[702]pp. 4, 5, 60.
[702]pp. 4, 5, 60.
[703]Loc. cit., p. 258.
[703]Loc. cit., p. 258.
[704]Ibid.
[704]Ibid.
[705]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., p. 63; repeatedNor. Tr., p. 73.
[705]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., p. 63; repeatedNor. Tr., p. 73.
[706]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., p. 64.
[706]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., p. 64.
[707]Compare what has been said about the Pirrauru and Piraungaru above,pp. 108sqq.; especiallyp. 117, under 7.
[707]Compare what has been said about the Pirrauru and Piraungaru above,pp. 108sqq.; especiallyp. 117, under 7.
[708]L. Schultze,loc. cit., p. 238 (Finke River natives).
[708]L. Schultze,loc. cit., p. 238 (Finke River natives).
[709]Ibid., p. 240.
[709]Ibid., p. 240.
[710]Ibid., p. 237.
[710]Ibid., p. 237.
[711]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., pp. 50, 51.
[711]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., pp. 50, 51.
[712]Nat. Tr., p. 511.
[712]Nat. Tr., p. 511.
[713]Ibid., pp. 227, 250.
[713]Ibid., pp. 227, 250.
[714]Mathew,loc. cit., p. 153.
[714]Mathew,loc. cit., p. 153.
[715]Ibid., p. 153.
[715]Ibid., p. 153.
[716]Lumholtz, on the Herbert River Natives,loc. cit., pp. 192, 193.
[716]Lumholtz, on the Herbert River Natives,loc. cit., pp. 192, 193.
[717]Ibid., p. 160.
[717]Ibid., p. 160.
[718]Ibid., p. 193.
[718]Ibid., p. 193.
[719]Purcell inR.G.S., Victorian Branch, xi. pp. 19, 20.
[719]Purcell inR.G.S., Victorian Branch, xi. pp. 19, 20.
[720]Loc. cit., p. 280.
[720]Loc. cit., p. 280.
[721]Roth,Eth. Stud., p. 183, § 330. See also figs. 436-438.
[721]Roth,Eth. Stud., p. 183, § 330. See also figs. 436-438.
[722]Ibid.
[722]Ibid.
[723]Ibid.
[723]Ibid.
[724]Roth,Proc. R.S.Q., p. 51.
[724]Roth,Proc. R.S.Q., p. 51.
[725]Ibid., p. 60.
[725]Ibid., p. 60.
[726]Withnell, pp. 8, 9.
[726]Withnell, pp. 8, 9.
[727]Br. Smyth, ii. p. 275.
[727]Br. Smyth, ii. p. 275.
[728]Loc. cit., p. 32.
[728]Loc. cit., p. 32.
[729]Loc. cit., pp. 224, 225.
[729]Loc. cit., pp. 224, 225.
[730]Salvado about the natives of Swan District, West Australia, pp. 275, 276.
[730]Salvado about the natives of Swan District, West Australia, pp. 275, 276.
[731]Ibid., p. 275.
[731]Ibid., p. 275.
[732]Ibid., p. 250.
[732]Ibid., p. 250.
[733]Ibid., p. 274.
[733]Ibid., p. 274.
[734]Ibid., p. 276.
[734]Ibid., p. 276.
[735]Ibid., pp. 276, 277.
[735]Ibid., pp. 276, 277.
[736]Ibid., p. 278.
[736]Ibid., p. 278.
[737]Browne,loc. cit., p. 450.
[737]Browne,loc. cit., p. 450.
[738]Scott Nind,loc. cit., p. 37.
[738]Scott Nind,loc. cit., p. 37.
[739]Told by Curr,Recollections, ch. xxviii. "Old Davie."
[739]Told by Curr,Recollections, ch. xxviii. "Old Davie."
[740]Curr,Recollections, pp. 141-145.
[740]Curr,Recollections, pp. 141-145.
[741]Loc. cit., ii. pp. 350-361 (refers to natives of King George's Sound).
[741]Loc. cit., ii. pp. 350-361 (refers to natives of King George's Sound).
[742]An exception may be seen in the statement of Spencer and Gillen on the Urabunna, as far as it seems to point to a group relationship, but there are reasons for not attaching too much importance to this statement. We dealt also above (p. 117) with the question whether there is group relationship between parents and children in the tribes where the Pirrauru custom prevails, and it was found that the assumption of its existence must be absolutely discarded, and that everywhere there is individual relationship between parents and children.
