burlow-beanie,As fast as he cold hie,And feitch he didthat faire steed,And came againe by and by.61Then bespake him SirMarramiles,And these were the words said hee:'Riding of this steed, brother Bredbeddle,The mastery belongs to me.'62Marramiles tooke the steed to his hand,To ryd him he was full bold;He cold noe more make him goeThen a child of three yeere old.63He laid vppon him with heele and hand,With yard that was soe fell;'Helpe! brother Bredbeddle,' says Marramile,'For I thinke he be the devill of hell.64'Helpe! brother Bredbeddle,' says Marramile,'Helpe! for Christs pittye;Ffor without thy help, brother Bredbeddle,He will neuer be rydden for me.'65Then bespake him SirBredbeddle,These were the words said he:'I coniure thee, thou Burlow-beane,Thou tell me how this steed was riddin in his country.'66He saith, 'there is a gold wandStands in KingCornwalls study windowe;. . . . . . .. . . . . . .67'Let him take that wand inthat window,And strike three strokes on that steed;And then he will spring forth of his handAs sparke doth out of gleede.'68And then bespake him the Greene Knight,. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .* * * * *69. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .A lowd blast he may blow then.70And then bespake SirBredebeddle,To the ffeend these words said hee:Says, 'I coniure thee, thou Burlow-beanie,The powder-box thou feitch me.'71Then forth is gone Burlow-beanie,As fast as he cold hie,And feich he did the powder-box,And came againe by and by.72Then SirTristeram tooke powder forth ofthat box,And blent it with warme sweet milke,And there put it vnto that horne,And swilled it about in that ilke.73Then he tooke the horne in his hand,And a lowd blast he blew;He rent the horne vp to the midst,All his ffellowes this thé knew.74Then bespake him the Greene Knight,These were the words said he:Saies, 'I coniure thee, thou Burlow-beanie,That thou feitch me the swordthat I see.'75Then forth is gone Burlow-beanie,As fast as he cold hie,And feitch he did that faire sword,And came againe by and by.76Then bespake him Sir Bredbeddle,To the kingthese words said he:'Take this sword in thy hand, thou noble KingArthur,For the vowes sakethat thou made Ile giue it th[ee,]And goe strike off KingCornewalls head,In bed were he doth lye.'77Then forth is gone noble KingArthur,As fast as he cold hye,And strucken he hath off KingCornwalls head,And came againe by and by.78He put the head vpon a swords point,. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .* * * * *

* * * * *

1[Saies, 'Come here, cuzen Gawaine so gay,]My sisters sonne be yee;Ffor you shall see one of the fairest round tablesThat euer you see with your eye.'

2Then bespake Lady QueenGueneuer,And these were the words said shee:'I know where a round table is, thou noble king,Is worth thy round table and other such three.

3'The trestle that stands vnder this round table,' she said,'Lowe downe to the mould,It is worth thy round table, thou worthy king,Thy halls, and all thy gold.

4'The place where this round table stands in,. . . . . . .It is worth thy castle, thy gold, thy fee,And all good Litle Britaine.'

5'Where may that table be, lady?' quoth hee,'Or where may all that goodly building be?''You shall it seeke,' shee says, 'till you it find,For you shall neuer gett more of me.'

6Then bespake him noble KingArthur,These were the words said hee:'He make mine avow to God,And alsoe to the Trinity,

7'He never sleepe one night there as I doe another,Tillthat round table I see:SirMarramiles and SirTristeram,Fellowesthat ye shall bee.

8. . . . . . .. . . . . . .'Weele be clad in palmers weede,Fiue palmers we will bee;

9'There is noe outlandish man will vs abide,Nor will vs come nye.'Then they riued east and thé riued west,In many a strange country.

10Then they tranckled a litle further,They saw a battle new sett:'Now, by my faith,' saies noble King Arthur,. . . . . . well .

* * * * *

11But when he cam to this ... c ...And to the palace gate,Soe ready was ther a proud porter,And met him soone therat.

12Shooes of gold the porter had on,And all his other rayment was vnto the same:'Now, by my faith,' saies noble KingArthur,'Yonder is a minion swaine.'

13Then bespake noble KingArthur,These were the words says hee:'Come hither, thou proud porter,I pray thee come hither to me.

14'I haue two poore rings of my finger,The better of them Ile giue to thee;Tell who may be lord of this castle,' he sayes,'Or who is lord in this cuntry?'

15'Cornewall King,' the porter sayes,'There is none soe rich as hee;Neither in christendome, nor yet in heathen-nest,None hath soe much gold as he.'

16And then bespake him noble KingArthur,These were the words sayes hee:'I haue two poore rings of my finger,The better of them Ile giue thee,If thou wilt greete him well, Cornewall King,And greete him well from me.

17'Pray him for one nights lodging and two meales meate,For his love that dyed vppon a tree;Of one ghesting and two meales meate,For his loue that dyed vppon a tree.

18'Of one ghesting, of two meales meate,For his love that was of virgin borne,And in the morningthat we may scape away,Either without scath or scorne.'

19Then forth is gone this proud porter,As fast as he cold hye,And when he came befor Cornewall King,He kneeled downe on his knee.

20Sayes, 'I haue beene porter-man, at thy gate,This thirty winter and three .... . . . . . .. . . . . . .

