Pleasure and pain, heaven and hell,Remember these four and all shall be well.
Pleasure and pain, heaven and hell,Remember these four and all shall be well.
Pleasure and pain, heaven and hell,
Remember these four and all shall be well.
1602. The fort and store house built by Gosnold on Elizabeth island for a settlement,was abandoned in consequence of discontents arising among those who were to have remained in the country, and the whole company returned to England. The ruins of this ephemeral settlement were seen as late as 1797.
1616.Thomas Bilson, a celebrated English divine, died. He was distinguished for his eloquence as a preacher, and his learning as a theological writer and controversialist. He was one of the two final correctors of the present translation of the Bible.
1621. The first duel in New England fought by two servants with sword and dagger, both of whom were wounded. For this outrage they were sentenced to lie 24 hours with their heads and feet tied together.
1633.Charles I, of England, crowned king of Scotland at Holyrood house, by the archbishop of St. Andrews.
1667.William Rawley, an English divine, died. He was chaplain to Charles I and II, and also to Bacon, whose works he edited.
1675. Battle of Fehrbellin; the elector Frederick William, at the head of 6,000 cavalry, attacked the Swedish invading army under the celebrated Wrangel, and gained a complete victory.
1684. The English court of chancery gave judgment for the king against the governor and company of Massachusetts; their charter was declared forfeited, and their liberties were seized into the king's hands.
1697.Richard, earl of Bellomont, was appointed to succeed colonel Fletcher as governor of New York.
1718. An earthquake extended through several inland provinces of China, by which the gates and walls of cities were thrown down. The city of Yong-ning-tchin was entirely swallowed up, and several mountains were thrown over a plain to the distance of about two leagues.
1741.Francis Pourfourdied; a French physician and skillful herbalist.
1749.Ambrose Philips, an English poet, died. He wrote also for the stage with some success, although his performances were ridiculed by Pope.
1756. Calcutta, in India, taken by Surajah Dowla: of 146 prisoners put into a dungeon called the "black hole," 123 were suffocated.
1756. Minorca surrendered to the French by the British general Blakeney. The British had taken it from the Spaniards in 1708.
1757. Battle of Kolin; the Prussians under Frederick II defeated by the Austrians under count Daun, with the loss of 8,000 killed and wounded. Frederick lost his battle through the rash bravery of one of his generals.
1764. Lighthouse at Sandyhook first put in operation.
1772.Gerard Van Swieten, a Dutch physician, died. He settled in Vienna, where he became a distinguished practitioner, and his memory is still held in great veneration by the profession there.
1776. Gen.Burgoyneentered St. Johns, Canada, the Americans having evacuated it, and burnt the fort and barracks.
1779. British West India island St. Vincent, surrendered to the French under Romain and d'Estaing.
1783. The volcano of Skaptar Jokul, in Iceland, which had recently become very active, poured out an immense amount of lava, which, taking a new direction, dammed up the streams, and caused great destruction of property and lives. After flowing several days it was precipitated down the cataract of Stapafoss, where it filled a profound abyss, which that great waterfall had been excavating for ages, and thence the fiery flood continued in its course.
1783.Washingtonannounced to the governors of the several states his intended resignation of the command of the army.
1793. British frigate La Nymphe, capt. Pellew, captured French frigate Cleopatra, after an action of 55 minutes. French captain and about 60 of his men killed or wounded. The British loss 25 killed, 27 wounded. This was the first capture made after the declaration of war.
1795. Russian manifesto issued by gen. Thimothie Tutomlin, on taking possession of Russian Poland.
1799. Second day's battle of Trebia; French under Macdonald obliged to retire across the river by the Russians under Suwarrow.
1805.Arthur Murphy, an English dramatic writer of eminence, died. Many of his plays still keep the stage. His translation of Tacitus is also in common use.
1811.Ruth Pierce, the mother of sir Benjamin Thompson, count Rumford, died at Baldwin, Maine.
1812. United States declared war against England.
1815. Hostilities ceased between England and the United States throughout the world.
1815. Battle of Waterloo, in the Netherlands. The forces of the two armies are differently stated, but are supposed to have been about 75,000 each. The battle began about noon, and continued with great obstinacy till night, when the French were completely defeated with the loss of more than 30,000 men, 210 cannon, several military chests, and all Napoleon's baggage.The loss of the allies was probably upwards of 20,000. This great battle gave peace to Europe.
1823.William Coombe, a British author of considerable merit, died. He did not attach his name to his works.
1832. The duke of Wellington attacked by a mob in the streets of London—the anniversary of his victory at Waterloo.
1835.William Cobbett, an English poetical and miscellaneous writer, died. He was a self-taught and self-made man, who for many years made a conspicuous figure in the politics of England, and was finally elected to parliament.
1841. The constitution of the newly constituted state of the isthmus of Panama publicly sworn to, and Dr. Thomas Herrara elected president.
1848.Henry Tooley, a consistent member of the methodist episcopal church, the first masonic grand master in Mississippi, and a son not only but the father of temperance in Natchez, died there, aged 75.
1848. The city of Prague, which had revolted on the 12th, was bombarded and reduced to ruins.
1848. The Austrians defeated by the Piedmontese near Rivoli.
1848. Venice garrisoned by 13,000 Romans.
1848. Carlowitz bombarded.
1854.Henrietta Sontag, one of first lyric artists of the day, died at Mexico, aged about 50.
1855. The allies made a combined attack upon the Malakoff and Redan towers, at Sebastopol, without success, and with a loss of 56 officers killed, 146 wounded and 17 prisoners; and 1,694 men killed or missing, and 2,690 wounded.
325. The first council of Nice began and continued to 25th August; present 318 bishops.
1215.John, king of England, signed the famous magna charta, and the charter of the forests, in a meadow at Runnimede between Staines and Windsor. (See29th.)
1312.Piers Gaveston, the favorite of Edward II, executed. In his elevation he was proud, overbearing and cruel, and the barons rose up against him, and accomplished his destruction.
1566.James VIof Scotland and I of England, was born in a small room in Edinburgh castle.
1579. Maestricht, in Holland, taken by the Spaniards under the duke of Parma, after a siege of four months, during which about 8000 persons perished miserably. It was given up to pillage.
