1757A. M.The covering of the ark removed by Noah on the 1st day of the 1st month, answering to our Sept. 16. (SeeNov. 2.)
322B. C.Demosthenes, the Grecian orator, died by poison, on the most mournful day of theThesmophoria, 16th of Pyanepsion.
36.Herod Agrippathrown into bonds at Rome by Tiberius.
655.Martin I, pope, died. He caused the doctrines of the monothelites to be condemned, and was afterwards sent to the Crimea by Constantine, where he died of ill treatment.
1186. A conjunction of all the planets at sunrise in Libra, on which occasion the astrologers had predicted great calamities.
1380.Charles V(the Wise), of France, died. By his abilities and energy, the English were dispossessed of nearly all their provinces in France.
1519.John Colet, an English divine, died; known as the founder of St. Paul's school, London, for the gratuitous education of 153 pupils perpetually. His father had 22 children, yet at the time of making the above endowment, he had no near relative to inherit the property.
1589.Michael Baius, an able French ecclesiastic, died. His writings are superior to the learning of the times in which he lived.
1655. The Swedish settlement on the Delaware, called fort Casimir, commanded by Suen Scutz, surrendered to the Dutch under Gov. Stuyvesant. The strength of the place consisted of 4 fourteen pounders, 5 swivels and some small arms, which were delivered to the conquered, who became possessed of the west side of Delaware bay, and the fortress was called New Amstel by the Dutch, and New Castle by the English.
1681. Action off cape Spartel between a British ship and an Algerine corsair with 327 men and 88 Christian slaves on board. The battle lasted from 2 till 8P. M., within pistol shot, and was renewed again next morning, when the corsair, having lost two masts, called for quarter.
1686.Fychan Gaunordied at Abercowarch, in Wales, aged 140. (1786?)
1701.James II, of England, died in France. He was dethroned in 1688, and remained a pensioner on the bounty of the king of France till his death.
1732. The tide in the river Thames, England, flowed eight hours instead of four and ebbed five instead of eight.
1736.Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, a Prussian philosopher, died; eminent for his great improvement in the construction of thermometers.
1745. Bergen-op-Zoom surrendered to the French.
1775.Allen Bathurst, an English statesman, died. His biographers claim for him almost every talent and every virtue.
1776. Unsuccessful attack of the British on the Americans at Harlem Heights. British lost 20 killed and about 100 wounded.
1779. Countd'Estaingsummoned Savannah, Georgia, garrisoned by the British under general Provost, who amused the French until he received a reinforcement.
1782.Carlo Broschi(Farinelli), died; an Italian singer of great celebrity.
1784.Robert Bellthe first who kept a circulating library in Philadelphia, died at Richmond, Va.
1785. Darkness so great at Quebec that no person could read at noonday. (SeeOct. 16, 1783.)
1792. Three thousand French refugees had landed in England from the revolution in France; and in the course of the following year they were reckoned at 8000 priests and 2000 laymen. These were mostly destitute, and down to 1806, about two million pounds had been contributed to their support.
1795. Cape of Good Hope surrendered to the British by the Dutch.
1800. Battle of Lambach: the French took from the Austrians 1000 wagons of provisions, equipage and ammunition.
1804.William Tindall, an English divine and antiquary, died.
1805. An experiment with a calamaran made on a vessel of 300 tons burden opposite Walma castle, England, which succeeded and blew up the vessel.
1808.Peter Isaac Thelluson, a rich London merchant, died, leaving 500,000 pounds to accumulate till the male children of his grandsons are dead, which may extend to 120 years from his death, whenit will amount to £140,000,000, and if there should be no lineal descendants, it goes to the benefit of the sinking fund.
1824.Louis XVIII, of France, died. During the reign of Napoleon he lived in England. He is represented as a mild and amiable prince, who consulted the wishes and happiness of his people.
1833.Calvin Edson, theliving skeleton, died. His weight was about 40 pounds.
1833. The boundary line between New York and New Jersey settled.
1834.William Blackwooddied in Edinburgh; eminent as a bookseller, and publisher of the well known periodical,Blackwood's Magazine.
1838. The entire rail way from London to Birmingham opened; when the passage including stoppages of 34 minutes, was performed in 4 hours, 48 minutes.
1839. The expedition under Dease and Simpson regained the Coppermine river after the longest voyage that had ever been performed by boats in the Polar sea—1631 statute miles. On the return of the party from the Red river settlement to England, Simpson perished by violence; but was more fortunate than Parke or Hudson, in leaving behind him his own record of his own achievements.
1848.John P. Cushman, an American jurist, died at Troy, N. Y., aged 64. He was born in Connecticut, graduated at Yale, and commenced the practice of law in Troy. He held various offices of trust, and was eminent in his profession.
1848. The populace of Frankfort attempted an insurrection, but were quelled. Prince Lichnowski and major von Auerswald were barbarously murdered by insurgents outside of the walls.
1851.Henry Whiting, an American general, died at St. Louis. He began his military career in 1808, and was among the oldest officers of the army. He served with reputation on the Niagara frontier, and in the war with Mexico, sharing in the glory of the field of Buena Vista. He was a contributor to theNorth Am. Review.
1852. Earthquake in Manilla and places adjacent, which continued until 18th October, doing great damage.
1854.Luzerne Rae, an American poet, died at Hartford, Ct., aged 43. After graduating at Yale, he became a teacher in the deaf and dumb institution at Hartford, where he found time to edit theReligious Herald, and the first six volumes ofAnnalsof the deaf and dumb, to write poetry, and collect materials for a history of New England.
1855.Benedetto Pistrucci, medalist to the queen of England, died at Windsor, aged 73. He was a member of various learned European institutions.
1575.Henry Bullinger, one of the early reformers, died. He was one of the authors of theHelvetic Confession, and assisted Calvin in drawing up theFormulary. His works form 10 vols. folio.
1614.Thomas Overburypoisoned in the Tower with an envenomed clyster contrived by the earl of Somerset and his countess. (SeeSept. 15.)
1621.Robert Bellarmindied; an Italian cardinal, and one of the most celebrated controversial writers of his time.
