Plato,Alcinous, and many other learned Men, do agree, that theheavenly Spirit’s Composition, mixingFire,Air,Earth, andWater, made of them all, put together,oneBody; which they subjected to the Service of theSOUL, assigning the severalProvincesof theone, to the sundryFacultiesof theother: To themeanerof them, mean and lowPlaces; as toAnger, theMidriff; toLust, theWomb, &c: but to the morenoble Senses, theHEAD, as theTowerof the wholeBody.
ASthey divide theseSensesintoexternalandinternal; so they subdivide theexternal Sensesintofive: To which are allotted as many properOrgansorSubjects, being soorder’d, that they which are placed in the more eminentPartsof theBody, have the greater Degree ofPurity.
FORtheEyes, placed in the uppermost part, are the mostpure, and have an Affinity with the Nature ofFireandLight. TheEarshave the second Order ofPlaceandPurity, and are compar’d to theAir. TheNostrilstake the third Order, and have a middle Nature betwixtAirandWater. Then theOrganofTasting, which isgrosser, and most like to the Nature ofWater. And, lastly,Touchingbeing diffus’d through the wholeBody, is compar’d to theGrossnessofEarth.
ANDof these, the morepure SENSES, are those which perceive theirObjectsfarthest off; as firstSeeing, thenHearing, thenSmelling, which are all more pure thanTaste, which doth not perceive but what isnigh: whereas theTouchperceivesboth Ways; it perceivesBodies nigh: And asSightdiscerns by theMediumof theAir; so theTouchperceives, by theMediumof aPole, Bodieshard,soft,dry,moist, &c.
NOWthis Sense ofTouching, is common indeed to allAnimals: However, ’tis certain thatMan, in this, as well as in the Sense ofTasting, excels all others: whereas, in the otherthree, he is exceeded by someBrutes, as by aDog, whichhears,sees, andsmellsmuch more acutely thanMan. Besides, theLynx, andEagle, see more acutely thanMan, or any otherCreaturein the World.
ASto theinteriour SENSES, they are (according toAverroes) divided intoFour; whereof thefirstis called theCommon Sense, because it collects and perfects suchRepresentationsas are drawn-in by theexternal SENSES. Thesecondis theImaginative Faculty, which retains those receiv’dRepresentations, and presents them to thethird Facultyofinternal SENSE; which is call’d theCogitative Faculty,Phantasy, orPowerofJudging: Because it perceives and judges by theRepresentationsreceived, what Nature or Kind of Thing that is, of which theRepresentationsare made; and commits thoseThingsthus discerned and adjudged, to thefourth FacultyofInwardSENSE, theMemory, to be kept there, and retain’d by it.
ANDtheseFour SENSEShave their respectiveOrgansin theHead:Common SenseandImaginationpossess the two formerCellsof theBrain, as theCogitative Facultydoth the highest, and middle Part of theHead; theMemorytaking up the hindmost Part thereof.
THEOrgansofSpeechandVoiceare as many as the inwardMusclesof theThorax, betwixt theRibs,Breasts,Lungs,Arteries,Wind-pipe, the Bending of theTongue, and all Parts andMuscles, serving for Respiration, or Breathing: But the proper and immediateOrganofSpeech, is theMouth, in which are fram’dWordsandSentences, by theTongue,Teeth,Palate,Lips, &c. above thesensitiveSoul, which expresseth itsPowersby theOrgansof the Body. Theincorporeal Mindpossesseth the highest Place, and hath adouble Nature; theonecalled theContemplative, theothertheActive Intellect, because of their respectiveFaculties.
ACCORDINGto thethree-fold Orderof its Faculties there arethree APPETITESin theSoul. Thefirstisnatural, which is an Inclination of Nature unto its End. ThesecondisAnimal, which is divided intoirascibleandconcupiscible, relating toAngerandDesire. Thethirdisintellective, and is call’d theWill; which (from its own deprav’d Quality) is affected withfour PASSIONS, as theBodysometimes also is. Thefirstis calledOblectation; thesecond,Effusion; thethird,Ostentation; thefourth, and last, is what we commonly callEnvy. And
THESEfour PASSIONSarising from a deprav’dAPPETITEofPleasure; itsGrieforPerplexitydoth occasion as many contraryPASSIONS: viz.Horror,Sadness,Fear, andSorrowat another’sGood, without its ownHurt; which is call’dEnvy, being aSadnessat another’sProsperity, asPityis a certain kind ofSadnessat another’sMiseryorAdversity.
BUTnot to insist on theseTopicks, I shall only add a few Words upon thePASSIONS of the Mind; which are nothing else than certainMotionsorInclinations,proceeding from theApprehensionof any Thing, as ofGoodorEvil, &c.
THESEApprehensionsare of three different Sorts,viz.Sensual,Rational, andIntellectual. And according tothem, there arethreeSorts ofPassionsin theSoul; thefirst, following thesensualApprehension, respects a temporalGoodorEvil, under the Notion ofProfitorLoss,DefenceorOffence, &c: and they are calledNaturalorAnimal Passions.
THEsecondfollowing theRationalApprehension, respectsGoodorBad, under the Notion ofVirtueorVice,PraiseorDisgrace, &c: and they are calledRationalorVoluntary Passions.
THEthird, following theIntellectualApprehension, respectsGoodorEvil, under the Notion ofTruthorFalsehood,JusticeorInjustice, &c: and this Sort is call’dIntellectual Passions.
BUTthesethreedifferent Sorts proceed all from theEnergyof theSoul; which is divided intoConcupiscibleandIrascible, both respectingGoodandEvil, tho’ under different Notions: which Division affords uselevenPassionsof the Mind,viz.Love,Hatred,Desire,Horror,Joy,Grief,Hope,Despair,Boldness,Fear, andAnger; all which might be particularly defin’d: But asthatis more thePhilosopher’s than thePhysician’s Business, I shall proceed to that which is more strictly myProvince.