* * * * *

21. . . . . . .. . . . . . .Our Lady was borne; then thought Cornewall KingThese palmers had beene in Brittaine.

22Then bespake him Cornwall King,These were the words he said there:'Did you euer know a comely king,His name was King Arthur?'

23And then bespake him noble KingArthur,These were the words said hee:'I doe not know that comly king,But once my selfe I did him see.'Then bespake Cornwall Kingagaine,These were the words said he:

24Sayes, 'Seuen yeere I was clad and fed,In Litle Brittaine, in a bower;I had a daughter by KingArthurs wife,That now is called my flower;For KingArthur, that kindly cockward,Hath none such in his bower.

25'For I durst sweare, and saue my othe,That same lady soe bright,That a manthat were laid on his death bedWold open his eyes on her to haue sight.''Now, by my faith,' sayes noble KingArthur,'And that's a full faire wight!'

26And then bespake Cornewall [King] againe,And these were the words he said:'Come hither, fiue or three of my knights,And feitch me downe my steed;King Arthur, that foule cockeward,Hath none such, if he had need.

27'For I can ryde him as far on a dayAs King Arthur can doe any of his on three;And is it not a pleasure for a kingWhen he shall ryde forth on his iourney?

28'For the eyes that beene in his head,Thé glister as doth the gleed.''Now, by my faith,' says noble King Arthur,'That is a well faire steed.'

* * * * *

29. . . . . . .. . . . . . .'Nobody say . . . .But onethat's learned to speake.'

30Then KingArthur to his bed was brought,A greeiued man was hee;And soe were all his fellowes with him,From him thé thought neuer to flee.

31Then take they did that lodly groome,And under the rub-chadler closed was hee,And he was set by KingArthurs bed-side,To heere theire talke and theire comunye;

32That he might come forth, and make proclamation,Long before it was day;It was more for KingCornwalls pleasure,Then it was for KingArthurs pay.

33And when KingArthur in his bed was laid,These were the words said hee:'Ile make mine avow to God,And alsoe to the Trinity,That Ile be the bane of Cornwall Kinge,Litle Brittaine or euer I see!'

34'It is an vnaduised vow,' saies Gawaine the gay,'As ever kinghard make I;But weethat beene fiue Christian men,Of the christen faith are wee,And we shall fight against anoynted kingAnd all his armorie.'

35And then bespake him noble Arthur,And these were the words said he:'Why, if thou be afraid, SirGawaine the gay,Goe home, and drinke wine in thine owne country.'

36And then bespake Sir Gawaine the gay,And these were the words said hee:'Nay, seeing you have made such a hearty vow,Heere another vow make will I.

37'Ile make mine avow to God,And alsoe to the Trinity,That I will haue yonder faire ladyTo Litle Brittaine with mee.

38'Ile hose her hourly to my heart,And with her Ile worke my will;'. . . . . . .. . . . . . .

* * * * *

39. . . . . . .These were the words sayd hee:'Befor I wold wrestle with yonder feend,It is better be drowned in the sea.'

40And then, bespake Sir Bredbeddle,And these were the words said he:'Why, I will wrestle with yon lodly feend,God, my gouernor thou wilt bee!'

41Then bespake him noble Arthur,And these were the words said he:'What weapons wilt thou haue, thou gentle knight?I pray thee tell to me.'

42He sayes, 'Collen brand Ile haue in my hand,And a Millaine knife fast by me knee,And a Danish axe fast in my hands,That a sure weapon I thinke wilbe.'

43Then with his Collen brandthat he had in his handThe bunge of that rub-chandler he burst in three;With that start out a lodly feend,With seuen heads, and one body.

44The fyer towards the element flew,Out of his mouth, where was great plentie;The knight stoode in the middle and fought,That it was great ioy to see.

45Till his Collaine brand brake in his hand,And his Millaine knife burst on his knee,And then the Danish axe burst in his hand first,That a sur weapon he thought shold be.

46But now is the knight left without any weapons,And alacke! it was the more pitty;But a surer weapon then he had one,Had neuer lordin Christentye;And all was but one litle booke,He found it by the side of the sea.

47He found it at the sea-side,Wrucked upp in a floode;Our Lordhad written it with his hands,And sealed it with his bloode.

* * * * *

48'That thou doe not s ...But ly still in that wall of stone,Till I haue beene with noble KingArthur,And told him what I haue done.'

49And when he came to the kings chamber,He cold of his curtesie:Says, 'Sleepe you, wake you, noble KingArthur?And euer Iesus waken yee!'

50'Nay, I am not sleeping, I am waking,'These were the words said hee;'Ffor thee I haue card; how hast thou fared?O gentle knight, let me see.'

51The knight wrought the kinghis booke,Bad him behold, reede and see;And euer he found it on the backside of the leafeAs noble Arthur wold wish it to be.

52And then bespake him KingArthur,'Alas! thow gentle knight, how may this be,That I might see him in the same licknesseThat he stood vnto thee?'

53And then bespake him the Greene Knight,These were the words said hee:'If youle stand stifly in the battell stronge,For I haue won all the victory.'

54Then bespake him the kingagaine,And these were the words said hee:'If wee stand not stifly in this battell strong,Wee are worthy to be hanged all on a tree.'