1651.Constantine Caietan(Thomas de Vio), an Italian cardinal, died. He made a literal translation of the Bible from the original.
1665.Philip IV, of Spain, died. He was unsuccessful in his wars with Holland and France; and the Portuguese also rebelled, and compelled him to acknowledge their independence.
1673.James Barrelier, a celebrated French ecclesiastic and naturalist, died. He traversed the south of France, Spain and Italy, and during a residence of 25 years at Rome, collected plants and other objects of natural history, with a view to their publication. Dying before the work was completed, he bequeathed his manuscripts to the library of a convent; but soon after his death all his collections were dispersed, and some were burnt, except the copperplates, which were collected and published by Jussieu.
1683. Controversy between lord Baltimore and William Penn. Lord Baltimore appointed Col. Talbot to demand of Penn all the lands lying on the west side of the river Delaware and south of the 40th degree, as a part of Maryland.
1690. A fire in Boston destroyed the printing office of Bartholomew Green, which was the best furnished in America.
1703. Gelders, a Prussian city, surrendered to the duke of Marlborough, after having been long blockaded, bombarded and reduced to a heap of ashes.
1720.William Burnet, son of the English bishop, took upon him the government of New York.
1753. The first theatre in New York opened in Nassau street by Lewis Hallam; the third stage on which the productions of the dramatic muse were exhibited to the inhabitants of the new world. The days of performance were Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, and so continued for near half a century.
1759. Quebec taken.
1762.Francisco Geminiani, died; an extraordinary performer on the violin, and composer for that instrument.
1767.Frances Sheridandied; aningenious novelist and dramatic writer, and mother of Richard Brinsley Sheridan.
1771. The Prussians under Gen. Platten, destroyed the Russian magazines on the frontiers of Poland.
1775. Americans under Gen. Montgomery laid siege to St. John's Canada.
1782. Permacoli, in Hindostan, surrendered by the British to Hyder Ally and the French.
1785.Anthony Leonard Thomas, a French poet and prose writer, died.
1787. The constitution of the United States adopted by the federal convention at Philadelphia, and referred to the conventions of the separate states for concurrence.
1795. The French national assembly directed that a copy of theDictionaryof the academy, with the notes and additions in the margin, deposited in the library of the committee of public instruction, should be delivered to the booksellers, and that after a new one should be completed that it be returned; 15,000 copies to be printed.
1796. Battle of Altenkirchen, in which the celebrated French general Merceau was killed.
1802.Richard Owen Cambridgedied; an elegant English poet, critic and miscellaneous writer.
1811. A beautiful annular eclipse of the sun was observed at Richmond in Virginia and other places adjacent.
1814. Sortie and battle of Fort Erie. The Britishsine qua non, totally defeated, and compelled to break up the camp and retire. British loss, killed, wounded and prisoners, 578; American loss, 82 killed, 216 wounded, 215 missing—513.
1837.Henry Brown, a soldier of the revolution, died at Boston, Ohio, aged 104. He was at the battle of Bunker Hill, and other engagements.
1839.Matthew Carey, a celebrated printer and bookseller of Philadelphia, died. He was a native of Ireland, and a man of great activity and benevolence. His writings are numerous and well known.
1840.Emma Roberts, an English authoress of considerable note, died at Poonah, in India.
1842.Henry Floyd, a bricklayer of Romsey, England, died, aged 47. He was remarkable for his great bulk, being the largest man in England. His weight was about 500 lbs. Notwithstanding the unwieldiness of his frame he was in constant attendance upon his business, was shrewd, intelligent and good natured, and much respected. His coffin contained nearly 200 feet of inch board.
1851.John Kidd, librarian to the Radcliffe library, died at Oxford, England, aged 76. He wrote upon medicine, mineralogy and geology, and furnished one of the best of the Bridgewater treatises.
1854. The steamer City of Philadelphia, seven days out from Liverpool, with 540 passengers, struck upon cape Race and became a total loss. The passengers were saved.
1855. The corner stone of the public library laid in Boston with appropriate ceremonies.
96.Titus Flavius Domitianus, emperor of Rome, died. He was the last of the Cæsars. Juvenal has shown him a buffoon, and history fixed his infamy.
1014. A violent storm caused the inundation of a large portion of Flanders.
1069. The city of New York burned by the Norman garrison.
1180.Louis VII, king of France, died. He made a crusade, with an army of 80,000 men, to Palestine, but was defeated by the Saracens.
1609.Hudson, ascending the river which bears his name, observing the water to become shoal, cast anchor in the neighborhood of the present town of Castleton, where he went on shore at the invitation of an old man, who appeared to be the governor of the country; who was chief over 40 men and 17 women; and who occupied a house made of the bark of trees, exceedingly smooth, and well finished, within and without. Here he found large quantities of Indian corn and beans, enough to load three ships, besides what were still growing in the fields.
1621. The Plymouth colonists sent an expedition consisting of ten men in a shallop, accompanied by Squanto and two other Indians, to the Massachusetts, to discover the bay, see the country, make peace, and trade with the natives.
1674.Gabriel Cossartdied; a French writer, who assisted Labbe in his grand collection of councils, which extended to 28 vols. folio.
1675. Battle of Deerfield, Mass., with the Indians. A company of 96 men under captain Lathrop were escorting 3,000 bushels of corn to a place of security, when they were so suddenly set upon by about 800 Indians, that only 8 escaped. This was a choice company of young men culled from the towns of Essex county. Another company, coming, though too late to their rescue, marched through and through that great body of Indians, and after a fight of five or six hours, came off with a loss of only two, and eight wounded. It is thoughtthat had Lathrop followed the same mode of fighting, he might have escaped with a smaller loss; but his mode was to fight the savages in their own way, by skulking behind trees, and picking off single persons, which enabled five or six of the enemy, which were so greatly superior in numbers, to surround a single man, and deliberately fire at him at once. The Indians afterwards acknowledged a loss of 96 that day.
1684.John Antonides(Vander Goes), an excellent Dutch poet, died.
1721.Matthew Priordied; an eminent English poet and statesman.
1722.Andrew Dacier, a very celebrated French critic and philosopher, died. He translated many of the classics.