1619. The first assembly of Virginia met at Jamestown. The settlements had now become so numerous that 11 corporations appeared by their representatives to exercise the noblest function of freemen, the power of legislation.
1690.Ezekiel Hopkins, a learned English prelate died, aged 57.
1707.William Sherlock, an eminent English divine, died, aged about 66; famous for his controversial works, in which he took sides against the dissenters, as also against Dr. South on the subject of the trinity.
1709.Isaac Papin, a French divine, died. His views differed a hair from those of his sect, and persecution followed him from one country to another, till he finally took refuge with the catholics.
1715.Nicholas Lemery, a French chemist, died, aged 70. He was ardently devoted to the science, and contributed much to spread a correct knowledge of it among the people by his lectures.
1720.John Matthews, aged about 18, was executed at Tyburn, for, while an apprentice, printing a political work.
1729.Robert Knell, the compositor, andJohn Clark, the pressman, ofMist's Journal, were pilloried, but protected by their friends from being pelted by the mob.
1741. AdmiralVernonseized the castles of Carthagena, South America. The British were afterwards compelled to retire on account of pestilence.
1754. A convention of the states at Albany proposed a union for defence against the common enemy. Delegates were present from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland and New York.
1755.William Haydied in England; remarkable for his deformity, on which he wrote an essay. He was a member of parliament, and an author of some merit.
1757. Action between British ship Experiment, 20 guns, 142 men, and French ship Telemaque, 26 guns, 460 men, in which the latter was captured with the loss of 125 killed, 110 wounded. It had been fitted out expressly to capture the Experiment, which had 12 killed, 36 wounded.
1781. Assault on fort Ninety-six, by the Americans under Gen. Greene, who were repulsed with the loss of 185. The Americans then abandoned the siege. British loss 85.
1783.Henry Loyd, a military officer and writer, died. He was born in Wales, entered the service of Austria, and afterwards served in the armies of Prussia and Russia. On his return to England he produced several military works of great merit.
1786.Nathaniel Greene, an officer in the revolutionary army, died, aged 46. He was of quaker descent, born in Rhode Island. He distinguished himself at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Germantown and Monmouth, and finally covered himself with glory at the battle of Eutaw Springs, which closed the war in South Carolina.
1794. French generalDumourier, arrived in London on his escape from the convention, but was ordered to depart the British dominions immediately.
1794. The Corsicans accepted their new constitution, and acknowledged George III their king.
1794.Richard Henry Lee, a revolutionary patriot, died. He originated the first resistance to British oppression, and during the struggle continued to hold some important civil office, where his talents were conspicuous.
1798.Bonaparteleft Malta at the head of the French expedition which was destined for Egypt, leaving behind him 4,000 men under Gen. Vaubois, to regenerate the island after the pattern of the French republic.
1799. Third day's battle of Trebia. The French under Macdonald crossed the river and attacked the Austrians and Russians. But after an obstinate and bloody conflict they were compelled to fall back with a loss of 1700 killed and 500 prisoners.
1799. Five French frigates bound from Jaffa to Toulon, with 1340 men, were captured by a British squadron.
1800. Battle of Blenheim; the French under Moreau, after a short but obstinate action, defeated the Austrians under Gen. Starray, and obliged them to abandon Ulm and retire into Franconia.
1807. Naval action off Lemnos between the Russians and Turks, in which the latter were defeated with the loss of an 80 gun ship and two other ships of the line taken, and five burnt.
1808. Action off the Nase of Norway; the British sloop Seagull sunk by a Danish brig and several gun boats. Several of the Danes went down with her.
1809. Congress renewed the non-intercourse act.
1811.Samuel Chase, a judge of the United States supreme court, died. He was a distinguished member of the congress of 1774.
1813. British landed from their shipping on lake Ontario, and destroyed the public stores at Sodus; they burnt several of the best houses and stores in the village.
1818.Patrick Brydone, a Scottish traveler, died. He published a narrative of his travels in Sicily and Malta, which has been often republished.
1820.Joseph Banks, an eminent English literary and philosophical writer, died. He made several voyages in pursuit of science, one of which was with captain Cook.
1821. Battle of Dragashan, in Turkey, between the Greeks and Turks. The Greeks were commanded by the brave Ypsilanti; but owing to the treachery of the Arnauts, who abandoned their posts, the Greeks were totally defeated, and the "sacred band" of thehetaireia, the flower of the Greek youth, were annihilated. This affair nearly proved fatal to the cause of the Greek revolution.
1829.John Cleves Symmes, an American officer, died. He is to be remembered for the enthusiasm with which he maintained the theory that the earth was hollow, with an opening at each of the poles.
1830. Battle of Strouli, between 50,000 Algerines, Turks and Arabs, and 25,000 French under Gen. Bourmont, in which the former were defeated.
1853.Richard Taylor, second chief of the Cherokee nation, died at Tahleguah, Arkansas. He commanded under Gen. Jackson in the war against the Creek Indians.
404. The illustriousJohn Chrysostombanished from his patriarchate to the remote and desolate town of Cucusus, among the ridges of mount Taurus, by a command of the empress Eudoxia. The day of this his final exile was marked by the conflagration of the cathedral, senate-house, and the adjacent buildings, and by the destruction of the incomparable statues of the Muses from the temple of Helicon.
840.Louis I(Debonnaire), king of France and emperor of the West, died. He had not sufficient ability to manage the conflicting interests of his large dominions, and was harrassed by the rebellion of his brothers and sons.
981.Adalbert, bishop of Magdeburg, died. He converted the Sclavonians, and penetrated far into Pomerania as a Christian missionary.
1333. Battle of Halidon hill. The regent of Scotland, six earls, and many barons fell in the field; the fugitives were pursued by king Edward and a party of horse, and also by lord Darcy and his Irish auxiliaries. The slaughter is said to have exceeded that of any former defeat.
1472. KingHenry VIof England murdered in the Tower by order of the duke of Gloucester, afterwards Richard III, as is supposed.
1632. The patent of Maryland, designed for George Calvert, lord Baltimore, was on his decease, filled up to his son, Cecilius Calvert. When king Charles signed it, he gave to the new patent the name of Maryland in honor of his queen Henrietta Maria. Lord Baltimore held it of the crown of England as part of Windsor manor, paying yearly forever, two Indian arrows, which may now be seen at the castle.