55Then bespake him the Greene Knight,These were the words said he:Saies, 'I doe coniure thee, thou fowle feend,In the same licknesse thou stood vnto me.'

56With that start out a lodly feend,With seuen heads, and one body;The fier towards the element flaugh,Out of his mouth, where was great plenty.

57The knight stood in the middle p .... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .

* * * * *

58. . . . . . .. . . . . . .... they stood the space of an houre,I know not what they did.

59And then bespake him the Greene Knight,And these were the words said he:Saith, 'I coniure thee, thou fowle feend,That thou feitch downe the steed that we see.'

60And then forth is gone Burlow-beanie,As fast as he cold hie,And feitch he didthat faire steed,And came againe by and by.

61Then bespake him SirMarramiles,And these were the words said hee:'Riding of this steed, brother Bredbeddle,The mastery belongs to me.'

62Marramiles tooke the steed to his hand,To ryd him he was full bold;He cold noe more make him goeThen a child of three yeere old.

63He laid vppon him with heele and hand,With yard that was soe fell;'Helpe! brother Bredbeddle,' says Marramile,'For I thinke he be the devill of hell.

64'Helpe! brother Bredbeddle,' says Marramile,'Helpe! for Christs pittye;Ffor without thy help, brother Bredbeddle,He will neuer be rydden for me.'

65Then bespake him SirBredbeddle,These were the words said he:'I coniure thee, thou Burlow-beane,Thou tell me how this steed was riddin in his country.'

66He saith, 'there is a gold wandStands in KingCornwalls study windowe;. . . . . . .. . . . . . .

67'Let him take that wand inthat window,And strike three strokes on that steed;And then he will spring forth of his handAs sparke doth out of gleede.'

68And then bespake him the Greene Knight,. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .

* * * * *

69. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .A lowd blast he may blow then.

70And then bespake SirBredebeddle,To the ffeend these words said hee:Says, 'I coniure thee, thou Burlow-beanie,The powder-box thou feitch me.'

71Then forth is gone Burlow-beanie,As fast as he cold hie,And feich he did the powder-box,And came againe by and by.

72Then SirTristeram tooke powder forth ofthat box,And blent it with warme sweet milke,And there put it vnto that horne,And swilled it about in that ilke.

73Then he tooke the horne in his hand,And a lowd blast he blew;He rent the horne vp to the midst,All his ffellowes this thé knew.

74Then bespake him the Greene Knight,These were the words said he:Saies, 'I coniure thee, thou Burlow-beanie,That thou feitch me the swordthat I see.'

75Then forth is gone Burlow-beanie,As fast as he cold hie,And feitch he did that faire sword,And came againe by and by.

76Then bespake him Sir Bredbeddle,To the kingthese words said he:'Take this sword in thy hand, thou noble KingArthur,For the vowes sakethat thou made Ile giue it th[ee,]And goe strike off KingCornewalls head,In bed were he doth lye.'

77Then forth is gone noble KingArthur,As fast as he cold hye,And strucken he hath off KingCornwalls head,And came againe by and by.

78He put the head vpon a swords point,. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .

* * * * *

11.The tops of the letters of this line were cut off in binding. Percy thought it had stood previously,

come here CuzenGawaine so gay.

Furnivall says "the bottoms of the letters left suit better those in the text" as given. 4 and 5, 8 and 9, are joined in the MS.104.Half a page is gone from the MS., or about 38 or 40 lines; and so after 202, 284, 382, 474, 571, 681, 781.142. they better.173, 181.The first two words are hard to make out, and look likeA vne.182. boirne.191. his gone.202.The lower half of the letters is gone.21.In MS.:

Furnivall says "the bottoms of the letters left suit better those in the text" as given. 4 and 5, 8 and 9, are joined in the MS.

104.Half a page is gone from the MS., or about 38 or 40 lines; and so after 202, 284, 382, 474, 571, 681, 781.

142. they better.

173, 181.The first two words are hard to make out, and look likeA vne.

182. boirne.

191. his gone.

202.The lower half of the letters is gone.

21.In MS.:

our Lady was bornethen thought cornewall Kingthese palmers hadbeene in Brittanie.

284.? MS. Only the upper part of the letters is left.312. under thrub chadler.35.After this stanza is written, in the left margin of the MS.,The 3d Part.381. homly to my hurt.Madden readhourly.391.The top line is pared away.412. they words.432. of the trubchandler.463. then had he.64. p',i. e.proorper, me.Madden.66.Attached to 65 in MS.694.? MS.765,6.Joined with 77 in MS. & and Arabic numerals have been frequently written out.

284.? MS. Only the upper part of the letters is left.

312. under thrub chadler.

35.After this stanza is written, in the left margin of the MS.,The 3d Part.

381. homly to my hurt.Madden readhourly.

391.The top line is pared away.

412. they words.

432. of the trubchandler.

463. then had he.

64. p',i. e.proorper, me.Madden.

66.Attached to 65 in MS.

694.? MS.

765,6.Joined with 77 in MS. & and Arabic numerals have been frequently written out.