1759. The city of Quebec surrendered to the English under brigadier general Townshend, and was garrisoned by 5,000 men under general Murray.
1773. The Polish diet finally ratified the treaty of the partition of their country between Russia, Austria and Prussia.
1773.John Cunninghamdied; an ingenious pastoral poet and dramatic writer.
1777. Americans under colonelBrownattacked and defeated the British on the north end of lake George and Ticonderoga, took 293 prisoners, released 100 Americans, and retook the continental standard left there on its evacuation in July.
1777. Congress at Philadelphia adjourned to meet at Lancaster, on account of the approach of the British.
1790.Henry Frederick, brother to George III, and duke of Cumberland, died. His marriage with Mrs. Horton gave rise to the famedMarriage Act of England.
1792. The south-east corner stone of the north wing of the Capitol at Washington, was laid by general Washington.
1794. Bellegarde, a strong and important fortress, commanding the road from France into Spain, surrendered at discretion to the French under Dugommier, although abundantly supplied with every thing required to hold out a siege of many months.
1798.Nelsonbeing applied to for assistance by the Malthese, sent a Portuguese squadron, consisting of 4 ships of the line and 2 frigates, which appeared before Valetta on this day.
1800. The treaty between Bonaparte and the pope, called theConcordat, ratified. This was dictated by the first consul and in every article infringed on the pretensions of the papal dignitary.
1811. Dutch surrendered the island of Java to the British.
1811. Battle of Ximena, in Spain, and defeat of the French under Soult.
1816.Bernard M'Mahon, an eminent botanist from Ireland, died at his botanic garden, near Philadelphia.
1819.John Langdondied; an active and powerful advocate of the American revolution. He was a member of the congress of 1775, and of the convention which framed the constitution; a senator in congress, and governor of New Hampshire.
1821.John Nicholas Corvisart, a distinguished French physician, died. He was physician to Napoleon, and greatly promoted the progress of experimental medicine and pathological anatomy in France.
1830.William Hazlitt, an elegant English writer, died. He is also known as an artist.
1834.Keating Simonsdied, aged 82; aid-de-camp in the revolutionary war to general Marion.
1838. Great eclipse of the sun over the United States.
1840.C. S. Rafinesque, an eminent botanist, died at Philadelphia, where he had been for several years professor of botany and natural history in Transylvania university, and author of several works on various scientific subjects.
1842.John C. Coltunder sentence of death in New York for the murder of Mr. Adams, killed himself on the day appointed for his execution.
1853.Andrews Norton, an American theologian, died, aged 68. He wrote several theological works, was a profound and accurate scholar, and for talent, acquirements and influence, one of the most remarkable men of New England.
1854. The British consul at the Sandwich islands presented his protest to the king, against the annexation of those islands to the United States.
1854.William Plumer, a New Hampshire statesman, died, aged 65. He graduated at Harvard, and while in congress opposed the Missouri compromise. He was a man of taste, had an attachment to historical researches, and collected a fine library. He published two small volumes of poems.
1855.John F. W. Johnston, an eminent English chemist and mineralogist, died at Durham, aged 59. He published several valuable works on agricultural chemistry and geology, and was a contributor to the reviews.
880.Abbategniadecided the obliquity of the ecliptic to be 23° 25´.
1356. Battle of Poictiers, between the English army of 12,000 men, underEdward, theBlack Prince, and the French, 60,000 under king John. The battle ended in the utter rout of the French army and the capture of their king, who was afterwards led in triumph through the streets of London.
1471. The first book known to have been printed in the English tongue bears this date, and is entitledThe Recuyell of the History of Troy, translated from the French, and printed by William Caxton, at Cologne. (SeeOct. 4.)
1524. The imperialists under Pescara raised the siege of Marseilles and retired with precipitation towards Italy.
1587.James Pamelius, a learned Flemish writer, died.
1650.Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor of New-Netherland, arrived at Hartford and demanded of the commissioners for the united colonies, a full surrender of the lands on Connecticut river. After an altercation of several days, articles of agreement in relation to boundaries were settled.
1665. The number of deaths by plague in London for the week ending on this day was reported to be 10,000; the greatest weekly mortality reported during the scourge.
1678.Bernard Van Galen, a Westphalian bishop and general died. His ecclesiastical office was of minor importance with him, and he contrived to keep up a perpetual war with one state or another; so that when he died, his loss was little regretted.
1681. Desperate engagement between a Moorish vessel, the Half Moon, 32 guns, from Angier, and the English galleys James and Sapphire. Of the Turks and Moors 93 were killed; English loss 95 killed and wounded.
1693. At St. Malo three hundred houses were unroofed by the blowing up of a fire vessel sent in by captain Benbow.
1710.Olaus Rœmer, a Danish astronomer, died.
1736. Mrs.Mapp, the famous bone setter, of Epsom, having set up a fine equipage, came to Kensington and waited on the queen.
1737. Gottingen university opened.
1745. The celebratedJonathan Swiftdied, aged 78.
1761.Peter Van Musschenbroek, a distinguished Dutch philosopher, died.
1777. Battle of Stillwater, between the British under Burgoyne and the Americans under general Gates. The action was continued with great valor on both sides during 4 hours. The Americans retired to their camp at night, with the loss of 319 killed, wounded and missing. British loss over 500.
1778. Action between American privateer Hancock and British frigate Levant, 32 guns. The Levant blew up, and only 18 of her crew were saved.
1793. The new French calendar commenced. It divided the year into 12 months of 30 days each with 5 intercallary days, calledSansculotides.
1798.Elihu H. Smith, a physician and poet, died in New York.
1803. Dutch colonies of Demerara and Essequibo surrendered to the British.
1804.George Zabira, a learned Greek, died.
1810.James Cheetham, a noted political editor, died in New York, aged 37. He was the biographer of Thomas Paine, and published theAmerican Citizen.
1814. The boats of the British ship Forth, under the direction of lieutenant Neville, carried by boarding and destroyed the American letter of marque brig Regent, 5 guns and 35 men, at the mouth of Little Egg harbor.
1851. Battle of Camargo, between the forces of the Mexican government and those of Carvajal, in which the latter were victorious.