1649.Richard Brandon, the hereditary hangman, and the executioner of Charles I and the earl of Strafford, died in misery. He was interred the next day amidst execrations and vulgar insults, which he could not feel.
1698. The summit of Carguairazo, a burning mountain near Quito, 1800 feet high, crumbled together, so that nothing more than two enormous rocky horns of the crater's edge remained, and the country for nearly two square miles, was desolated with liquid tufa, and argillaceous mud, enclosing dead fishes.
1719. The Spaniards defeated the Imperialists at Franca-Villa in Sicily, with the loss of their general, Merci, and 4000 men.
1743.John George Keysler, a German traveler and antiquary, died. On his visit to England he was admitted fellow of the Royal society, and deserved it by his explication of Stonehenge.
1743. Action near Manilla, between the British ship Centurion, lord Anson, and the Acapulco ship, theNostra Signora de Cabadonga, 36 guns and 550 men, commanded by don Geronimo de Montoro, a Portuguese officer. The cutter was captured, with the loss of 67 killed, 84 wounded; British loss 2 killed, 17 wounded. The property on board this prize amounted to $1,500,000.
1747.Nadir Shah, for some time monarch of Persia, was assassinated by his men, whom he had designed the next day to massacre.
1752. The trustees of Georgia, finding that the province languished under their care, and weary of the complaints of the people, surrendered their charter to the king.
1756. Calcutta taken by Surajah Dowla, and 145 Englishmen incarcerated in theblack hole, including Holwell, the governor of Bengal; all of whom were suffocated but 23. (SeeJune 18.)
1779. Battle of Stono-Ferry, in which the Americans under Gen. Lincoln were defeated, owing to the mismanagement of a part of the forces, who did not come up. Loss 146.
1781.Cornwallisevacuated Richmond, Virginia.
1787.Charles Frederick Abeldied; an eminent musician, whose performances attracted much attention in Europe.
1789. The national assembly of France having been refused admission into the usual place of meeting, assembled in the rain in a tennis court.
1790. Titles of nobility and feudal right abolished in France.
1791.Louis XVIand the royal family made their escape from Paris with the intention of proceeding to Germany, to avoid the disturbances which threatened the country.
1792. The assembly of the sans culottes appeared in Paris with their arms and colors.
1793. The negroes and mulattoes of cape Francois began an indiscriminate massacre of the whites. A company of 2000 men were sent on shore from the French fleet to arrest their depredations, but were compelled to embark again. (See23.)
1794.Felix Vicq d'Azir, an eminent French physician and anatomist, died at Paris.
1798.Jeremy Belknap, a Boston divine, and historian of New Hampshire, died, aged 58. He also published two volumes ofAmerican Biography, a work which his death abridged.
1813. British made an attack on Oswego, but were repulsed by the militia under Col. Carr.
1815. That questionable monster, the sea-serpent, observed at Plymouth, Mass. Its extension above the surface of the water was supposed to be more than a hundred feet. The serpentine animal noticed in the Norway seas is of much larger proportions, with large blue eyes, "which looked like a couple ofbright pewter plates."
1818.Joseph Adams, an eminent London physician and medical writer, died.
1819. The first steam vessel which crossed the Atlantic arrived at Liverpool.
1830. Battle between the French and Algerines, near Sidi Khalef; the latter were defeated.
1836.Edmund Joseph de Sieyes, a French statesman, died, aged 88. He long acted a conspicuous part in the affairs of France, but on the fall of Napoleon was banished, and some years previous to his death was reduced to a state of idiocy.
1837.William IVof England, died, aged 72. His reign was brief, but was distinguished for various important measures of reform, and the abolition of colonial slavery.
1837. Michigan entered the United States confederacy.
1840.Pierre Claude Francois Daunou, peer of France, and eight years editor of theJournal des Savants, died at Paris, aged79. He was a laborious writer, in which he was distinguished by his great learning and elegance of style.
1843.Henry Doggett, an officer of the revolutionary army, died at New Haven, aged 86. He was the son of Naphtali Doggett, president of Yale college during the revolution, and was the oldest surviving graduate of the college.
1843.Hugh S. Legare, attorney-general of the United States, died at Boston, aged about 50. He was eminent for his acquirements as a scholar, his fine taste as a writer, and his learning and eloquence as a lawyer and advocate. He was acting secretary of state at the time of his death, and experience showed that he was amply fitted for the highest trusts, and adorned every station which he was called to fill.
1844.John Pintarddied in New York, aged 87. He was one of the originators of the New York historical society, and of the Savings bank.
1848.Paredesraised the standard of revolt in Mexico, assisted by padre Jurauta.——A portion of Washington's library, consisting of 450 bound volumes, and about 1000 pamphlets, presented to the Boston athenæum by the citizens.——A loan negotiated at Washington by the government, of sixteen million dollars, at a premium of half a million.
1852.William Biddle Shepard, a noted lawyer and politician, died at Elizabeth City, N. C., aged 51. He distinguished himself, by his abilities, and was ten years in congress.
1854.George W. Martin, an efficient military officer, died at Tallahatchie, Missouri. He served in the war of 1812, and accompanied Gen. Jackson throughout the campaigns of three years, and in the Creek war.
1856.Tancred Florestan Roger Louis Grimaldi, prince of Monaco and duke of Valentinois, died at Paris. On the death of his brother in 1841 he became sovereign prince of Monaco, under the title of Florestan I.
545B. C.Thales, a Grecian philosopher, died. He was the chief of the seven sages of Greece, and founder of the Ionic sect of philosophers. He divided the Grecian zodiac into seasons, and the year into 365 days.
1339. Battle of Laupen; the citizens of Bern, in Switzerland, defeated an army of 18,000 from its rival cities, headed by 700 of its own nobility and 1,200 knights, who were totally vanquished.
1377.Edward III, of England, died, aged 65, having reigned 51 years.
1529. Trial ofCatharine, first queen of Henry VIII of England.
1529.John Skelton, an English poet, died. He wrote sonnets and satires, and was invested with the laureate.
1585.Henry Percy, the 8th earl of Northumberland (exclusive of Dudley), was found in the tower, dead, his breast pierced with three pistol bullets—alleged suicide, but supposed violence.