FOOTNOTES:[259]Half a page is gone in the manuscript between 'Robin Hood's Death' and the beginning of this ballad, and again between the end of this ballad and the beginning of 'Sir Lionel.' 'Robin Hood's Death,' judging by another copy, is complete within two or three stanzas, and 'Sir Lionel' appears to lack nothing. We may suppose that quite half a dozen stanzas are lost from both the beginning and the end of 'King Arthur and King Cornwall.'[260]British Museum (but now missing), King's Library, 16, E,VIII, fol. 131, recto: "Ci comence le liucrecumment charels de fraunce voiet in ierhusalem Et pur parols sa feme a constantinnoble purvereroy hugon." First published by Michel, London, 1836, and lately reëdited, with due care, by Koschwitz: Karls des Grossen Reise nach Jerusalem und Constantinopel, Heilbronn, 1880; 2d ed., 1883.[261]See the argument of Gaston Paris, Romanis, XI, 7 ff; and of Koschwitz, Karl des Grossen Reise, 2te Auflage, Einleitung, pp. xiv-xxxii.[262]Printed by Koschwitz in Sechs Bearbeitungen von Karls des Grossen Reise, the last from a somewhat later edition, pp. 40-133. The recovery of a metrical form of Galien is looked for. In the view of Gaston Paris, the Pilgrimage was made over (renouvelé) at the end of the twelfth or the beginning of the thirteenth century, and thisrifacimentointercalated in Galien by some rhymer of the fourteenth. See his 'Galien,' in Hist. Litt. de la France, XXVIII, 221-239, for all that concerns the subject.[263]Il Viaggio di Carlo Magno in Ispagna, pubblicato per cure di Antonio Ceruti, c.LI, II, 170: Rajna, Uggeri il Danese nella letteratura romanzesca degl' Italiani, Romania IV, 414 ff. A king of Portugal, of the faith of Apollo and Mahound, takes the place of the king of Constantinople in the former, and one Saracen or another in the several versions of the second. G. Paris, in Romania, IX, 3, 10, notes.[264]The Norwegian version in Karlamagnus Saga ok Kappa hans, ed. Unger, p. 466, the Seventh Part. Both the Swedish and Danish are given in Storm's Sagnkredsene om Karl den Store, etc., Kristiania, 1874, pp. 228-245. For the sources, see p. 160 ff. The whole of the Danish Chronicle of Charlemagne is printed in Brandt's Romantisk Digtning fra Middelalderen, Copenhagen, 1877, the Journey to the Holy Land, p. 146 ff. Brandt does not admit that the Danish chronicle was translated from Swedish: p. 347. The 'Geiplur,' 968 vv, and one version of 'Geipa-táttur,' 340 vv, are included in Koschwitz's Sechs Bearbeitungen, p. 139 ff, p. 174 ff. For a discussion of them see Kölbing in Germania, XX, 233-239, and as to the relations of the several versions, etc., Koschwitz, in Romanische Studien, II, 1 ff, his Ueberlieferung und Sprache der Chanson du Voyage de Charlemagne, and Sechs Bearbeitungen, Einleitung. The Färöe ballad is thought to show traces in some places of Christiern Pedersen's edition of the Danish chronicle, 1584 (Kölbing, as above, 238, 239), or of stall prints founded on that. This does not, however, necessarily put the ballad into the sixteenth century. Might not Pedersen have had ballad authority for such changes and additions as he made? It may well be supposed that he had, and if what is peculiar to Pedersen may have come from ballads, we must hesitate to derive the ballads from Pedersen. It is, moreover, neither strange nor unexampled that popular ballads should be affected by tradition committed to print as well as by tradition still floating in memory. The Färöe copies of 'Greve Genselin,' for example, as Grundtvig remarks, I, 223, note, though undoubtedly original and independent of Danish, evince acquaintance with Vedel's printed text.[265]Given, with an English translation by Professor Rhys, in Sechs Bearbeitungen, p. 1, p. 19.[266]There are some variations in the list of relics in the other versions. The Rímur say "many," without specifying.[267]On the way from Jerusalem to Constantinople the French, according to Galien, were waylaid by several thousand Saracens. Three or four of the peers prepared for a fight, though armed only with swords ("which they never or only most reluctantly put off," Arsenal MS.), but Charles and the rest felt a better confidence in the relics, and through the prayers of the more prudent and pious of the company their foes were turned into rocks and stones.[268]The heir of a Scandinavian king, or earl, at the feast which solemnized his accession, drank a bragur-full, a chief's cup or king's toast, to the memory of his father, and then made some important vow. This he did before he took his father's seat. The guests then made vows. The custom seems not to have been confined to these funeral banquets. See Vigfusson, at the wordBragr. Charles and his peers show their blood.[269]Excepting the Welsh translation, which conforms to the original, all other versions give Bernard's gab to Turpin, and most others Turpin's to Bernard. The Danish chronicle assigns the "grand three-horse act" to Gerard; the Färöe ballad omits it; the two manuscript Galiens attribute it to Bernard [Berart] de Mondidier, the printed Galien to Berenger. In these last the feat is, though enormously weighted with armor, to leap over two horses and come down on the back of the third so heavily as to break his bones. There are, in one version or another, other differences as to the feats.[270]In Galien, Hugo is exceedingly frightened by Charlemagne's fierce demeanor and by what he is told by a recreant Frenchman who is living in exile at his court, and rouses the city for an assault on his guests, in which he loses two thousand of his people. A parley ensues. Hugo will hear of no accommodation unless the gabs are performed. "Content," says Charles, angrily, "they shall be, if you wish;" but he feels how great the peril is, and goes to church to invoke the aid of heaven, which is vouchsafed.[271]Arthur is said to have "socht to the ciete of Criste," in 'Golagros and Gawane,' Madden's 'Syr Gawayne,' p. 143, v. 302. The author probably followed the so-called Nennius, c. 63.[272]Cf. 'Young Beichan,' where the porter has also served thirty years and three; 'The Grene Knight,' Percy MS., Hales and Furnivall, II, 62; the porter in Kilhwch and Olwen, Mabinogion, II, 255 f.