[742]An exception may be seen in the statement of Spencer and Gillen on the Urabunna, as far as it seems to point to a group relationship, but there are reasons for not attaching too much importance to this statement. We dealt also above (p. 117) with the question whether there is group relationship between parents and children in the tribes where the Pirrauru custom prevails, and it was found that the assumption of its existence must be absolutely discarded, and that everywhere there is individual relationship between parents and children.
[743]pp. 191sqq.
[743]pp. 191sqq.
[744]Compare above,pp. 193,194.
[744]Compare above,pp. 193,194.
[745]Compare the passages above,pp. 195,196.
[745]Compare the passages above,pp. 195,196.
[746]Compare also the examples referred to in foregoing footnote.
[746]Compare also the examples referred to in foregoing footnote.
[747]Howitt,Nat. Tr., pp. 748-750.
[747]Howitt,Nat. Tr., pp. 748-750.
[748]Compare also the general reason given by Steinmetz for the prevalence of this indulgence among savage peoples.Zeitschr. fürSozialwissenschaft, Band i. pp. 254-285.
[748]Compare also the general reason given by Steinmetz for the prevalence of this indulgence among savage peoples.Zeitschr. fürSozialwissenschaft, Band i. pp. 254-285.
[749]Seepp. 191sqq.
[749]Seepp. 191sqq.
[750]Compare also the discussions above,pp. 185sqq.
[750]Compare also the discussions above,pp. 185sqq.
[751]As mentioned above it is impossible to say how far such rules are legal,i. e.laid down andenforcedby society.
[751]As mentioned above it is impossible to say how far such rules are legal,i. e.laid down andenforcedby society.
[752]Curr states it to vary from eight to fourteen, at various places:Recollections, pp. 50, 129,A.R., i. p. 107; Meyer in Woods, p. 190, states it to be from ten to twelve; Schürmann in Woods, p. 222, at arriving at puberty; Fraser, p. 2, at a very young age; Eyre, ii. p. 319, at about twelve years of age; Br. Smyth, i. p. 77, very early; Spencer and Gillen at from fourteen to fifteen years of age (Nat. Tr., p. 92 andNor. Tr., p. 134); Withnell, p. 8, at about twelve years of age; Parkhouse,A.A.A.S., vi. p. 641, at arriving at puberty; Grey, ii. pp. 229, 231, very early.
[752]Curr states it to vary from eight to fourteen, at various places:Recollections, pp. 50, 129,A.R., i. p. 107; Meyer in Woods, p. 190, states it to be from ten to twelve; Schürmann in Woods, p. 222, at arriving at puberty; Fraser, p. 2, at a very young age; Eyre, ii. p. 319, at about twelve years of age; Br. Smyth, i. p. 77, very early; Spencer and Gillen at from fourteen to fifteen years of age (Nat. Tr., p. 92 andNor. Tr., p. 134); Withnell, p. 8, at about twelve years of age; Parkhouse,A.A.A.S., vi. p. 641, at arriving at puberty; Grey, ii. pp. 229, 231, very early.
[753]Curr,Recollections, p. 129.
[753]Curr,Recollections, p. 129.
[754]Such local exogamy prevailed also in some of the North Central tribes, viz. in the Warramunga nation, owing to the local segregation of the two moieties. There the girl must always marry far away from her natal place. CompareNor. Tr., pp. 28-30.
[754]Such local exogamy prevailed also in some of the North Central tribes, viz. in the Warramunga nation, owing to the local segregation of the two moieties. There the girl must always marry far away from her natal place. CompareNor. Tr., pp. 28-30.
[755]Grey, ii. pp. 229, 231, and Parkhouse,A.A.A.S., vi. p. 641.
[755]Grey, ii. pp. 229, 231, and Parkhouse,A.A.A.S., vi. p. 641.
[756]Compare the description of initiation ceremonies in the works of Spencer and Gillen, Howitt, Roth, and Mathew.
[756]Compare the description of initiation ceremonies in the works of Spencer and Gillen, Howitt, Roth, and Mathew.
[757]Curr,A.R., i. p. 107. This is said about the Australians in general.
[757]Curr,A.R., i. p. 107. This is said about the Australians in general.
[758]Ibid., p. 110.
[758]Ibid., p. 110.
[759]Ibid.
[759]Ibid.
[760]Recollections, p. 129.