1596. Naval victory of the English over the Spaniards, at Cadiz, when the earl of Essex, in a fit of delight, threw his hat into the sea!
1611.Henry Hudson, having wintered in the bay which bears his name, and pursuing the object of his voyage, a north-west passage, a conspiracy broke out on this day among the ship's crew, when Hudson, his son, and five others, most of whom were sick and lame, were forced into the shallop, with a small quantity of meal, one gun and ammunition, two or three spars and an iron pot, and with the most savage inhumanity turned adrift. This is the last account of Hudson.
1631.John Smith, one of the early settlers of Virginia, died. He was a brave and daring man, and it was mainly owing to him that the colony was made permanent.
1652.Inigo Jones, a celebrated English architect, died. He surpassed most of the great men of his age in learning and ability.
1675. Foundation laid of the cathedral of St. Paul's, London. It stands upon upwards of two acres of ground, and its height is 404 feet.
1738.George William Frederick, the young English prince,re-baptizedby the bishop of Oxford, with great pomp. Private baptism at his birth was first administered, fearing his immediate death.
1747. British fleet under commodore Fox captured 48 sail of French West-Indiamen.
1759. Fort George erected at the head of lake George.
1764. British commodore Byron sailed from the Downs in the Dolphin, on his voyage round the world.
1768.John Lindsaydied; a learned English divine, and a historical and theological writer.
1770. Fete on account of the marriage of Louis XVI of France, when 15,000 persons were trampled to death.
1770.William Beckford, one of the most popular mayors of London, died.
1773.George Juan, a Spanish knight of Malta, and an able mathematician, died. His writings have been translated into various languages.
1782. The British government sent Mr.Woodyear in the Tiger man-of-war, to the West Indies to determine the longitude.
1783. About 300 American troops with fixed bayonets, surrounded the house in which congress was sitting, and demanded a redress of grievances.
1788. New Hampshire adopted the federal constitution, recommending amendments, being the ninth state to do so; votes 57 to 46.
1791. A flood near the Havanna, swept away 3,000 persons.
1792. An immense body, headed by Santerre, forced their way into the Tuilleries, and compelled Louis XVI to wear the red cap.
1797.Andrew Peter Bernstorffdied; a German who settled in Denmark, became a distinguished statesman, and a great favorite with the people.
1797.Peter Thellusson, a rich London merchant, died. His will, devising lands to the amount of £4,500 per annum and £600,000 personal property to be funded to aid in liquidation of the national debt, gave rise to the act regulating devises.
1798. Battle of Vinegar hill, at which the Irish rebels were completely routed and the insurrection crushed.
1809.Daniel Lambert, an English giant, died at Stamford, aged 36. His weight was 739 lbs. when last weighed, but at the time of his death, it was supposed to have been full 800. His coffin contained 112 superficial feet of Elm timber.
1813. Battle of Vittoria, in Spain, between the French under Joseph Bonaparte and Jourdan, and the allies under Wellington. French met with a disastrous defeat, losing 15,000 killed and wounded, and 3,000 prisoners, 150 cannon, 400 wagons of ammunition, 14,000 cattle, and the military chest, containing 42,000,000 reals. Loss of the allies 4,645.
1814.John Martin Miller, a professor of oriental languages, and poet of some note, died at Ulm.
1816. The king of the Netherlands acceded to the holy alliance.
1828.Leandro Fernandez Moratindied at Paris. He was a dramatic writer of much merit.
1832.Simon Waronzow, a Russian statesman, died in London. He had been for 30 years Russian ambassador to Great Britain.
1832.Anna Maria Porter, an English novelist, died. Her works, together with those of her sister Jane, had gained a great degree of popularity, which was in a measure swept away, with every thing else, before that splendid series, the Waverly novels.
1848. About 3,000 houses destroyed by fire in Constantinople; damage estimated at $100,000,000.
1850.Matthew L. Davis, a distinguished citizen and printer in New York, died.
1850.Jacob Hayes, long a leading police officer of New York, died. His notoriety was very great.
1852.Mary Ann Clarkedied at Boulogne, in France, aged 74; the notorious mistress of the duke of York, to whose name, for a time, much consequence was given, in parliament and in London society, by the charges against the duke in 1809.
1853. A boat's crew from the Austrian brig-of-war Huzzar, lying in the harbor of Smyrna, seized in that port a Hungarian refugee, named Martin Koszta, and carried him to the ship. The populace, excited by the outrage attacked three Austrian officers, of whom two were slain. Koszta having protection, in virtue of his primary declaration of an intention of becoming an American citizen, captain Ingraham, of the American sloop-of-war St. Louis demanded his release. The affair caused a good deal of excitement throughout the civilized world. (SeeJuly 2.)
168B. C.Battle of Pydna; Perseus, the last king of Macedon, defeated by the Romans under Paulus Æmylius, who brought to Rome a great number of books and manuscripts. The date is settled by an eclipse which happened the preceding night. This battle terminated the independence of a country which had seen a succession of thirty legitimate monarchs and eight usurpers, since its foundation by Caranus 814B. C., six years after the fall of Assyria.
431. Third Œcumenical council assembled at Ephesus, to execute the decree of pope Celestine as to the heresy of Nestorius. He was deposed from his see and banished to an oasis.
1191. A remarkable eclipse of the sun, when the crusaders were at Acre, at 8 o'clock in the morning. In that year a parhelion appeared undistinguishable by the naked eye from the real sun.
1298. Battle of Falkirk; Edward I with 80,000 English defeated the Scottish army under Wallace, with great slaughter.
1415.John Huss, a Bohemian clergyman who had adopted the opinions of Wickliff, was burnt at the stake.
1476. Battle of Morat, in Switzerland, and defeat of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy. Philip de Comines, speaking of this celebrated conflict for liberty, mentions arquebusiers as troops.
1483. Accession of the usurper Richard III.
1527.Niccolo Machiavelli, a Florentine writer, died. His works are numerous, but that calledThe Princeis the most famous, and has generally given him a bad character, though defended by Bacon and Clarendon.
1535.John Fisher, an English prelate, beheaded at the age of 77. He pertinaciously opposed the measures of the king, in relation to his wives. He was the opponent of Erasmus, who, however, gives him a superior character.