[273]In Heinrich vom Türlin's Crône we have the following passage, vv 3313-4888, very possibly to be found in some French predecessor, which recalls the relations of Cornwall King and Guenever. The queen's demeanor may be an imitation of Charlemagne's (Arthur's) wife's bluntness, but theliaisonof which Cornwall boasts appears to be vouched by no other tradition, and must be regarded as the invention of the author of this ballad.Arthur and three comrades return half frozen from a hunt. Arthur sits down at the fire to warm himself. The queen taunts him: she knows a knight who rides, winter and summer alike, in a simple shirt, chanting love-songs the while. Arthur resolves to go out with the three the next night to overhaul this hardy chevalier. The three attendants of the king have an encounter with him and fare hard at his hands, but Arthur has the advantage of the stranger, who reveals himself to the king as Guenever's first love, by name Gasozein, and shows a token which he had received from her.[274]Under thrub chadler closed was hee. 292.The bunge of the trubchandler he burst in three. 432.Being unable to make anything of thrub, trub, I am compelled to conjecturethe rub-chadler, that rub-chandler. The fiend is certainly closed under a barrel or tub, and I suppose a rubbish barrel or tub. Rubb, however derived, occurs in Icelandic in the sense of rubbish, and chalder, however derived, is a Scottish form of the familiar chaldron. Professor Skeat, with great probability, suggests that chadler == chaudeler, chaudière. Caldarialigneaare cited by Ducange. Cad or kad is well known in the sense barrel, and cadiolus, cadulus, are found in Ducange. Cadler, chadler, however, cannot be called a likely derivative from cad.In stanza 48 the fiend, after he has been ousted from the "trubchandler," is told to "lie still in that wall of stone," which is perhaps his ordinary lair. The spy is concealed under a flight of stone steps in the French poem; in "a large hollow stone in the door outside" in the Welsh story; in a hollow pillar in Galien and the Rímur; in a stone vault in the Färöe ballad: Koschwitz, Karls Reise, p. 64; Sechs Bearbeitungen, pp 29, 52, 85, 117, 153, 179.[275]Roland's last blast splits his horn. See the citations by G. Paris, in Romania, XI, 506 f.[276]The first has been printed by Kölbing in Koschwitz's Sechs Bearbeitungen, as already said. The four texts were most kindly communicated to me by Professor Grundtvig, a short time before his lamentable death, copied by his own hand in parallel columns, with a restoration of the order of the stanzas, which is considerably disturbed in all, and a few necessary emendations.[277]Pól,A,C, Kortunatus,B, i. e. Koronatus (Grundtvig). Coronatus == clericus, tonsura seu corona clericali donatus: Ducange.[278]The white bears and the wolf-dogs are found in another Färöe ballad, as yet unprinted, 'Ásmundar skeinkjari,' where they are subdued by an arm-ring and "rune-gold:" the white bears in a kindred ballad, Grundtvig, No 71,A4, 5, 8, 9,C6, 7, 13, quelled with a lily-twig;E12, 13, with runes; and in No 70,A28,B27, 30. The source of this ballad is Fjölsvinnsmál, which has two watch-dogs in 13, 14. 'Kilhweh and Olwen,' Mabinogion, II, has a similar story, and there are nine watch-dogs, at p. 277. (Grundtvig.)[279]Romania, IX, 8 ff. The English ballad has also combined two stories: that of the gabs with another in which a magical horse, horn, and sword are made prize of by a favored hero.[280]The particular for which superiority is claimed will naturally vary. The author of Charlemagne's Journey has the good taste not to give prominence to simple riches, but in Galien riches is from the beginning the point. So none hath so much gold as Cornwall King. Solomon's fame is to exceed all the kings of the earth "for riches and for wisdom;" and although the queen of Sheba came to prove him with hard questions, she must have had the other matter also in view, for she says, The half was not told me; thy wisdom and prosperity exceedeth the fame which I heard: 1 Kings, x. Coming down to very late times, we observe that it is the wealth of the Abbot of Canterbury which exposes him to a visit from the king.[281]The tale in the Mille et un Jours is directly from the Persian, but the Persian is in the preface said to be a version from Indian, that is, Sanskrit. There are two Tatar traditional versions in Radloff, IV, 120, 310, which are cited by G. Paris.[282]Cited by G. Paris, who refers also to King Gylfi's expedition to Asgard (an imitation of Odin's to Vafþrúðnir), and sees some resemblance to the revolving palace of King Hugo in the vanishing mansion in which Gylfi is received in Gylfaginning; and again to Thor's visit to the giant Geirröðr, Skáldskaparmál, 18, which terminates by the giant's flinging a red-hot iron bar at Thor, who catches it and sends it back through an iron pillar, through Geirröðr skulking behind the pillar, through the wall of the house, and into the ground, a fair matching of Charlemagne's gab. (The giant Geirröðr, like Cornwall King, is skilled in magic.) The beginning of Biterolf and Dietleib also recalls that of Charlemagne's Journey. Biterolf, a Spanish king, hears from an old palmer, who has seen many a hero among Christians and heathens, that none is the equal of Attila. Biterolf had thought that he himself had no superior, and sets out with eleven chosen knights to see Etzel's court with his own eyes. Romania, IX, 9 f.Játmundr [Hlöðver], a haughty emperor in Saxon-land, sitting on his throne one day, in the best humor with himself, asks Sigurðr, his prime minister, where is the monarch that is his match. Sigurðr demurs a little: the emperor specifies his hawk, horse, and sword as quite incomparable. That may be, says the counsellor, but his master's glory, to be complete, requires a queen that is his peer. The suggestion of a possible equal rouses the emperor's ire. "But since you talk such folly, name one," he says. Sigurðr names the daughter of Hrólfr [Hugo] of Constantinople, and is sent to demand her in marriage. Magus saga jarls, ed. Cederschiöld, c.I: Wulff, Recherches sur les Sagas de Mágus et de Geirard, p. 14 f.[283]G. Paris, Histoire Poétique de Charlemagne, p. 344.