[760]Recollections, p. 129.
[761]Recollections, p. 171.
[761]Recollections, p. 171.
[762]Nat. Tr., p. 197.
[762]Nat. Tr., p. 197.
[763]Kam. and Kurn., p. 354.
[763]Kam. and Kurn., p. 354.
[764]Trans. R.S.V.(1888), p. 126.
[764]Trans. R.S.V.(1888), p. 126.
[765]Kam. and Kurn., p. 280.
[765]Kam. and Kurn., p. 280.
[766]J.A.I., xx. p. 55.
[766]J.A.I., xx. p. 55.
[767]Trans. R.S.V., p. 116.
[767]Trans. R.S.V., p. 116.
[768]Loc. cit., ii. p. 322.
[768]Loc. cit., ii. p. 322.
[769]Ibid., p. 319.
[769]Ibid., p. 319.
[770]Loc. cit., i. p. 82 (Murray River tribes).
[770]Loc. cit., i. p. 82 (Murray River tribes).
[771]Meyer in Woods, p. 190.
[771]Meyer in Woods, p. 190.
[772]Loc. cit., p. 55.
[772]Loc. cit., p. 55.
[773]Ibid., p. 56.
[773]Ibid., p. 56.
[774]See above,p. 41.
[774]See above,p. 41.
[775]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., p. 558.
[775]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., p. 558.
[776]Nat. Tr., p. 558.
[776]Nat. Tr., p. 558.
[777]Northern Territory, South Australia,J.A.I., xxiv. p. 181. In the answers to theQuestionsof Prof. Frazer.
[777]Northern Territory, South Australia,J.A.I., xxiv. p. 181. In the answers to theQuestionsof Prof. Frazer.
[778]Mathew, p. 162. Compare also Lumholtz,loc. cit., p. 192.
[778]Mathew, p. 162. Compare also Lumholtz,loc. cit., p. 192.
[779]Salvado, p. 277; natives of South West Australia.
[779]Salvado, p. 277; natives of South West Australia.
[780]Scott Nind,loc. cit., pp. 38, 39.
[780]Scott Nind,loc. cit., pp. 38, 39.
[781]Kam. and Kurn., p. 210.
[781]Kam. and Kurn., p. 210.
[782]J.A.I., xiv. p. 318.
[782]J.A.I., xiv. p. 318.
[783]Kam. and Kurn., p. 199, andNat. Tr., p. 737.
[783]Kam. and Kurn., p. 199, andNat. Tr., p. 737.
[784]Ibid., andNat. Tr., p. 737.
[784]Ibid., andNat. Tr., p. 737.
[785]Howitt,Nat. Tr., p. 776.
[785]Howitt,Nat. Tr., p. 776.
[786]Ibid., pp. 759, 760.
[786]Ibid., pp. 759, 760.
[787]Ibid., p. 764.
[787]Ibid., p. 764.
[788]Ibid.Compare Roth,Eth. Stud., p. 183.
[788]Ibid.Compare Roth,Eth. Stud., p. 183.
[789]Recollections, p. 133.
[789]Recollections, p. 133.
[790]Ibid., p. 248.
[790]Ibid., p. 248.
[791]Ibid., pp. 250, 253.
[791]Ibid., pp. 250, 253.
[792]Ibid., p. 256.
[792]Ibid., p. 256.
[793]Ibid., p. 259.
[793]Ibid., p. 259.
[794]Recollections, p. 252.
[794]Recollections, p. 252.
[795]Loc. cit., p. 10; this refers to the West Victorian tribes.
[795]Loc. cit., p. 10; this refers to the West Victorian tribes.
[796]Eyre, ii. p. 302 (Murray River tribes).
[796]Eyre, ii. p. 302 (Murray River tribes).
[797]Ibid., p. 304.
[797]Ibid., p. 304.
[798]Encounter Bay tribes, Meyer,loc. cit., p. 187.
[798]Encounter Bay tribes, Meyer,loc. cit., p. 187.
[799]Kam. and Kurn., p. 286.
[799]Kam. and Kurn., p. 286.
[800]Schürmann,loc. cit., p. 222.
[800]Schürmann,loc. cit., p. 222.
[801]In Waitz Gerland, p. 778. That refers probably to South Australian aborigines in general.
[801]In Waitz Gerland, p. 778. That refers probably to South Australian aborigines in general.