1596. The combined English and Dutch fleets under lord Effingham and admiral Van Duvenwoord, attacked the Spanish fleet in Cadiz bay, burnt 3 galleons, captured two, and drove a great number on shore. To save the latter the Spaniards agreed to pay 2,500,000 ducats.
1602. "Lent unto Benjamy Johnsone, at the apoyntment of E. Allen and William Birde, in earnest of a booke [play] calledRichard Crook-back, and for new adycions ofJeronimo, the sum of xlb."—Henslowe Manuscripts.
1632.Galileoand his books condemned by the inquisition.
1664.Catharine Philips, an English poetess, died.
1679. Battle of Bothwell bridge; the Scottish covenanters defeated by the English under the duke of Monmouth.
1691.Mahomet IV, of Turkey, assassinated in prison. In the beginning of his reign he was eminently successful in war; but the resistless valor of John Sobieski drove the Turks within their own dominions. These calamities were attributed to the sultan, and the janizaries deposed him.
1691.Solyman III, of Turkey, brother of the preceding, died. He was taken from prison and placed on the throne, on the deposition of his brother, Mahomet, 1687. He was indolent and superstitious.
1714.Matthew Henry, an eminent English dissenting divine, died. His writings are highly valued, particularly theExpositions of the Bible, 5 vols. folio.
1734.Edmund Pourchatdied; a French professor of philosophy, and a man of extensive learning.
1741. This day is memorable for the impressment of seamen into the British service. Nothing could protect the unhappy individuals; in 36 hours the names of 2370 were enrolled.
1763.John Peter de Bougainvilledied; a French author, of great acquirements, whose application hastened his death, at the age of 41.
1770.Philip Carteret Webbdied; a distinguished English lawyer and antiquary.
1772. Chief-justiceMansfield, of England, gave judgment that the master of a negro slave which had been brought to England had no right to send him back to the plantations.
1775. Congress resolved to emit $2,000,000 in bills of credit.
1777. British evacuated New Brunswick and retired to Amboy; they suffered severely from Morgan's riflemen and Wayne's brigade.
1780. The forts on Licking river attacked by 600 Indians and Canadians under colonel Bird, with 6 field pieces; they took all the inhabitants captives, and loaded them with heavy baggage; such as failed on the journey were tomahawked and scalped.
1803.William Heinse, a German author, died. His works are in 10 vols., and manifest great ability.
1807. British ship Leopard, 50 guns, attacked American frigate Chesapeake, 36 guns, captain Barron. The Chesapeake struck in 30 minutes; 3 men killed, 18 wounded. Four men were taken out of the Chesapeake, when she was permitted to proceed. One of these was hanged. Barron was suspended for five years.
1813. Battle of Craney island, in Chesapeake bay. British under sir Sidney Beckwith and admiral Warren defeated by 480 Virginia militia and 150 sailors. British loss 1200 killed, wounded or drowned. None of the Americans were injured.
1815.Bonaparte'ssecond abdication. He announced that his political life had terminated, and proclaimed his son, Napoleon II, emperor of the French.
1835.Charles Butler, the reminiscent, died.
1834.Ferdinand Wilhelm Beckerdied; a distinguished German physician.
1835.Francisco Tacon y Rosisquedied; a Spanish statesman, and minister from Spain to the United States. He had filled many distinguished offices, and was greatly respected and esteemed for his talents and amiable qualities.
1839.Deborah Knightdied at Sumner, Me., aged 105.
1848. The difficulties and disturbances occasioned by the disbanding of the operatives in the national workshops at Paris began.
1848. Civil war in Paris; barricades erected, and a terrible slaughter of the people; general Cavaignac declared dictator.
1848.Martin van Burennominated for president of the United States at a convention at Utica.
1849.Elizabeth Grindelldied in Goshen, N. H., aged 104¼ years, leaving a descendant of thefifthgeneration.
1852.Charles C. Berry, commander of the steamship United States, died at Brooklyn, N. Y., aged 39. He had been connected with the mercantile marine of New York from an early age.
1854.Jeremiah M. Scarritt, a United States military engineer, died at Key West. He was a native of New Hampshire, graduated at the military academy of West Point in 1838, served with distinction in the war with Mexico, and was brevetted for gallant and meritorious conduct.
1855.Samuel Sumner Wildedied, aged 84. He was one of the delegates to the Hartford convention, and the last survivor of that assemblage; he also held the office of a justice of the supreme court of Massachusetts 35 years. His judicial career was distinguished by great legal learning and stern integrity.
1855.William Henry Stone, the correspondent of theLondon Timesfrom the seat of war, died at Balaclava, aged 30. He was employed by the British government in administering the fund for the relief of the sick and wounded, and was a young man of brilliant promise.
217B. C.Battle of Thrasymene, in Italy, between the Romans under Caius Flaminius, and the Carthaginians under Hannibal. The Romans were defeated, and Flaminius killed.
303.St. Alban, the first martyr for Christianity in England, beheaded at Verulam in Hertfordshire. Nearly five hundred years after his death his memory was honored by Offa, king of the Mercians, who built a stately monastery over him, whence the town of St. Albans receives its name.
1137.Albertus, archbishop of Mentz, died. He abused the confidence and liberality of the emperor, Henry V, by raising a conspiracy, for which he was imprisoned.
1281. A terrible convulsion of Mount Etna, about sunset.
1485.Richard IIIpublished his famous proclamation, stating that Henry Tudor intended to "change and subvert the laws of the realm, and to do the most cruel murders, slaughters, robberies and disherisons, that were ever seen in any Christian country."
1579. The famous union of Utrecht effected. It included Gelderland, Holland, Zealand, Friesland and Utrecht. Ghent and Ypres afterwards acceded.
1596. Cadiz surrendered to the English by capitulation. A ransom of 120,000 crowns was paid by the inhabitants for their lives, and the town and merchandise were abandoned to the rapacity of the conquerors.
1606.Henry Garnet, provincial of the Jesuits, executed for thegunpowderplot.
1645.Viera'splot discovered, to deliver Olinda and the other Dutch possessions into the hands of the Portuguese. He was originally a butcher's boy.
1650.Charles IIarrived on the coast of Scotland, but was compelled to take the covenant before landing.