[259]Half a page is gone in the manuscript between 'Robin Hood's Death' and the beginning of this ballad, and again between the end of this ballad and the beginning of 'Sir Lionel.' 'Robin Hood's Death,' judging by another copy, is complete within two or three stanzas, and 'Sir Lionel' appears to lack nothing. We may suppose that quite half a dozen stanzas are lost from both the beginning and the end of 'King Arthur and King Cornwall.'

[260]British Museum (but now missing), King's Library, 16, E,VIII, fol. 131, recto: "Ci comence le liucrecumment charels de fraunce voiet in ierhusalem Et pur parols sa feme a constantinnoble purvereroy hugon." First published by Michel, London, 1836, and lately reëdited, with due care, by Koschwitz: Karls des Grossen Reise nach Jerusalem und Constantinopel, Heilbronn, 1880; 2d ed., 1883.

[261]See the argument of Gaston Paris, Romanis, XI, 7 ff; and of Koschwitz, Karl des Grossen Reise, 2te Auflage, Einleitung, pp. xiv-xxxii.

[262]Printed by Koschwitz in Sechs Bearbeitungen von Karls des Grossen Reise, the last from a somewhat later edition, pp. 40-133. The recovery of a metrical form of Galien is looked for. In the view of Gaston Paris, the Pilgrimage was made over (renouvelé) at the end of the twelfth or the beginning of the thirteenth century, and thisrifacimentointercalated in Galien by some rhymer of the fourteenth. See his 'Galien,' in Hist. Litt. de la France, XXVIII, 221-239, for all that concerns the subject.

[263]Il Viaggio di Carlo Magno in Ispagna, pubblicato per cure di Antonio Ceruti, c.LI, II, 170: Rajna, Uggeri il Danese nella letteratura romanzesca degl' Italiani, Romania IV, 414 ff. A king of Portugal, of the faith of Apollo and Mahound, takes the place of the king of Constantinople in the former, and one Saracen or another in the several versions of the second. G. Paris, in Romania, IX, 3, 10, notes.

[264]The Norwegian version in Karlamagnus Saga ok Kappa hans, ed. Unger, p. 466, the Seventh Part. Both the Swedish and Danish are given in Storm's Sagnkredsene om Karl den Store, etc., Kristiania, 1874, pp. 228-245. For the sources, see p. 160 ff. The whole of the Danish Chronicle of Charlemagne is printed in Brandt's Romantisk Digtning fra Middelalderen, Copenhagen, 1877, the Journey to the Holy Land, p. 146 ff. Brandt does not admit that the Danish chronicle was translated from Swedish: p. 347. The 'Geiplur,' 968 vv, and one version of 'Geipa-táttur,' 340 vv, are included in Koschwitz's Sechs Bearbeitungen, p. 139 ff, p. 174 ff. For a discussion of them see Kölbing in Germania, XX, 233-239, and as to the relations of the several versions, etc., Koschwitz, in Romanische Studien, II, 1 ff, his Ueberlieferung und Sprache der Chanson du Voyage de Charlemagne, and Sechs Bearbeitungen, Einleitung. The Färöe ballad is thought to show traces in some places of Christiern Pedersen's edition of the Danish chronicle, 1584 (Kölbing, as above, 238, 239), or of stall prints founded on that. This does not, however, necessarily put the ballad into the sixteenth century. Might not Pedersen have had ballad authority for such changes and additions as he made? It may well be supposed that he had, and if what is peculiar to Pedersen may have come from ballads, we must hesitate to derive the ballads from Pedersen. It is, moreover, neither strange nor unexampled that popular ballads should be affected by tradition committed to print as well as by tradition still floating in memory. The Färöe copies of 'Greve Genselin,' for example, as Grundtvig remarks, I, 223, note, though undoubtedly original and independent of Danish, evince acquaintance with Vedel's printed text.

[265]Given, with an English translation by Professor Rhys, in Sechs Bearbeitungen, p. 1, p. 19.

[266]There are some variations in the list of relics in the other versions. The Rímur say "many," without specifying.