1851.Frederick Whittlesey, a New York jurist, died at Rochester, aged 54.
1852. Great inundation in the valleys of the Rhine and the Rhone.
1854. The allied forces which had landed at Old Fort, to operate against Sebastopol, commenced their march to that fortress. They consisted of 25,000 British, 25,000 French, and 8,000 Turkish troops.
1855. A terrible gale swept lake Borgne and the Gulf coast, causing loss of life and great destruction of property at Pass Christian, Mississippi city, Biloxi, and other points in the vicinity.
377B. C.On this day was fought the famous naval battle of Naxus, in which the Lacedemonians were totally defeated.
331B. C.Alexandercrossed the Tigris and entered Assyria. The army encountered great difficulties in the passage, both from the depth and force of the current, and the slippery nature of its bed. The cavalry formed a double line, within which the infantry marched with their shields over their heads, and their arms interlinked. In this manner they crossed without loss of lives. Their entrance into Assyria was signalized by an almost total eclipse of the moon, by which the date of the event is determined.
92B. C.Lucius Lucinius Crassusdied; a Roman orator, greatly commended by Cicero.
692.Abdullah ibn Zobeyr, khalif of Mecca, having been besieged nine months in his capital until he was deserted by his friends and family, put himself at the head of five faithful followers, and rushed upon the besiegers, by whom he was slain, at the age of 72.
1142.Maud, queen of England, besieged in Oxford by the forces of Stephen, but escaped on foot.
1384.Louis I, duke of Anjou, died at Paris, of a broken heart, in consequence of the ill success of his measures.
1415.Owen Glendower, a celebrated Welch warrior, died; he opposed the sovereignty of Henry IV of England more than fourteen years, by force of arms, declaring him to be an usurper and the murderer of Richard II.
1527.Janus Gruterius, an eminent Dutch philologer, died. He was an able critic, a man of extensive erudition, and a very voluminous and respectable writer.
1581.Hubert Languet, an eminent French statesman, died. He was a man of great political knowledge, and deservedly esteemed by the wisest and most eminent men of his age.
1586.Anthony Babingtonwith others cruelly executed in St. Giles's fields for a conspiracy against queen Elizabeth.
1639.John Meursius, a learned Dutch scholar, died. His works were printed at Florence in 12 vols. folio.
1643. Battle of Newbury, between the royalists under prince Rupert, and the parliamentary forces under the earl of Essex. Night put an end to the action, and left the victory undecided. Lucius Carey, lord Falkland, and the earls of Sunderland and Carnaervon, were killed.
1653. The New England colonies declared war against Ninigret, sachem of the Niantick Indians, and voted that 250 foot soldiers should be immediately raised in the four colonies: Massachusetts to send 166, Plymouth 30, Connecticut 33, New-Haven 21.
1662.John Gauden, an English prelate, died. He published theIcon Basilikeof Charles I, and had the good fortune to escape the search of the parliament for the publisher of that popular book.
1668.Vincent Wingdied; a famous English astronomer and astrologer, who publishedThe Celestial Harmony of the Visible World, and other works.
1736.John Bernardidied in Newgate prison, England, aged 79. He had been confined there 40 years on a false charge of plotting the assassination of William III.
1740.Charles VIdied; sixteenth and last emperor of Germany of the house of Austria, in the male line; he was succeeded by his daughter Maria Theresa.
1746. TheYoung Pretender,Charles Edward, having been completely defeated at Culloden, embarked for France at Lochmannoch, in a privateer of St. Malo, and arrived safe. His followers were less fortunate.
1759.Julian le Roy, a distinguished French mechanic, died. His watches acquired great celebrity.
1761. Auto-da-fé at Lisbon; there were 54 criminals, 3 of them in effigy.
1770. CaptainPhippsreturned to London from his voyage to the polar seas, being stopped by ice, latitude 81° 30´ north.
1783. CaptainTurner, the traveler, was received at Jikadze, the capital of the lama of Thibet.
1791.Louis XVI, for the first time after his return from Varennes, repaired to the hall of the national assembly, in order to give his adhesion, viva voce, to the new constitution.
1792. Battle of Valmy, between the French and allies. It is stated that although more than 40,000 cannon shot were fired in this engagement, not more than 400 men were killed.
1805.Pierre François Andre Mechaindied at Castillon, in Spain. His theory of eclipses and other astronomical phenomena has much merit.
1814. The British under generalDrummond, in consequence of the losses sustained on the 17th, raised the siege of fort Erie.
1814.Augustus William Ifland, a German actor and dramatic writer, died at Berlin, and was interred with great pomp.
1815.William Huttondied; the historian of Birmingham, and author of various other works.
1831.John Henry Hobart, bishop of the protestant episcopal diocese of New York, died; a man of vigorous intellect and great decision of character.
1840.Francia, dictator of Paraguay, died at Paraguay, at a very advanced age.
1842.William Maginndied in England. He was a contributor to the LondonLiterary Gazette, and in 1818-20 toBlackwood's Magazineunder the signature of O'Doherty.
1849.Jonathan H. Hubbard, a distinguished American statesman, of Vermont, died, aged 81.
1852.Philander Chase, bishop of Illinois, died at Peoria, aged 76. He was a native of New Hampshire; was bishop of Ohio 12 years, of Illinois 17 years; laid the foundation of Kenyon college, and was president of Jubilee college.
1854. The allies attacked the Russians under Menschikoff, who 40,000 in number, were strongly entrenched upon the heights of Alma, and after a contest of four hours drove them from the ground with great loss. The allies had about 500 killed and 2,500 wounded; the Russian loss said to have been more than 7,000.
60. SaintMatthew, the apostle, died at Heliopolis, in Parthia.
1327.Edward II, 10th king of England, barbarously murdered at Berkley castle. Less wise and firm than his father, he forfeited the confidence of his people, and his wife Isabella joined the rebellion against him.
1520.Selim I, sultan of Turkey, died. He came to the throne by causing the death of his father and two brothers. He conquered Egypt and crushed the power of the Mamelukes, which for 260 years had governed that country.