1654.Southworth, a catholic clergyman, executed in his 72d year. He reproached his persecutors for arming themselves for liberty of conscience, and killing him for differing with them.
1664. The duke of York conveyed a part of his tract in North America to John lord Berkley, baron of Stratton, and sir George Carteret, by the name of Nova-Cæsarea, or New Jersey. Thus the New Netherlands became divided into New York and New Jersey.
1687.M. Denonville, with 1,500 French and 500 Indians marched from Canada for the purpose of humbling the Seneca Indians. When he had reached the foot of a hill about a mile from the principal village of the Senecas, he aroused an ambush of 500 Indians, which at first threw his army into confusion, but they soon rallied again and the Senecas were defeated, with the loss of 80, and laid their own village in ashes. The French found only two old men, whom they cut in pieces and boiled to make soup for their allies.
1707.John Mill, a learned English divine, died; editor of aGreek Testament, with various readings and critical notes; a labor of thirty years, and which was published only a fortnight before his death.
1728.Gabriel Daniel, a learned French Jesuit, died. His books were rapidly republished, and several translated.
1736.Achmet III, ex-emperor of Turkey, died, aged 74. He waged war with Russia, Persia and Venice successfully, and is entitled to some regard for the hospitality he showed to that unfortunate madman, Charles XII of Sweden.
1757. Battle of Plaissey, in Hindostan; the British under lord Clive defeated Surajah Dowla, and took his camp, baggage, and 50 cannon.
1758. Battle of Crefelt; French defeated with the loss of 600 by the allies under Ferdinand of Brunswick, who lost 1,500.
1759. Battle of Kay, on the Oder; the Prussians under Wedel attacked the Russians, and were defeated with the loss of 4,000.
1760. Battle of Landshut; the Austrians assaulted and carried the town with great loss on both sides.
1764.Joseph Barry, a French ecclesiasticand author, died. HisHistory of Germany, 11 vols. quarto, is reckoned the best work in French on the subject.
1770.Mark Akenside, an English poet, died. He wrote also on medicine; and possessed an original and powerful mind.
1780. Battle of Springfield, N. J.; the British took the town and burnt it, and retreated.
1791.Catharine Macauley(Graham), an English historian, died. She wrote several histories, essays and political works, which are now nearly obliviated.
1793. New declaration of the rights of man by the French convention.
1793. Cape François burnt by the negroes and mulattoes, after an indiscriminate massacre of the whites, which had been in progress since the 7th, by which several thousands perished. (See20th.)
1795. Action between the British and French fleets off L'Orient, in which the latter were defeated, with the loss of several large ships.
1824.Stephen Aignan, a French poet and dramatic writer, died. He filled several offices under Napoleon.
1824.Wilson Lowry, an English artist, died. He made many improvements in the art of engraving.
1836.James Mill, a Scottish divine, died; celebrated for his literary and philosophical works, author of aHistory of British India, &c.
1839.Hester Stanhope, a learned English lady, died at D'Joun, in Syria. She had resided in Syria nearly thirty years, and was celebrated for her eccentricity and singular mode of life. She was a niece of William Pitt, and abandoned civilized society to reside among Arabs, over whom she acquired great command.
1854. A terrible hurricane occurred at Manteno, Illinois, extending from six to eight miles in width, prostrated many houses, and caused much other damage.
1854.Daniel Wells, chief justice of the court of common pleas of Massachusetts, died at Cambridge, aged 63. He was born in Greenfield, Mass., and in 1837 was appointed district attorney for the western district, the duties of which office he discharged with marked ability, propriety and success until appointed chief justice.
1855. The Russians, 30,000 men, under general Mouravieff, invested Kars in the Crimea; the Turkish garrison was commanded by general Williams, an Englishman.
1856. PrinceEsterhazy, an eminent Austrian ambassador, died at Berlin, in Prussia, where he was envoy.
64. The first Christian persecution under Nero.
79.Titus Flavius Vespasianus, emperor of Rome, died, after a popular reign of 10 years. He was the first of the Roman emperors who died a natural death.
1203. The third, or Boniface's crusade, reached Chalcedon.
1314. Battle of Bannockburn in Scotland. The English army of 100,000 men under Edward II totally defeated by the Scots, 30,000, under Bruce. The loss of the English was 154 earls, barons and knights, 700 gentlemen and upwards of 10,000 common soldiers.
1340. Battle of Sluys: the English under Edward III, with 240 ships, defeated the French fleet of 400 ships. The French lost 230 vessels and 30,000 men killed.
1450. Battle of Seven Oaks, in England, when Cade, the rebel, turning on his pursuers, put them to flight, killed sir Humphrey Stafford, and arrayed himself in the knight's panopli and spurs.
1497.John Cabotand his sonSebastian, in the service of England, first descried land on the continent of America, which they called Prima Vista, and is generally supposed to have been some part of Newfoundland. No one had yet reached the continent.
1534.John Boccold(of Leyden) a journeyman tailor, crowned king of Sion at Munster, in Germany, by the anabaptists. The German princes took the city by surprise on this day the year following, and deposed the king, and afterwards put him to death.
1577.Sebastian IIIof Portugal embarked at Lisbon against the Moors in Africa, with 1,000 sail.
1637.Nicholas Claude Fabri Peiresc, a distinguished French antiquary, died. He was a learned man, and highly esteemed by his cotemporaries.
1643.John Hampden, an English statesman, died. He was a leader of the parliamentary forces, and mortally wounded at the battle of Chalgrove field.
1675. KingPhilip'swar began at Swanzey, in the Plymouth colony, not far from mount Hope. Having sent their wives and children to the Narragansetts for safety, a party of the Wampanoags advanced to Swanzey, where they menaced the people, and proceeded to rifle their houses, and even to kill the cattle. An Indian was shot, whereupon the party rushed forward and slew eight or nine of the inhabitants; thus opened the bloody scene, which for more than a year spread terror and devastation over the New England colonies, and shed a deluge of human blood. It was acontest for extirpation, and ere it ended the flower of the English and the chivalry of the Indians were laid low.
1711. QueenAnne'sfleet, sent to reduce Canada, arrived at Boston, New England.
1724. Great tumult in Glasgow, occasioned by a tax on malt. Preparations of malt liquor were at that time deemed essential articles of comfort.