[267]On the way from Jerusalem to Constantinople the French, according to Galien, were waylaid by several thousand Saracens. Three or four of the peers prepared for a fight, though armed only with swords ("which they never or only most reluctantly put off," Arsenal MS.), but Charles and the rest felt a better confidence in the relics, and through the prayers of the more prudent and pious of the company their foes were turned into rocks and stones.

[268]The heir of a Scandinavian king, or earl, at the feast which solemnized his accession, drank a bragur-full, a chief's cup or king's toast, to the memory of his father, and then made some important vow. This he did before he took his father's seat. The guests then made vows. The custom seems not to have been confined to these funeral banquets. See Vigfusson, at the wordBragr. Charles and his peers show their blood.

[269]Excepting the Welsh translation, which conforms to the original, all other versions give Bernard's gab to Turpin, and most others Turpin's to Bernard. The Danish chronicle assigns the "grand three-horse act" to Gerard; the Färöe ballad omits it; the two manuscript Galiens attribute it to Bernard [Berart] de Mondidier, the printed Galien to Berenger. In these last the feat is, though enormously weighted with armor, to leap over two horses and come down on the back of the third so heavily as to break his bones. There are, in one version or another, other differences as to the feats.

[270]In Galien, Hugo is exceedingly frightened by Charlemagne's fierce demeanor and by what he is told by a recreant Frenchman who is living in exile at his court, and rouses the city for an assault on his guests, in which he loses two thousand of his people. A parley ensues. Hugo will hear of no accommodation unless the gabs are performed. "Content," says Charles, angrily, "they shall be, if you wish;" but he feels how great the peril is, and goes to church to invoke the aid of heaven, which is vouchsafed.

[271]Arthur is said to have "socht to the ciete of Criste," in 'Golagros and Gawane,' Madden's 'Syr Gawayne,' p. 143, v. 302. The author probably followed the so-called Nennius, c. 63.

[272]Cf. 'Young Beichan,' where the porter has also served thirty years and three; 'The Grene Knight,' Percy MS., Hales and Furnivall, II, 62; the porter in Kilhwch and Olwen, Mabinogion, II, 255 f.

[273]In Heinrich vom Türlin's Crône we have the following passage, vv 3313-4888, very possibly to be found in some French predecessor, which recalls the relations of Cornwall King and Guenever. The queen's demeanor may be an imitation of Charlemagne's (Arthur's) wife's bluntness, but theliaisonof which Cornwall boasts appears to be vouched by no other tradition, and must be regarded as the invention of the author of this ballad.Arthur and three comrades return half frozen from a hunt. Arthur sits down at the fire to warm himself. The queen taunts him: she knows a knight who rides, winter and summer alike, in a simple shirt, chanting love-songs the while. Arthur resolves to go out with the three the next night to overhaul this hardy chevalier. The three attendants of the king have an encounter with him and fare hard at his hands, but Arthur has the advantage of the stranger, who reveals himself to the king as Guenever's first love, by name Gasozein, and shows a token which he had received from her.

Arthur and three comrades return half frozen from a hunt. Arthur sits down at the fire to warm himself. The queen taunts him: she knows a knight who rides, winter and summer alike, in a simple shirt, chanting love-songs the while. Arthur resolves to go out with the three the next night to overhaul this hardy chevalier. The three attendants of the king have an encounter with him and fare hard at his hands, but Arthur has the advantage of the stranger, who reveals himself to the king as Guenever's first love, by name Gasozein, and shows a token which he had received from her.

[274]Under thrub chadler closed was hee. 292.The bunge of the trubchandler he burst in three. 432.Being unable to make anything of thrub, trub, I am compelled to conjecturethe rub-chadler, that rub-chandler. The fiend is certainly closed under a barrel or tub, and I suppose a rubbish barrel or tub. Rubb, however derived, occurs in Icelandic in the sense of rubbish, and chalder, however derived, is a Scottish form of the familiar chaldron. Professor Skeat, with great probability, suggests that chadler == chaudeler, chaudière. Caldarialigneaare cited by Ducange. Cad or kad is well known in the sense barrel, and cadiolus, cadulus, are found in Ducange. Cadler, chadler, however, cannot be called a likely derivative from cad.In stanza 48 the fiend, after he has been ousted from the "trubchandler," is told to "lie still in that wall of stone," which is perhaps his ordinary lair. The spy is concealed under a flight of stone steps in the French poem; in "a large hollow stone in the door outside" in the Welsh story; in a hollow pillar in Galien and the Rímur; in a stone vault in the Färöe ballad: Koschwitz, Karls Reise, p. 64; Sechs Bearbeitungen, pp 29, 52, 85, 117, 153, 179.

[274]

Under thrub chadler closed was hee. 292.The bunge of the trubchandler he burst in three. 432.

Being unable to make anything of thrub, trub, I am compelled to conjecturethe rub-chadler, that rub-chandler. The fiend is certainly closed under a barrel or tub, and I suppose a rubbish barrel or tub. Rubb, however derived, occurs in Icelandic in the sense of rubbish, and chalder, however derived, is a Scottish form of the familiar chaldron. Professor Skeat, with great probability, suggests that chadler == chaudeler, chaudière. Caldarialigneaare cited by Ducange. Cad or kad is well known in the sense barrel, and cadiolus, cadulus, are found in Ducange. Cadler, chadler, however, cannot be called a likely derivative from cad.