[802]Chas. Wilkes, smaller ed., i. p. 225; larger ed., ii. p. 205.
[802]Chas. Wilkes, smaller ed., i. p. 225; larger ed., ii. p. 205.
[803]Mrs. Parker,loc. cit., p. 61.
[803]Mrs. Parker,loc. cit., p. 61.
[804]Krichauff,loc. cit., p. 78.
[804]Krichauff,loc. cit., p. 78.
[805]Schultze,loc. cit., p. 230.
[805]Schultze,loc. cit., p. 230.
[806]Ibid., p. 234.
[806]Ibid., p. 234.
[807]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., pp. 215, 216.
[807]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., pp. 215, 216.
[808]See index, p. 656; the Ungunja is mentioned several times in the text, p. 557 andpassim.
[808]See index, p. 656; the Ungunja is mentioned several times in the text, p. 557 andpassim.
[809]SeeChap. V.
[809]SeeChap. V.
[810]Part iii. p. 7 andpassim.
[810]Part iii. p. 7 andpassim.
[811]T. A. Parkhouse,loc. cit., p. 641.
[811]T. A. Parkhouse,loc. cit., p. 641.
[812]Compare N. W. Thomas,loc. cit., p. 16.
[812]Compare N. W. Thomas,loc. cit., p. 16.
[813]Ibid., p. 643.
[813]Ibid., p. 643.
[814]Eth. Stud., p. 183.
[814]Eth. Stud., p. 183.
[815]Proc. R.S.Q., p. 48.
[815]Proc. R.S.Q., p. 48.
[816]Ibid., p. 51.
[816]Ibid., p. 51.
[817]Grey, ii. p. 252.
[817]Grey, ii. p. 252.
[818]p. 280.
[818]p. 280.
[819]Howitt,Nat. Tr., pp. 232, 233.
[819]Howitt,Nat. Tr., pp. 232, 233.
[820]N. Q. Eth. Bull.8, p. 6.
[820]N. Q. Eth. Bull.8, p. 6.
[821]We have collected here twenty-two statements in which there are many more tribes included.
[821]We have collected here twenty-two statements in which there are many more tribes included.
[822]In this connection the bachelors' camp in Australia is mentioned by Hutton Webster (amongst the Kurnai, Euahlayi, Arunta and Port Darwin tribes). The author speaks of it as a symptom of the general principle of separation of sexes.Primitive Secret Societies, pp. 1, 3.
[822]In this connection the bachelors' camp in Australia is mentioned by Hutton Webster (amongst the Kurnai, Euahlayi, Arunta and Port Darwin tribes). The author speaks of it as a symptom of the general principle of separation of sexes.Primitive Secret Societies, pp. 1, 3.
[823]On these connections in general compare the interesting article of Steinmetz,Zeitschrift f.Sozialw., II, pp. 613, 614.
[823]On these connections in general compare the interesting article of Steinmetz,Zeitschrift f.Sozialw., II, pp. 613, 614.
[824]Recollections, p. 248.
[824]Recollections, p. 248.
[825]R. Dawson,loc. cit., p. 312. Pt. Stephens tribes.
[825]R. Dawson,loc. cit., p. 312. Pt. Stephens tribes.
[826]Bonney,J.A.I., xiii. p. 135. Riv. Darling tribe.
[826]Bonney,J.A.I., xiii. p. 135. Riv. Darling tribe.
[827]Howitt,Nat. Tr., pp. 243, 749.
[827]Howitt,Nat. Tr., pp. 243, 749.
[828]Roth,Bull.V. p. 8.
[828]Roth,Bull.V. p. 8.
[829]Mrs. Parker,loc. cit., p. 51. Comp. above,p. 40.
[829]Mrs. Parker,loc. cit., p. 51. Comp. above,p. 40.
[830]Howitt,Kam. and Kurn., pp. 190, 191.
[830]Howitt,Kam. and Kurn., pp. 190, 191.
[831]J. Fraser,loc. cit., p. 44.
[831]J. Fraser,loc. cit., p. 44.
[832]Ibid.
[832]Ibid.
[833]J. Fraser,loc. cit., p. 44.
[833]J. Fraser,loc. cit., p. 44.
[834]Ibid.
[834]Ibid.
[835]Salvado,loc. cit., p. 277.
[835]Salvado,loc. cit., p. 277.
[836]Howitt,Nat. Tr., p. 451.