1534.Alcazabasailed from Cadiz on a voyage of discovery. He was murdered in the straits of Magellan by his crew, and the ship was wrecked at Brazil.
1558.Charles V, emperor of Germany, died. He ascended the throne of Spain 1518, and two years afterwards was elected to the empire. After a reign of 38 years he resigned and retired to a cloister. His death was caused by taking cold on getting out of his coffin after having gone through with a mock funeral, to gratify an idle whim.
1576.Jerome Cardandied; an Italian physician, and one of the most extraordinary men of the age. His works were printed at Lyons in 10 vols. folio.
1609.Hudsonarrived in the vicinity of Albany, and having satisfied himself by despatching a boat seven or eight miles farther up, that he had gained the head of ship navigation, he prepared to retrace his course.
1659. First Esopus war began.
1704.Beat de Zurlauben(the younger), a Swiss general in the French army, died at Ulm, in consequence of seven wounds which he had received at the battle of Hochstadt.
1723. The Irish house of commons addressed king George I on the evils of Wood's halfpence. For some time this subject was a theme for lampoons and Dean Swift's wit.
1733.Noel Stephen Sanadon, a learned French Jesuit, died; professor of rhetoric at Paris, and author of several much admired orations and poems.
1735.Peter Artedidrowned; a Swedish naturalist, so intimate with Linnæus that they made each other heirs of their manuscripts and other literary property.
1745. Battle of Prestonpans, in England, between the forces of the young pretender and those of the king. The former gained a complete victory with the loss of only 50; while 500 of the king's troops were killed on the field of battle, and lost their artillery, colors, tents, baggage and military chest.
1748.John Balguydied; an eminent English prelate, and controversial and metaphysical writer. He committed 200 of his sermons to the flames in presence of his son, afterwards prebendary of Winchester, whom he wished to excite to the same laudable application.
1757.Robert Parrdied at Brignorth, England, aged 124. He was a great grandson of Thomas Parr who attained the age of 152. One of the sons of the latter attained the age of 109, and a grandson died at the age of 113. Their mode of living was simple and temperate.
1761.Gabriel Malagrida, an Italian Jesuit, burnt in Portugal as a false prophet. His zeal and eloquence rendered him popular, but he became obnoxious to the inquisition after the abolition of his order.
1776. Great fire in New York, then in possession of the British; 1,000 houses were burnt.
1777. British under general Grey, surprised the Americans under general Wayne in the night, killed about 300, and took a few prisoners and some baggage. The prudent dispositions of Wayne prevented their further success.
1780. Americans under colonel Davie surprised a party of British at Wahab's house, killed and wounded 60, and took 96 horses and equipments, and 120 stand of arms, with the loss of only 1.
1780. MajorAndre, an adjutant-general in the British army, landed in the night from the British sloop of war Vulture, and proceeded to West Point to confer with Arnold.
1792. Royalty abolished, and France declared a republic, by acclamation, in the national assembly.
1795. ThePeep of day boys, in Ireland, changed their name toOrange men, and opened their first lodge.
1802. Mons.Garnerinascended at London in a balloon about 4,000 feet, and descended in a parachute safely at St. Pancras. His balloon fell the next day near Farnham, in Surrey.
1803.Robert Emmethanged in Dublin for high treason in conspiring the death of George III, and providing arms, &c., forthe rebels. His speech in his defence is a masterly piece of eloquence.
1812. The Americans under captain Forsyth attacked and carried the village of Gananoque, in Canada.
1814. Action between the United States sloop of war Wasp, captain Blakely, and the British brig Atalanta, formerly the Siro of Baltimore. The Atalanta was captured, and made the 13th and last prize of the Wasp during that cruise; for nothing is known of her fate afterwards.
1814. The British under lieut. Drummond retreated from before fort Erie to Niagara.
1832.Walter Scott, the most popular writer of his age, and the most distinguished novelist in English literature, died at Abbotsford, in Scotland. His fictitious prose works comprise 75 volumes, and his complete works about 100 volumes.
1842.Jeremiah Smith, for many years a member of congress from and ex governor of New Hampshire, died at Dover, aged 62, highly respected as a statesman and a jurist, as well as a scholar.
1842.James Ivory, a distinguished Scottish mathematician, died near London. At the solicitation of lord Brougham, king William IV conferred on him the order of knighthood, with a pension of £300.
1846. First day's battle of Monterey.
1851. The stores of Spanish residents at Key West, Florida, were attacked and their contents destroyed, in consequence of the excitement about the Cuban expedition of Lopez.
1852.William Badger, a New Hampshire jurist, died, aged 73. He had long filled various offices of state with creditable ability.
1852.John Chambers, a pioneer Kentucky emigrant, died, aged 73. He was born in New Jersey, and went to Kentucky at the age of 13. He practiced law with success; was a volunteer aid-de-camp to Harrison at the battle of the Thames, and was one of the foremost in the pursuit of Proctor. He was the first governor of Iowa, and held other public offices.
1853. GeneralPineda, sometime president of Nicaragua, died at Rivas.
1854.Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright, a New York episcopal bishop, died, aged 63; esteemed a learned theologian and a ripe scholar.
479B. C.Battle of Mycale, between the Greeks and Persians. This victory happened in the 24th of the Bœotian month Panemus, observed as an anniversary by the Greek confederates. The Persians, computed at 100,000 men, were completely defeated and despoiled.
479B. C.The battle of Platæa is also placed on the same day, in which 300,000 Persians under Mardonius were defeated by 100,000 Greeks under Pausanius and Aristides. The loss of the Greeks was inconsiderable; but of the Persians Mardonius was slain and scarcely one-tenth of his army escaped by flight. (SeeAug. 3.)
19B. C.Publius Maro Virgilius, the most excellent of all the ancient Roman poets, died.
622. Flight ofMahomet; an imposing event, which took place, it is ascertained with certainty, sixty-eight daysafterthe commencement of the great Arabian era, July 16th.
1193.Henry IV, of Germany, and his captive, Richard the Lion, addressed letters from Spires to the primates and magnates of England, notifying the severe terms of ransom "agreed" upon between them.
1298. Battle of Stirlingbridge, between the Scots under Wallace and the English under Warrenne; the latter defeated and obliged to retire into England.