In stanza 48 the fiend, after he has been ousted from the "trubchandler," is told to "lie still in that wall of stone," which is perhaps his ordinary lair. The spy is concealed under a flight of stone steps in the French poem; in "a large hollow stone in the door outside" in the Welsh story; in a hollow pillar in Galien and the Rímur; in a stone vault in the Färöe ballad: Koschwitz, Karls Reise, p. 64; Sechs Bearbeitungen, pp 29, 52, 85, 117, 153, 179.

[275]Roland's last blast splits his horn. See the citations by G. Paris, in Romania, XI, 506 f.

[276]The first has been printed by Kölbing in Koschwitz's Sechs Bearbeitungen, as already said. The four texts were most kindly communicated to me by Professor Grundtvig, a short time before his lamentable death, copied by his own hand in parallel columns, with a restoration of the order of the stanzas, which is considerably disturbed in all, and a few necessary emendations.

[277]Pól,A,C, Kortunatus,B, i. e. Koronatus (Grundtvig). Coronatus == clericus, tonsura seu corona clericali donatus: Ducange.

[278]The white bears and the wolf-dogs are found in another Färöe ballad, as yet unprinted, 'Ásmundar skeinkjari,' where they are subdued by an arm-ring and "rune-gold:" the white bears in a kindred ballad, Grundtvig, No 71,A4, 5, 8, 9,C6, 7, 13, quelled with a lily-twig;E12, 13, with runes; and in No 70,A28,B27, 30. The source of this ballad is Fjölsvinnsmál, which has two watch-dogs in 13, 14. 'Kilhweh and Olwen,' Mabinogion, II, has a similar story, and there are nine watch-dogs, at p. 277. (Grundtvig.)

[279]Romania, IX, 8 ff. The English ballad has also combined two stories: that of the gabs with another in which a magical horse, horn, and sword are made prize of by a favored hero.

[280]The particular for which superiority is claimed will naturally vary. The author of Charlemagne's Journey has the good taste not to give prominence to simple riches, but in Galien riches is from the beginning the point. So none hath so much gold as Cornwall King. Solomon's fame is to exceed all the kings of the earth "for riches and for wisdom;" and although the queen of Sheba came to prove him with hard questions, she must have had the other matter also in view, for she says, The half was not told me; thy wisdom and prosperity exceedeth the fame which I heard: 1 Kings, x. Coming down to very late times, we observe that it is the wealth of the Abbot of Canterbury which exposes him to a visit from the king.

[281]The tale in the Mille et un Jours is directly from the Persian, but the Persian is in the preface said to be a version from Indian, that is, Sanskrit. There are two Tatar traditional versions in Radloff, IV, 120, 310, which are cited by G. Paris.

[282]Cited by G. Paris, who refers also to King Gylfi's expedition to Asgard (an imitation of Odin's to Vafþrúðnir), and sees some resemblance to the revolving palace of King Hugo in the vanishing mansion in which Gylfi is received in Gylfaginning; and again to Thor's visit to the giant Geirröðr, Skáldskaparmál, 18, which terminates by the giant's flinging a red-hot iron bar at Thor, who catches it and sends it back through an iron pillar, through Geirröðr skulking behind the pillar, through the wall of the house, and into the ground, a fair matching of Charlemagne's gab. (The giant Geirröðr, like Cornwall King, is skilled in magic.) The beginning of Biterolf and Dietleib also recalls that of Charlemagne's Journey. Biterolf, a Spanish king, hears from an old palmer, who has seen many a hero among Christians and heathens, that none is the equal of Attila. Biterolf had thought that he himself had no superior, and sets out with eleven chosen knights to see Etzel's court with his own eyes. Romania, IX, 9 f.Játmundr [Hlöðver], a haughty emperor in Saxon-land, sitting on his throne one day, in the best humor with himself, asks Sigurðr, his prime minister, where is the monarch that is his match. Sigurðr demurs a little: the emperor specifies his hawk, horse, and sword as quite incomparable. That may be, says the counsellor, but his master's glory, to be complete, requires a queen that is his peer. The suggestion of a possible equal rouses the emperor's ire. "But since you talk such folly, name one," he says. Sigurðr names the daughter of Hrólfr [Hugo] of Constantinople, and is sent to demand her in marriage. Magus saga jarls, ed. Cederschiöld, c.I: Wulff, Recherches sur les Sagas de Mágus et de Geirard, p. 14 f.

Játmundr [Hlöðver], a haughty emperor in Saxon-land, sitting on his throne one day, in the best humor with himself, asks Sigurðr, his prime minister, where is the monarch that is his match. Sigurðr demurs a little: the emperor specifies his hawk, horse, and sword as quite incomparable. That may be, says the counsellor, but his master's glory, to be complete, requires a queen that is his peer. The suggestion of a possible equal rouses the emperor's ire. "But since you talk such folly, name one," he says. Sigurðr names the daughter of Hrólfr [Hugo] of Constantinople, and is sent to demand her in marriage. Magus saga jarls, ed. Cederschiöld, c.I: Wulff, Recherches sur les Sagas de Mágus et de Geirard, p. 14 f.

[283]G. Paris, Histoire Poétique de Charlemagne, p. 344.

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