[836]Howitt,Nat. Tr., p. 451.
[837]Ibid.
[837]Ibid.
[838]Ibid., p. 452.
[838]Ibid., p. 452.
[839]Ibid., p. 469.
[839]Ibid., p. 469.
[840]Ibid., p. 465.
[840]Ibid., p. 465.
[841]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., p. 508.
[841]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., p. 508.
[842]Ibid., p. 509.
[842]Ibid., p. 509.
[843]Ibid., p. 508.
[843]Ibid., p. 508.
[844]J.A.I., xxiv. p. 170.
[844]J.A.I., xxiv. p. 170.
[845]Loc. cit., p. 44.
[845]Loc. cit., p. 44.
[846]Oldfield, p. 249.
[846]Oldfield, p. 249.
[847]Loc. cit., ii. p. 230.
[847]Loc. cit., ii. p. 230.
[848]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., p. 89.
[848]Spencer and Gillen,Nat. Tr., p. 89.
[849]Sutton,loc. cit., p. 19.
[849]Sutton,loc. cit., p. 19.
[850]Mrs. D. M. Bates,loc. cit., p. 5. The same is reported by A. L. P. Cameron of the natives of Cooper's Creek.Science of Man.July 1904.
[850]Mrs. D. M. Bates,loc. cit., p. 5. The same is reported by A. L. P. Cameron of the natives of Cooper's Creek.Science of Man.July 1904.
[851]Kam. and Kurn., pp. 206, 207.
[851]Kam. and Kurn., pp. 206, 207.
[852]Ibid., p. 263.
[852]Ibid., p. 263.
[853]Nat. Tr., p. 761.
[853]Nat. Tr., p. 761.
[854]It is probable that these are innovations since the advent of white men. See Howitt,Kam. and Kurn., p. 206.
[854]It is probable that these are innovations since the advent of white men. See Howitt,Kam. and Kurn., p. 206.
[855]J. Dawson, p. 11.
[855]J. Dawson, p. 11.
[856]Ibid., pp. 36, 37.
[856]Ibid., pp. 36, 37.
[857]Recollections, p. 251.
[857]Recollections, p. 251.
[858]Recollections, p. 256.
[858]Recollections, p. 256.
[859]Ibid.
[859]Ibid.
[860]Curr,A.R., i. p. 99.
[860]Curr,A.R., i. p. 99.
[861]Ibid., p. 110.
[861]Ibid., p. 110.
[862]Stanbridge,loc. cit., p. 290.
[862]Stanbridge,loc. cit., p. 290.
[863]Ibid., p. 291.
[863]Ibid., p. 291.
[864]Ibid.
[864]Ibid.
[865]Ibid., p. 293.
[865]Ibid., p. 293.
[866]Ibid., p. 295.
[866]Ibid., p. 295.
[867]Loc. cit., pp. 82, 84, 87.
[867]Loc. cit., pp. 82, 84, 87.
[868]Loc. cit., ii. p. 302.
[868]Loc. cit., ii. p. 302.
[869]Loc. cit., p. 85. This is a quotation on the authority of an observer (Jardine).
[869]Loc. cit., p. 85. This is a quotation on the authority of an observer (Jardine).
[870]Howitt,Nat. Tr., p. 767.
[870]Howitt,Nat. Tr., p. 767.
[871]Quoted by Br. Smyth, i. p. 85.
[871]Quoted by Br. Smyth, i. p. 85.
[872]Loc. cit., p. 191.
[872]Loc. cit., p. 191.
[873]This may be the influence of culture, as Europeans are mentioned in connection therewith.
[873]This may be the influence of culture, as Europeans are mentioned in connection therewith.
[874]pp. 191, 192.
[874]pp. 191, 192.
[875]Schürmann,loc. cit., p. 221.
[875]Schürmann,loc. cit., p. 221.
[876]Chas. Wilhelmi, pp. 174, 175, 177.
[876]Chas. Wilhelmi, pp. 174, 175, 177.
[877]Ibid., p. 176.
[877]Ibid., p. 176.
[878]Howitt,Nat. Tr., p. 776.
[878]Howitt,Nat. Tr., p. 776.
[879]Loc. cit., pp. 193-196.
[879]Loc. cit., pp. 193-196.
[880]Phillip, p. 31.
[880]Phillip, p. 31.
[881]Loc. cit., p. 122.
[881]Loc. cit., p. 122.