1415.Henry Vtook Harfleur, in France, reducing it to an English colony.
1536.William Tyndale, one of the first publishers of the Bible in English, was burnt at the stake at Antwerp.
1554. The duke of Northumberland with SirJohn Gatesand SirThomas Palmerexecuted.
1559.Robert Stephens, the celebrated and learned Parisian printer, died, aged 56.
1604. Ostend, a seaport in Flanders, surrendered to the Spanish under general Spinola, after a close siege of upwards of three years. The Spanish are supposed to have lost 80,000 men during this siege; and not less than 50,000 English and Dutch perished in the town during that time.
1632.Frederick Borromeo, archbishop of Milan, died. He sustained an excellent character, and founded the Ambrosian library.
1646.John Francis Nicerondied; an eminent French mathematician and optician; and author of some valuable works.
1662.John Biddle, styled the father of the English unitarians, died in prison, a martyr to principle.
1688.Francis Bernier, a celebrated French traveler and physician, died at Paris. He extended his travels to the Mogul empire, where he became physician to Aurungzebe.
1692. Two men and seven women executed at Salem for witchcraft. One of them was pressed to death for standing mute.
1703.Vincent Viviani, a famous Florentine mathematician, died. He was the pupil and friend of Galileo.
1708. Battle near Smolensko, in which the Swedes under Charles XII, consisting of six regiments of horse and 4,000 infantry, attacked and defeated 10,000 horse and 6,000 Calmucks. The king killed above a dozen with his own hand.
1735.Peter Browne, bishop of Cork, died. He distinguished himself by some philosophical writings.
1738.Joseph Averaniusdied; a Florentine philosopher, of great powers of mind.
1741. In the north of Ireland wheat sold at sixpence a stone of 14 lbs., and beef at one penny a pound.
1742.Benoit, a learned Phœnician, died. He became a Hebrew professor at Pisa, and edited the works of Ephrem Syrus.
1743.George Clintonarrived at New York, as governor of the province, "seeking nothing more than a genteel frugality and common civility, while he was mending his fortunes, till his friends could recall him, and with justice to their own characters and interests, to some indolent and more lucrative station."
1761.George IIIand his queenCharlotte, crowned at Westminster.
1769.Anthony Genovesidied; a native of Castiglione, who acquired great celebrity as a lecturer on philosophy at Naples; and much odium by adopting the theories of Galileo, Grotius and Newton.
1770. Convention of the people of Massachusetts, consisting of delegates from 96 towns and 8 districts, met at Faneuil hall to consider the grievance of standing armies, &c.
1770.Thomas le Suerdied at Rome, where he taught theology, philosophy and mathematics with great applause.
1774.Clement XVI(John Ganganelli), pope, died. He was studious in his youth, and recommended himself to office by his abilities and merits.
1788. The Oneidas ceded all their lands to the state of New York.
1792. Commencement of the French republican era. It computes from midnight: "the 1st of the 1st decade of the 1st month (Vendemaire) of the 1st year of the French republic, one and indivisible."
1796. The English frigate Amphion blown up at Plymouth. Out of 220, 16 only saved.
1803.Angiolo Fabroni, an Italian ecclesiastic, died. He wrote an account of the learned men in Italy in the 17th and 18th centuries, in 21 vols.
1814. The celebrated colossal statue of sir William Wallace, the Scottish chief, finished under the direction of the earl of Buchan. This statue overlooks the grave of sir Walter Scott.
1837.David Unwins, a distinguished London physician, died. He was a man of literature and science, and author of several valuable medical works.
1846. The battle of Monterey, in Mexico, was fought. The Americans though signally victorious, yet lost many brave officers and men. It began on the 21st and was concluded on the 23d.
1851.Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian chief, and thirty-five of his country men, were sentenced to deathin contumaciam, at Pesth, for not appearing after citation.
1851.Mary Martha Sherwood, an English writer of juvenile books, died at Twickenham, aged 77. Her works number about fifty, and were valuable and popular, particularlyLittle Henry and his Bearer.
1852.Philip Milledoler, president of Rutgers college, died at Staten Island, aged 77. He was one of the framers of the American Bible society, and was an eminent minister of the Dutch reformed church.
1854.John Purviance, a Maryland jurist, died, aged 81. He was judge of the county court of Baltimore nearly thirty years, and left a fine library which was dispersed by auction after his death.
1854.Thomas Denman, an English judge and peer, died, aged 75. He distinguished himself in parliament, and also in the trial of queen Caroline. He presided in the court of queen's bench more than 17 years.
67. Gamala, supposed impregnable, fell before Vespasian on the 23d Hyperbereteus (Tisri), nor age nor sex was spared.
768.Pepin(the Short), king of France, died. He maintained respect at home and abroad by the valor and heroic firmness of his conduct.
1459. Battle of Bloreheath, in England. The Yorkists, under the earl of Salisbury, defeated lord Audley, who was slain.
1519.Cortezentered the Indian city of Tlascala; having in the short space of twenty-four days subdued a powerful nation.
1571.John Jewel, bishop of Salisbury, died; one of the most learned and prominent divines under Elizabeth.
1641. Irish rebellion and massacre. The number of protestants slain is variously estimated, probably, however, not less than 150,000. O'Niel was the instigator.
1641. The Merchant Royall, a fine ship,"having in her a world of treasure," was wrecked near Land's end.
1642. Battle of Worcester; the parliament forces under Sandys defeated by the royalists under Rupert.
1657.Joachim Jungedied; a German philosopher of great ability, who arrayed himself against the Aristotelian philosophy.
1675.Valentin Conrartdied; to whose influence, taste and love for literature, the French ascribe the origin of their academy, of which he is styled the father.
1709. Newburgh on the west side of the Hudson river settled.
1727.James Abbaddie, a learned French protestant minister, died. He was an elegant preacher, and his works were unusually popular.
1737. The Hebrews disfranchised by a vote of the New York legislature.
1738.Herman Boerhaave, an eminent Dutch physician, died. From his multifarious knowledge he has been styled the Voltaire of science.