1736. English act of parliament against witchcraft, passed in the reign of James I, repealed.
1741. A daily mail first instituted in London.
1750. Pension of £30 per annum conferred on Hannah Snell, the female soldier, who under the name of James Gray, served king George more than 5 years.
1762. Battle of Graebenstein; the allies under prince Ferdinand, defeated the French under Soubisse, and d'Estrees, who lost 300 men.
1770.Christopher Drakenbergdied in Norway, aged 146.
1782.John Blair, a Scottish chronologist, died. His principal work is a chronology and history of the world.
1796.David Rittenhouse, an American natural philosopher, died. From a manufacturer of clocks and mathematical instruments he became, by his own exertions, one of the most scientific men of the day.
1799. Division of the territory and treasures of Tippo Saib, by the English.
1803.Matthew Thornton, a signer of the declaration, died. He was a practicing physician in New Hampshire, when the war of the revolution broke out.
1804. The spire of Hanslope church, Buckinghamshire, England, fell immediately after divine service and crushed down the roof also; no lives were lost.
1810. Battle of Beaverdams; 570 Americans surprised and taken by the British.
1812. The grand imperial army of Napoleon, consisting of 470,000 men, consolidated into three masses, began the Russian campaign by the passage of the Niemen.
1817.Thomas M'Keandied; a signer of the declaration, and governor of Pennsylvania.
1821. Battle of Carabobo, in Colombia; the royalist army totally defeated by the republicans, with the loss of their artillery, baggage, and 6,000 prisoners.
1839. Battle of Nezib, in Syria, between the Turks, 70,000, under the seraskier, Hafiz pasha, and the Egyptians, 80,000, under Ibrahim. The Turks were defeated, with the loss of 6,000 killed and many prisoners.
1840. The 400th anniversary of the discovery of the art of printing celebrated at Boston and various places in Europe.
1848.Antonio Gagna, a Mexican military officer, died at Puebla, aged 64 years, 52 of which he had spent in the service, and acquired the reputation of a gallant, benevolent and courtly gentleman.
1852.Christopher Edwards Gadsden, bishop of the episcopal diocese of South Carolina, died at Charleston, aged 68.
1852. The first national agricultural convention assembled at Washington, consisting of 151 members, representing 22 states; Marshall P. Wilder, of Massachusetts, president.
1853. A courier arrived at St. Petersburg, bringing the refusal of the sultan of Turkey to the note of the czar, whereupon orders were issued for the invasion of the Danubian principalities.
1855. Forty-seven Russian ships, of from 200 to 700 tons each, were destroyed near Nystadt, in the gulf of Bothnia, by boats from the allied squadron.
1208.Philip, duke of Swabia, assassinated. He was elected emperor of Germany, but was obliged to give room to Otho, who had the most powerful supporters. His memory is still respected in Germany.
1520. The assaults of the Mexicans upon the Spaniards in the centre of their capital, which had continued without intermission since the massacre of the13th May, (q.v.) was made with increased fury on this day. The Spaniards defended themselves with 12 pieces of artillery, which made terrible havoc upon their enemy; but as the number of them was infinite, they covered the sight of their dead with fresh numbers. The Spaniards with Cortez at their head made a sally into one of the principal streets, carrying fire and sword among the dense mass, destroying men and houses before them.
1526. An imperial diet assembled at Spires, and observed the rites of the reformed church. It was at this sitting that Charles V proposed the meeting of a general council for reforming the abuses of the church.
1634.John Marstondied; an English dramatic author. He was a chaste and pure writer, avoiding the ribaldry and obscenity of the age.
1644.Thomas Westfielddied; a learned English divine, whose eloquence and pathos procured him the appellation of the weeping prophet.
1663.John Bramhall, lord primate of Ireland, died. He was highly serviceable to the royal cause during the English civil wars.
1667.John Harmanwith 16 ships defeated a French fleet of 30, near Martinico.
1672. The king of France at the head of 120,000 choice troops, commanded by the ablest generals in the world, entered Utrecht in triumph, and advanced within 9 miles of Amsterdam. At this crisis the inhabitants of Amsterdam opened the sluices and laid the country under water. Fertile fields, numerous villas and flourishing villages were overwhelmed by the inundation. They even formed the design of migrating to their settlements in the East Indies, and erecting a new empire in the southern extremity of Asia. It was found that there were vessels in the harbor sufficient to transport 150 families, but a favorable turn in their affairs, prevented the necessity of having recourse to that desperate expedient.
1689.William Thomas, an English bishop, died; author of anApology for the Church of England, and other works.
1695. Namur in Belgium taken from the French after a long and bloody siege.
1725.Jonathan Wild, the noted thief catcher, hanged at Tyburn. The evening previous he tried to poison himself, but lived to be stoned and hooted by the populace on his way to the gallows.
1744.Roger Gale, an English antiquary, died; esteemed one of the most learned and polite scholars of the age.
1767.Godfrey Sellius, a Prussian historian, died.
1781. The wives, children and dependents of those inhabitants of Charleston, who resided in the rebel colonies, ordered by the British to quit the place by the 1st of August. More than 1,000 persons were thus exiled.
1782. Action between the French and Spanish fleet, 25 sail, and the Newfoundland and Quebec fleets; 18 of the latter, laden chiefly with provisions, were captured.
1784. JudgeWhite, with his family, having ascended the Mohawk river, landed at the mouth of the Sauquoit. Hence the origin of Whitestown. The country then was an unbroken wilderness.
1788. Virginia, the tenth state, adopted the federal constitution, 89 to 79, the least majority of any state except New York.
1794.Charles Barbaroux, a noted French revolutionist, guillotined. He attacked the usurpations of Robespierre and the machinations of the Jacobins, by which he fell.
1794. Charleroi surrendered to the French under Jourdan, seven days after the trenches had been opened. General Reinach and 3,000 Austrians who defended the fortress, were made prisoners of war.
1795.William Smellie, a Scottish naturalist, died. He was a printer by profession, wrote for theEncyclopedia Brittannica, translatedBuffon, and conducted theEdinburgh ReviewandMagazine.
