347Solon,40sq.,99,100Somaliland,129Sousa, Alfonso de,362Spain, Roman,23,24,80,92,173;Christian, evolution of,156,221,222-23,305;Parliament in,382;and Portugal,360-61;and Italy,223-24;and Holland,301sq.;Inquisition in,303;finance of,311;and England,406-7;prospects of,156,260;stagnation of,222-23,230,311,361;industry in,461;Gothic,191;Saracen,150sq.Spalding,136,181,224Sparta, polity of,51,98,101,103-4,130sq.;women in,130n.,142Spencer, H.,2n.Spiegel,146sq.Sprat,444sq.Spreghel,326Sprengel, cited,150"State," the word,309Staley, E.,182Stephen, King,377Stephens, H.M.,355n.,359,362n.Stilicho,96,185Stoics,118-19Strabo,103Strafford,415n.,437,453Strife, modes of,6-7,70Struensee,281Stubbs, Bishop, on Teutons,196;on feudalism,200,201;on Spain and Germany,305;on Normans,375;on Parliament,387n.;on Magna Carta,392;on English commerce,403n.;on enclosures,404Suarez,440-41,450Sulla,21,25,82,86,110Sumptuary laws,415Superstition, Roman,27;Greek,46;Byzantine,145;and natural phenomena,304Sweden, structure of,265;political evolution of,267,274,275;religion in,267;polygamy in,272;slavery in,274;population in,283-84,329Switzerland,260-61;structure of,67;evolution of,331sq.;histories of,331;population in,339,352sq.;culture evolution of,339,341sq.;Reformation in,342sq.;modern,350sq.Sybaris,39n.Symes, Prof., cited,389Symonds, J.A.,182, cited96,197n.,210,224-25,238;discussed,225-32Synthesis,5Syracuse, literature at,136Tacitus,118n.,184Taine,1-3Tanquelin,306Tasso,230Taxation, Roman,31,77,110;Athenian,42;Byzantine,119-20;Moslem,152;Dutch,321n.,322;English,395,404,415,416;Spanish,223,300,311;Florentine,251;Papal,223;Venetian,228;Scandinavian,278Tell, myth of,334-35Temple, Sir W.,291,315,319,321n.,324,449Testa,215n.Teuffel, on Roman degeneration,32-3Teutomania,183,187,190,192,238,300,304,307,378Teutonic evolution,184sq.,306,340Tertullian,441n.Theodoric,187-88,191,194Theognis,40Theresa of Portugal,355Thessaly,132,133Thierry,385n.Thirlwall, 37; cited,103,106n.,136n.Thirty Years' War,460Three, the number,8Thucydides,45,49,128Thurgau,338,346Ticino,338,346,349Tocqueville, De,1n.,62Toleration,438,450Torquemada,303Totila,187Traill, H.D.,454Trench, Bishop,451n.Trollope, T.A.,181,236n.Troubadours,219,220Tübingen,139Tucker, Dean,322-23Turkey, religion in,154;prospects of civilisation in,157,176,260;empire in,176Turner, Sharon,370Tyndale,390Tyranny, effects of,51,173;and art,135sq.;Greek,137;at Florence,244;in England,392sq.;in Scotland,398Twysden,398Ulster,454Umiliati,218,289n.United States, civilisation of,88,119,365Universities,139,211,325,348,419n.Unterwalden,332,333,337,338,344,347Urban II,215Uri,332,333,337,338,342,344,347Usher,440Usury, Roman,76,78,79;Roman legislation against,20;in Greece,39-40;medieval,217;in England,435Utopia,469Utrecht,295Valais,337,338,346,349Valentinian,90,93Valla, L.,227Vandals,92,191Vandyck,327,416Variation, social,144Varro,161n.Vaud,338,346,349,352Vaughan,418Velasquez,135,327,359,413Venice, evocation of art in,63,225,226,228;trade of,120,222,228,293;rise of,195,254;and Byzantium,204,254;and Turks,222;social conditions in,227-28;and Florence,241;and France,253;polity of,254-55Verity, Dr. R., cited,27n.Verres,32Vespasian,166n.Vicente,359Vico,11,227Vieusseux,331Viglius,304Vijnne,292Villainage in England,371sq.Villani, G.,217,247n.Villari, Prof.,182,218,226,236n.Villemain,420n.,433Vinogradoff,371,372Virgil,165,166Viscontis,241,245,246,248,249Visigoths, the,119,191Volney,34Voltaire,59,349Vondel,326Wagner,140Waitz,200Walckenaer,34,56,74,121Wales,258,384Waller,421Walloons,307War, persistence of,6-7;and democracy,21,24,45,72;private,202,286,290;in medieval Italy,216,237;and class relations,379-80;and civilisation,383,386;alleged benefits of,383Ward, Lester,121Wealth, adventitious, effects of,59Weaving,205,294Webster,413Wends, the,266,272Wenzelburger,292Whigs and Tories,421n.Whitney,59-61Whittaker, T.,52Whistler, cited,122Wiclif,390Wicquefort,309Williamof Orange,301,308,309,318---- the Conqueror,376---- III,450Wissowa,160n.Wittich,185Women, status of,61,141-42,143,150,151Woollen trade,218,289n.,294,380,403,453,459Writing, antiquity of,160n.Xenophon,105,107Ypres,296Zeno,135Zimmern, Miss,289n.Zola, on war,6Zschokke,266n.,331Zug,336,337,338,347Zurich,336,337,338,339,342,343,344,345Zwingli,342, 343