1746. Namur, in Belgium, taken by the French, and with it 7,000 Austrians surrendered.
1777. The British army under general Howe crossed the Schuylkill.
1779. American frigate Bon Homme Richard, 40 guns, 375 men, captain Paul Jones, engaged and captured the British frigate Serapis, captain Pearson, 44 guns. While engaged, the American frigate Alliance, 36 guns, frequently sailed round the Serapis and poured in a raking fire, both fore and aft, but as they were close alongside of each other, her fire frequently did execution on board Jones's ship, 11 of whose men and an officer were killed by one broadside. The loss on both sides was very great. At the same time, in company, the British ship Countess of Scarborough engaged the French frigate Pallas, and after an action of two hours struck her colors and was made prize of.
1780.John Andre, the British spy, intercepted near Tarrytown, about 25 miles above New York, and taken into custody.
1784. Some Americans in Savannah, not to be behind the age, fitted up a balloon in which 6 men with 600 bushels of corn and necessaries for the trip, started from that city for Jamaica.
1792. Dr.PriestlyandThomas Painewere elected to the national convention of France.
1794. French national convention decreed the formation of a company ofærostatsto superintend the military balloons.
1795. The Dutch colony at the cape of Good Hope taken possession of by the English.
1803. Battle of Assaye, in Hindostan, between the British, 4500 men, under Wellesley, and Scindea's army consisting of 38,500 cavalry, 10,500 regular infantry, 500 matchlocks, and 500 rocket men—total, 50,000 men, with a train of 90 cannon. The latter were defeated.
1806. The American exploring party under captains Lewis and Clarke, returned to St. Lewis, having lost but one of their party.
1807. The British withdrew their troops from Egypt, after having sustained a loss of more than one half by climate and combat.
1813. American frigate President, Com. Rodgers, took the British schooner Highflyer, 5 guns, without any action.
1823.Matthew Bailliedied; an eminent English physician, author of a superior work on the morbid anatomy of the human body.
1824. MajorCartwright, an enthusiastic English reformer, died, aged 84. So early as 1775 he published a tract entitled American Independence the Glory and Interest of Great Britain.
1835.Bellini, a celebrated Italian musical composer, died at Paris, aged 29.
1836.Maria Felicitas Malibran de Beritas, a celebrated vocal actress, died. She possessed extraordinary endowments, and a remarkable combination of fine qualities rendered her the admiration of all who saw or heard her. She was heard to sing in one evening in six different languages, and with unqualified admiration in all.
1842. A great fire took place in Liverpool, England; 500,000 pounds sterling worth of property destroyed and 20 persons killed.
1846. The new planet predicted by M. Leverrier was discovered at Berlin by Dr. Galle. On the 29th it was seen in London; 21st Oct. at Cambridge, Mass.; 23d Oct. at Washington.
1846. Last day's battle of Monterey, in which the arms of the United States troops were gloriously victorious.
1852. The barque Cornelia, having cleared at Havana, was brought to and boarded at the mouth of the harbor, and the mail bags rifled in the expectation of detecting a conspiracy.
1854. The Russians closed the passage to the harbor of Sebastopol by sinking in the entrance five ships of the line and two frigates.
1855. The island of Guam visited by a terrific tornado, nearly every house on the island was destroyed, and 8,000 persons left houseless.
366.Liberius, pope, died. He subscribed, very reluctantly, the condemnation of Athanasius.
867.Michael III(the Drunkard), emperor of Rome, assassinated. His minority was governed by his mother, a woman of great ability; but on assuming the reigns of government, his profligate conduct led to his death.
1143.Innocent II, pope, died. He was elected to the office in 1130, but excluded by a rival for several years.
1332.John Baliolcrowned king of Scotland at Scone, by the bishop of Dunkeld.
1404.William of Wykeham, bishop of Winchester, died. He rose from obscurity, and before his death appropriated the large possessions which he had acquired to endow two new colleges, New College Oxford, and Winchester.
1427. LadyRavensworthdevised to her children the following things: "I wyl yat my son Robert (bishop of London) have a sauter covered with red velvet. My doghter Margory a primer covered in rede," &c., &c.
1635.Anthony Bruni, an Italian poet, died.
1650.Charles de Valois, duke de Angouleme, died; a French militaire.
1664. Fort Orange, now Albany, surrendered to the English under colonel Cartwright. The title of Jeremiah Van Rensselaer to the manor of Rensselaerwyck was confirmed.
1664. The first convention was held in Albany between the English and the Iroquois, who were now the predominant race, holding sway over every savage nation. The Iroquois continued the allies of the English until the revolution.
1680.Samuel Butler, an English poet, died; author ofHudibras.
1693. Bayonets first used at the battle near Turin on loaded muskets, which has been practiced ever since. In 1620 they were first constructed at Bayonne. Hence the name.
1722.James Watson, author of theHistory of Printing in Scotland, died at Edinburgh.
1757.Aaron Burr, president of New-Jersey college, died. He was an able divine and an accomplished scholar.
1793. Foundation laid of the Iron bridge over the river Wear, at Sunderland, England. It was finished in 1796.
1803. Berbice, a Dutch colony in Guiana, celebrated for its fine coffee, surrendered to the British.
1805.William Byrne, a distinguished British landscape engraver, died.
1811. French under generalMarmontforced Wellington to raise the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in Spain.
1816.Eusebius Valli, an eminent Italian physician, died a martyr to science. He visited Smyrna and Constantinople to make observations on the plague, and the West-Indies to study the nature of the yellow fever. In both instances he voluntarily subjected himself to the disease, and in the latter made a fatal experiment in exposing himself to the infection with a dead body, so that in three days the scene closed upon him in death.
1821. The Hetærists, a Greek brotherhood, extirpated. On the breaking out of the Greek revolution they hastened from all parts of Europe and formed a legion of heroes. The last band of them were attacked and defeated at the monastery of Seck, where their leader Jordaki, being wounded, and to escape falling into the hands of the Turks, set fire to the monastery, and perished in the conflagration.
1825.Peter Paul Dobreedied; an eminent professor of Greek and Latin, who succeeded Porson at Cambridge, and was one of the most finished classical scholars in Europe.