1807. An armistice between the emperors of France and Russia, when they held a personal conference upon a raft moored in the river Niemen, near Tilsit. The sovereigns embraced each other, and retiring under a canopy, had a long conversation, to which no one was a witness.
1813. British under admiral Cockburn, with 2,000 troops, took Hampton, Va., and pillaged it for two days.
1815.Bonaparte'sfarewell address to his soldiery.
1816.Hugh Henry Brackenridge, a Pennsylvania judge, died; known as the author ofModern Chivalry, a poem, and by other works.
1823.Alexander Griffiths, at once a parricide and suicide, was buried in the cross roads near London; the last so interred, as the act giving suicides Christian burial then took effect.
1841.Alexander Macomb, commander in chief of the army of the United States, died at Washington. He entered the service of the United States in 1799 as cornet of dragoons; was raised to the rank of brigadier general in 1814, and commanded at the successful battle of Plattsburgh.
1842.M. Sismondi, the historian, died near Geneva, aged 69.
1844.Jarvis Cutler, the first white man that cut down a tree for a settlement in Ohio, died at Evansville, Indiana.
1852.Dudley Marvin, an eminent lawyer of western New York, died, aged 65, at Ripley, Chautauque county. He was a native of Lyme, Ct., studied at Canandaigua, and was several times returned to congress.
285B. C.Dionysiusof Alexandria began his astronomical era. He was the first to find the exact limits of the solar year, which he made to consist of 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes.
44B. C.The memorable conference between Brutus and Cassius, and Cicero at Antium.
363.Julian, emperor of Rome, died, aged 32. He was elected by his soldiery, on the death of Constantius, and soon declared himself a pagan. He was learned and in his private character respectable.
1276.Innocent V(Peter de Tarantaise), pope of Rome, died.
1541.Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish adventurer, assassinated in his own palace, at noonday, by the friends of Almagro, at the age of 63.
1569.Victorius Strigeliusdied; a learned professor at Leipsic, and one of Luther's first disciples.
1574.Gabriel de Montgomery, a zealous protestant nobleman, beheaded at Paris by order of Catharine, who sacrificed him to her unjust revenge. (SeeJune 29, 1559.)
1657.Oliver Cromwellsolemnly inaugurated lord protector.
1685.Rumbold, the maltster who contrived the Rye house plot taken and executed at Edinburgh.
1688.Ralph Cudworth, a celebrated English divine, died. He was a man of extensive erudition, well skilled in the languages, an able philosopher, an acute mathematician and a profound metaphysician.
1691.John Flaveldied; an English divine, author ofNavigation and Husbandry Spiritualized, &c.
1696. Portsmouth plain, N. H., attacked by the Indians; five houses were assaulted at once, early in the morning, and 14 persons killed on the spot. One was scalped and left for dead, but afterwards recovered.
1708. The act vacating extravagant grants of land in New York confirmed.
1719.Alexis Petrovitz, only son of Peter the great of Russia, died in prison. His intemperance alienated him from his father, and he died in prison under sentence of death.
1748. Indian battle of Marlborough, Vt. Captain Hobbs with 40 men from No. 4, (Charlestown) on his march through the woods was attacked by a large body of Indians. Without the least knowledge of their force, Hobbs instantly gave them a well directed fire, which checked their impetuosity. A sharp action ensued of four hours, without either side yielding an inch of their original ground. Sacket, who led the Indians, finally ordered a retreat, carrying off the dead and wounded. Three of the English were killed, and as many wounded. This defence was considered at the time a masterpiece of bravery; the Indians being estimated four to one of the English.
1749. A conspiracy discovered at Malta against the knights; 125 slaves suffered death.
1752.Giulio Alberoni, a Spanish statesman, died, aged 89. He was the son of a gardener, and became a great and ambitious man.
1782. Slavery entirely abolished in Austrian Poland.
1784.Cæsar Rodney, president of Delaware, died, aged about 54. He voted for the declaration of independence, and was enabled to afford efficient aid to Washington in the prosecution of the war. His death is usually placed in 1783.
1793.Gilbert White, an English naturalist and antiquary, died.
1794. Battle of Fleurus, in Belgium; the allies defeated by the French under Jourdan, after a contest of 15 hours. On this occasion, Coutel, an æronaut, with 2 officers, reconnoitered the contending armies in an air balloon.
1795.Peter Demoursdied; a French surgeon and oculist, known for his dexterity, and author of some professional works.
1799. The first newspaper at Brooklyn, New York, issued.
1799. Naples surrendered to lord Nelson; on which occasion Ferdinand created him duke of Bronte.Brontewas the forge of Cyclops, on which he forged the thunder of Jove. He also presented him with an estate worth $18,000 per annum, and a sword valued at 60,000 ducats.
1807. British order in council, blockading the Ems and rivers on the Baltic.
1807. Conference on the river Niemen between Bonaparte, Alexander of Russia and Frederick William of Prussia.
1810.Joseph Montgolfier, the celebrated inventor of balloons, died.
1814. Attack of the American flotilla and marines under commodore Barney, upon two British frigates moored at St. Leonard's creek, which were compelled to retire.
1830.George IV, of England, died.
1831. Cholera made its appearance at St. Petersburg. The number of cases in the first 18 days, 4,916; deaths, 2,219.
1834.Gilbert Blane, a distinguished Scottish physician, died, aged 85. His career was marked by a zeal for the mitigation of the evils of war and a sea life, and a diligent cultivation and exertion of solid talents.
1835.Enoch Crosby, theHarvey Birchof Cooper'sSpy, died. His services were of great benefit to the commander in chief during a part of the revolutionary war.
1848.John J. De Graffdied at Schenectady; formerly a representative in congress.
1848.Edward B. Phillipsdied at Brattleborough, leaving an immense fortune, which he did not know how to enjoy. He bequeathed Harvard university $100,000.
1849. Panama rail road stock ($1,000,000) subscribed, without effort, in New York city.
1849. The great crevasse in the levee of the Mississippi river was stopped.
1852.Ralph Wormly, a British admiral, died at Utica, New York. He was retired from actual service, and had resided for some time in Boston.
1853. The czar of Russia issued amanifesto respecting the Turkish question to his own subjects, pretending to act as the champion of Christianity.
1855.John J. Guion, a Mississippi jurist, died, aged 54. He held various important offices of state with ability.