1831. Mount Auburn, a retired and ornamental place of sepulture about four miles from the city of Boston and containing about fifty acres, was publicly dedicated, the first of the kind in the United States.
1835.John Pitt, earl of Chatham, died. He was the eldest son of the great earl of Chatham and brother of the prime minister. As he left no heir, the peerage became extinct.
1839.Robert Y. Hayne, a distinguished American statesman and orator, died.
1841. Mr.Brooke, an enterprising Englishman, became rajah, or governor, of Sarawak, the first footing obtained by the English on the island of Borneo, it is believed.
1842. Mrs.Elizabeth Aylett, daughter of the celebrated Patrick Henry, died at King William county, Virginia.
1847.William Popham, an officer of the revolution, died in New York, aged 95.
1847. Col.David Folsom, a chief of the Chocktaws, died.
1852. GeneralCastanos, duke of Baylen, died, aged 95. He was the companion in arms of Wellington and one of the most conspicuous and heroic of the Spanish commanders in war against Napoleon, called the war of independence.
1852.Benjamin Thompson, a Massachusetts congressman, died at Charlestown, aged 75. He held many responsible offices, possessed great business talent, and his services were especially valuable atWashington on the committee of military affairs, during the Mexican war.
1854.George Leith Roussell, an eminent English physician and surgeon, died in London, of cholera, aged 57. He wrote upon typhus fever, cholera, and the effects of poisons.
275. The emperorTacituselected, after an interregnum of eight months. He ordered that ten copies of his kinsman's history should be placed in the libraries.TheMS. was discovered in Westphalia.
1066. Battle of Stamford Bridge, between the English under Harold, and the Norwegians under Hafalgar and Tostig. The latter were defeated, and Hafalgar and Tostig slain. The Norwegian fleet also fell into the hands of the English. Judith, the wife of Tostig, afterwards married Guelph I, and became the lineal progenitor of the present royal family of England.
1154. KingStephenof England, died, and his adopted son Henry Fitzempress reigned in his stead.
1493.Columbussailed from Cadiz with a fleet of seventeen ships, great and small, well furnished with all the necessaries for the voyage, and having on board 1,500 people, with horses, cattle, and implements to establish plantations.
1506.Philip Iof Spain, died. He obtained the crown by marriage with Jane, the heiress of Ferdinand and Isabella, was a man of very moderate abilities, but regarded as the fairest man of his age.
1513.Nunez de Balboa, the Spaniard, discovered the sea, over Darien, and in his transport took corporal possession of the ocean in the name of his master.
1555. The famousrecess, or peace of religion, established at Augsburg, the bond of union between the German states.
1586. The attainder ofGerald Fitzgerald, 16th earl of Desmond, and forfeiture of 574,628 acres. His head was fixed on London bridge.
1600.Anthony du Verdierdied; historiographer of France, and author of aBiography of French Authors.
1602.Gaspard Peucer, an eminent German physician and mathematician, died. He was imprisoned ten years for his religious opinions, during which he committed his thoughts on the margins of old books, with an ink which he made of burnt crusts infused in wine.
1621.Mary Sidney, countess of Pembroke, an eminent poetess and patron of literature, died.
1626.Lancelot Andrews, bishop of Winchester, died; an eminent English prelate.
1638.De Vriessailed from Holland on his third expedition to America, with colonists, to settle Staten Island, which he had secured two years before.
1666.Schah Abas, king of Persia, died. He came to the throne at the age of 13; was valiant and enlightened, and promised by deeds of benevolence and liberality to rival the greatest heroes of antiquity, when he was cut off at the age of 37. He died oflues Veneris.
1689. CountFrontenacarrived at Canada to reassume the government of the province.
1732.Michael Ernest Ettmullerdied; a German professor of anatomy at Leipsic, and author of several learned and curious treatises on medical subjects.
1758.Robert Clayton, a learned English prelate and antiquary, died.
1764.Robert Dodsley, an eminent English bookseller and author, died. He commenced life as a footman, but his natural abilities brought him into notice, and recommended him to assistance.
1765.Richard Pococke, bishop of Meath, died; a celebrated traveler, and author of theDescription of the East, with observations on Palestine.
1777.John Henry Lambert, a German mathematician, died. He was the son of a poor tailor, but became one of the most learned men of his time by his own unaided exertions.
1777. The American colonel, Ethan Allen, captured near Montreal by the British. He had 15 men killed, and surrendered 38, of whom 7 were put to death.
1786.Edward Ives, a celebrated English traveler, died. The account which he published of his travels through Europe and Asia contains much information.
1791.William Bradforddied; an eminent printer of Philadelphia, and an officer in the revolutionary war.
1792.James Cazotte, mayor of Pierry, in France, guillotined. He had previously been saved from the mob by the heroic conduct of his daughter, a girl of 17, who shared his misfortunes.
1804.Joseph Willard, president of Harvard college, died; whose attainments in Greek learning have been equaled by few in America.
1806.Bonaparteleft Paris, to open the campaign against Prussia.
1806. Action between the British squadron, admiral Hood, and a French squadron. Several French frigates were captured; Hood lost his right arm.
1808.Richard Porson, an eminent English professor, died. He possessed great reputation as a Greek scholar andcritic, and yet his learning scarcely produced him a living.
1814. The pope issued a bull prohibiting all secret societies, particularly those of freemasons.
1815.John Singleton Copley, a distinguished American painter, died in London.
1815. First daily paper printed at Albany, N. Y.
1839. Treaty between France and Texas signed at Paris.
1840. MarshalMcDonald, one of Bonaparte's distinguished generals, died at his chateau near Guise, in France. He was a kinsman of the celebrated Flora McDonald who was instrumental in aiding the escape of the pretender from the Isle of Skye.
1842.Richard Colley Wellesly, marquis of Wellesly, and eldest son of the earl of Mornington, died, aged 82.
1854.William Henry Partlett, an English artist, died at sea, aged 44; author ofViews in Switzerland, and other similar works of merit.
1855.John Gifford, a British admiral, died at Southampton, aged 90. He had been in the service more than 75 years, was present at the relief of Gibraltar in 1781, and distinguished himself in many important engagements.